337 lines
41 KiB
XML
337 lines
41 KiB
XML
<document id="CE06D3671336F023754E0B3DB258B9F5" ID-CLB-Dataset="7749" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4938.4.2" ID-GBIF-Dataset="539c0af2-fb4b-495a-8698-adb94eb7e220" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4574869" ID-ZooBank="40593C45-C2E7-4EFB-8EFB-6A57689E5D2E" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1614751251182" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Scherz, Mark D., Schmidt, Luca, Crottini, Angelica, Miralles, Aurélien, Rakotoarison, Andolalao, Raselimanana, Achille P., Köhler, Jörn, Glaw, Frank & Vences, Miguel" docDate="2021" docId="1C7C8218FF89FFEAFF017681FA91F8CC" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4938.4.2.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4938 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Calophrynus calcaratus Mocquard 1895" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="408" masterDocId="E045FA60FF99FFFAFF967616FFEAFF82" masterDocTitle="Into the Chamber of Horrors: A proposal for the resolution of nomenclatural chaos in the Scaphiophryne calcarata complex (Anura: Microhylidae), with a new species-level phylogenetic hypothesis for Scaphiophryninae" masterLastPageNumber="420" masterPageNumber="392" pageNumber="408" updateTime="1698931885714" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="73115A86A70CAA7394C30FA8856975D5">Into the Chamber of Horrors: A proposal for the resolution of nomenclatural chaos in the Scaphiophryne calcarata complex (Anura: Microhylidae), with a new species-level phylogenetic hypothesis for Scaphiophryninae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="F47538B518138E3789E634A642971B51">Scherz, Mark D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="6DB3696C0089E426F0B3703B2FC3875D">Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany mark. scherz @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 4613 - 7761</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="9F22AFE6D8A2788A3372E222EBA92041" type="email">mark.scherz@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="13DEF84711A07F9E532F5B5A220A6CD6">Schmidt, Luca</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="BB50AACEAAC660C053954EA16844A989">Braunschweig University of Technology, Zoological Institute, Mendelssohnstrasse 4, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany m. vences @ tu-braunschweig. de; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 0747 - 0817</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="983727FD57224B649557031A0CF78A2E">Crottini, Angelica</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="F96AD1F55D9EEC949A946ED78780BFF7">CIBIO Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, InBIO, Universidade do Porto, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, N 7, 4485 - 661 Vairão, Portugal</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="27DDB49AD89985AD966E0FD7D56A9EAD">Miralles, Aurélien</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="A17C6F3D36FF649703DD1448165C84E4">Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, 57 rue Cuvier, CP 50, 75005 Paris, France</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="154CC8A83FE956B258C5AA675012C049">Rakotoarison, Andolalao</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="9C873FCCDBD85CE08F0348DA43D65BFF">Zoologie et Biodiversité Animale, Université d’Antananarivo, BP 906, Antananarivo, 101 Madagascar</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="D92B721199D007C1437BB6C704659ED3">Raselimanana, Achille P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="54A12200EE90FA8F33AFB4C219596B31">Zoologie et Biodiversité Animale, Université d’Antananarivo, BP 906, Antananarivo, 101 Madagascar & Association Vahatra, lot VA 38 LB Ter A, Ambohidempona- Tsiadana, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar raselimananaachille @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 1610 - 7307</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="470D4229F825BDD1B9F71663CE96F464">Köhler, Jörn</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="84E13B1996EF24AF14B8E98711FCD8BF">Hessisches Landesmuseum Darmstadt, Friedensplatz 1, 64283 Darmstadt, Germany</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="D1D5513868894511A9D8DCF9F98467CE">Glaw, Frank</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="03DF74259B99182060DBCCE224108058">Zoologische Staatssammlung München (ZSM-SNSB), Münchhausenstrasse 21, 81247 München, Germany</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="DFC156F53414F48A130427849C668CD5">Vences, Miguel</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="473C75C87E2B1DD25786F7C2B4D840D9">Braunschweig University of Technology, Zoological Institute, Mendelssohnstrasse 4, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany m. vences @ tu-braunschweig. de; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 0747 - 0817</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="0FC7D4144327D65349064103D0F40986">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="FC77829F1985248D2434EB0BDC84DCDF">2021</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="DAA7BAB60B561AFEBAA0429F614AF8BA">4938</mods:number>
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<treatment id="1C7C8218FF89FFEAFF017681FA91F8CC" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4605109" ID-GBIF-Taxon="180568740" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4605109" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:1C7C8218FF89FFEAFF017681FA91F8CC" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/1C7C8218FF89FFEAFF017681FA91F8CC" lastPageNumber="408" pageId="16" pageNumber="408">
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<paragraph id="946A330EFF89FFEAFF017681FD64FF33" blockId="16.[151,654,151,178]" box="[151,654,151,178]" pageId="16" pageNumber="408">
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<heading id="CF228462FF89FFEAFF017681FD64FF33" bold="true" box="[151,654,151,178]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="408" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="53D5488DFF89FFEAFF017681FD64FF33" ID-CoL="68VH5" authority="Mocquard, 1895" authorityName="Mocquard" authorityYear="1895" box="[151,654,151,178]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Calophrynus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="16" pageNumber="408" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="calcaratus">
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<emphasis id="A6A1EF1CFF89FFEAFF017681FD64FF33" bold="true" box="[151,654,151,178]" pageId="16" pageNumber="408">
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<emphasis id="A6A1EF1CFF89FFEAFF017681FE52FF30" bold="true" box="[151,440,151,178]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="408">Calophrynus calcaratus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="F0444EFFFF89FFEAFE567681FD64FF33" author="Mocquard, F." box="[448,654,151,177]" pageId="16" pageNumber="408" pagination="93 - 111" refId="ref17523" refString="Mocquard, F. (1895) Sur les reptiles recueillis Madascar de 1867 a 1885 par M. Grandidier. Bulletin de la Societe Philomathique de Paris, Series 8, 7, 93 - 111." type="journal article" year="1895">Mocquard, 1895</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="946A330EFF89FFEAFF0176C9FE93FE9F" blockId="16.[151,1437,223,1870]" pageId="16" pageNumber="408">
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<materialsCitation id="24BD3953FF89FFEAFF0176C9FE93FE9F" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3053023306" collectionCode="MNHN" country="Madagascar" location="Madagascar" pageId="16" pageNumber="408" specimenCode="MNHN 1895.294" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="lectotype">
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Name-bearing type:
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<typeStatus id="4B6E8DACFF89FFEAFE1076F6FE1CFF78" box="[390,502,224,250]" pageId="16" pageNumber="408" type="lectotype">Lectotype</typeStatus>
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by present designation,
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<specimenCode id="C4739B75FF89FFEAFC8176F6FC0EFF78" box="[791,996,223,250]" collectionCode="MNHN" country="France" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" name="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="16" pageNumber="408">MNHN 1895.294</specimenCode>
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, from “
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<collectingCountry id="ECC2739EFF89FFEAFBA876C9FB21FF7B" box="[1086,1227,223,249]" name="Madagascar" pageId="16" pageNumber="408">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
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” according to the original description.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="DCCF6085FF89FFEAFF517731FA91F8CC" pageId="16" pageNumber="408" type="description">
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<paragraph id="946A330EFF89FFEAFF517731FAA6FEE4" blockId="16.[151,1437,223,1870]" pageId="16" pageNumber="408">
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Originally, there were four
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<typeStatus id="4B6E8DACFF89FFEAFE6D773EFDB8FEC0" box="[507,594,296,322]" pageId="16" pageNumber="408" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
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<materialsCitation id="24BD3953FF89FFEAFDCC7731FAA2FEE4" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3053023309" collectionCode="MNHN" pageId="16" pageNumber="408" specimenCode="MNHN 1895.294, MNHN 1991.2862, MNHN 1991.2863, MNHN 1991.2864" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paralectotype">
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specimens under the number 95.294 (=
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<specimenCode id="C4739B75FF89FFEAFB8D773EFB0FFEC0" box="[1051,1253,295,322]" collectionCode="MNHN" country="France" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" name="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="16" pageNumber="408">MNHN 1895.294</specimenCode>
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), of which three were re-catalogued as
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<specimenCode id="C4739B75FF89FFEAFE04775AFD83FEE7" box="[402,617,331,358]" collectionCode="MNHN" country="France" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" name="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="16" pageNumber="408">MNHN 1991.2862</specimenCode>
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,
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<specimenCode id="C4739B75FF89FFEAFDE2775AFCADFEE7" box="[628,839,331,358]" collectionCode="MNHN" country="France" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" name="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="16" pageNumber="408">MNHN 1991.2863</specimenCode>
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and
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<specimenCode id="C4739B75FF89FFEAFCE8775AFBBBFEE7" box="[894,1105,331,358]" collectionCode="MNHN" country="France" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" name="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="16" pageNumber="408">MNHN 1991.2864</specimenCode>
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(now
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||
<typeStatus id="4B6E8DACFF89FFEAFB0F775DFAAAFEE4" box="[1177,1344,331,358]" pageId="16" pageNumber="408" type="paralectotype">paralectotypes</typeStatus>
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)
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="946A330EFF89FFEAFF517779FD86FD9B" blockId="16.[151,1437,223,1870]" pageId="16" pageNumber="408">
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Historically, this is the second described species assignable to the subgenus
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<taxonomicName id="53D5488DFF89FFEAFB8D7779FB22FE0B" authorityName="Mocquard" authorityYear="1895" box="[1051,1224,367,393]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Pseudohemisus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="16" pageNumber="408" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="A6A1EF1CFF89FFEAFB8D7779FB22FE0B" box="[1051,1224,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="408">Pseudohemisus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, and unfortunately only has the imprecise type locality “
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<collectingCountry id="ECC2739EFF89FFEAFDA67785FD2AFE2F" box="[560,704,403,429]" name="Madagascar" pageId="16" pageNumber="408">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
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”. The original
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<typeStatus id="4B6E8DACFF89FFEAFCF77782FC29FE2C" box="[865,963,404,430]" pageId="16" pageNumber="408" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
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are in an extremely poor state of preservation and probably juveniles. Due to the lack of clear morphological distinctions between the lineages within the
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<taxonomicName id="53D5488DFF89FFEAFA1177A1FEE8FE77" baseAuthorityName="Mocquard" baseAuthorityYear="1995" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Scaphiophryne" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="16" pageNumber="408" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="calcarata">
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<emphasis id="A6A1EF1CFF89FFEAFA1177A1FEE8FE77" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="408">S. calcarata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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complex, it is not possible to unambiguously define to which of these the name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="53D5488DFF89FFEAFBEC77CDFB0FFE77" baseAuthorityName="Mocquard" baseAuthorityYear="1995" box="[1146,1253,475,501]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Scaphiophryne" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="16" pageNumber="408" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="calcarata">
|
||
<emphasis id="A6A1EF1CFF89FFEAFBEC77CDFB0FFE77" box="[1146,1253,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="408">calcarata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
should apply on the basis of morphology or biogeography.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="946A330EFF89FFEAFF517435FE8AFD4F" blockId="16.[151,1437,223,1870]" pageId="16" pageNumber="408">
|
||
The largest of the original
|
||
<typeStatus id="4B6E8DACFF89FFEAFE667432FDB8FDBC" box="[496,594,548,574]" pageId="16" pageNumber="408" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
|
||
is the one that originally bore the number “95.294”. SVL of the four specimens is as follows:
|
||
<materialsCitation id="24BD3953FF89FFEAFEED745EFCC0FDE3" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3053023311" box="[379,810,583,610]" collectionCode="MNHN" pageId="16" pageNumber="408" specimenCode="MNHN 1895.294" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<specimenCode id="C4739B75FF89FFEAFEED745EFDACFDE0" box="[379,582,583,610]" collectionCode="MNHN" country="France" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" name="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="16" pageNumber="408">MNHN 1895.294</specimenCode>
|
||
:
|
||
<quantity id="532D9EEBFF89FFEAFDC57451FD53FDE0" box="[595,697,583,610]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3699999999999999" pageId="16" pageNumber="408" unit="mm" value="13.7">13.7 mm</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<tableCitation id="D95706B5FF89FFEAFD5E7451FCF4FDE3" box="[712,798,583,609]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="20.[151,239,461,487]" captionText="TABLE 1. Morphometric measurements (all in mm) of name bearing types and other specimens of Scaphiophryne brevis, S. calcarata and S. obscura. For abbreviations of morphometric measurements and collection acronyms, see Materials and Methods. RHL (relative hindlimb length) indicates the point reached by the tibiotarsal articulation when hindlimb is adpressed along body: 1, forelimb; 2, between forelimb and tympanum; 3, tympanum; 4, eye. Additional abbreviations: nm, not measured; na, not applicable; M, male; F, female; J, juvenile; LT, lectotype; PLT, paralectotype; ST, syntype; HT, holotype. Nomina are abbreviated as follows: Cb, Calophrynus brevis; Cc, Calophrynus calcaratus; Ho, Hemisus obscurus; Pg, Pseudohemisus granulosus; Pl, Pseudohemisus longimanus; Plm; Pseudohemisus longimanus var. melanopleura; Pv, Pseudohemisus verrucosus." pageId="16" pageNumber="408">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation id="24BD3953FF89FFEAFCAF745EFB6CFDE0" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3053023304" box="[825,1158,583,610]" collectionCode="MNHN" pageId="16" pageNumber="408" specimenCode="MNHN 1991.2862" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<specimenCode id="C4739B75FF89FFEAFCAF745EFBF8FDE3" box="[825,1042,583,610]" collectionCode="MNHN" country="France" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" name="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="16" pageNumber="408">MNHN 1991.2862</specimenCode>
|
||
:
|
||
<quantity id="532D9EEBFF89FFEAFB887451FB6CFDE0" box="[1054,1158,583,610]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.18" pageId="16" pageNumber="408" unit="mm" value="11.8">11.8 mm</quantity>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation id="24BD3953FF89FFEAFB05745EFF2CFD04" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3053023301" collectionCode="MNHN" pageId="16" pageNumber="408" specimenCode="MNHN 1991.2863" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<specimenCode id="C4739B75FF89FFEAFB05745EFA87FDE3" box="[1171,1389,583,610]" collectionCode="MNHN" country="France" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" name="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="16" pageNumber="408">MNHN 1991.2863</specimenCode>
|
||
:
|
||
<quantity id="532D9EEBFF89FFEAFAEF7451FF2CFD04" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.8" pageId="16" pageNumber="408" unit="mm" value="9.8">9.8 mm</quantity>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation id="24BD3953FF89FFEAFF44747AFC3FFD07" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3053023317" box="[210,981,619,646]" collectionCode="MNHN" pageId="16" pageNumber="408" specimenCode="MNHN 1991.2864" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<specimenCode id="C4739B75FF89FFEAFF44747AFE40FD07" box="[210,426,619,646]" collectionCode="MNHN" country="France" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" name="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="16" pageNumber="408">MNHN 1991.2864</specimenCode>
|
||
:
|
||
<quantity id="532D9EEBFF89FFEAFE23747DFDE4FD04" box="[437,526,619,646]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.7" pageId="16" pageNumber="408" unit="mm" value="8.7">8.7 mm</quantity>
|
||
. We here designate the largest specimen
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="24BD3953FF89FFEAFC76747AFEB6FD4F" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3053023303" collectionCode="MNHN" pageId="16" pageNumber="408" specimenCode="MNHN 1895.294" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="lectotype">
|
||
<specimenCode id="C4739B75FF89FFEAFC76747AFB43FD04" box="[992,1193,619,646]" collectionCode="MNHN" country="France" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" name="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="16" pageNumber="408">MNHN 1895.294</specimenCode>
|
||
, as
|
||
<typeStatus id="4B6E8DACFF89FFEAFB45747DFAD0FD07" box="[1235,1338,619,645]" pageId="16" pageNumber="408" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
to stabilize this nomen because a few more taxonomically relevant morphological characters are visible in this specimen than in the others
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="946A330EFF89FFEAFF5174C1FB58FC00" blockId="16.[151,1437,223,1870]" pageId="16" pageNumber="408">
|
||
<emphasis id="A6A1EF1CFF89FFEAFF5174C1FE8BFD73" bold="true" box="[199,353,727,753]" pageId="16" pageNumber="408">Morphology.</emphasis>
|
||
Despite its small size and extremely poor state of preservation, the
|
||
<typeStatus id="4B6E8DACFF89FFEAFBC774C1FB52FD73" box="[1105,1208,727,753]" pageId="16" pageNumber="408" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
can easily be recognized as belonging to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="53D5488DFF89FFEAFE0774EDFDD3FC97" box="[401,569,763,789]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Scaphiophryne" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="16" pageNumber="408" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A6A1EF1CFF89FFEAFE0774EDFDD3FC97" box="[401,569,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="408">Scaphiophryne</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the presence of an enlarged inner metatarsal tubercle and a distinct tarsal tubercle (
|
||
<figureCitation id="0CEE2F8BFF89FFEAFE947509FEADFCBB" box="[258,327,799,825]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[273,1323,191,1919]" captionTargetId="figure-19@15.[259,1329,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 9. Photographs of the details of morphology of type specimens of the nomina in the genus Scaphiophryne (subgenus Pseudohemisus) except the holotype of S. brevis, showing feet (left column) and hands (middle column) in ventral view, and the head (right column) in lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4574893" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4574893/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="408">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
). No traces of vomerine or maxillary teeth are recognizable, but the anterior region of the head is largely destroyed, so this remains inconclusive. The subarticular tubercle on the first finger is slightly longer and higher than those on the other fingers. There are no enlarged terminal disks on fingers or toes.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="946A330EFF89FFEAFF51759DFD43FBDB" blockId="16.[151,1437,223,1870]" pageId="16" pageNumber="408">
|
||
Determining osteological characters of this specimen proved exceptionally difficult because its skeleton is largely destroyed and fragmented, especially the skull, which is highly disarticulated and has several elements missing altogether (
|
||
<figureCitation id="0CEE2F8BFF89FFEAFED775C5FE7FFC6F" box="[321,405,979,1005]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1932,1956]" captionTargetBox="[155,1425,1213,1906]" captionTargetId="figure-393@19.[151,1436,1209,1909]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 10. Micro-CT scans of the name-bearing type specimens of nomina in the subgenus Scaphiophryne (Pseudohemisus) except the holotype of S. brevis: skulls in dorsal, ventral and lateral views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4574895" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4574895/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="408">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
). Nevertheless, there is some osteological support for its identification as a scaphiophrynine microhylid, such as the T-shaped squamosal, diplasiocoelous vertebral column, terminal phalanges of fingers and toes robust and knobbed and not T-shaped, and pectoral girdle without ossified sternum and omosternum but with ossified clavicles (Supplementary
|
||
<figureCitation id="0CEE2F8BFF89FFEAFD8E7229FD64FBDB" box="[536,654,1087,1113]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1887,1911]" captionTargetBox="[152,1436,181,1863]" captionTargetId="figure-17@6.[151,1436,181,1863]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Haplotype networks based on DNA sequences of two nuclear genes, POMC (310 bp) and RAG-1 (788 bp) for species of Scaphiophryne and Paradoxophyla. Small black circles represent additional mutational steps between identified haplotypes. Colors of taxa correspond to those in Fig. 1." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4574875" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4574875/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="408">Figs S2–S</figureCitation>
|
||
<figureCitation id="0CEE2F8BFF89FFEAFD197229FD76FBDB" box="[655,668,1087,1113]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1854,1878]" captionTargetBox="[174,1405,181,1831]" captionTargetId="figure-17@8.[174,1413,181,1831]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 3. Individuals in life of the three species of Scaphiophryne in the subgenus Pseudohemisus according to the classification proposed in the present paper: Scaphiophryne brevis from Ifaty (A–E), Kirindy (F–G) and Isalo (H); S. calcarata from Pic St. Louis near Tolagnaro (I–K), Ambalavao (L), Isalo (Ilakaka) (M–N), Sakaviro (O) and near Anja (P); S. obscura from Isalo (Q), Kirindy (R–V), Ankarafantsika (W), and Bongolava Plateau (X). Photos by F. Glaw, J. Lobon-Rovira, A. Miralles, G. M. Rosa, and M. Vences." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4574877" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4574877/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="408">3</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="946A330EFF89FFEAFF517275FF18FA43" blockId="16.[151,1437,223,1870]" pageId="16" pageNumber="408">
|
||
<emphasis id="A6A1EF1CFF89FFEAFF517275FEB0FBFF" bold="true" box="[199,346,1123,1149]" pageId="16" pageNumber="408">Assignment.</emphasis>
|
||
Due to the lack of precise information on the geographical provenance of these specimens, assigning them to a particular lineage of the subgenus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="53D5488DFF89FFEAFD2B7291FC80FB23" authorityName="Mocquard" authorityYear="1895" box="[701,874,1159,1185]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Pseudohemisus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="16" pageNumber="408" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A6A1EF1CFF89FFEAFD2B7291FC80FB23" box="[701,874,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="408">Pseudohemisus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is not straightforward. First of all, we considered whether the types of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="53D5488DFF89FFEAFE1072BDFD7EFB47" authorityName="Mocquard" authorityYear="1895" box="[390,660,1195,1221]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Calophrynus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="16" pageNumber="408" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="calcaratus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A6A1EF1CFF89FFEAFE1072BDFD7EFB47" box="[390,660,1195,1221]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="408">Calophrynus calcaratus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
could be conspecific with the lineage usually named
|
||
<emphasis id="A6A1EF1CFF89FFEAFB6272BDFF08FB6B" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="408">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="53D5488DFF89FFEAFB6272BDFF34FB6B" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1896" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Scaphiophryne" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="16" pageNumber="408" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brevis">Scaphiophryne brevis</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Blommers-Schl̂sser & Blanc (1991) noted that the subarticular tubercles in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="53D5488DFF89FFEAFBDF72D9FB42FB6B" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1896" box="[1097,1192,1231,1257]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Scaphiophryne" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="16" pageNumber="408" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brevis">
|
||
<emphasis id="A6A1EF1CFF89FFEAFBDF72D9FB42FB6B" box="[1097,1192,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="408">S. brevis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are flat whereas in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="53D5488DFF89FFEAFA1172D9FEE8FA8F" baseAuthorityName="Mocquard" baseAuthorityYear="1995" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Scaphiophryne" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="16" pageNumber="408" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="calcarata">
|
||
<emphasis id="A6A1EF1CFF89FFEAFA1172D9FEE8FA8F" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="408">S. calcarata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
they are protruding. In the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="53D5488DFF89FFEAFDA772E5FD4DFA8F" authorityName="Mocquard" authorityYear="1895" box="[561,679,1267,1293]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Calophrynus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="16" pageNumber="408" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="calcaratus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A6A1EF1CFF89FFEAFDA772E5FD4DFA8F" box="[561,679,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="408">calcaratus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<typeStatus id="4B6E8DACFF89FFEAFD3B72E5FCFEFA8F" box="[685,788,1267,1293]" pageId="16" pageNumber="408" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
they are rather protruding, as already stated in the original description. Furthermore, and more importantly, on the left side of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="4B6E8DACFF89FFEAFC2A7301FBC9FAB3" box="[956,1059,1303,1329]" pageId="16" pageNumber="408" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
the boundary between the dorsal and lateral skin is folded in a way that may correspond to the dorsolateral fold typical for those specimens usually assigned to
|
||
<emphasis id="A6A1EF1CFF89FFEAFE8D7349FE43FAFB" box="[283,425,1375,1401]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="408">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="53D5488DFF89FFEAFE8D7349FE4FFAFB" baseAuthorityName="Mocquard" baseAuthorityYear="1995" box="[283,421,1375,1401]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Scaphiophryne" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="16" pageNumber="408" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="calcarata">S. calcarata</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
but not for most of those assigned to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="53D5488DFF89FFEAFCD87349FC47FAFB" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1896" box="[846,941,1375,1401]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Scaphiophryne" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="16" pageNumber="408" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brevis">
|
||
<emphasis id="A6A1EF1CFF89FFEAFCD87349FC47FAFB" box="[846,941,1375,1401]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="408">S. brevis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. We therefore conclude that the
|
||
<typeStatus id="4B6E8DACFF89FFEAFA817349FA94FAFB" box="[1303,1406,1375,1401]" pageId="16" pageNumber="408" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="53D5488DFF89FFEAFF017395FE4CFA1F" authorityName="Mocquard" authorityYear="1895" box="[151,422,1411,1437]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Calophrynus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="16" pageNumber="408" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="calcaratus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A6A1EF1CFF89FFEAFF017395FE4CFA1F" box="[151,422,1411,1437]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="408">Calophrynus calcaratus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
belongs to one of the evolutionary lineages herein subsumed in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="53D5488DFF89FFEAFB3A7395FADEFA1F" baseAuthorityName="Mocquard" baseAuthorityYear="1995" box="[1196,1332,1411,1437]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Scaphiophryne" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="16" pageNumber="408" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="calcarata">
|
||
<emphasis id="A6A1EF1CFF89FFEAFB3A7395FADEFA1F" box="[1196,1332,1411,1437]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="408">S. calcarata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
complex (
|
||
<figureCitation id="0CEE2F8BFF89FFEAFF3673B1FF0BFA43" box="[160,225,1447,1473]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1846,1870]" captionTargetBox="[277,1310,181,1822]" captionTargetId="figure-19@5.[277,1310,181,1822]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. Majority-rule consensus tree from a partitioned Bayesian Inference analysis of species of Scaphiophryne, based on concatenated DNA sequences of five mitochondrial and two nuclear genes (3574 bp). Numbers at nodes are Bayesian posterior probabilities (removed from most terminal nodes for better visualization). The root was set at the branch connecting Paradoxophyla and Scaphiophryne, which are well-defined monophyletic units, and sister genera based on previous analyses (e.g., van der Meijden et al. 2007; Tu et al. 2018; Streicher et al. 2020)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4574871" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4574871/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="408">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="946A330EFF89FFEAFF5173DAFA91F8CC" blockId="16.[151,1437,223,1870]" pageId="16" pageNumber="408">
|
||
To decide to which of these lineages the
|
||
<typeStatus id="4B6E8DACFF89FFEAFD0073DDFD17FA67" box="[662,765,1483,1509]" pageId="16" pageNumber="408" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
belongs, we can only apply a combination of arguments of historical plausibility and nomenclatural stability. We have already assigned the older nomen
|
||
<taxonomicName id="53D5488DFF89FFEAFB0B73F9FAE8F98B" authorityName="Grandidier" authorityYear="1872" box="[1181,1282,1519,1545]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemisotidae" genus="Hemisus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="16" pageNumber="408" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obscurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A6A1EF1CFF89FFEAFB0B73F9FAE8F98B" box="[1181,1282,1519,1545]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="408">obscurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to the lineage occurring in north-western and western
|
||
<collectingCountry id="ECC2739EFF89FFEAFDCF7005FD08F9AF" box="[601,738,1555,1581]" name="Madagascar" pageId="16" pageNumber="408">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
|
||
. The range of the second lineage occurring in southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="ECC2739EFF89FFEAFAC57005FF35F9D0" name="Madagascar" pageId="16" pageNumber="408">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
|
||
includes several well-sampled sites such as Tolagnaro and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5611FDECFF89FFEAFCEB7021FC3AF9D3" box="[893,976,1591,1617]" country="Madagascar" name="Toliara" pageId="16" pageNumber="408">Toliara</collectingRegion>
|
||
. The original type series of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="53D5488DFF89FFEAFA9A7021FEE7F9F7" authorityName="Mocquard" authorityYear="1895" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Calophrynus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="16" pageNumber="408" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="calcaratus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A6A1EF1CFF89FFEAFA9A7021FEE7F9F7" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="408">Calophrynus calcaratus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was collected by Grandidier who is known to have collected in the area (Betsileo) where the southern lineage is known to occur (e.g., Ambalavao, Anja, Isalo). In addition, the publication by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F0444EFFFF89FFEAFB157069FAA1F918" author="Mocquard, F." box="[1155,1355,1663,1690]" pageId="16" pageNumber="408" pagination="93 - 111" refId="ref17523" refString="Mocquard, F. (1895) Sur les reptiles recueillis Madascar de 1867 a 1885 par M. Grandidier. Bulletin de la Societe Philomathique de Paris, Series 8, 7, 93 - 111." type="journal article" year="1895">Mocquard (1895)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, which includes the description of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="53D5488DFF89FFEAFE5D70B5FD30F93F" authorityName="Mocquard" authorityYear="1895" box="[459,730,1699,1725]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Calophrynus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="16" pageNumber="408" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="calcaratus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A6A1EF1CFF89FFEAFE5D70B5FD30F93F" box="[459,730,1699,1725]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="408">Calophrynus calcaratus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, also features descriptions of several other species originating from Betsileo. Therefore, we propose to apply the name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="53D5488DFF89FFEAFC9E70D1FB18F960" authority="(Mocquard, 1895)" baseAuthorityName="Mocquard" baseAuthorityYear="1895" box="[776,1266,1735,1762]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Scaphiophryne" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="16" pageNumber="408" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="calcarata">
|
||
<emphasis id="A6A1EF1CFF89FFEAFC9E70D1FBCBF963" box="[776,1057,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="408">Scaphiophryne calcarata</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F0444EFFFF89FFEAFBB970D1FB03F960" author="Mocquard, F." box="[1071,1257,1735,1762]" pageId="16" pageNumber="408" pagination="93 - 111" refId="ref17523" refString="Mocquard, F. (1895) Sur les reptiles recueillis Madascar de 1867 a 1885 par M. Grandidier. Bulletin de la Societe Philomathique de Paris, Series 8, 7, 93 - 111." type="journal article" year="1895">Mocquard, 1895</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to the southern lineage in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="53D5488DFF89FFEAFEAE70FDFE2BF887" baseAuthorityName="Mocquard" baseAuthorityYear="1895" box="[312,449,1771,1797]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Scaphiophryne" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="16" pageNumber="408" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="calcarata">
|
||
<emphasis id="A6A1EF1CFF89FFEAFEAE70FDFE2BF887" box="[312,449,1771,1797]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="408">S. calcarata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
complex, i.e., to the form called
|
||
<taxonomicName id="53D5488DFF89FFEAFCAA70FDFBBDF887" baseAuthorityName="Mocquard" baseAuthorityYear="1895" box="[828,1111,1771,1797]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Scaphiophryne" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="16" pageNumber="408" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="calcarata">
|
||
<emphasis id="A6A1EF1CFF89FFEAFCAA70FDFBBDF887" box="[828,1111,1771,1797]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="408">Scaphiophryne calcarata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
B in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F0444EFFFF89FFEAFB0E70FDFA76F887" author="Glaw, F. & Vences, M." box="[1176,1436,1771,1798]" pageId="16" pageNumber="408" refId="ref16536" refString="Glaw, F. & Vences, M. (2007) A Field Guide to the Amphibians and Reptiles of Madagascar. Third Edition. K ˆ ln, Vences & Glaw, 496 pp." type="book" year="2007">Glaw & Vences (2007)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="53D5488DFF89FFEAFF5E7119FE9AF8AB" box="[200,368,1807,1833]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Scaphiophryne" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="16" pageNumber="408" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A6A1EF1CFF89FFEAFF5E7119FE9AF8AB" box="[200,368,1807,1833]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="408">Scaphiophryne</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp.
|
||
<quantity id="532D9EEBFF89FFEAFE367119FE26F8AB" box="[416,460,1807,1833]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="16" pageNumber="408" unit="in" value="1.0">1 in</quantity>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F0444EFFFF89FFEAFE457119FD52F8AB" author="Vieites, D. R. & Wollenberg, K. C. & Andreone, F. & Glaw, F. & Vences, M." box="[467,696,1807,1834]" pageId="16" pageNumber="408" pagination="8267 - 8272" refId="ref19847" refString="Vieites, D. R., Wollenberg, K. C., Andreone, F., K ˆ hler, J., Glaw, F. & Vences, M. (2009) Vast underestimation of Madagascar's biodiversity evidenced by an integrative amphibian inventory. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106, 8267 - 8272. https: // doi. org / 10.1073 / pnas. 0810821106" type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Vieites
|
||
<emphasis id="A6A1EF1CFF89FFEAFDBF7106FDB1F8AB" box="[553,603,1807,1833]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="408">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2009)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Besides being plausible based on what is known of Grandidier’s collections, this taxonomic proposal also has the advantage of largely preserving the prevalent use of this name.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |