205 lines
24 KiB
XML
205 lines
24 KiB
XML
<document id="942782B8B0D71B20EACE6307BA8D5850" ID-CLB-Dataset="3792" ID-DOI="10.1206/0003-0082(2004)439<0001:ANBBPM>2.0.CO;2" ID-GBIF-Dataset="8357bfe7-0687-42bb-a57b-ce2f63a0832b" ID-ISSN="0003-0082" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4734999" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1620068098592" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="MIHLBACHLER, MATTHEW C., LUCAS, SPENCER G., EMRY, ROBERT J. & BAYSHASHOV, BOLAT" docDate="2004" docId="039E8E69FFF2FFD98AE9FA16FCB7DED9" docLanguage="en" docName="AmMusNovit.2004.3439.1-43.pdf" docOrigin="American Museum Novitates 3439 (1)" docSource="http://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&doi=10.1206%2F0003-0082(2004)439%3C0001%3AANBBPM%3E2.0.CO%3B2" docStyle="DocumentStyle:70DDF1BDF6846024993F05262BAE3001.3:AmMusNovit.2000-2010.journal_article.type1" docStyleId="70DDF1BDF6846024993F05262BAE3001" docStyleName="AmMusNovit.2000-2010.journal_article.type1" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Aktautitan TRACKWAYS" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="21" masterDocId="FFA7F611FFE0FFCD8821FFA0FFBFDC74" masterDocTitle="A New Brontothere (Brontotheriidae, Perissodactyla, Mammalia) from the Eocene of the Ily Basin of Kazakstan and a Phylogeny of Asian ‘‘ Horned’ ’ Brontotheres" masterLastPageNumber="43" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="19" updateTime="1698938138459" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="EDF3B57C0B74A542F11654127A5CD0CB">A New Brontothere (Brontotheriidae, Perissodactyla, Mammalia) from the Eocene of the Ily Basin of Kazakstan and a Phylogeny of Asian ‘‘ Horned’ ’ Brontotheres</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="B28A29075F0AA06A37D702D69496D917">MIHLBACHLER, MATTHEW C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="52EB3D7FEF7598410D8C567BCF7A6C9A">LUCAS, SPENCER G.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="FA106CC86B4C71156B6004C4EEE806DF">EMRY, ROBERT J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="62720061723B06E9232770798ECA04AE">BAYSHASHOV, BOLAT</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="48CEC5B071C1773523279F206A72FC21">American Museum Novitates</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="A9EC6B9D80BA32260FCBE71ADEF1E1BF">2004</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="EC8853485C064BFCE311DCEF581B15B2">3439</mods:number>
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<treatment id="039E8E69FFF2FFD98AE9FA16FCB7DED9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5607634" ID-GBIF-Taxon="189548478" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5607634" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039E8E69FFF2FFD98AE9FA16FCB7DED9" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039E8E69FFF2FFD98AE9FA16FCB7DED9" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
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<subSubSection id="C32D6CF4FFF2FFDF8AE9FA16FB7ED9B9" box="[712,1217,1462,1485]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B883F7FFFF2FFDF8AE9FA16FB7ED9B9" blockId="18.[712,1217,1462,1485]" box="[712,1217,1462,1485]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
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<heading id="D0C08813FFF2FFDF8AE9FA16FB7ED9B9" allCaps="true" box="[712,1217,1462,1485]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="1" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" reason="1">
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POSSIBLE
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<taxonomicName id="4C3744FCFFF2FFDF8B79FA16FB7ED9B9" authority="TRACKWAYS" authorityName="TRACKWAYS" box="[856,1217,1462,1485]" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Aktautitan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B943E36DFFF2FFDF8B79FA16FBBCD9B9" box="[856,1027,1462,1485]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">AKTAUTITAN</emphasis>
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TRACKWAYS
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C32D6CF4FFF2FFDE8AF8FA47FD8FDAE7" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B883F7FFFF2FFDE8AF8FA47FD8FDAE7" blockId="18.[700,1229,1511,1741]" lastBlockId="19.[123,652,1572,1741]" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
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<taxonomicName id="4C3744FCFFF2FFDF8AF8FA47FCEDD98A" box="[729,850,1511,1534]" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Aktautitan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B943E36DFFF2FFDF8AF8FA47FCEDD98A" box="[729,850,1511,1534]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Aktautitan</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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?
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<materialsCitation id="3B5F3522FFF2FFDE8B4FFA47FD96DAE7" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3395014301" elevation="5" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="20" location="Kyzyl Murun" longitude="44.36231" municipality="Aktau Mountain" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" specimenCount="1">
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tracks are exposed at
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<location id="8EE869A4FFF2FFDF8CA7FA47FCB4DA68" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039E8E69FFF2FFD98AE9FA16FCB7DED9:8EE869A4FFF2FFDF8CA7FA47FCB4DA68" longitude="44.36231" municipality="Aktau Mountain" name="Kyzyl Murun" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Kyzyl Murun</location>
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near
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<collectingMunicipality id="6BECA505FFF2FFDF8B6FF9A5FBB0DA68" box="[846,1039,1541,1564]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Aktau Mountain</collectingMunicipality>
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(fig. 1) at UTM zone
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<geoCoordinate id="EE0359B8FFF2FFDF8ADCF982FC29DA4D" box="[765,918,1570,1593]" degrees="44, 362307" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" precision="1" value="44.36231">44, 362307E</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE0359B8FFF2FFDF8B85F982FBA0DA4D" box="[932,1055,1570,1593]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">4873406N</geoCoordinate>
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(datum: WGS 84). They are in the Kyzylbulak Formation in the upper part of unit 26 of the measured section of Lucas et al. (1997: fig. 3) (see fig. 2 of this paper). The trackbearing stratum is a 0.1mthick bed of light greenishgray (5 GY 8/1), very finegrained calcareous silty sandstone that is ~
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<quantity id="4CCF929AFFF3FFDE897EF9E1FE1BDA2C" box="[351,420,1601,1624]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" unit="m" value="0.5">
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<elevation id="001AD84CFFF3FFDE897EF9E1FE1BDA2C" box="[351,420,1601,1624]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" unit="m" value="0.5">0.5 m</elevation>
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</quantity>
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above the bonebed dominated by the complete, articulated skeletons of
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<taxonomicName id="4C3744FCFFF3FFDE88C5F9DCFD96DAE7" box="[228,553,1660,1683]" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Aktautitan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hippopotamopus">
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<emphasis id="B943E36DFFF3FFDE88C5F9DCFD96DAE7" box="[228,553,1660,1683]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Aktautitan hippopotamopus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<caption id="DF486FF7FFF3FFDE88B4FA3CFF66D992" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4735052" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4735052" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4735052/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" startId="19.[149,187,1436,1457]" targetBox="[123,1227,186,1416]" targetPageId="19">
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<paragraph id="8B883F7FFFF3FFDE88B4FA3CFF66D992" blockId="19.[123,1227,1436,1510]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
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Fig. 17.
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<taxonomicName id="4C3744FCFFF3FFDE8923FA3CFED0D9C5" box="[258,367,1436,1457]" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Aktautitan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B943E36DFFF3FFDE8923FA3CFED0D9C5" box="[258,367,1436,1457]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Aktautitan</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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? footprints from Kyzyl Murun in the Ily basin, Kazakstan.
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<emphasis id="B943E36DFFF3FFDE8BD6FA3CFB8ED9C5" bold="true" box="[1015,1073,1436,1457]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">A–C,</emphasis>
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Overviews of multiple tracks on the trampled surface,
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<emphasis id="B943E36DFFF3FFDE8A11FA16FDD8D9BF" bold="true" box="[560,615,1462,1484]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">D–F,</emphasis>
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closeup views of individual tracks. Rock hammer is 28 cm long.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<subSubSection id="C32D6CF4FFF3FFD988B9F939FCB7DED9" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B883F7FFFF3FFD988B9F939FDCDDD39" blockId="19.[123,652,1572,1741]" lastBlockId="20.[124,653,193,1741]" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
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At Kyzyl Murun, about 100 tracks are preserved as ‘‘potholes’’ in sandstone (fig. 17). The footprints are preserved in concave epirelief, generally lack clear orientation, and are crowded and superimposed to indicate a trampled surface. All are round, ovoid, or oblong in shape and have diameters of ~
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<quantity id="4CCF929AFFF3FFDE8CA6F939FB74DAC4" box="[1159,1227,1689,1712]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" unit="m" value="0.2">0.2 m</quantity>
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and depths of up to ~
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<quantity id="4CCF929AFFF3FFDE8BE0F916FBB7DAB9" box="[961,1032,1718,1741]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" unit="m" value="0.1">0.1 m</quantity>
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. They lack clear indications of digits, pads, or hooves and obviously are underprints. A single partial trackway indicates the trackmaker was a quadruped with a glenoacetabular length of ~
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<quantity id="4CCF929AFFF4FFD988B3FE96FF67DD39" box="[146,216,310,333]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" unit="m" value="1.2">1.2 m</quantity>
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and a trackway width of ~
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<quantity id="4CCF929AFFF4FFD98A04FE96FDD1DD39" box="[549,622,310,333]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" unit="m" value="0.4">0.4 m</quantity>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B883F7FFFF4FFD988B8FEF4FECCDF34" blockId="20.[124,653,193,1741]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
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The mammal tracks reported here closely resemble those previously reported Paleogene mammal tracks attributed to brontotheres or rhinoceroses. Thus, the tracks attributed to large perissodactyls and described by Hamblin et al. (1998, 1999) from the Uintan (middle Eocene) of
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<collectingRegion id="49F3F19DFFF4FFD98991FDA4FE56DE6F" box="[432,489,516,539]" country="United States of America" name="Utah" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Utah</collectingRegion>
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are approximately the same size and shape as those from Kyzyl Murun.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA6428EFFF4FFD9890FFD9EFD37DE21" author="Sarjeant, W. A. S. & W. Langston, Jr." box="[302,648,574,597]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="1 - 86" refId="ref17490" refString="Sarjeant, W. A. S., and W. Langston, Jr. 1994. Vertebrate footprints and invertebrate traces from the Chadronian (late Eocene) of Trans-Pecos Texas. Texas Memorial Museum Bulletin 36: 1 - 86." type="journal article" year="1994">Sarjeant and Langston (1994</bibRefCitation>
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: p. 40–41, pls. 4, 24) described and illustrated large perissodactyl tracks from the Chadronian (late Eocene) of
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<collectingRegion id="49F3F19DFFF4FFD989A8FD36FE73DED9" box="[393,460,662,685]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Texas</collectingRegion>
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that are larger than, but otherwise very similar to, the Kyzyl Murun tracks. Other tracks attributed to Chadronian brontotheres (e.g., Chaffee, 1943) are also larger than, but similar to, the Kyzyl Murun tracks.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B883F7FFFF4FFD988B8FCE6FE58DAB9" blockId="20.[124,653,193,1741]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
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The Kyzyl Murun tracks are undertracks that poorly record the foot shape and other anatomical details of the trackmaker. Thus, a precise identification is impossible, though a large perissodactyl trackmaker seems most likely. Body fossils from the underlying strata of the Kyzylbulak Formation belong to the brontothere
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<taxonomicName id="4C3744FCFFF4FFD9892EFBB4FDE9D85F" box="[271,598,1044,1067]" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Aktautitan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hippopotamopus">
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<emphasis id="B943E36DFFF4FFD9892EFBB4FDE9D85F" box="[271,598,1044,1067]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Aktautitan hippopotamopus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and the amynodont rhinocerotoid
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<taxonomicName id="4C3744FCFFF4FFD989F4FB91FD3AD83C" box="[469,645,1073,1096]" class="Mammalia" family="Amynodontidae" genus="Sharamynodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B943E36DFFF4FFD989F4FB91FD3AD83C" box="[469,645,1073,1096]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Sharamynodon</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, both possible trackmakers. Although it is difficult to reconstruct the general body proportions of
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<taxonomicName id="4C3744FCFFF4FFD988C4FB29FE74D8D4" box="[229,459,1161,1184]" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Aktautitan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hippopotamopus">
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<emphasis id="B943E36DFFF4FFD988C4FB29FE74D8D4" box="[229,459,1161,1184]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">A. hippopotamopus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from the material at hand,
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<taxonomicName id="4C3744FCFFF4FFD98902FB07FDFAD8CA" baseAuthorityName="Wang" baseAuthorityYear="1982" box="[291,581,1191,1214]" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Rhinotitan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mongoliensis">
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<emphasis id="B943E36DFFF4FFD98902FB07FDFAD8CA" box="[291,581,1191,1214]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Rhinotitan mongoliensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is of similar size and is known from a mounted skeleton and can therefore be used for size estimates (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA6428EFFF4FFD988D8FB5EFE32D961" author="Wang, B." box="[249,397,1278,1301]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="1 - 75" refId="ref17956" refString="Wang, B. 1982. Osteology and phylogenetic relationships of Rhinotitan mongoliensis., Academia Sinica Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology Memoirs 16: 1 - 75." type="journal article" year="1982">Wang, 1982</bibRefCitation>
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). Thus, femur lengths suggest
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<taxonomicName id="4C3744FCFFF4FFD988FDFABCFE00D947" box="[220,447,1308,1331]" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Aktautitan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hippopotamopus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943E36DFFF4FFD988FDFABCFE00D947" box="[220,447,1308,1331]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">A. hippopotamopus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is about 70% the size of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3744FCFFF4FFD988F5FA99FEF0D924" authorityName="Granger & Gregory" authorityYear="1943" box="[212,335,1337,1360]" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Rhinotitan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943E36DFFF4FFD988F5FA99FEF0D924" box="[212,335,1337,1360]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Rhinotitan</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which would give
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3744FCFFF4FFD98A1DFA99FEA6D91A" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Aktautitan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hippopotamopus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943E36DFFF4FFD98A1DFA99FEA6D91A" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">A. hippopotamopus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
an estimated glenoacetabular length of about
|
||
<quantity id="4CCF929AFFF4FFD98966FAD4FE2FD9FF" box="[327,400,1396,1419]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" unit="m" value="1.1">1.1 m</quantity>
|
||
and manus and pes diameters (minus any fleshy pads) of
|
||
<quantity id="4CCF929AFFF4FFD98A63FA31FF1CD9B1" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.65" metricValueMax="1.9" metricValueMin="1.4" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" unit="cm" value="16.5" valueMax="19.0" valueMin="14.0">14–19 cm</quantity>
|
||
. Based on
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA6428EFFF4FFD98902FA0EFE6ED9B1" author="Osborn, H. F." box="[291,465,1454,1477]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="1 - 9" refId="ref17166" refString="Osborn, H. F. 1936. Amynodon mongoliensis from the upper Eocene of Mongolia: American Museum Novitates 859: 1 - 9." type="journal article" year="1936">Osborn (1936)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3744FCFFF4FFD989FCFA0FFD32D9B2" box="[477,653,1455,1478]" class="Mammalia" family="Amynodontidae" genus="Sharamynodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943E36DFFF4FFD989FCFA0FFD32D9B2" box="[477,653,1455,1478]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Sharamynodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a glenoacetablular length of
|
||
<quantity id="4CCF929AFFF4FFD98A33FA6CFDE7D997" box="[530,600,1484,1507]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" unit="m" value="1.4">1.4 m</quantity>
|
||
and manus and pes diameters (minus fleshy pads) of
|
||
<quantity id="4CCF929AFFF4FFD98881F9A6FEA3DA69" box="[160,284,1542,1565]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" metricValueMax="1.9" metricValueMin="1.6" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" unit="cm" value="17.5" valueMax="19.0" valueMin="16.0">16–19 cm</quantity>
|
||
. Thus, based on size and foot shape, either
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3744FCFFF4FFD9890BF984FE1CDA4F" box="[298,419,1572,1595]" class="Mammalia" family="Brontotheriidae" genus="Aktautitan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943E36DFFF4FFD9890BF984FE1CDA4F" box="[298,419,1572,1595]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Aktautitan</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3744FCFFF4FFD989FCF984FD32DA4F" box="[477,653,1572,1595]" class="Mammalia" family="Amynodontidae" genus="Sharamynodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943E36DFFF4FFD989FCF984FD32DA4F" box="[477,653,1572,1595]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Sharamynodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are plausible trackmakers of the Kyzyl Murun footprints. The abundance of the brontothere and the relative rarity of the amynodont lead us to suggest that the brontothere was the more probable trackmaker.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B883F7FFFF4FFD98AF8FF61FCB7DED9" blockId="20.[700,1230,193,685]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
The Kyzyl Murun tracks are the first report of fossil mammal tracks from Kazakstan. They fit well into what is known of Paleogene mammal tracks, namely that they are mostly the footprints of primitive large ungulates and carnivores. Paleogene tracks are known mostly from North America and are dominantly the footprints of primitive perissodactyls, artiodactyls, and carnivores (e.g., Chaffee, 1943; Curry, 1957;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA6428EFFF4FFD98C12FE69FCE0DD89" author="Sarjeant, W. A. S. & J. A. Wilson" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="439 - 446" refId="ref17534" refString="Sarjeant, W. A. S., and J. A. Wilson. 1988. Late Eocene (Duchesnean) mammal footprints from the Skyline Channels of Trans-Pecos Texas. Texas Journal of Science 40: 439 - 446." type="journal article" year="1988">Sarjeant and Wilson, 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Lucas and Williamson, 1993;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA6428EFFF4FFD98A9DFDA4FBAEDE6F" author="Sarjeant, W. A. S. & W. Langston, Jr." box="[700,1041,516,539]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="1 - 86" refId="ref17490" refString="Sarjeant, W. A. S., and W. Langston, Jr. 1994. Vertebrate footprints and invertebrate traces from the Chadronian (late Eocene) of Trans-Pecos Texas. Texas Memorial Museum Bulletin 36: 1 - 86." type="journal article" year="1994">Sarjeant and Langston, 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Hamblin et al., 1998, 1999). Records from outside of North America—from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3207FEFFFF4FFD98BA9FD9EFC6FDE21" box="[904,976,574,597]" name="China" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3207FEFFFF4FFD98BC6FD9EFBA0DE21" box="[999,1055,574,597]" name="Peru" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
, western Europe, and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3207FEFFFF4FFD98B63FDFCFCCEDE07" box="[834,881,604,627]" name="Iran" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Iran</collectingCountry>
|
||
—also fit this pattern (e.g., Lockley et al., 1999; Ataabadi and Sarjeant, 2000).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |