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<document id="E9BB05F25C00C8C3A044173BADD3ABC1" ID="10.11646/zootaxa.4178.4.7" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4178.4.7" ID-GBIF-Dataset="e5cd3cb6-23ca-4bd8-9a8a-7207cec5bcfb" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="272519" ID-ZooBank="2B0A0406-30BA-4D09-9026-054272CAA221" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1477659550516" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Perna, Rafael La" docDate="2016" docId="1C20AE74FF9F5B49F9E1BCA5B98832F8" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4178.4.7.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4178 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Bucardium" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="569" masterDocId="E019D60CFF9E5B48F976BE54B957350C" masterDocTitle="Bucardium grateloupianum n. sp. from the Lower Miocene of Aquitaine with taxonomic comments on some fossil species from Europe (Bivalvia, Cardiidae)" masterLastPageNumber="582" masterPageNumber="568" pageNumber="569" updateTime="1698391059934" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="7E36287E40CEE40F41D5A5AFED69655E">Bucardium grateloupianum n. sp. from the Lower Miocene of Aquitaine with taxonomic comments on some fossil species from Europe (Bivalvia, Cardiidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="EF1D2EA4974BACA75A138442AA3399E6">Perna, Rafael La</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="F63B1F274CD759C1FCD58C3AE25593C4">2016</mods:date>
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<mods:identifier id="C6FFF7376D703A4E4CBE5DB9C28CDB87" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4178.4.7</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="1C20AE74FF9F5B49F9E1BCA5B98832F8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5673928" ID-GBIF-Taxon="124788214" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5673928" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:1C20AE74FF9F5B49F9E1BCA5B98832F8" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/1C20AE74FF9F5B49F9E1BCA5B98832F8" lastPageNumber="569" pageId="1" pageNumber="569">
<subSubSection id="DC934CE9FF9F5B49F9E1BCA5BB423607" box="[151,533,753,779]" pageId="1" pageNumber="569" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="94361F62FF9F5B49F9E1BCA5BB423607" blockId="1.[151,533,753,779]" box="[151,533,753,779]" pageId="1" pageNumber="569">
<heading id="CF7EA80EFF9F5B49F9E1BCA5BB423607" bold="true" box="[151,533,753,779]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="569" reason="1">
<emphasis id="A6FDC370FF9F5B49F9E1BCA5BB423607" bold="true" box="[151,533,753,779]" pageId="1" pageNumber="569">
<taxonomicName id="538964E1FF9F5B49F9E1BCA5B8773607" box="[151,288,753,779]" class="Bivalvia" family="Cardiidae" genus="Bucardium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="1" pageNumber="569" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A6FDC370FF9F5B49F9E1BCA5B8773607" bold="true" box="[151,288,753,779]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="569">Bucardium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and its type species
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="DC934CE9FF9F5B49F9E1BD6CB81E3140" pageId="1" pageNumber="569" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="94361F62FF9F5B49F9E1BD6CBB9636D3" blockId="1.[151,1437,823,2036]" pageId="1" pageNumber="569">
<taxonomicName id="538964E1FF9F5B49F9E1BD6CB844365C" box="[151,275,824,848]" class="Bivalvia" family="Cardiidae" genus="Bucardium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="1" pageNumber="569" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A6FDC370FF9F5B49F9E1BD6CB844365C" box="[151,275,824,848]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="569">Bucardium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was introduced by
<bibRefCitation id="F0186293FF9F5B49F884BD6CBB28365C" author="Gray" box="[498,639,823,848]" pageId="1" pageNumber="569" refString="Gray, J. E. (1853) A revision of the genera of some of the families of conchifera or bivalves shells. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 2, 11, 33 - 44." type="journal article" year="1853">Gray (1853)</bibRefCitation>
, with the following diagnosis: &quot;Shell subglobose, costate, hinder gape narrow and strongly toothed on the hinder edge&quot;. He included three species,
<taxonomicName id="538964E1FF9F5B49FA81BD08BC203678" authority="Bruguiere, 1789" authorityName="Bruguiere" authorityYear="1789" box="[1015,1399,860,885]" class="Bivalvia" family="Cardiidae" genus="Cardium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="1" pageNumber="569" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="ringens">
<emphasis id="A6FDC370FF9F5B49FA81BD08BDE13678" box="[1015,1206,860,884]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="569">Cardium ringens</emphasis>
Bruguière, 1789
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="538964E1FF9F5B49FCF4BD08BB443694" authority="G. B. Sowerby, 1833" authorityName="G. B. Sowerby" authorityYear="1833" class="Bivalvia" family="Cardiidae" genus="Cardium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="1" pageNumber="569" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="procerum">
<emphasis id="A6FDC370FF9F5B49FCF4BD08B8543694" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="569">C. procerum</emphasis>
G. B. Sowerby, 1833
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="538964E1FF9F5B49FB29BDD4BAC73694" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[607,912,895,920]" class="Bivalvia" family="Cardiidae" genus="Cardium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="1" pageNumber="569" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="unedo">
<emphasis id="A6FDC370FF9F5B49FB29BDD4BB9B3694" box="[607,716,896,920]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="569">C. unedo</emphasis>
Linnaeus, 1758
</taxonomicName>
however, the
<typeStatus id="4B32A1C0FF9F5B49FD30BDD4BD213694" box="[1094,1142,896,920]" pageId="1" pageNumber="569">type</typeStatus>
species
<taxonomicName id="538964E1FF9F5B49FD92BDD4BC36369B" box="[1252,1377,896,919]" class="Bivalvia" family="Cardiidae" genus="Cardium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="1" pageNumber="569" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="ringens">
<emphasis id="A6FDC370FF9F5B49FD92BDD4BC36369B" box="[1252,1377,896,919]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="569">C. ringens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was subsequently designated by
<bibRefCitation id="F0186293FF9F5B49F8AABDF1BB3236B1" author="Vest" box="[476,613,932,957]" pageId="1" pageNumber="569" refString="Vest, W. von (1875) Ueber die genera Adacna, Monodacna und Didacna Eaichwald und deren Stellung im System. Jahrbucher der Deutschen Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft, 2, 309 - 225." type="journal volume" year="1875">Vest (1875)</bibRefCitation>
. It also became the
<typeStatus id="4B32A1C0FF9F5B49FA27BDF1BAD636B1" box="[849,897,933,957]" pageId="1" pageNumber="569">type</typeStatus>
species of
<taxonomicName id="538964E1FF9F5B49FD7EBDF0BDF636B0" box="[1032,1185,932,956]" class="Bivalvia" family="Cardiidae" genus="Ringicardium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="1" pageNumber="569" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A6FDC370FF9F5B49FD7EBDF0BDF636B0" box="[1032,1185,932,956]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="569">Ringicardium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, proposed by
<bibRefCitation id="F0186293FF9F5B49FC3CBDF0B98B36EC" author="Fischer" pageId="1" pageNumber="569" refString="Fischer, P. (1887) Manuel de Conchyliologie et de Paleontologie conchyliologique ou Histoire naturelle des Mollusques vivants et fossiles. Librairie F. Savy, Paris, 1369 pp." type="book" year="1887">Fischer (1887</bibRefCitation>
: 1037) as a section (subgenus) of
<taxonomicName id="538964E1FF9F5B49FB21BD9CBBED36EC" box="[599,698,968,992]" class="Bivalvia" family="Cardiidae" genus="Cardium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="1" pageNumber="569" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A6FDC370FF9F5B49FB21BD9CBBED36EC" box="[599,698,968,992]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="569">Cardium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="94361F62FF9F5B49F9B1BDB9B81E3140" blockId="1.[151,1437,823,2036]" pageId="1" pageNumber="569">
<bibRefCitation id="F0186293FF9F5B49F9B1BDB9B8003109" author="Keen" box="[199,343,1004,1029]" pageId="1" pageNumber="569" refString="Keen, A. M. (1969) Superfamily Cardiacea Lamarck, 1809. In: Moore, R. C. (Ed.), Treatise on invertebrate paleontology. Part N. Vol. 2. Mollusca 6. The Geological Society of America, Inc. e the University of Kansas, Bivalvia, pp. 583 - 594." type="journal article" year="1969">Keen (1969)</bibRefCitation>
considered
<taxonomicName id="538964E1FF9F5B49F892BDB8BB083108" box="[484,607,1004,1028]" class="Bivalvia" family="Cardiidae" genus="Bucardium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="1" pageNumber="569" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A6FDC370FF9F5B49F892BDB8BB083108" box="[484,607,1004,1028]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="569">Bucardium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a subgenus of
<taxonomicName id="538964E1FF9F5B49FA43BDB8BACF3108" box="[821,920,1004,1028]" class="Bivalvia" family="Cardiidae" genus="Cardium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="1" pageNumber="569" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A6FDC370FF9F5B49FA43BDB8BACF3108" box="[821,920,1004,1028]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="569">Cardium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, with a distribution from Lower Miocene to Recent, in southern
<collectingCountry id="EC9E5FF2FF9F5B49F8F2BA44B887312B" box="[388,464,1040,1063]" name="France" pageId="1" pageNumber="569">France</collectingCountry>
and West Africa, and the following diagnosis: &quot;Posterior ribs strongly digitate, no posterior gape&quot;.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="DC934CE9FF9F5B49F9B1BA0CB98832F8" pageId="1" pageNumber="569" type="description">
<paragraph id="94361F62FF9F5B49F9B1BA0CB8D33044" blockId="1.[151,1437,823,2036]" pageId="1" pageNumber="569">
<bibRefCitation id="F0186293FF9F5B49F9B1BA0CB833317C" author="Popov" box="[199,356,1112,1136]" pageId="1" pageNumber="569" refString="Popov, S. V. (1977) Mikrostruktura rakoviny i sistematika kardiid. Trudy Paleontologicheskogo Instituta Akademii Nauk SSSR, 153, 1 - 124 [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1977">Popov (1977)</bibRefCitation>
, in a systematic arrangement mainly based on shell structure, considered
<taxonomicName id="538964E1FF9F5B49FDC6BA0CBC7B317C" box="[1200,1324,1112,1136]" class="Bivalvia" family="Cardiidae" genus="Bucardium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="1" pageNumber="569" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A6FDC370FF9F5B49FDC6BA0CBC7B317C" box="[1200,1324,1112,1136]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="569">Bucardium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
a distinct genus, subdivided into three genera, in addition to the nominotypical one:
<taxonomicName id="538964E1FF9F5B49FD3BBA28BCCF3198" authority="Iredale, 1829" authorityName="Iredale" authorityYear="1829" box="[1101,1432,1148,1173]" class="Bivalvia" family="Cardiidae" genus="Vepricardium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="1" pageNumber="569" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A6FDC370FF9F5B49FD3BBA28BDB33198" box="[1101,1252,1148,1172]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="569">Vepricardium</emphasis>
Iredale, 1829
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="538964E1FF9F5B49F9E1BAF4B88E31B4" authority="Popov, 1977" authorityName="Popov" authorityYear="1977" box="[151,473,1184,1208]" class="Bivalvia" family="Cardiidae" genus="Europicardium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="1" pageNumber="569" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A6FDC370FF9F5B49F9E1BAF4B81731B4" box="[151,320,1184,1208]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="569">Europicardium</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="F0186293FF9F5B49F83FBAF4B88E31B4" author="Popov" box="[329,473,1184,1208]" pageId="1" pageNumber="569" refString="Popov, S. V. (1977) Mikrostruktura rakoviny i sistematika kardiid. Trudy Paleontologicheskogo Instituta Akademii Nauk SSSR, 153, 1 - 124 [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1977">Popov, 1977</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, and, dubitatively, the extinct
<taxonomicName id="538964E1FF9F5B49FA45BAF4BD3731B4" authority="Stewart, 1930" authorityName="Stewart" authorityYear="1930" box="[819,1120,1184,1208]" class="Bivalvia" family="Cardiidae" genus="Agnocardia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="1" pageNumber="569" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A6FDC370FF9F5B49FA45BAF4BAE131B4" box="[819,950,1184,1208]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="569">Agnocardia</emphasis>
Stewart, 1930
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="538964E1FF9F5B49FD1DBAF4BC7D31BB" box="[1131,1322,1184,1208]" class="Bivalvia" family="Cardiidae" genus="Cardium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="1" pageNumber="569" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="ringens">
<emphasis id="A6FDC370FF9F5B49FD1DBAF4BC7D31BB" box="[1131,1322,1184,1208]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="569">Cardium ringens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
remained the only species assigned to
<emphasis id="A6FDC370FF9F5B49F8A8BA91B8A131D0" box="[478,502,1221,1244]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="569">B.</emphasis>
(
<taxonomicName id="538964E1FF9F5B49FB7EBA90BBD431D0" box="[520,643,1220,1244]" class="Bivalvia" family="Cardiidae" genus="Bucardium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="1" pageNumber="569" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A6FDC370FF9F5B49FB7EBA90BBD431D0" box="[520,643,1220,1244]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="569">Bucardium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Popov's classification has found no general agreement (
<bibRefCitation id="F0186293FF9F5B49FC61BA90BCC031D0" author="Keen" box="[1303,1431,1220,1244]" pageId="1" pageNumber="569" refString="Keen, A. M. (1980) The pelecypod family Cardiidae: a taxonomic summary. Tulane Studies in Geology and Paleontology, 16, 1 - 40." type="journal article" year="1980">Keen 1980</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="F0186293FF9F5B49F9E1BAB3B81E300C" author="Schneider" box="[151,329,1255,1280]" pageId="1" pageNumber="569" refString="Schneider, J. A. (2002) Phylogeny of cardiid bivalves (cockles and giant clams): revision of the Cardiinae and the importance of fossils in explaining disjunct biogeographical distributions. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 136, 321 - 369. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1096 - 3642.2002.00030. x" type="journal article" year="2002">Schneider 2002</bibRefCitation>
; ter
<bibRefCitation id="F0186293FF9F5B49F80FBABCBB46300C" author="Poorten" box="[377,529,1255,1280]" pageId="1" pageNumber="569" refString="Poorten, J. J. ter (2005) Outline of a systematic index - Recent Cardiidae (Lamarck, 1809). VISAYA net. Available from: http: // www. conchology. be /? t = 702 &amp; year = 2005 &amp; volume = 14 &amp; vnet = 1316 (accessed 11 October 2016)" type="journal article" year="2005">Poorten 2005</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="F0186293FF9F5B49FB6BBABCBB93300C" author="La" box="[541,708,1255,1280]" pageId="1" pageNumber="569" refString="La Perna, R. (2016) A revision of the genus Europicardium Popov, 1977 (Bivalvia: Cardiidae) from the European Neogene: tracking palaeogeography and climate changes. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 14772019.2016.1170733" type="book chapter" year="2016">La Perna 2016</bibRefCitation>
), but both
<taxonomicName id="538964E1FF9F5B49FA4CBABCBA86300C" box="[826,977,1256,1280]" class="Bivalvia" family="Cardiidae" genus="Vepricardium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="1" pageNumber="569" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A6FDC370FF9F5B49FA4CBABCBA86300C" box="[826,977,1256,1280]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="569">Vepricardium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="538964E1FF9F5B49FD7EBABCBDD3300C" box="[1032,1156,1256,1280]" class="Bivalvia" family="Cardiidae" genus="Bucardium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="1" pageNumber="569" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A6FDC370FF9F5B49FD7EBABCBDD3300C" box="[1032,1156,1256,1280]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="569">Bucardium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are currently included in the subfamily
<taxonomicName id="538964E1FF9F5B49F841BB58BB3B3028" authority="(Schneider 2002)" baseAuthorityName="Schneider" baseAuthorityYear="2002" box="[311,620,1292,1317]" class="Bivalvia" family="Cardiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="1" pageNumber="569" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cardiinae">
Cardiinae (
<bibRefCitation id="F0186293FF9F5B49F8C4BB58BB333028" author="Schneider" box="[434,612,1292,1317]" pageId="1" pageNumber="569" refString="Schneider, J. A. (2002) Phylogeny of cardiid bivalves (cockles and giant clams): revision of the Cardiinae and the importance of fossils in explaining disjunct biogeographical distributions. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 136, 321 - 369. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1096 - 3642.2002.00030. x" type="journal article" year="2002">Schneider 2002</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
whereas
<taxonomicName id="538964E1FF9F5B49FBA3BB58BA293028" box="[725,894,1292,1316]" class="Bivalvia" family="Cardiidae" genus="Europicardium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="1" pageNumber="569" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A6FDC370FF9F5B49FBA3BB58BA293028" box="[725,894,1292,1316]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="569">Europicardium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is sister taxon of the clade
<taxonomicName id="538964E1FF9F5B49FDD8BB58BC463028" box="[1198,1297,1292,1316]" class="Bivalvia" family="Cardiidae" genus="Cardium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="1" pageNumber="569" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A6FDC370FF9F5B49FDD8BB58BC463028" box="[1198,1297,1292,1316]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="569">Cardium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
+
<taxonomicName id="538964E1FF9F5B49FC56BB58BCCC3028" box="[1312,1435,1292,1316]" class="Bivalvia" family="Cardiidae" genus="Bucardium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="1" pageNumber="569" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A6FDC370FF9F5B49FC56BB58BCCC3028" box="[1312,1435,1292,1316]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="569">Bucardium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="F0186293FF9F5B49F9E8BB64B82E3044" author="Herrera" box="[158,377,1327,1352]" pageId="1" pageNumber="569" refString="Herrera, N. D., Poorten, J. J. ter, Bieler, R., Mikkelsen, P. M., Strong, E. E., Jablonski, D. &amp; Steppan, J. S. (2015) Molecular phylogenetics and historical biogeography amid shifting continents in the cockles and giant clams (Bivalvia: Cardiidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 93, 94 - 106. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2015.07.013" type="journal article" year="2015">
Herrera e
<emphasis id="A6FDC370FF9F5B49F87FBB65B8793044" box="[265,302,1328,1352]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="569">t al</emphasis>
. 2015
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="94361F62FF9F5B49F9B1BB00BB3D332C" blockId="1.[151,1437,823,2036]" pageId="1" pageNumber="569">
<taxonomicName id="538964E1FF9F5B49F9B1BB00B8CA3060" box="[199,413,1364,1388]" class="Bivalvia" family="Cardiidae" genus="Bucardium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="1" pageNumber="569" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="ringens">
<emphasis id="A6FDC370FF9F5B49F9B1BB00B8CA3060" box="[199,413,1364,1388]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="569">Bucardium ringens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="0CB203E7FF9F5B49F8DABB00B8BB3060" box="[428,492,1364,1389]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1416,1438]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1394]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,193,1395]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Bucardium ringens (Bruguière, 1789). A – F. Casamance, Senegal, depth 10 – 20 m (ter Poorten coll., TP 634), photo J. J. ter Poorten, with permission (A – C, RV; D, LV). G, H. Hann Bay, Senegal, RV (La Perna coll.)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/272520/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="569">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
) has an almost orbicular shell shape, slightly higher than large, sub-equilateral, with a long, barely convex, gently sloping antero-dorsal margin, and a very short postero-dorsal one. The maximum size is about
<quantity id="5371B287FF9F5B49F98CBBC8B81C30B8" box="[250,331,1436,1461]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="569" unit="mm" value="50.0">50 mm</quantity>
in antero-posterior length (pers. comm., ter Poorten 2016). The sculpture consists of radial ribs, much finer anteriorly, wider and stronger on the remaining shell surface. Along the posterior margin, the radial ribs give origin to short, strong digitations (
<figureCitation id="0CB203E7FF9F5B49FB3DBBB0BBDE30F0" box="[587,649,1508,1533]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1416,1438]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1394]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,193,1395]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Bucardium ringens (Bruguière, 1789). A – F. Casamance, Senegal, depth 10 – 20 m (ter Poorten coll., TP 634), photo J. J. ter Poorten, with permission (A – C, RV; D, LV). G, H. Hann Bay, Senegal, RV (La Perna coll.)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/272520/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="569">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
C) that are almost interlocking when the shell is closed and occupying most of the posterior shell gape (
<figureCitation id="0CB203E7FF9F5B49FB70B853BB11332C" box="[518,582,1543,1568]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1416,1438]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1394]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,193,1395]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Bucardium ringens (Bruguière, 1789). A – F. Casamance, Senegal, depth 10 – 20 m (ter Poorten coll., TP 634), photo J. J. ter Poorten, with permission (A – C, RV; D, LV). G, H. Hann Bay, Senegal, RV (La Perna coll.)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/272520/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="569">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
E).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="94361F62FF9F5B49F9B1B878BCCE3284" blockId="1.[151,1437,823,2036]" pageId="1" pageNumber="569">
The fine anterior ribs are symmetrically triangular in cross section, then they become more and more asymmetrical (saw-tooth shaped) toward the posterior margin, with a wider, slightly convex anterior slope and a narrower, stepped posterior one (
<figureCitation id="0CB203E7FF9F5B49FB7CB820BB1E3380" box="[522,585,1652,1677]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1416,1438]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1394]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,193,1395]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Bucardium ringens (Bruguière, 1789). A – F. Casamance, Senegal, depth 10 – 20 m (ter Poorten coll., TP 634), photo J. J. ter Poorten, with permission (A – C, RV; D, LV). G, H. Hann Bay, Senegal, RV (La Perna coll.)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/272520/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="569">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
A, C). Near the posterior margin, the ribs are distinctly ridged and strongly asymmetrical, forming the digitate margin with their projections (
<figureCitation id="0CB203E7FF9F5B49FAF6B8C3BA9633BC" box="[896,961,1687,1712]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1416,1438]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1394]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,193,1395]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Bucardium ringens (Bruguière, 1789). A – F. Casamance, Senegal, depth 10 – 20 m (ter Poorten coll., TP 634), photo J. J. ter Poorten, with permission (A – C, RV; D, LV). G, H. Hann Bay, Senegal, RV (La Perna coll.)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/272520/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="569">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
C). The radial interspaces are narrow, flat and smooth, except for the posterior area, where they are narrow and deep. Well distinct crescent-shaped growth striae are present on the posterior ribs (
<figureCitation id="0CB203E7FF9F5B49FB39B88BBBD833F4" box="[591,655,1759,1784]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1416,1438]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1394]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,193,1395]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Bucardium ringens (Bruguière, 1789). A – F. Casamance, Senegal, depth 10 – 20 m (ter Poorten coll., TP 634), photo J. J. ter Poorten, with permission (A – C, RV; D, LV). G, H. Hann Bay, Senegal, RV (La Perna coll.)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/272520/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="569">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
C). No sculpture, except for growth striae, occurs on the ribs. Details on the hinge of
<taxonomicName id="538964E1FF9F5B49F831B951B8ED3210" box="[327,442,1797,1820]" class="Bivalvia" family="Cardiidae" genus="Bucardium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="1" pageNumber="569" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="ringens">
<emphasis id="A6FDC370FF9F5B49F831B951B8ED3210" box="[327,442,1797,1820]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="569">B. ringens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were reported and commented by
<bibRefCitation id="F0186293FF9F5B49FA49B950BD383210" author="Schneider" box="[831,1135,1796,1821]" pageId="1" pageNumber="569" refString="Schneider, J. A. (2002) Phylogeny of cardiid bivalves (cockles and giant clams): revision of the Cardiinae and the importance of fossils in explaining disjunct biogeographical distributions. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 136, 321 - 369. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1096 - 3642.2002.00030. x" type="journal article" year="2002">Schneider (2002: fig. 12B)</bibRefCitation>
. In particular, he remarked the occurrence of striae on the lunular flap, a character shared with
<taxonomicName id="538964E1FF9F5B49FADAB97CBD59324C" box="[940,1038,1832,1856]" class="Bivalvia" family="Cardiidae" genus="Cardium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="1" pageNumber="569" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A6FDC370FF9F5B49FADAB97CBD59324C" box="[940,1038,1832,1856]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="569">Cardium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and some other
<taxonomicName id="538964E1FF9F5B49FDA5B973BC17324C" box="[1235,1344,1831,1856]" class="Bivalvia" family="Cardiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="1" pageNumber="569" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cardiinae">Cardiinae</taxonomicName>
genera. Schneider's illustration is not particularly clear, but the ridges on the lunular flap consist of a short, slightly oblique and somewhat irregular crenulation of the dorsal margin, more or less extending onto the lunular flap (
<figureCitation id="0CB203E7FF9F5B49FC65B93BBC053284" box="[1299,1362,1903,1928]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1416,1438]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1394]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,193,1395]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Bucardium ringens (Bruguière, 1789). A – F. Casamance, Senegal, depth 10 – 20 m (ter Poorten coll., TP 634), photo J. J. ter Poorten, with permission (A – C, RV; D, LV). G, H. Hann Bay, Senegal, RV (La Perna coll.)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/272520/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="569">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
G, H).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="94361F62FF9F5B49F9B1B9C0B98832F8" blockId="1.[151,1437,823,2036]" pageId="1" pageNumber="569">
The species has a wide distribution in West Africa, from
<collectingCountry id="EC9E5FF2FF9F5B49FA39B9C0BA9D32A1" box="[847,970,1940,1965]" name="Mauritania" pageId="1" pageNumber="569">Mauritania</collectingCountry>
to
<collectingCountry id="EC9E5FF2FF9F5B49FA86B9C0BD1532A1" box="[1008,1090,1940,1965]" name="Angola" pageId="1" pageNumber="569">Angola</collectingCountry>
(about 20°N–20°S), including the
<collectingCountry id="EC9E5FF2FF9F5B49F9B2B9ECB81E32DD" box="[196,329,1976,2001]" name="Cape Verde" pageId="1" pageNumber="569">Cape Verde</collectingCountry>
Islands and
<collectingCountry id="EC9E5FF2FF9F5B49F894B9ECBBA232DD" box="[482,757,1976,2001]" name="Sao Tome and Principe" pageId="1" pageNumber="569">
<collectingRegion id="564DD180FF9F5B49F894B9ECBB0132DC" box="[482,598,1976,2000]" country="Sao Tome and Principe" name="Sao Tome" pageId="1" pageNumber="569">São Tomé</collectingRegion>
and
<collectingRegion id="564DD180FF9F5B49FBE3B9ECBBA232DD" box="[661,757,1976,2001]" country="Sao Tome and Principe" name="Principe" pageId="1" pageNumber="569">Príncipe</collectingRegion>
</collectingCountry>
, in
<quantity id="5371B287FF9F5B49FA53B9ECBACE32DC" box="[805,921,1976,2001]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.75" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="1" pageNumber="569" unit="m" value="57.5" valueMax="100.0" valueMin="15.0">15–100 m</quantity>
(
<bibRefCitation id="F0186293FF9F5B49FADAB9ECBDD832DC" author="Fischer-Piette" box="[940,1167,1976,2001]" pageId="1" pageNumber="569" refString="Fischer-Piette, E. (1977) Revision des Cardiidae (Mollusques, Lamellibraches). Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, New Series, A, 101, 1 - 212." type="journal article" year="1977">Fischer-Piette 1977</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="F0186293FF9F5B49FDE9B9ECB98432F8" author="Voskuil" pageId="1" pageNumber="569" refString="Voskuil, R. P. &amp; Onverwagt, W. J. R. (1989) Inventarisation of the Recent European and West African Cardiidae (Mollusca, Bivalvia). Gloria Maris, 28, 49 - 96." type="journal article" year="1989">Voskuil &amp; Onverwagt 1989</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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