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<document id="A3406BAD5D9CBFE15216C7CAF604FC4D" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.181570" ID-GBIF-Dataset="3fd07932-89ea-4237-83cc-2557ed13d3b8" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="181570" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1459835392385" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Kott, Patricia" docDate="2008" docId="03DC879C3633A61A79A67D0EA830FEF5" docLanguage="en" docName="zt01742p052.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1742" docStyle="DocumentStyle:6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0.4:Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleId="6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Agneziidae Huus 1936" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="49" masterDocId="FFE5FFE43633A61879317A11A924FF8F" masterDocTitle="Ciallusiidae (Ascidiacea, Tunicata), a monotypic family from deeper waters of the tropical Indo-West Pacific" masterLastPageNumber="52" masterPageNumber="47" pageNumber="47" updateTime="1698223550995" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="B6DBB5B2169E8826F988EB37B173021D">Ciallusiidae (Ascidiacea, Tunicata), a monotypic family from deeper waters of the tropical Indo-West Pacific</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="F53FF529D30F5050520EE690D0B4EF47">Kott, Patricia</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="8785D36D3ECF3BE527E12C8CBDB27052">2008</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03DC879C3633A61A79A67D0EA830FEF5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6232040" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119358761" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6232040" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03DC879C3633A61A79A67D0EA830FEF5" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DC879C3633A61A79A67D0EA830FEF5" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">
<subSubSection id="C36F65013633A61879A67D0EAB00F8B6" box="[151,548,1823,1849]" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BCA368A3633A61879A67D0EAB00F8B6" blockId="0.[151,548,1823,1849]" box="[151,548,1823,1849]" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">
<heading id="D08281E63633A61879A67D0EAB00F8B6" bold="true" box="[151,548,1823,1849]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B901EA983633A61879A67D0EAB00F8B6" bold="true" box="[151,548,1823,1849]" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">
Family
<taxonomicName id="4C754D093633A61879C77D0EAB04F8B6" authority="Huus, 1936" authorityName="Huus" authorityYear="1936" box="[246,544,1823,1849]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Agneziidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enterogona" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Ciallusiidae Huus, 1936</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BCA368A3633A61879A67D7BAAAEF80E" blockId="0.[151,906,1898,1921]" box="[151,906,1898,1921]" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">
<typeStatus id="54CE88283633A61879A67D7BA9E8F80E" box="[151,204,1898,1921]" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Type</typeStatus>
genus:
<taxonomicName id="4C754D093633A618782F7D7BAB1DF80E" authority="Van Name, 1918" authorityName="Van Name" authorityYear="1918" box="[286,569,1898,1921]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Agneziidae" genus="Ciallusia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enterogona" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B901EA983633A618782F7D7BA8A4F80E" box="[286,384,1898,1921]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Ciallusia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE44B7B3633A61878B67D7BAB1DF80E" author="Van" box="[391,569,1898,1921]" pageId="0" pageNumber="52" refString="Van Name, W. G. (1918) Ascidians from the Philippines and adjacent waters. Bulletin U. S. National Museum, 100 (1), 49 - 174." type="journal article" year="1918">Van Name, 1918</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(&lt;
<taxonomicName id="4C754D093633A6187B6E7D7BAAA7F80E" authority="Sluiter, 1904" authorityName="Sluiter" authorityYear="1904" box="[607,899,1898,1921]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Agneziidae" genus="Pterygascidia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enterogona" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B901EA983633A6187B6E7D7BABD7F80E" box="[607,755,1898,1921]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Pterygascidia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE44B7B3633A6187BC87D7BAAA7F80E" author="Sluiter" box="[761,899,1898,1921]" pageId="0" pageNumber="52" refString="Sluiter, C. P. (1904) Die Tunicaten der Siboga-Expedition Pt. I, Die socialen und holosomen Ascidien. Siboga Expeditie, 56 A, 1 - 126." type="journal article" year="1904">Sluiter, 1904</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCA368A3633A61979A67DA3ADB9FEDD" blockId="0.[151,1436,1970,2036]" lastBlockId="1.[151,1437,152,2036]" lastPageId="1" lastPageNumber="48" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">
This monotypic family presently is known to contain only its
<typeStatus id="54CE88283633A6187A407DA3AA87F843" box="[881,931,1970,1996]" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">type</typeStatus>
genus (a junior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="4C754D093633A6187DC87DA2A80AF87B" authority="Sluiter, 1904" authorityName="Sluiter" authorityYear="1904" class="Ascidiacea" family="Agneziidae" genus="Pterygascidia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enterogona" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B901EA983633A6187DC87DA2ACB8F843" box="[1273,1436,1971,1996]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Pterygascidia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE44B7B3633A61879A67DCBA80AF87B" author="Sluiter" box="[151,302,2010,2036]" pageId="0" pageNumber="52" refString="Sluiter, C. P. (1904) Die Tunicaten der Siboga-Expedition Pt. I, Die socialen und holosomen Ascidien. Siboga Expeditie, 56 A, 1 - 126." type="journal article" year="1904">Sluiter, 1904</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
) which also is monotypic. The genus is characterised by a solitary habit, finely tapering languets constituting the dorsal lamina, absence of epicardial sacs, rows of short parallel muscle bands, a more or less straight gut, a thin-walled stomach lined internally with numerous fine parallel folds, a tight network of fine, crowded testis tubules spread over the gut wall, an ovarian tube closely associated with the gut wall, and a long branchial sac with numerous internal longitudinal vessels and many rows of regular oval perforations in the pharyngeal wall. Ciliated epithelium has not been detected lining these perforations.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCA368A3632A61979F47B71ACA3FB4D" blockId="1.[151,1437,152,2036]" pageId="1" pageNumber="48">
From the outset, there has been a problem in assessing the phylogeny of the genus. Initially
<bibRefCitation id="EFE44B7B3632A6197DC97B71ACBFFEF5" author="Sluiter" box="[1272,1435,352,378]" pageId="1" pageNumber="52" refString="Sluiter, C. P. (1904) Die Tunicaten der Siboga-Expedition Pt. I, Die socialen und holosomen Ascidien. Siboga Expeditie, 56 A, 1 - 126." type="journal article" year="1904">Sluiter (1904)</bibRefCitation>
thought it possibly related to the
<taxonomicName id="4C754D093632A6197B267B99ABB5FE2D" box="[535,657,392,418]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Corellidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enterogona" pageId="1" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Corellidae</taxonomicName>
on the basis of its lack of ciliated epithelium lining the pharyngeal perforations. However, this may not be of profound phylogenetic significance, such loss occurring generally in taxa in all subordes adapted to deep waters. Further, the gut loop is on the left rather than the right as it is in the
<taxonomicName id="4C754D093632A61979F37811A864FD95" box="[194,320,512,538]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Corellidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enterogona" pageId="1" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Corellidae</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EFE44B7B3632A619787A7811A8CFFD95" author="Millar" box="[331,491,512,538]" pageId="1" pageNumber="52" refString="Millar, R. H. (1963) Australian ascidians in the British Museum (Natural History). Proceedings of the Zoology Society London, 141 (4), 689 - 746." type="journal article" year="1963">Millar (1963)</bibRefCitation>
proposed a relationship with
<taxonomicName id="4C754D093632A6197A767811AA95FD95" box="[839,945,512,538]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Cionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enterogona" pageId="1" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Cionidae</taxonomicName>
based on the presence of two channels of a test vessel in the stalk similar to those that occur in the stalk of juvenile
<taxonomicName id="4C754D093632A6197ACD7839AD60FDCE" box="[1020,1092,552,577]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Cionidae" genus="Ciona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enterogona" pageId="1" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B901EA983632A6197ACD7839AD60FDCE" box="[1020,1092,552,577]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="48">Ciona</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and in the stalks of the
<taxonomicName id="4C754D093632A6197C6D7839A9DAFDE5" class="Ascidiacea" family="Perophoridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enterogona" pageId="1" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Perophoridae</taxonomicName>
(despite the fact that Millar’s argument regarding the similarity of the cionid and perophorid stalks implies a relationship between
<taxonomicName id="4C754D093632A6197B377869AB86FD1D" box="[518,674,632,658]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Perophoridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enterogona" pageId="1" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Perophoridae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C754D093632A6197BEC7869AA63FD1D" box="[733,839,632,658]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Cionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enterogona" pageId="1" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Cionidae</taxonomicName>
that is not established).
<bibRefCitation id="EFE44B7B3632A6197D567869AC37FD1D" author="Tokioka" box="[1127,1299,632,658]" pageId="1" pageNumber="52" refString="Tokioka, T. (1967) Pacific Tunicata of the United States National Museum. Bulletin of the U. S. National Museum, 251, 1 - 242." type="journal article" year="1967">
Tokioka (
<date id="FFCB104A3632A6197DE67869AC37FD1D" box="[1239,1299,632,658]" pageId="1" pageNumber="48" value="1967" valueMax="1971">1967</date>
</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EFE44B7B3632A6197C7C7869ACBCFD1D" author="Tokioka" box="[1357,1432,632,658]" pageId="1" pageNumber="52" refString="Tokioka, T. (1971 a) The ascidian genera Pterygascidia Sluiter, 1904 and Ciallusia Van Name, 1918. Zoologische Mededelingen, Leiden, 45 (10), 119 - 125." type="journal article" year="1971" yearSuffix="a">1971a</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFE44B7B3632A61979A678B1A983FD35" author="Tokioka" box="[151,167,672,698]" pageId="1" pageNumber="52" refString="Tokioka, T. (1971 b) Redescription of Pterygascidia mirabilis Sluiter, 1904 (Ascidiacea, Cionidae) based on the type specimens. Beaufortia, 18 (240), 191 - 198." type="journal article" year="1971" yearSuffix="b">b</bibRefCitation>
) also assigned the genus (as
<taxonomicName id="4C754D093632A61978CB78B1AA16FD35" authority="Van Name, 1918" authorityName="Van Name" authorityYear="1918" box="[506,818,672,698]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Agneziidae" genus="Ciallusia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enterogona" pageId="1" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B901EA983632A61978CB78B1AB41FD36" box="[506,613,672,697]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="48">Ciallusia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE44B7B3632A6197B5D78B1AA16FD35" author="Van" box="[620,818,672,698]" pageId="1" pageNumber="52" refString="Van Name, W. G. (1918) Ascidians from the Philippines and adjacent waters. Bulletin U. S. National Museum, 100 (1), 49 - 174." type="journal article" year="1918">Van Name, 1918</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
) to the
<taxonomicName id="4C754D093632A6197ABA78B1AADDFD35" box="[907,1017,672,698]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Cionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enterogona" pageId="1" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Cionidae</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EFE44B7B3632A6197D3278B1AC15FD35" box="[1027,1329,672,698]" pageId="1" pageNumber="52" refString="Monniot, C., and MONNIOT, F. (1991) Tunicata: peuplement d'ascidies profondes en Nouvelle-Caledonie, diversite des strategie adaptatives. In Crosnier, A. (ed.) Resultats des Campagnes Musorstom, Volume 8. Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (1) 151: 357 - 448." type="journal article">Monniot (C. and F. 1991)</bibRefCitation>
, discussing a specimen they assigned to a new species in the genus
<emphasis id="B901EA983632A6197A5178D9AD2EFD6E" box="[864,1034,712,737]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="48">
<taxonomicName id="4C754D093632A6197A5178D9AD22FD6E" box="[864,1030,712,737]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Agneziidae" genus="Pterygascidia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enterogona" pageId="1" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Pterygascidia</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
also proposed a relationship with the
<taxonomicName id="4C754D093632A61979F378E1A808FC85" box="[194,300,752,778]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Cionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enterogona" pageId="1" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Cionidae</taxonomicName>
(albeit their new species may not belong to this genus; see below). However the apparent lack of epicardial sacs in all of these taxa argues against their cionid (aplousobranch) affinity. A more acceptable hypothesis regarding the affinities of
<taxonomicName id="4C754D093632A6197B657951ABD3FCD6" box="[596,759,832,857]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Agneziidae" genus="Pterygascidia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enterogona" pageId="1" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B901EA983632A6197B657951ABD3FCD6" box="[596,759,832,857]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="48">Pterygascidia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(again as
<emphasis id="B901EA983632A6197A457951AAD4FCD6" box="[884,1008,832,857]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="48">
<taxonomicName id="4C754D093632A6197A457951AAC7FCD6" box="[884,995,832,857]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Agneziidae" genus="Ciallusia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enterogona" pageId="1" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Ciallusia</taxonomicName>
),
</emphasis>
first suggested by Huus (1936) and supported by
<bibRefCitation id="EFE44B7B3632A619780D7979A8E8FC0D" author="Kott" box="[316,460,872,898]" pageId="1" pageNumber="52" refString="Kott, P. (1985) The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 1, Phlebobranchia and Stolidobranchia. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 23, 1 - 440." type="journal article" year="1985">Kott (1985)</bibRefCitation>
, is based on the presence of dorsal languets which, although they occur in most aplousobranchs (including
<taxonomicName id="4C754D093632A61978D37981AB0EFC26" box="[482,554,912,937]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Cionidae" genus="Ciona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enterogona" pageId="1" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B901EA983632A61978D37981AB0EFC26" box="[482,554,912,937]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="48">Ciona</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), also occur in some phlebobranchs (
<taxonomicName id="4C754D093632A6197D367981ADB7FC25" box="[1031,1171,912,938]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Agneziidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enterogona" pageId="1" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Agneziidae</taxonomicName>
). Further, although it occurs in
<emphasis id="B901EA983632A619783879A9A87CFC5E" box="[265,344,952,977]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="48">
<taxonomicName id="4C754D093632A619783879A9A877FC5E" box="[265,339,952,977]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Cionidae" genus="Ciona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enterogona" pageId="1" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Ciona</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
a large branchial sac with numerous internal longitudinal vessels also occurs in most solitary Phlebobranchia.
<bibRefCitation id="EFE44B7B3632A619786D79F1A8D8FC75" author="Millar" box="[348,508,992,1018]" pageId="1" pageNumber="52" refString="Millar, R. H. (1963) Australian ascidians in the British Museum (Natural History). Proceedings of the Zoology Society London, 141 (4), 689 - 746." type="journal article" year="1963">Millar (1963)</bibRefCitation>
observed that the short, muscle bands, straight gut loop and gonads associated with the gut loop occur in certain Phlebobranchia (
<taxonomicName id="4C754D093632A6197BD67E19AA1BFBAE" box="[743,831,1032,1057]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Ascidiidae" genus="Ascidia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enterogona" pageId="1" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B901EA983632A6197BD67E19AA1BFBAE" box="[743,831,1032,1057]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="48">Ascidia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp.) as well as in
<taxonomicName id="4C754D093632A6197D2D7E19AD9BFBAE" box="[1052,1215,1032,1057]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Agneziidae" genus="Pterygascidia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enterogona" pageId="1" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B901EA983632A6197D2D7E19AD9BFBAE" box="[1052,1215,1032,1057]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="48">Pterygascidia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and could indicate a phylogenetic relationship. However, these characters could just as easily be convergent; and the rows of short transverse muscle fibres and the straight gut loop may be specific rather than generic or familial characters. The presence of a gastrointestinal gland (reported by
<bibRefCitation id="EFE44B7B3632A6197A627E91AAC5FB15" author="Millar" box="[851,993,1152,1178]" pageId="1" pageNumber="52" refString="Millar, R. H. (1963) Australian ascidians in the British Museum (Natural History). Proceedings of the Zoology Society London, 141 (4), 689 - 746." type="journal article" year="1963">Millar 1963</bibRefCitation>
) is also a character that occurs in all ascidian suborders and appears not to have a phylogenetic significance at higher taxon levels (
<bibRefCitation id="EFE44B7B3632A6197DD77EB9AC5EFB4D" author="Berrill" box="[1254,1402,1192,1218]" pageId="1" pageNumber="52" refString="Berrill, N. J. (1950) The Tunicata. Ray Society Publications 133, 1 - 354." type="journal article" year="1950">Berrill 1950</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCA368A3632A61979F47EC1A8F6F92D" blockId="1.[151,1437,152,2036]" pageId="1" pageNumber="48">
<taxonomicName id="4C754D093632A61979F47EC1A8E3FB66" box="[197,455,1232,1257]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Agneziidae" genus="Pterygascidia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enterogona" pageId="1" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inversa">
<emphasis id="B901EA983632A61979F47EC1A8E3FB66" box="[197,455,1232,1257]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="48">Pterygascidia inversa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
C. and
<bibRefCitation id="EFE44B7B3632A6197B177EC1ABD0FB65" author="Monniot" box="[550,756,1232,1258]" pageId="1" pageNumber="52" refString="Monniot, C., and MONNIOT, F. (1991) Tunicata: peuplement d'ascidies profondes en Nouvelle-Caledonie, diversite des strategie adaptatives. In Crosnier, A. (ed.) Resultats des Campagnes Musorstom, Volume 8. Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (1) 151: 357 - 448." type="journal article" year="1991">F. Monniot, 1991</bibRefCitation>
from
<collectingCountry id="F362761A3632A6197A0C7EC1AAD0FB65" box="[829,1012,1232,1258]" name="New Caledonia" pageId="1" pageNumber="48">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
is said to have a long, narrow stalk from the anterior end of the head and the body is said to hang from the top of this stalk. It is unlikely that the body is other than held aloft by the stalk (as commonly occurs in stalked species of all taxa) and the stalk does not appear to have any convergent or phylogenetic relationship with the stalk in
<taxonomicName id="4C754D093632A6197D6A7F59ADC7FAEE" box="[1115,1251,1352,1377]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Agneziidae" genus="Pterygascidia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enterogona" pageId="1" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mirabilis">
<emphasis id="B901EA983632A6197D6A7F59ADC7FAEE" box="[1115,1251,1352,1377]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="48">P. mirabilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
which is short, thick and cylindrical and arises at the posterior end of the body. Further, the New Caledonian species has an open mesh of relatively few internal longitudinal vessels crossing transverse sinuses; and a short gut loop across the posterior end of the left side of the body while
<taxonomicName id="4C754D093632A6197A747FD1AAE9FA56" box="[837,973,1472,1497]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Agneziidae" genus="Pterygascidia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enterogona" pageId="1" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mirabilis">
<emphasis id="B901EA983632A6197A747FD1AAE9FA56" box="[837,973,1472,1497]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="48">P. mirabilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has an entire branchial wall perforated by regular rows of numerous stigmata (albeit they lack ciliated epithelium) and a straight gut extending from the posterior end of the pharynx to the base of the excurrent aperture. Also, in
<taxonomicName id="4C754D093632A6197D1C7C01AD84F9A6" box="[1069,1184,1552,1577]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Agneziidae" genus="Pterygascidia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enterogona" pageId="1" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inversa">
<emphasis id="B901EA983632A6197D1C7C01AD84F9A6" box="[1069,1184,1552,1577]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="48">P. inversa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
gonads are in the gut loop and consist of a sac-like ovary and branched testis follicles associated with it while
<emphasis id="B901EA983632A6197DFA7C29AC75F9DE" box="[1227,1361,1592,1617]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="48">P. m i r a b i l i s</emphasis>
has a long tubular ovary and a unique tight sleeve of small testis follicles around the proximal half of the intestine and over the stomach wall.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C36F65013632A61A79F47CA1A830FEF5" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="1" pageNumber="48" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BCA368A3632A61979F47CA1AA34F87B" blockId="1.[151,1437,152,2036]" pageId="1" pageNumber="48">
<taxonomicName id="4C754D093632A61979F47CA1AB72F945" authority="Herdman, 1886" authorityName="Herdman" authorityYear="1886" box="[197,598,1712,1738]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Pharyngodictyon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enterogona" pageId="1" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B901EA983632A61979F47CA1A8ABF946" box="[197,399,1712,1737]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="48">Pharyngodictyon</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE44B7B3632A61978AB7CA1AB72F945" author="Herdman" box="[410,598,1712,1738]" pageId="1" pageNumber="52" refString="Herdman, W. A. (1886) Report on the Tunicata collected during the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 76, Pt. II, Ascidiae compositae. Report on the Scientific Results of the Exploring voyage of H. M. S. ' Challenger' during the years 1875 - 1876 Zoology, 14 (38), 1 - 425. t." type="journal article" year="1886">Herdman, 1886</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, a deepwater colonial species resembles the present genus only in its separately opening apertures and lack of ciliated epithelium. It has its gonads in a posterior abdomen and also lacks stigmata.
<bibRefCitation id="EFE44B7B3632A619787C7CEBA8E9F89B" author="Kott" box="[333,461,1786,1812]" pageId="1" pageNumber="52" refString="Kott, P. (1969) Antarctic Ascidiacea, A monographic account of the known species based on specimens collected under U. S. Government auspices 1947 to 1963. Antarctic Research Series, 13, i - xv, 1 - 239." type="journal article" year="1969">
Kott (
<date id="FFCB104A3632A61978A07CEBA8E9F89B" box="[401,461,1786,1812]" pageId="1" pageNumber="48" value="1969" valueMax="1992">1969</date>
</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EFE44B7B3632A6197B377CEBAB67F89B" author="Kott" box="[518,579,1786,1812]" pageId="1" pageNumber="52" refString="Kott, P. (1992) The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 3 Aplousobranchia (2). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 32 (2), 377 - 620." type="journal article" year="1992">1992</bibRefCitation>
, respectively) proposed its affinity with
<taxonomicName id="4C754D093632A6197D2D7CEBADF8F89B" ID-CoL="7NJDR" box="[1052,1244,1786,1812]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Euherdmaniidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="1" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Euherdmaniidae</taxonomicName>
or
<taxonomicName id="4C754D093632A6197C357CEBACBCF89B" box="[1284,1432,1786,1812]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Ritterellidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enterogona" pageId="1" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Ritterellidae</taxonomicName>
, related families with separately opening apertures and gonads in a posterior abdomen. Other stalked species with separate zooids such as
<taxonomicName id="4C754D093632A61978D87D54AA70F8D0" authority="Sluiter, 1904" authorityName="Sluiter" authorityYear="1904" box="[489,852,1861,1887]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Diazonidae" genus="Rhopalaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enterogona" pageId="1" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tenuis">
<emphasis id="B901EA983632A61978D87D54AB91F8D1" box="[489,693,1861,1886]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="48">Rhopalaea tenuis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE44B7B3632A6197B8D7D54AA70F8D0" author="Sluiter" box="[700,852,1861,1887]" pageId="1" pageNumber="52" refString="Sluiter, C. P. (1904) Die Tunicaten der Siboga-Expedition Pt. I, Die socialen und holosomen Ascidien. Siboga Expeditie, 56 A, 1 - 126." type="journal article" year="1904">Sluiter, 1904</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C754D093632A6197A517D54AC4EF8D0" authority="Millar, 1975" authorityName="Millar" authorityYear="1975" box="[864,1386,1861,1887]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Euherdmanniidae" genus="Euherdmania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enterogona" pageId="1" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dentatosiphonis">
<emphasis id="B901EA983632A6197A517D54AD9BF8D1" box="[864,1215,1861,1886]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="48">Euherdmania dentatosiphonis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE44B7B3632A6197DFF7D54AC46F8D0" author="Millar" box="[1230,1378,1861,1887]" pageId="1" pageNumber="52" refString="Millar, R. H. (1975) Ascidians from the Indo-West Pacific region in the Zoological Museum, Copenhagen (Tunicata, Ascidiacea). Steenstrupia, 3 (20), 205 - 336." type="journal article" year="1975">Millar, 1975</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and many
<taxonomicName id="4C754D093632A61979D57D7AA872F80B" box="[228,342,1899,1924]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Clavelinidae" genus="Clavelina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enterogona" pageId="1" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B901EA983632A61979D57D7AA872F80B" box="[228,342,1899,1924]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="48">Clavelina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp. are distinguished by many significant characters but resemble one another and the present species in their solitary habit and their similar recurved branchial siphons (see
<bibRefCitation id="EFE44B7B3632A6197D927D81AC3FF825" author="Kott" box="[1187,1307,1936,1962]" pageId="1" pageNumber="52" refString="Kott, P. (1990) The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 2, Aplousobranchia (1). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 29 (1), 1 - 266." type="journal article" year="1990">
Kott
<date id="FFCB104A3632A6197DD17D81AC3FF825" box="[1248,1307,1936,1962]" pageId="1" pageNumber="48" value="1990" valueMax="1992">1990</date>
</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EFE44B7B3632A6197C697D81ACB0F825" author="Kott" box="[1368,1428,1936,1962]" pageId="1" pageNumber="52" refString="Kott, P. (1992) The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 3 Aplousobranchia (2). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 32 (2), 377 - 620." type="journal article" year="1992">1992</bibRefCitation>
) These recurved incurrent siphons, that have the effect of turning the aperture toward the substrate, appear to be a convergent character found throughout the Class.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCA368A3631A61A79F47A89A830FEF5" blockId="2.[151,1436,152,378]" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">
The presence of dorsal languets supports the hypothesis of a relationship with ancestors of the family
<taxonomicName id="4C754D093631A61A79A67AD1A839FF55" box="[151,285,192,218]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Agneziidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enterogona" pageId="2" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Agneziidae</taxonomicName>
before the loss of the entire longitudinal vessels, reduction in the size of the pharynx (reduced number and length of rows of stigmata) and the development of spiral stigmata. The absence of ciliated epithelium lining pharyngeal perforations is very likely a secondary adaptation associated with the deep-water habit of this genus and the small crowded testis tubules forming a tight casing around the gut may characterise the family.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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