310 lines
29 KiB
XML
310 lines
29 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.38.7609" ID-PMC="PMC4086209" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-38-37" ID-Pensoft-UUID="FFA5FFF84108660AFFB3FFE8DB0EEA0F" ID-PubMed="25009437" ID-Zenodo-Dep="576221" ModsDocID="1314-2003-38-37" checkinTime="1451251736276" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Wagner, Warren L., Clark, John R. & Lorence, David H." docDate="2014" docId="A1B013D41C6CA8DEBCEB5C8ED3DC28ED" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 38: 37-67" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 38" docPubDate="2014-06-04" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.38.7609" docTitle="Bidens polycephala Sch. Bip., Flora 39: 360. 1856." docType="treatment" docVersion="6" id="FFA5FFF84108660AFFB3FFE8DB0EEA0F" lastPageNumber="46" masterDocId="FFA5FFF84108660AFFB3FFE8DB0EEA0F" masterDocTitle="Revision of endemic Marquesas Islands Bidens (Asteraceae, Coreopsideae)" masterLastPageNumber="67" masterPageNumber="37" pageNumber="44" updateTime="1668141127548" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Revision of endemic Marquesas Islands Bidens (Asteraceae, Coreopsideae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Wagner, Warren L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Botany, MRC- 166, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, P. O. Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013 - 7012, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">wagnerw@si.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Clark, John R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>National Tropical Botanical Garden, 3530 Papalina Road, Kalaheo, HI 96741 - 9599, USA</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Lorence, David H.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>National Tropical Botanical Garden, 3530 Papalina Road, Kalaheo, HI 96741 - 9599, USA</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>PhytoKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2014</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2014-06-04</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>38</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>37</mods:start>
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<mods:end>67</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.38.7609</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.38.7609</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2003-38-37</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">FFA5FFF84108660AFFB3FFE8DB0EEA0F</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">576221</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152025214" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A1B013D41C6CA8DEBCEB5C8ED3DC28ED" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/A1B013D41C6CA8DEBCEB5C8ED3DC28ED" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="7" pageNumber="44">
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<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="44" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="44">
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2.
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<taxonomicName LSID="A1B013D4-1C6C-A8DE-BCEB-5C8ED3DC28ED" authority="Sch. Bip., Flora 39: 360. 1856." authorityName="Sch. Bip., Flora 39: 360. 1856." class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Asteraceae" genus="Bidens" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="polycephala" order="Campanulales" pageId="7" pageNumber="44" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="polycephala">Bidens polycephala Sch. Bip., Flora 39: 360. 1856.</taxonomicName>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Bidens beckiana (F. Br.) Sherff (A-B). A Distal part of plant B Head post-flowering showing involucral bracts and apex of achenes. Drawn from Florence 9368 (US) [A] and Perlman 10064 (US) [B]. Bidens cordifolia Sch. Bip. (C-D). C Distal part of plant D Head post-flowering showing involucral bracts. Drawn from Wood & Perlman 4600 (US). Bidens polycephala Sch. Bip. (E-F). E Distal part of plant F Head post-flowering showing involucral bracts and apex of achenes. Drawn from Perlman 15878 (US). Image from field shots used to augment illustration of Wood 10504." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10675" pageId="7" pageNumber="44">Figure 3E-F</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="44" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="44">
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<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Asteraceae" genus="Coreopsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Campanulales" pageId="7" pageNumber="44" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="polycephala">Coreopsis polycephala</taxonomicName>
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(Sch. Bip.) Drake, Ill. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pac. 209. 1890.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="44">Type.</emphasis>
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Marquesas Islands. Nuku Hiva, D.E.S.A. Jardin 40 (holotype: P).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="44">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Sch Bip" authorityYear="1856" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Asteraceae" genus="Bidens" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Campanulales" pageId="7" pageNumber="44" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="jardinii">Bidens jardinii</taxonomicName>
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Sch. Bip., Flora 39: 360. 1856.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="44">
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<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Asteraceae" genus="Coreopsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Campanulales" pageId="7" pageNumber="44" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="jardinii">Coreopsis jardinii</taxonomicName>
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(Sch. Bip.) Drake, Ill. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pac. 209. 1890.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="44">Type.</emphasis>
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Marquesas Islands. Nuku Hiva, D.E.S.A. Jardin 41 (holotype: P).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="44">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Sherff" authorityYear="1923" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Asteraceae" genus="Bidens" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Campanulales" pageId="7" pageNumber="44" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="ahnnei">Bidens ahnnei</taxonomicName>
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Sherff, Bot. Gaz. (Crawfordsville) 76: 165. 1923.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="44">Type.</emphasis>
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Marquesas Islands. Nuku Hiva, Hakaui, December 1916, C. Henry s.n. (holotype: F [452364]!; isotype: F!).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="44">
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<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Asteraceae" genus="Bidens" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Campanulales" pageId="7" pageNumber="44" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="collina">Bidens collina</taxonomicName>
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Deg. & Sherff, Bot. Gaz. (Crawfordsville) 96: 144. 1934; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 16: 79. 1937.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="44">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Forest Brown" authorityYear="1935" baseAuthorityName="Degener & Sherff" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Campylotheca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Asterales" pageId="7" pageNumber="44" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="collina">Campylotheca collina</taxonomicName>
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(Deg. & Sherff) F. Brown, Bernice P. Bishop Mus. Bull. 130: 354. 1935.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="44">Type.</emphasis>
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Marquesas Islands. Hiva Oa: Tehutu, 100 m, 19 May 1929, E.P. Mumford & A.M. Adamson 400 (holotype: NY-00162622!; isotype: BISH!).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="44" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="44">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="44">
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Erect subshrubs 0.5-2 m tall. Leaves simple or very rarely (Nuku Hiva) compound and trifoliolate, 3-15.5 cm long including petiole, blades lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate, 2-11
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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1.2-5 cm, glabrous or lower surface occasionally pubescent, especially on young leaves, margins variably serrate to serrulate or subentire, apex acuminate or occasionally acute or caudate (Nuku Hiva). Heads 10-80(-100+), glabrous to sparsely pubescent at base, in diffuse cymes terminating main stem and lateral branches, main inflorescence axis up to 6.5 cm, heads 2-5 mm in diameter excluding rays, peduncles 0.1-5 cm long, glabrous or sparsely pubescent; outer involucral bracts 1-4.5 mm long, well differentiated from inner bracts, glabrous to sparsely ciliate; ray florets 3-12 per head, sterile, rays yellow, 3-12
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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1-4 mm, apex rounded, entire or bi- or tri-lobed; disk florets ca. 12-25, perfect. Achenes gray to black, straight or slightly curved, 3-8
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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0.5-1 mm, margin setose; pappus of 0-2 short awns.
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="44">n</emphasis>
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= 36 (Gillett 1972).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="45" pageId="7" pageNumber="44" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="44">Distribution.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="45" pageId="7" pageNumber="44">
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Marquesas Islands, occurring on Nuku Hiva, Ua Huka, Hiva Oa, Mohotani, and Tahuata, 10-800(-1080) m. The occurrence on Mohotani is based
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<pageBreakToken pageId="8" pageNumber="45" start="start">on</pageBreakToken>
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observation by
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Jean-François">Jean-Francois</normalizedToken>
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Butaud (pers. comm., 2014), but should be verified by collections.
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</paragraph>
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<caption httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10675" pageId="8" pageNumber="45" start="Figure 3" startId="F3">
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="45">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="45">Figure 3.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Asteraceae" genus="Bidens" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Campanulales" pageId="8" pageNumber="45" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="beckiana">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="45">Bidens beckiana</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(F. Br.) Sherff (
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="45">A-B</emphasis>
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).
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="45">A</emphasis>
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Distal part of plant
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="45">B</emphasis>
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Head post-flowering showing involucral bracts and apex of achenes. Drawn from Florence 9368 (US) [A] and Perlman 10064 (US) [B].
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<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Asteraceae" genus="Bidens" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Campanulales" pageId="8" pageNumber="45" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="cordifolia">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="45">Bidens cordifolia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Sch. Bip. (
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="45">C-D</emphasis>
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).
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="45">C</emphasis>
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Distal part of plant
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="45">D</emphasis>
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Head post-flowering showing involucral bracts. Drawn from Wood & Perlman 4600 (US).
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<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Asteraceae" genus="Bidens" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Campanulales" pageId="8" pageNumber="45" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="polycephala">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="45">Bidens polycephala</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Sch. Bip. (
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="45">E-F</emphasis>
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).
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="45">E</emphasis>
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Distal part of plant
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="45">F</emphasis>
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Head post-flowering showing involucral bracts and apex of achenes. Drawn from Perlman 15878 (US). Image from field shots used to augment illustration of Wood 10504.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="8" pageNumber="45" type="habitat">
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="45">Habitat.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="45">
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<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Asteraceae" genus="Bidens" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Campanulales" pageId="8" pageNumber="45" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="polycephla">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="45">Bidens polycephla</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is known from slopes and ridges to windswept cliffs, in mesic forests with
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<taxonomicName authorityName="B. C. Stone" authorityYear="1968" baseAuthorityName="Hombr. & Jacquinot ex Decne." class="Monocotyledoneae" family="Pandanaceae" genus="Freycinetia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Pandanales" pageId="8" pageNumber="45" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="impavida">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="45">Freycinetia impavida</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(Gaudich. ex Hombr.) B. C. Stone,
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Metrosideros" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Myrtales" pageId="8" pageNumber="45" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="collina">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="45">Metrosideros collina</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName class="Filicopsida" family="Gleicheniaceae" genus="Dicranopteris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Gleicheniales" pageId="8" pageNumber="45" phylum="Pteridophyta" rank="species" species="linearis">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="45">Dicranopteris linearis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(Burm. f.) Underw., or
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<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Malvaceae" genus="Hibiscus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Malvales" pageId="8" pageNumber="45" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="tiliaceus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="45">Hibiscus tiliaceus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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L. and
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<taxonomicName class="Monocotyledoneae" family="Pandanaceae" genus="Pandanus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Pandanales" pageId="8" pageNumber="45" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="tectorius">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="45">Pandanus tectorius</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Parkinson ex Du Roi forest.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="8" pageNumber="45" type="conservation status">
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="45">Conservation status.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="45">
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Proposed IUCN Red List Category
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="45">Endangered</emphasis>
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(EN), criteria B2b i-iii): B2, total area of occupancy less than 500 km² (ca. 50 km²); b (i-iii), habitat continuing decline inferred. The suitable habitat for
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<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Asteraceae" genus="Bidens" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Campanulales" pageId="8" pageNumber="45" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="polycephla">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="45">Bidens polycephla</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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on Nuku Huka (ca. 340 km²), Ua Huka (ca. 83 km²), and Tahuata (ca. 61 km²) is indicated as an endangered environment, threatened by human activity (deforestation), feral animals, and invasive plants, thus reducing the extent of the forest. However,
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<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Asteraceae" genus="Bidens" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Campanulales" pageId="8" pageNumber="45" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="polycephala">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="45">Bidens polycephala</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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has been observed to be locally common in some areas with considerable regeneration, and alternatively it might be considered Near Threatened (NT) (Butaud, pers comm. 2014).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="8" pageNumber="45" type="specimens examined">
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="45">Specimens examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="8" pageNumber="45">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="45">Marquesas Islands. Nuku Hiva:</emphasis>
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Hakaui, ridge, 800 m, 7 May 1921, Brown 405B (BISH); Between Taiohae Bay and Hooumi Bay, 900 m, 20 Jul 1977,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Gagné">Gagne</normalizedToken>
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1155 (BISH, US),
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Gagné">Gagne</normalizedToken>
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& Montgomery 1162 (BISH); Terre Deserte, Haatuatua Valley, 1050 m, 1 Aug 1988,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Gagné">Gagne</normalizedToken>
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& Montgomery 2463, 2471 (BISH); Route Toovii-Terre Deserte, km 4
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<normalizedToken originalValue="après">apres</normalizedToken>
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le col, 940 m, 8°50"S/140°10"W, 9 Dec 1982, Florence 4353 (BISH, K, NY, P, US); Route Toovii-Terre Deserte, km 1
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<normalizedToken originalValue="après">apres</normalizedToken>
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le col, 960 m, 8°52"S/ 140°10"W, 10 Dec 1982, Florence 4390 (BISH, P, PAP); Moyenne Taipivai, sous le captage de la cascade de Teuakueenui, 440 m, 8°51"S/140°6"W, 4 Aug 1987, Florence 8471 (BISH, P, PAP, US); Taipi Vai, 500 m, 7 May 1921, Brown 405A (BISH); Piste Aakapa-Pua, sous le col de Taahui, 260 m, 8°49"S/140°9"W, 7 Aug 1987, Florence 8502 (PAP), 180 m, 8502(PAP); Toovii, face SE du Mt. Tuhokia, 1080 m, 8°50"S/140°8"W, 10 Mar 1986, Florence 7516 (PAP); Moyenne
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<normalizedToken originalValue="vallée">vallee</normalizedToken>
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de Hakaui, secteur central, 240 m, 8°54"S/ 140°9"W, 23 Jul 1987, Florence 8387 (BISH, P, PAP); Hakaui Valley, 61 m, 26 Jun 1988, Perlman 10010 (BISH, PAP, PTBG); Toovii,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="épaulement">epaulement</normalizedToken>
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au-dessus du
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<normalizedToken originalValue="réservoir">reservoir</normalizedToken>
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, 1020 m, 8°52"S/140°9"W, 7 Dec 1982, Florence 4332 (BISH [2], K, NY, P, US); Route Toovii-Terre Deserte, 2 km
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<normalizedToken originalValue="après">apres</normalizedToken>
|
||
le col, 960 m, 8°52"S/140°10"W, 4 Jun 1984, Florence 6895 (BISH [2], P, PAP); South spur of the summit ridge of the island, between Hakui and the Tapuaooa shelter on the Toovii Plateau, 1070 m, 21 Jul 1970, Gillett 2194 (BISH, US); Mountain near Hakaui, s.d., Sherff 3090 (BISH); 22 Dec 1919, Sherff 3084-b (BISH [2]); 17 Sep 1919, Sherff 3084-a (BISH); Ridge, 800 m, 18 Oct 1922, Quayle 1588 (BISH); Partie S de Toovii, 750 m, 11 Jul 1975, Thibault 143 (BISH, P, US); Taipivai, Teuakueenui Falls area, 351 m, 8°51"2'S/140°6"10'W, 25 Jun 1997, Wood, Meyer & Luce 6356 (BISH, HAST, MO, NY, P, PAP, PTBG, UBC, US).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="45">Ua Huka:</emphasis>
|
||
Ridgecrest south of central
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Vaipae’e">Vaipae'e</normalizedToken>
|
||
Valley, approx. 2 km E of bend, 450 m, 18 Mar 1964, Decker 1877 (BISH, MO, PTBG, US); central crest of island N of
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Vaipae’e">Vaipae'e</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 550-600 m, 16 Mar 1964, Decker 1868 (US); seacliffs just before the village of Hokatu, road from Hane to Hokatu, 12 m, 1 Jul 1997, Perlman, Wood & Meyer 15878 (MO, NY, P, PAP, PTBG, UBC, US, WU); Hitikau region, ascended
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="9" pageNumber="46" start="start">via</pageBreakToken>
|
||
the Matukuoha Ridge over-looking Hane, constitutes the summit of the single crater of Ua Huka, 730 m, 5 Dec 2003, Wood 10495 (PTBG); Hane valley, ridge and cliffs above Tiki marae, back of valley on west side, 518 m, 8°54"50.6'S/138°31"51.5'W, 12 Jun 2004, Perlman, Lorence, Dunn & Wood 19009 (BISH, P, PAP, PTBG, US); Ridgecrest about 1 km N of Tahoatikikau crater, 300 m, 23 Mar 1964, Decker 1918 (BISH, CHR, K, MO, P, US); Hanahouua Valley, back of valley, cliffs near ridge between Hanahouua and Hanaei, 488 m, 8°54"46.7'S/139°30"8.68'W, 28 Jul 2005, Perlman & Meyer 19750 (BISH, MPU, NY, P, PAP, PTBG, US) [used in molecular study, Funk et al.]; Summit of Hitikau, crest of island, at very summit, 853 m, 28 Jun 1997, Perlman, Wood & Meyer 15847 (PTBG); Vaipaee, upper valley, Aunoa property, 60 m, 8°54"40'S/139°34"11'W, 9 Dec 2003, Wood 10504 (AD, BISH, BR, K, MO, NY, P, PAP, PTBG, US); Hokatu village coast, scattered along coast and cliffs from Hokatu to Tenaha to Haavahae, 31 m, 8°55"6.32'S/139°31"17.8'W, 10 Jun 2004, Perlman 19001 (BISH, P, PAP, PTBG, US); Hane/Hokatu cliff zone, 520 m, 11 Dec 2003, Wood & Meyer 10515 (BISH, P, PAP, PTBG, US); Hanahouua valley, back of valley below cliff walls, 1500 ft, 8°54"46.7'S/139°30"8.68'W, 26 Jun 2004, Perlman & Wood 19071 (BISH, P, PAP, NY, PTBG, US); Crest of ridge W of
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Vaipae’e">Vaipae'e</normalizedToken>
|
||
Valley, approx. 3 km inland from bayhead, 280-300 m, 25 Feb 1964, Decker 1728 (BISH, MO, P, PTBG, US); Matukuoha, on ridge leading to Hitikau, 549 m, 28 Jun 1997, Perlman, Wood & Meyer 15857 (BISH, MO, NY, MPU, OS, P, PAP, PTBG, US).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="46">Tahuata:</emphasis>
|
||
Near village of Hapatoni, coast to south of village, on seacliffs about.25-5 miles from Hapatoni, 46 m, 9°58"14.2'S/139°7"8.01'W, 3 Feb 2003, Perlman & Price 18376 (BISH, P, PAP, PTBG, US); Vaitahu, vers la
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="crête">crete</normalizedToken>
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="d’Uuau">d'Uuau</normalizedToken>
|
||
, partie basse de la
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="crête">crete</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 550 m, 8 Apr 1975,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Schäfer">Schaefer</normalizedToken>
|
||
5468 (K, MPU, US); Base of cliff, above slope, about.3 km S. of Hapatoni, 150 m, 3 Feb 2003, Price 218 (BISH, P, PAP, PTBG, US) [used in molecular study, Funk et al.]; Trail from Vaitahu to Hapatoni, Tiana, the Vaitahu water catchment, 190 m, 30 Jan 1975, Oliver &
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Schäfer">Schaefer</normalizedToken>
|
||
3068 (BISH, CBG, CHR, K, MO, NSW, L, PTBG, US); Hanatetena, main valley, first deep side gulch to the north, 457 m, 2 Feb 2003, Wood 10081 (PTBG, US); Near village of Hapatoni, coast to south of village, on seacliffs about 0.25-5 miles from Hapatoni, 100 m, 9°58"23'S/139°7"8'W, 3 Feb 2003, Perlman & Price 18378 (BISH, NY, P, PAP, PTBG, US).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="47" pageId="9" pageNumber="46" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="46">Discussion.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="47" pageId="9" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Asteraceae" genus="Bidens" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Campanulales" pageId="9" pageNumber="46" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="polycephala">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="46">Bidens polycephala</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the most variable of the Marquesan
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Asteraceae" genus="Bidens" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Campanulales" pageId="9" pageNumber="46" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="46">Bidens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and is also the most widespread, occurring on four islands. It is similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Asteraceae" genus="Bidens" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Campanulales" pageId="9" pageNumber="46" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="henryi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="46">Bidens henryi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but differs in having much shorter involucral bracts and in the large but variable number of heads among individuals, and it occupies drier and lower elevation habitats. Some of the collections of this species from Nuku Hiva seem to grade toward
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Asteraceae" genus="Bidens" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Campanulales" pageId="9" pageNumber="46" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="bipontina">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="46">Bidens bipontina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as they have more caudate leaf apices and longer rays (e.g., Florence 4332, 4353, and 4390 from Toovii Plateau area) than collections from other areas of Nuku Hiva and other islands. Specimens from the Terre Deserte, Haatuatua Valley (
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Gagné">Gagne</normalizedToken>
|
||
& Montgomery 2463, 2471) have heads on the smaller end of the variation like some other collections from Nuku Hiva, but uniformly have compound leaves. Compound leaves occurs only in Haatuatua and the adjacent Tapueahu Valleys, and they are found in all three of the species that occur there (
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Asteraceae" genus="Bidens" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Campanulales" pageId="9" pageNumber="46" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="cordifolia">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="46">Bidens cordifolia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Asteraceae" genus="Bidens" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Campanulales" pageId="9" pageNumber="46" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="bipontina">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="46">Bidens bipontina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Asteraceae" genus="Bidens" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Campanulales" pageId="9" pageNumber="46" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="polycephala">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="46">Bidens polycephala</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="10" pageNumber="47" start="start">Otherwise</pageBreakToken>
|
||
these species all have simple leaves. The only exception to this is the rare occurrence of compound leaves in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="W. L. Wagner, J. R. Clark & Lorence" authorityYear="2014" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Asteraceae" genus="Bidens" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Campanulales" pageId="10" pageNumber="47" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="microcephala">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="47">Bidens microcephala</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on Fatu Hiva. This pattern could be the result of presence of compound leaves in populations of one of the three species and hybridization among them at some time in the past. Two collections are considered putative hybrids and are discussed below. Gillett (1972) used a collection (Gillett 2194) in his experimental studies of Pacific
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Asteraceae" genus="Bidens" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Campanulales" pageId="10" pageNumber="47" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="47">Bidens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. He determined that
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Asteraceae" genus="Bidens" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Campanulales" pageId="10" pageNumber="47" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="polycephala">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="47">Bidens polycephala</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was self-compatible and is capable of forming fully fertile F1 hybrids with several Hawaiian species (
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Sherff" authorityYear="1920" baseAuthorityName="A. Gray" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Asteraceae" genus="Bidens" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Campanulales" pageId="10" pageNumber="47" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="mauiensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="47">Bidens mauiensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(A. Gray) Sherff,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Asteraceae" genus="Bidens" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Campanulales" pageId="10" pageNumber="47" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="menziesii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="47">Bidens menziesii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(A. Gray) Sherff, and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Asteraceae" genus="Bidens" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Campanulales" pageId="10" pageNumber="47" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="molokaiensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="47">Bidens molokaiensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Hillebr.) Sherff).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |