221 lines
29 KiB
XML
221 lines
29 KiB
XML
<document id="4CC6FCE64554E290B99E023ECCAB36AC" ID="10.11646/zootaxa.4268.2.1SLASH11054" ID-CLB-Dataset="33045" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4268.2.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="e114acb7-3683-4094-a53f-c9bc7ed84353" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="580173" ID-ZooBank="0742D287-B82C-4014-A6AC-C357F259D5D7" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1494919993818" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Summers, Mindi M., Messing, Charles G. & Rouse, Greg W." docDate="2017" docId="039EDF70FFAAA174FF66D9E71248F8B3" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4268.2.1SLASH11054.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4268 (2)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Comaster L. Agassiz 1836" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="171" masterDocId="FFA7A708FFBEA160FFF1DB31103FFFDD" masterDocTitle="The genera and species of Comatulidae (Comatulida: Crinoidea): taxonomic revisions and a molecular and morphological guide" masterLastPageNumber="190" masterPageNumber="151" pageNumber="171" updateTime="1698439592185" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="51DD8F4485F082EDE68B67A6EC23F401">The genera and species of Comatulidae (Comatulida: Crinoidea): taxonomic revisions and a molecular and morphological guide</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="5A99238A7F91EE78D93CE42DE3C58D63">Summers, Mindi M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="217AC8C8B706CCDAD2AB18F761AC996F">Messing, Charles G.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="AF96DC4EA353BC9E965F3FE36E69BA99">Rouse, Greg W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="86774397236B6DDA5DC4DD49D006463E">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="C6BDDD6DA745F569501D36520EA9AA35">2017</mods:date>
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<treatment id="039EDF70FFAAA174FF66D9E71248F8B3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6009124" ID-GBIF-Taxon="130809845" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6009124" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039EDF70FFAAA174FF66D9E71248F8B3" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039EDF70FFAAA174FF66D9E71248F8B3" lastPageNumber="171" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">
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<subSubSection id="C32D3DEDFFAAA174FF66D9E7115FFCCF" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B886E66FFAAA174FF66D9E711E3FD2D" blockId="20.[151,476,726,786]" box="[151,476,726,752]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">
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<heading id="D0C0D90AFFAAA174FF66D9E711E3FD2D" bold="true" box="[151,476,726,752]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFAAA174FF66D9E711E3FD2D" authority="L. Agassiz, 1836" authorityName="L. Agassiz" authorityYear="1836" box="[151,476,726,752]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B943B274FFAAA174FF66D9E711E3FD2D" bold="true" box="[151,476,726,752]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">
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<emphasis id="B943B274FFAAA174FF66D9E71134FD2D" bold="true" box="[151,267,726,752]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">Comaster</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFAAA174FEE3D9E711E3FD2D" author="Agassiz" box="[274,476,726,752]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" refString="Agassiz, J. L. R. (1836) Prodrome d'une Monographie des Radiaires ou Echinodermes. Memoires de la Societe des Sciences Naturelles de Neuchatel, 1835, 168 - 199." type="journal article" year="1836">L. Agassiz, 1836</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B886E66FFAAA174FF66D9C8115FFCCF" blockId="20.[151,476,726,786]" box="[151,352,761,786]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">
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<tableCitation id="C6B55BDDFFAAA174FF66D9C810D5FCCF" box="[151,234,761,786]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="2.[125,197,537,558]" captionText="TABLE 1. Diagnostic morphological characteristics of genera of Comatulidae." pageId="20" pageNumber="171">Table 1</tableCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="130C72E3FFAAA174FF09D9C8115FFCCF" box="[248,352,761,786]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 8" captionStart-1="FIGURE 9" captionStartId-0="21.[151,250,1693,1715]" captionStartId-1="22.[151,250,1670,1692]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1435,193,1672]" captionTargetBox-1="[158,1405,193,1648]" captionTargetId-0="figure@21.[151,1435,193,1672]" captionTargetId-1="figure@22.[151,1436,193,1649]" captionTargetPageId-0="21" captionTargetPageId-1="22" captionText-0="FIGURE 8. Comaster. (A – G) Comaster schlegelii— (A) live, exposed on sediment; (B) aboral surface, showing pentagonal centrodorsal lacking cirri; (C) live, exposed on reef; (D) paired comb teeth of equal shape, well separated and confluent with edge of pinnular, tapering to pinnule tip; (E) aboral surface, showing pentagonal centrodorsal with row of cirri; (F), live, tucked within coral structure; (G) aboral surface showing centrodorsal with ring of cirri. (H – M) Comaster audax— (H – I) live, exposed on reef, (J – L) aboral surface showing centrodorsal with few cirri, yellow distally; (M) paired comb teeth of equal shape, well separated and confluent with edge of pinnular, tapering to pinnule tip. Madang, Papua New Guinea: A – B. MNHN-IE- 2013 - 8147; C. MNHN-IE- 2013 - 8178; E. MNHN-IE- 2013 - 8071. I, L. not vouchered, SIO-BIC E 5998 (DNA subsample). Raja Ampat, Indonesia: D, F. SIO-BIC E 6260; G. SIO-BIC E 6261; H. not vouchered. K, M. SIO-BIC E 6258. Lizard Island, Australia: J. AM J 17567, holotype." captionText-1="FIGURE 9. Maximum likelihood tree of Comaster inferred from COI. Symbols and labels as in Figure 2. Location abbreviations — Madang, Great Barrier Reef, Australia (GBR); Papua New Guinea (PNG); Raja Ampat, Indonesia (Raja); Goodwyn Island, Western Australia (WA). New COI sequences are Genbank KR 010330 - KR 010347." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/580181/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/580182/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">Figs. 8–9</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C32D3DEDFFAAA174FF66D870112EFC7F" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8B886E66FFAAA174FF66D87012B3FC87" blockId="20.[151,1437,833,1902]" box="[151,652,833,858]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">
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<emphasis id="B943B274FFAAA174FF66D870110DFC87" bold="true" box="[151,306,833,858]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">Type species.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFAAA174FEC9D87012B7FC87" authority="Muller, 1841" authorityName="Muller" authorityYear="1841" box="[312,648,833,858]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comatulidae" genus="Alecto" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="multifida">
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<emphasis id="B943B274FFAAA174FEC9D87011D3FC84" box="[312,492,833,857]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">Alecto multifida</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFAAA174FE05D87012B7FC87" author="Muller" box="[500,648,833,858]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" refString="Muller, J. (1841) Uber die Gattungen und Arten der Comatulen. Monatsberichte Koniglich Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1841, 179 - 189." type="journal article" year="1841">Müller, 1841</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B886E66FFAAA174FF36D854112EFC7F" blockId="20.[151,1437,833,1902]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">
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<emphasis id="B943B274FFAAA174FF36D85411D7FCA3" bold="true" box="[199,488,869,894]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">Other included taxa (2).</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFAAA174FE01D8571393FCA3" authority="Carpenter, 1881" authorityName="Carpenter" authorityYear="1881" box="[496,940,869,894]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comatulidae" genus="Actinometra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="schlegelii">
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<emphasis id="B943B274FFAAA174FE01D85712D2FCA0" box="[496,749,869,893]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">Actinometra schlegelii</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFAAA174FD04D8571393FCA3" author="Carpenter" box="[757,940,870,894]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" refString="Carpenter, P. H. (1881) The Comatulae of the Leyden Museum. Notes from the Leyden Museum, 3, 173 - 217." type="journal article" year="1881">Carpenter, 1881</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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;
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<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFAAA174FC48D8571131FC7F" authority="Rowe, Hoggett, Birtles & Vail, 1986" authorityName="Rowe, Hoggett, Birtles & Vail" authorityYear="1986" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="audax">
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<emphasis id="B943B274FFAAA174FC48D857144CFCA0" box="[953,1139,869,893]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">Comaster audax</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFAAA174FB8BD8571131FC7F" author="Rowe" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" refString="Rowe, F. W. E., Hoggett, A. K., Birtles, R. A. & Vail, L. L. (1986) Revision of some comasterid genera from Australia (Echinodermata: Crinoidea), with descriptions of two new genera and nine new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 86, 197 - 277." type="journal article" year="1986">Rowe, Hoggett, Birtles & Vail, 1986</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C32D3DEDFFAAA174FF36D89C1475FB1F" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8B886E66FFAAA174FF36D89C1475FB1F" blockId="20.[151,1437,833,1902]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">
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<emphasis id="B943B274FFAAA174FF36D89C117EFC1B" bold="true" box="[199,321,941,966]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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Mouth excentric in fully developed individuals; up to 180 arms; centrodorsal small, discoidal or pentagonal; cirri absent or present; aboral surface with irregular plates between bases of adjacent rays; IBr2 united by synarthry; IIBr and beyond 2 or 4(3+4), usually with IIIBr of 2 ossicles exteriorly and 4(3+4) interiorly; first syzygy on undivided arms always 3+4; distal intersyzygial interval 4; distalmost pinnule comb at least P2 (usually P3–P8), sometimes at intervals to P14; combs arising gradually and tapering to a sharp point distally; pinnules on brachitaxes and sometimes P1 with comb of single, nonconfluent teeth; combs on brachial pinnules of paired, confluent, erect, more or less equal-sized and well separated teeth; pairs sometimes joined to form a transverse bar (
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<figureCitation id="130C72E3FFAAA174FF6EDF9810DEFB1F" box="[159,225,1193,1218]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="21.[151,250,1693,1715]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,193,1672]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[151,1435,193,1672]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 8. Comaster. (A – G) Comaster schlegelii— (A) live, exposed on sediment; (B) aboral surface, showing pentagonal centrodorsal lacking cirri; (C) live, exposed on reef; (D) paired comb teeth of equal shape, well separated and confluent with edge of pinnular, tapering to pinnule tip; (E) aboral surface, showing pentagonal centrodorsal with row of cirri; (F), live, tucked within coral structure; (G) aboral surface showing centrodorsal with ring of cirri. (H – M) Comaster audax— (H – I) live, exposed on reef, (J – L) aboral surface showing centrodorsal with few cirri, yellow distally; (M) paired comb teeth of equal shape, well separated and confluent with edge of pinnular, tapering to pinnule tip. Madang, Papua New Guinea: A – B. MNHN-IE- 2013 - 8147; C. MNHN-IE- 2013 - 8178; E. MNHN-IE- 2013 - 8071. I, L. not vouchered, SIO-BIC E 5998 (DNA subsample). Raja Ampat, Indonesia: D, F. SIO-BIC E 6260; G. SIO-BIC E 6261; H. not vouchered. K, M. SIO-BIC E 6258. Lizard Island, Australia: J. AM J 17567, holotype." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/580181/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
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D, M). Paired comb teeth may be absent on juvenile specimens (10–13 arms).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C32D3DEDFFAAA174FF36DFFC12FFFA60" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="8B886E66FFAAA174FF36DFFC122FFAF0" blockId="20.[151,1437,833,1902]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">
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<emphasis id="B943B274FFAAA174FF36DFFC115FFB3B" bold="true" box="[199,352,1229,1254]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">Distribution.</emphasis>
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Tropical Indo-western Pacific from northern
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<collectingCountry id="F3202EF6FFAAA174FCAADFFC13FDFB3B" box="[859,962,1229,1254]" name="Australia" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">Australia</collectingCountry>
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(Perth, WA, to Solitary Is., NSW), west to the
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<collectingCountry id="F3202EF6FFAAA174FF30DFC01113FAD7" box="[193,300,1265,1290]" name="Maldives" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">Maldives</collectingCountry>
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, east to
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<collectingCountry id="F3202EF6FFAAA174FE7ADFC0118AFAD7" box="[395,437,1265,1290]" name="Fiji" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">Fiji</collectingCountry>
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, and north to Sagami Bay,
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<collectingCountry id="F3202EF6FFAAA174FD18DFC31313FAD4" box="[745,812,1266,1289]" name="Japan" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">Japan</collectingCountry>
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. Depth range:
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<quantity id="4CCFC383FFAAA174FC22DFC31404FAD4" box="[979,1083,1266,1290]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.25" metricValueMax="18.3" metricValueMin="0.2" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" unit="m" value="92.5" valueMax="183.0" valueMin="2.0">
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2–
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<specimenCount id="9D31A5EFFFAAA174FC01DFC31404FAD4" box="[1008,1083,1266,1290]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" type="generic">183 m</specimenCount>
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</quantity>
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. All but a very few records are from depths shallower than
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<specimenCount id="9D31A5EFFFAAA174FE3EDE24122FFAF0" box="[463,528,1301,1326]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" type="generic">
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<quantity id="4CCFC383FFAAA174FE3EDE241234FAF0" box="[463,523,1301,1326]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" unit="m" value="50.0">50 m</quantity>
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.
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</specimenCount>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B886E66FFAAA174FF36DE0812FFFA60" blockId="20.[151,1437,833,1902]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">
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<emphasis id="B943B274FFAAA174FF36DE0811A0FA8F" bold="true" box="[199,415,1337,1362]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">Molecular results.</emphasis>
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Specimens identified as
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<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFAAA174FD46DE0B1347FA8C" box="[695,888,1337,1361]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="nobilis">
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<emphasis id="B943B274FFAAA174FD46DE0B1347FA8C" box="[695,888,1337,1361]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">Comaster nobilis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFAAA174FC5EDE0B1404FA8C" box="[943,1083,1337,1361]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comatulidae" genus="Actinometra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="schlegelii">
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<emphasis id="B943B274FFAAA174FC5EDE0B1404FA8C" box="[943,1083,1337,1361]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">C. schlegelii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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are less than 1.6% divergent in uncorrected distances of COI. As a clade, specimens of
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<emphasis id="B943B274FFAAA174FCF6DE6C13FAFAA8" box="[775,965,1373,1397]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">
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<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFAAA174FCF6DE6C136EFAA8" box="[775,849,1373,1397]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="nobilis">nobilis</taxonomicName>
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/
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<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFAAA174FCAFDE6C13FAFAA8" box="[862,965,1373,1397]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comatulidae" genus="Actinometra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="schlegelii">schlegelii</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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were at least 4% divergent in uncorrected distances of COI from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFAAA174FE40DEB31222FA44" box="[433,541,1409,1433]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="audax">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFAAA174FE40DEB31222FA44" box="[433,541,1409,1433]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">C. audax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="130C72E3FFAAA174FDC2DEB01243FA47" box="[563,636,1409,1434]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1670,1692]" captionTargetBox="[158,1405,193,1648]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[151,1436,193,1649]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 9. Maximum likelihood tree of Comaster inferred from COI. Symbols and labels as in Figure 2. Location abbreviations — Madang, Great Barrier Reef, Australia (GBR); Papua New Guinea (PNG); Raja Ampat, Indonesia (Raja); Goodwyn Island, Western Australia (WA). New COI sequences are Genbank KR 010330 - KR 010347." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/580182/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
). A more comprehensive molecular and morphological analysis of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFAAA174FF66DE97113BFA60" box="[151,260,1446,1469]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFAAA174FF66DE97113BFA60" box="[151,260,1446,1469]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">Comaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is in preparation (Owen
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFAAA174FDEADE9712FFFA60" box="[539,704,1445,1469]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">et. al. in prep.)</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C32D3DEDFFAAA174FF36DEF81248F8B3" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B886E66FFAAA174FF36DEF81248F8B3" blockId="20.[151,1437,833,1902]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFAAA174FF36DEF81104FA3F" bold="true" box="[199,315,1481,1506]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
Species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFAAA174FE37DEFB120CFA3C" box="[454,563,1482,1505]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFAAA174FE37DEFB120CFA3C" box="[454,563,1482,1505]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">Comaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are most easily distinguished from other comatulids by the irregular plates between the bases of adjacent rays, which give the aboral surface a solid, paved appearance. Because specimens identifiable as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFAAA174FECEDD231192F9F4" box="[319,429,1553,1577]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="nobilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFAAA174FECEDD231192F9F4" box="[319,429,1553,1577]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">C. nobilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFAAA174FE27DD23125BF9F4" box="[470,612,1553,1577]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comatulidae" genus="Actinometra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="schlegelii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFAAA174FE27DD23125BF9F4" box="[470,612,1553,1577]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">C. schlegelii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
exhibit such minimal sequence divergence, we reinstate the former as a junior synonym of the latter, in agreement with AH
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFAAA174FD19DD041340F993" author="Clark" box="[744,895,1589,1614]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" refString="Clark, A. H. (1911 b) On a collection of unstalked crinoids made by the United States Fisheries Steamer " Albatross " in the vicinity of the Philippine Islands. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 36, 529 - 563. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.39 - 1798.529" type="journal article" year="1911" yearSuffix="b">Clark (1911b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFAAA174FC7DDD0713ECF993" author="Clark" box="[908,979,1590,1614]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" refString="Clark, A. H. (1911 c) The recent crinoids of Australia. Australia Museum Memoir, 4, 705 - 804. https: // doi. org / 10.3853 / j. 0067 - 1967.4.1911.1511" type="journal article" year="1911" yearSuffix="c">1911c</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFAAA174FC2EDD041417F993" author="Clark" box="[991,1064,1589,1614]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" refString="Clark, A. H. (1912 b) The crinoids of the Indian Ocean. Echinoderma of the Indian Museum, Part VII. Trustees of the Indian Museum, Calcutta, 325 pp." type="book" year="1912" yearSuffix="b">1912b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFAAA174FBC5DD071452F993" author="Clark" box="[1076,1133,1590,1614]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" refString="Clark, A. H. (1931) A monograph of the existing crinoids 1 (3). Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 82, 1 - 916." type="journal article" year="1931">1931</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Nevertheless, substantial morphological variation exists. Smaller
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFAAA174FDAFDD6B12D4F9AC" box="[606,747,1625,1649]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comatulidae" genus="Actinometra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="schlegelii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFAAA174FDAFDD6B12D4F9AC" box="[606,747,1625,1649]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">C. schlegelii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with numerous cirri are easily distinguished from larger cooccurring “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFAAA174FEE9DD4F11B8F948" box="[280,391,1661,1685]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="nobilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFAAA174FEE9DD4F11B8F948" box="[280,391,1661,1685]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">C. nobilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
” on the Great Barrier Reef. The distinction may be ontogenetic, although accompanied by distinct and consistent color pattern differences. Specimens attributed to “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFAAA174FC1CDD931462F964" box="[1005,1117,1697,1721]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="nobilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFAAA174FC1CDD931462F964" box="[1005,1117,1697,1721]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">C. nobilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
” lose cirri with growth. At Raja Ampat,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3202EF6FFAAA174FEDBDDF411A5F903" box="[298,410,1733,1758]" name="Indonesia" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFAAA174FE55DDF7120FF900" box="[420,560,1733,1757]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comatulidae" genus="Actinometra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="schlegelii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFAAA174FE55DDF7120FF900" box="[420,560,1733,1757]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">C. schlegelii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFAAA174FD83DDF712E1F900" box="[626,734,1733,1757]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="nobilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFAAA174FD83DDF712E1F900" box="[626,734,1733,1757]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">C. nobilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
” with similar centrodorsal diameters have ~20 versus 1 (plus a few tiny buds) cirri, respectively, whereas a smaller “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFAAA174FD1EDDDB1362F8DC" box="[751,861,1769,1793]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="nobilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFAAA174FD1EDDDB1362F8DC" box="[751,861,1769,1793]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">C. nobilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
” with the same color pattern as the large specimen has ~20 cirri. Specimens attributed to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFAAA174FDA1DC3F12E1F8F8" box="[592,734,1805,1829]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comatulidae" genus="Actinometra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="schlegelii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFAAA174FDA1DC3F12E1F8F8" box="[592,734,1805,1829]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">C. schlegelii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3202EF6FFAAA174FCD9DC3C1396F8FB" box="[808,937,1805,1830]" name="Micronesia" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">Micronesia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, where “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFAAA174FBE1DC3F14BFF8F8" box="[1040,1152,1805,1829]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="nobilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFAAA174FBE1DC3F14BFF8F8" box="[1040,1152,1805,1829]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">C. nobilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
” has not been collected, retain well-developed cirri, reach a larger size, and perch in the open instead of nestling in crevices as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFAAA174FAE1DC0315A3F894" box="[1296,1436,1841,1865]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comatulidae" genus="Actinometra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="schlegelii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFAAA174FAE1DC0315A3F894" box="[1296,1436,1841,1865]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">C. schlegelii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
typically does elsewhere (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFAAA174FE48DC641254F8B3" author="Messing" box="[441,619,1877,1902]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" refString="Messing, C. G. (1998 b) An initial re-assessment of the distribution and diversity of the East Indian shallow-water crinoid fauna. Pp. 187 - 192. In: Mooi, R. & Telford, M. (eds.) Echinoderms: San Francisco. Balkema, Rotterdam." type="book chapter" year="1998" yearSuffix="b">Messing 1998b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |