485 lines
53 KiB
XML
485 lines
53 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="233C63366365BD484EA2052DE6CEBC7F">Palaearctic Chelostoma bees of the subgenus Gyrodromella (Megachilidae, Osmiini): biology, taxonomy and key to species</mods:title>
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<treatment id="0967711CFFAAFFB3FF3248E8FEFE2622" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6106214" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119601560" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6106214" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0967711CFFAAFFB3FF3248E8FEFE2622" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0967711CFFAAFFB3FF3248E8FEFE2622" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="414" pageId="3" pageNumber="411">
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<subSubSection id="C9D49381FFAAFFB6FF3248E8FCE92339" box="[151,838,1004,1030]" pageId="3" pageNumber="411" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8171C00AFFAAFFB6FF3248E8FCE92339" blockId="3.[151,838,1004,1030]" box="[151,838,1004,1030]" pageId="3" pageNumber="411">
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<heading id="DA397766FFAAFFB6FF3248E8FCE92339" bold="true" box="[151,838,1004,1030]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="411" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="46CEBB89FFAAFFB6FF3248E8FCE92339" ID-CoL="TWQC" authority="Lepeletier, 1841" authorityName="Lepeletier" authorityYear="1841" box="[151,838,1004,1030]" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Chelostoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="411" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rapunculi" subGenus="Gyrodromella">
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<emphasis id="B3BA1C18FFAAFFB6FF3248E8FCE92339" bold="true" box="[151,838,1004,1030]" pageId="3" pageNumber="411">
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<emphasis id="B3BA1C18FFAAFFB6FF3248E8FDC82339" bold="true" box="[151,615,1004,1030]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="411">Chelostoma (Gyrodromella) rapunculi</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="E55FBDFBFFAAFFB6FDD348E8FC902339" author="Lepeletier" box="[630,831,1004,1030]" pageId="3" pageNumber="411" refString="Lepeletier, A. (1841) Histoire Naturelle des Insectes. Hymenopteres. Vol. 2. Roret, Paris, 680 pp." type="book" year="1841">Lepeletier, 1841</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C9D49381FFAAFFB6FF324F37FBBC212B" pageId="3" pageNumber="411" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8171C00AFFAAFFB6FF324F37FA372377" blockId="3.[151,1436,1074,1556]" box="[151,1432,1074,1096]" pageId="3" pageNumber="411">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="A1DEE724FFAAFFB6FF324F37FA372377" box="[151,1432,1074,1096]" pageId="3" pageNumber="411">
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<taxonomicName id="46CEBB89FFAAFFB6FF324F37FE4D2377" authority="Panzer, 1798: 16" authorityName="Panzer" authorityPageNumber="16" authorityYear="1798" box="[151,482,1074,1096]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Apis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="411" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fuliginosa">
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<emphasis id="B3BA1C18FFAAFFB6FF324F37FE802377" box="[151,303,1074,1096]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="411">Apis fuliginosa</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="006FE61BFFAAFFB6FE934F37FE4D2377" author="Panzer" box="[310,482,1074,1096]" page="16" pageId="3" pageNumber="411" year="1798">
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<bibRefCitation id="E55FBDFBFFAAFFB6FE934F37FE122377" author="Panzer" box="[310,445,1074,1096]" pageId="3" pageNumber="411" refString="Panzer, G. W. F. (1798) Faunae Insectorum Germanicae Initia oder Deutschlands Insecten. Hymenoptera 2, Vol. 6. Felssecker, Nurnberg, 24 pp." type="book" year="1798">Panzer, 1798</bibRefCitation>
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: 16
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</treatmentCitation>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
. Nomen praeoccupatum (not
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<taxonomicName id="46CEBB89FFAAFFB6FCA84F37FB932377" authority="Scopoli, 1770" authorityName="Scopoli" authorityYear="1770" box="[781,1084,1074,1096]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Apis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="411" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fuliginosa">
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<emphasis id="B3BA1C18FFAAFFB6FCA84F37FC0A2377" box="[781,933,1074,1096]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="411">Apis fuliginosa</emphasis>
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Scopoli, 1770
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</taxonomicName>
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; not
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<taxonomicName id="46CEBB89FFAAFFB6FBC94F37FA232377" authority="Christ, 1791" authorityName="Christ" authorityYear="1791" box="[1132,1420,1074,1096]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Apis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="411" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fuliginosa">
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<emphasis id="B3BA1C18FFAAFFB6FBC94F37FAAA2377" box="[1132,1285,1074,1096]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="411">Apis fuliginosa</emphasis>
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Christ, 1791
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</taxonomicName>
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).
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8171C00AFFAAFFB6FF324F55FB702358" blockId="3.[151,1436,1074,1556]" box="[151,1247,1105,1127]" pageId="3" pageNumber="411">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="A1DEE724FFAAFFB6FF324F55FB702358" box="[151,1247,1105,1127]" pageId="3" pageNumber="411">
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<taxonomicName id="46CEBB89FFAAFFB6FF324F55FD922358" ID-CoL="8SFP4" authority="Lepeletier, 1841: 406" authorityName="Lepeletier" authorityPageNumber="406" authorityYear="1841" box="[151,573,1105,1127]" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Heriades" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="411" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rapunculi">
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<emphasis id="B3BA1C18FFAAFFB6FF324F55FEF22358" box="[151,349,1105,1127]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="411">Heriades rapunculi</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="006FE61BFFAAFFB6FEC74F55FD922358" author="Lepeletier" box="[354,573,1105,1127]" page="406" pageId="3" pageNumber="411" year="1841">
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<bibRefCitation id="E55FBDFBFFAAFFB6FEC74F55FDA42358" author="Lepeletier" box="[354,523,1105,1127]" pageId="3" pageNumber="411" refString="Lepeletier, A. (1841) Histoire Naturelle des Insectes. Hymenopteres. Vol. 2. Roret, Paris, 680 pp." type="book" year="1841">Lepeletier, 1841</bibRefCitation>
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: 406
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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||
<typeStatus id="5E757EA8FFAAFFB6FDE24F56FDD62358" box="[583,633,1106,1127]" pageId="3" pageNumber="411">Type</typeStatus>
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material: ♀, (
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<collectingCountry id="F9D9809AFFAAFFB6FCA24F55FCFE2358" box="[775,849,1105,1127]" name="France" pageId="3" pageNumber="411">France</collectingCountry>
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), depository of
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||
<typeStatus id="5E757EA8FFAAFFB6FC4A4F56FBB42358" box="[1007,1051,1106,1127]" pageId="3" pageNumber="411">type</typeStatus>
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material unknown.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8171C00AFFAAFFB6FF324F74FBAE239B" blockId="3.[151,1436,1074,1556]" pageId="3" pageNumber="411">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="A1DEE724FFAAFFB6FF324F74FBAE239B" pageId="3" pageNumber="411">
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||
<taxonomicName id="46CEBB89FFAAFFB6FF324F74FDE123B9" ID-CoL="8SQVB" authority="Nylander, 1848: 269" authorityName="Nylander" authorityPageNumber="269" authorityYear="1848" box="[151,590,1136,1158]" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Heriades" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="411" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigricornis">
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<emphasis id="B3BA1C18FFAAFFB6FF324F74FEC223B9" box="[151,365,1136,1158]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="411">Heriades nigricornis</emphasis>
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="006FE61BFFAAFFB6FED34F74FDE123B9" author="Nylander" box="[374,590,1136,1158]" page="269" pageId="3" pageNumber="411" year="1848">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="E55FBDFBFFAAFFB6FED34F74FDB623B9" author="Nylander" box="[374,537,1136,1158]" pageId="3" pageNumber="411" refString="Nylander, W. (1848) Adnotationes in expositionem monographicam apum borealium. Notiser ur Sallskapets pro Fauna et Flora Fennica Forhandlingar, 1, 165 - 282." type="journal article" year="1848">Nylander, 1848</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 269
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||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="5E757EA8FFAAFFB6FDFE4F75FD2223B9" box="[603,653,1137,1158]" pageId="3" pageNumber="411">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
material:
|
||
<typeStatus id="5E757EA8FFAAFFB6FD5C4F74FCF923B9" box="[761,854,1136,1158]" pageId="3" pageNumber="411" type="syntype">Syntypes</typeStatus>
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||
♂♀, “in Fennia” (
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<collectingCountry id="F9D9809AFFAAFFB6FBB94F74FBC023B9" box="[1052,1135,1136,1158]" name="Finland" pageId="3" pageNumber="411">Finland</collectingCountry>
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), depository of
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||
<typeStatus id="5E757EA8FFAAFFB6FAB14F75FAEF23B9" box="[1300,1344,1137,1158]" pageId="3" pageNumber="411">type</typeStatus>
|
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material unknown.
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||
<typeStatus id="5E757EA8FFAAFFB6FE974F8BFECB239B" box="[306,356,1167,1188]" pageId="3" pageNumber="411">Type</typeStatus>
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species of
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<emphasis id="B3BA1C18FFAAFFB6FE704F8AFDCC239B" box="[469,611,1166,1188]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="411">Gyrodromella</emphasis>
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Michener. Synonymy in
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<bibRefCitation id="E55FBDFBFFAAFFB6FCC64F8AFC51239B" author="Benoist" box="[867,1022,1166,1188]" pageId="3" pageNumber="411" refString="Benoist, R. (1928) Notes diverses sur les hymenopteres melliferes. Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France, 1928, 107 - 109." type="journal article" year="1928">Benoist (1928)</bibRefCitation>
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||
.
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8171C00AFFAAFFB6FF324FA9FB5223DD" blockId="3.[151,1436,1074,1556]" pageId="3" pageNumber="411">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="A1DEE724FFAAFFB6FF324FA9FB5223DD" infered="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="411">
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<taxonomicName id="46CEBB89FFAAFFB6FF324FA9FD9123FC" ID-CoL="8SR8D" authority="Eversmann, 1852: 74" authorityName="Eversmann" authorityPageNumber="74" authorityYear="1852" box="[151,574,1197,1219]" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Chelostoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="411" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inerme">
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||
<emphasis id="B3BA1C18FFAAFFB6FF324FA9FEF323FC" box="[151,348,1197,1219]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="411">Chelostoma inerme</emphasis>
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||
<treatmentCitation id="006FE61BFFAAFFB6FEC64FAAFD9123FC" author="Eversmann" box="[355,574,1197,1219]" page="74" pageId="3" pageNumber="411" year="1852">
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<bibRefCitation id="E55FBDFBFFAAFFB6FEC64FAAFDB723FC" author="Eversmann" box="[355,536,1197,1219]" pageId="3" pageNumber="411" refString="Eversmann, E. (1852) Fauna hymenopterologica volgo-uralensis. Bulletin de la Societe Imperiale des Naturalistes de Moscou, 25, 1 - 137." type="journal article" year="1852">Eversmann, 1852</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 74
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||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="5E757EA8FFAAFFB6FDED4FAAFDD523FC" box="[584,634,1198,1219]" pageId="3" pageNumber="411">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
material:
|
||
<typeStatus id="5E757EA8FFAAFFB6FD444FA9FC9123FC" box="[737,830,1197,1219]" pageId="3" pageNumber="411" type="syntype">Syntypes</typeStatus>
|
||
♂♀, “in promont. Uralensib., in provinciis Orenburgensi et Simbirscensi” (
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||
<collectingCountry id="F9D9809AFFAAFFB6FEC74FC8FE0523DD" box="[354,426,1228,1250]" name="Russia" pageId="3" pageNumber="411">Russia</collectingCountry>
|
||
), Russian Academy of Sciences St. Petersburg. Synonymy in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E55FBDFBFFAAFFB6FBB94FC8FB5623DD" box="[1052,1273,1228,1250]" pageId="3" pageNumber="411" refString="Schwarz, M., Gusenleitner, F., Westrich, P. & Dathe, H. H. (1996) Katalog der Bienen Osterreichs, Deutschlands und der Schweiz (Hymenoptera, Apidae). Entomofauna (Ansfelden), 8 (Supplement), 1 - 398." type="journal article">
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||
Schwarz
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||
<emphasis id="B3BA1C18FFAAFFB6FBDF4FC9FB0223DD" box="[1146,1197,1228,1250]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="411">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1996)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8171C00AFFAAFFB6FF324FEEFA332220" blockId="3.[151,1436,1074,1556]" pageId="3" pageNumber="411">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="A1DEE724FFAAFFB6FF324FEEFA332220" pageId="3" pageNumber="411">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="46CEBB89FFAAFFB6FF324FEEFD99223F" ID-CoL="8SPYX" authority="Chevrier, 1872: 505" authorityName="Chevrier" authorityPageNumber="505" authorityYear="1872" box="[151,566,1258,1280]" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Heriades" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="411" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="casularum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B3BA1C18FFAAFFB6FF324FEEFECA223F" box="[151,357,1258,1280]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="411">Heriades casularum</emphasis>
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="006FE61BFFAAFFB6FECF4FEEFD99223F" author="Chevrier" box="[362,566,1258,1280]" page="505" pageId="3" pageNumber="411" year="1872">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E55FBDFBFFAAFFB6FECF4FEEFDAB223F" author="Chevrier" box="[362,516,1258,1280]" pageId="3" pageNumber="411" refString="Chevrier, F. (1872) Hymenopteres divers du bassin du Leman. Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 3, 487 - 510." type="journal article" year="1872">Chevrier, 1872</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 505
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="5E757EA8FFAAFFB6FDE54FEFFDDD223F" box="[576,626,1259,1280]" pageId="3" pageNumber="411">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
material:
|
||
<typeStatus id="5E757EA8FFAAFFB6FD7D4FEEFC9A223F" box="[728,821,1258,1280]" pageId="3" pageNumber="411" type="syntype">Syntypes</typeStatus>
|
||
♀♀, “Environs de Nyon” (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F9D9809AFFAAFFB6FBE24FEEFB6A223F" box="[1095,1221,1258,1280]" name="Switzerland" pageId="3" pageNumber="411">Switzerland</collectingCountry>
|
||
), Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle Genève or Natural History Museum Basel. Synonymy with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="46CEBB89FFAAFFB6FC224E0DFB102220" ID-CoL="8SQVB" authority="Nylander" authorityName="Nylander" box="[903,1215,1289,1311]" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Heriades" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="411" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigricornis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B3BA1C18FFAAFFB6FC224E0DFBF42220" box="[903,1115,1289,1311]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="411">Heriades nigricornis</emphasis>
|
||
Nylander
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||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E55FBDFBFFAAFFB6FB7B4E0DFA362220" author="Schletterer" box="[1246,1433,1289,1311]" pageId="3" pageNumber="411" refString="Schletterer, A. (1889) Monographie der Bienen-Gattungen Chelostoma Latr. und Heriades Spin. Zoologisches Jahrbuch fur Systematik, 4, 591 - 691." type="journal article" year="1889">Schletterer (1889)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8171C00AFFAAFFB6FF324E2CFD7F2263" blockId="3.[151,1436,1074,1556]" pageId="3" pageNumber="411">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="A1DEE724FFAAFFB6FF324E2CFD7F2263" pageId="3" pageNumber="411">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="46CEBB89FFAAFFB6FF324E2CFDC32201" ID-CoL="8S3SW" authority="Schletterer, 1889: 643" authorityName="Schletterer" authorityPageNumber="643" authorityYear="1889" box="[151,620,1320,1342]" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Chelostoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="411" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="proximum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B3BA1C18FFAAFFB6FF324E2CFED12201" box="[151,382,1320,1342]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="411">Chelostoma proximum</emphasis>
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="006FE61BFFAAFFB6FE234E2CFDC32201" author="Schletterer" box="[390,620,1320,1342]" page="643" pageId="3" pageNumber="411" year="1889">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E55FBDFBFFAAFFB6FE234E2CFD982201" author="Schletterer" box="[390,567,1320,1342]" pageId="3" pageNumber="411" refString="Schletterer, A. (1889) Monographie der Bienen-Gattungen Chelostoma Latr. und Heriades Spin. Zoologisches Jahrbuch fur Systematik, 4, 591 - 691." type="journal article" year="1889">Schletterer, 1889</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 643
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="5E757EA8FFAAFFB6FDDD4E2DFD052201" box="[632,682,1321,1342]" pageId="3" pageNumber="411">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
material:
|
||
<typeStatus id="5E757EA8FFAAFFB6FCB04E2CFCDC2201" box="[789,883,1320,1342]" pageId="3" pageNumber="411" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
♂, “Transkaukasien (Kussari)” (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F9D9809AFFAAFFB6FB6D4E2CFA922201" box="[1224,1341,1320,1342]" name="Azerbaijan" pageId="3" pageNumber="411">Azerbaijan</collectingCountry>
|
||
), Natural History Museum Wien. New synonymy (see Note).
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8171C00AFFAAFFB6FF324E62FB9C22A5" blockId="3.[151,1436,1074,1556]" pageId="3" pageNumber="411">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="A1DEE724FFAAFFB6FF324E62FB9C22A5" pageId="3" pageNumber="411">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="46CEBB89FFAAFFB6FF324E62FD452244" ID-CoL="8SP6L" authority="Cockerell, 1928: 353" authorityName="Cockerell" authorityPageNumber="353" authorityYear="1928" box="[151,746,1381,1403]" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Osmia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="411" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="archanensis" subGenus="Acanthosmia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B3BA1C18FFAAFFB6FF324E62FE512244" box="[151,510,1381,1403]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="411">Osmia (Acanthosmia) archanensis</emphasis>
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="006FE61BFFAAFFB6FDAD4E61FD452244" author="Cockerell" box="[520,746,1381,1403]" page="353" pageId="3" pageNumber="411" year="1928">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E55FBDFBFFAAFFB6FDAD4E61FD1D2244" author="Cockerell" box="[520,690,1381,1403]" pageId="3" pageNumber="411" refString="Cockerell, T. D. A. (1928) Bees collected in Siberia in 1927. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History (London), Series 10, 1, 345 - 361." type="journal article" year="1928">Cockerell, 1928</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 353
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="5E757EA8FFAAFFB6FD5D4E62FC852244" box="[760,810,1382,1403]" pageId="3" pageNumber="411">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
material:
|
||
<typeStatus id="5E757EA8FFAAFFB6FC3F4E61FC572244" box="[922,1016,1381,1403]" pageId="3" pageNumber="411" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
♀, “Archan” (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F9D9809AFFAAFFB6FB3F4E61FB4D2244" box="[1178,1250,1381,1403]" name="Russia" pageId="3" pageNumber="411">Russia</collectingCountry>
|
||
), Natural History Museum London. Synonymy with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="46CEBB89FFAAFFB6FD8D4E80FCD422A5" authority="Panzer" authorityName="Panzer" box="[552,891,1412,1434]" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Chelostoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="411" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fuliginosum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B3BA1C18FFAAFFB6FD8D4E80FC8F22A5" box="[552,800,1412,1434]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="411">Chelostoma fuliginosum</emphasis>
|
||
(Panzer)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E55FBDFBFFAAFFB6FC3E4E80FB8022A5" author="Tkalcu" box="[923,1071,1412,1434]" pageId="3" pageNumber="411" refString="Tkalcu, B. (1967) Bemerkungen zur Taxonomie einiger palaarktischer Arten der Familie Megachilidae (Hymenoptera, Apoidea). Acta Entomologica Bohemoslovaca (Praha), 64, 91 - 104." type="journal article" year="1967">Tkalcu (1967)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8171C00AFFAAFFB6FF324EA7FB9C22E8" blockId="3.[151,1436,1074,1556]" pageId="3" pageNumber="411">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="A1DEE724FFAAFFB6FF324EA7FB9C22E8" pageId="3" pageNumber="411">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="46CEBB89FFAAFFB6FF324EA7FD452287" ID-CoL="8SNRC" authority="Cockerell, 1928: 352" authorityName="Cockerell" authorityPageNumber="352" authorityYear="1928" box="[151,746,1442,1464]" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Osmia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="411" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="platyodonta" subGenus="Acanthosmia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B3BA1C18FFAAFFB6FF324EA7FE522287" box="[151,509,1442,1464]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="411">Osmia (Acanthosmia) platyodonta</emphasis>
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="006FE61BFFAAFFB6FDAD4EA6FD452287" author="Cockerell" box="[520,746,1442,1464]" page="352" pageId="3" pageNumber="411" year="1928">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E55FBDFBFFAAFFB6FDAD4EA6FD1D2287" author="Cockerell" box="[520,690,1442,1464]" pageId="3" pageNumber="411" refString="Cockerell, T. D. A. (1928) Bees collected in Siberia in 1927. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History (London), Series 10, 1, 345 - 361." type="journal article" year="1928">Cockerell, 1928</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 352
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="5E757EA8FFAAFFB6FD5C4EA7FC842287" box="[761,811,1443,1464]" pageId="3" pageNumber="411">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
material:
|
||
<typeStatus id="5E757EA8FFAAFFB6FC3E4EA6FC562287" box="[923,1017,1442,1464]" pageId="3" pageNumber="411" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
♂, “Irkutsk” [
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F9D9809AFFAAFFB6FB3C4EA6FB4C2287" box="[1177,1251,1442,1464]" name="Russia" pageId="3" pageNumber="411">Russia</collectingCountry>
|
||
], Natural History Museum London. Synonymy with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="46CEBB89FFAAFFB6FD8D4EC5FCD422E8" authority="Panzer" authorityName="Panzer" box="[552,891,1473,1495]" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Chelostoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="411" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fuliginosum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B3BA1C18FFAAFFB6FD8D4EC5FC8F22E8" box="[552,800,1473,1495]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="411">Chelostoma fuliginosum</emphasis>
|
||
(Panzer)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E55FBDFBFFAAFFB6FC3E4EC5FB8022E8" author="Tkalcu" box="[923,1071,1473,1495]" pageId="3" pageNumber="411" refString="Tkalcu, B. (1967) Bemerkungen zur Taxonomie einiger palaarktischer Arten der Familie Megachilidae (Hymenoptera, Apoidea). Acta Entomologica Bohemoslovaca (Praha), 64, 91 - 104." type="journal article" year="1967">Tkalcu (1967)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8171C00AFFAAFFB6FF324EE4FBBC212B" blockId="3.[151,1436,1074,1556]" pageId="3" pageNumber="411">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="A1DEE724FFAAFFB6FF324EE4FBBC212B" pageId="3" pageNumber="411">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="46CEBB89FFAAFFB6FF324EE4FDB522C9" ID-CoL="8SFNY" authority="Benoist, 1934: 158" authorityName="Benoist" authorityPageNumber="158" authorityYear="1934" box="[151,538,1504,1526]" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Heriades" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="411" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="confusa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B3BA1C18FFAAFFB6FF324EE4FEE622C9" box="[151,329,1504,1526]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="411">Heriades confusa</emphasis>
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="006FE61BFFAAFFB6FEF74EE4FDB522C9" author="Benoist" box="[338,538,1504,1526]" page="158" pageId="3" pageNumber="411" year="1934">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E55FBDFBFFAAFFB6FEF74EE4FE4B22C9" author="Benoist" box="[338,484,1504,1526]" pageId="3" pageNumber="411" refString="Benoist, R. (1934) Descriptions d'especes nouvelles palearctiques d'hymenopteres melliferes. Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France, 39, 158 - 160." type="journal article" year="1934">Benoist, 1934</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 158
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="5E757EA8FFAAFFB6FD864EE5FDFA22C9" box="[547,597,1505,1526]" pageId="3" pageNumber="411">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
material:
|
||
<typeStatus id="5E757EA8FFAAFFB6FD1B4EE5FC8C22C9" box="[702,803,1505,1526]" pageId="3" pageNumber="411" type="lectotype">Lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
♂, by designation of G. van der Zanden, “Environ d’Alger” (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F9D9809AFFAAFFB6FF6B4EFAFEB0212B" box="[206,287,1534,1556]" name="Algeria" pageId="3" pageNumber="411">Algeria</collectingCountry>
|
||
), Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle Paris. New synonymy (see Note).
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C9D49381FFAAFFB3FF324D45FEFE2622" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="414" pageId="3" pageNumber="411" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8171C00AFFAAFFB6FF324D45FBA32031" blockId="3.[151,1436,1601,1950]" pageId="3" pageNumber="411">
|
||
<emphasis id="B3BA1C18FFAAFFB6FF324D45FE9F2165" bold="true" box="[151,304,1601,1626]" pageId="3" pageNumber="411">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
Widespread in the Palaearctic region, from the Maghreb (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F9D9809AFFAAFFB6FC624D46FB9E2165" box="[967,1073,1602,1626]" name="Morocco" pageId="3" pageNumber="411">Morocco</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F9D9809AFFAAFFB6FB984D45FB3C2165" box="[1085,1171,1601,1626]" name="Algeria" pageId="3" pageNumber="411">Algeria</collectingCountry>
|
||
) and the Levant (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F9D9809AFFAAFFB6FAF94D45FA332165" box="[1372,1436,1601,1626]" name="Israel" pageId="3" pageNumber="411">Israel</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F9D9809AFFAAFFB6FF6C4D61FE9E2141" box="[201,305,1637,1662]" name="Palestine" pageId="3" pageNumber="411">Palestine</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F9D9809AFFAAFFB6FE9A4D61FE252141" box="[319,394,1637,1662]" name="Jordan" pageId="3" pageNumber="411">Jordan</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F9D9809AFFAAFFB6FE634D61FDAC2141" box="[454,515,1637,1662]" name="Syria" pageId="3" pageNumber="411">Syria</collectingCountry>
|
||
) northwards over the whole of Europe (except
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F9D9809AFFAAFFB6FB8E4D62FB282141" box="[1067,1159,1638,1662]" name="Norway" pageId="3" pageNumber="411">Norway</collectingCountry>
|
||
) up to northern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F9D9809AFFAAFFB6FAE34D61FA342141" box="[1350,1435,1637,1662]" name="Finland" pageId="3" pageNumber="411">Finland</collectingCountry>
|
||
(northernmost record south of Inari
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="E4FAA6CDFFAAFFB6FD8A4D8DFD3F219D" box="[559,656,1673,1698]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="411" precision="555" value="68.44">68.44°N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="E4FAA6CDFFAAFFB6FD384D8DFD53219D" box="[669,764,1673,1698]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="411" precision="555" value="27.36">27.36°E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
), and from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F9D9809AFFAAFFB6FC254D8DFC7F219D" box="[896,976,1673,1698]" name="Turkey" pageId="3" pageNumber="411">Turkey</collectingCountry>
|
||
and the Caucasus (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F9D9809AFFAAFFB6FB084D8DFA82219D" box="[1197,1325,1673,1698]" name="Azerbaijan" pageId="3" pageNumber="411">Azerbaijan</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F9D9809AFFAAFFB6FA9C4D8DFA3B219D" box="[1337,1428,1673,1698]" name="Georgia" pageId="3" pageNumber="411">Georgia</collectingCountry>
|
||
) eastwards to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F9D9809AFFAAFFB6FE8A4DAAFEF021FA" box="[303,351,1710,1733]" name="Iran" pageId="3" pageNumber="411">Iran</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Central Asia (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F9D9809AFFAAFFB6FDAA4DA9FD3921F9" box="[527,662,1709,1734]" name="Kazakhstan" pageId="3" pageNumber="411">Kazakhstan</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F9D9809AFFAAFFB6FD014DAAFC8721F9" box="[676,808,1710,1734]" name="Kyrgyzstan" pageId="3" pageNumber="411">Kyrgyzstan</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F9D9809AFFAAFFB6FC934DA9FC7B21F9" box="[822,980,1709,1734]" name="Turkmenistan" pageId="3" pageNumber="411">Turkmenistan</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F9D9809AFFAAFFB6FC444DA9FBCB21F9" box="[993,1124,1709,1734]" name="Uzbekistan" pageId="3" pageNumber="411">Uzbekistan</collectingCountry>
|
||
),
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F9D9809AFFAAFFB6FBDC4DA9FB1021F9" box="[1145,1215,1709,1734]" name="China" pageId="3" pageNumber="411">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F9D9809AFFAAFFB6FB684DA9FA9521F9" box="[1229,1338,1709,1734]" name="Mongolia" pageId="3" pageNumber="411">Mongolia</collectingCountry>
|
||
and Far eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F9D9809AFFAAFFB6FF484DD5FE9421D5" box="[237,315,1745,1770]" name="Russia" pageId="3" pageNumber="411">Russia</collectingCountry>
|
||
. The species has been introduced into the Nearctic region and occurs in a small region encompassing northeasternmost
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F9D9809AFFAAFFB6FEFA4DF2FE382031" box="[351,407,1782,1806]" name="United States of America" pageId="3" pageNumber="411">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
and southeastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F9D9809AFFAAFFB6FDC54DF1FD1B2031" box="[608,692,1781,1806]" name="Canada" pageId="3" pageNumber="411">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E55FBDFBFFAAFFB6FD674DF1FBAF2031" author="Ascher" box="[706,1024,1781,1806]" pageId="3" pageNumber="411" refString="Ascher, J. S. & Pickering, J. (2014) Discover Life bee species guide and world checklist (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Anthophila). Available from: http: // www. discoverlife. org / mp / 20 q? guide = Apoidea _ species (accessed 28 May 2014)" type="book" year="2014">Ascher and Pickering, 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8171C00AFFAAFFB6FF624C1DFB4E20A2" blockId="3.[151,1436,1601,1950]" pageId="3" pageNumber="411">
|
||
<emphasis id="B3BA1C18FFAAFFB6FF624C1DFEF2200D" bold="true" box="[199,349,1817,1842]" pageId="3" pageNumber="411">Pollen hosts.</emphasis>
|
||
Oligolectic on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="46CEBB89FFAAFFB6FDAE4C1DFCF6200D" box="[523,857,1817,1842]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Campanulaceae" genus="Campanula" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="3" pageNumber="411" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B3BA1C18FFAAFFB6FDAE4C1DFD21200D" box="[523,654,1817,1842]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="411">Campanula</emphasis>
|
||
(Campanulaceae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and possibly also on closely related genera (
|
||
<figureCitation id="19F5DC8FFFAAFFB6FAF44C1DFA39200D" box="[1361,1430,1817,1842]" captionStart="FIGURE 1 – 4. 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1814,1836]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,195,1788]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[150,1436,195,1790]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1 – 4. 1: Chelostoma rapunculi, brood cells with larval provisions consisting of purple Campanula pollen and separated from each other by partitions made of mud (Photo W. van der Smissen). 2: Chelostoma rapunculi, nest plug made of mud with pebbles and sand grains embedded into its outer surface (Photo W. van der Smissen). 3: Chelostoma rapunculi, pollen-collecting female on Campanula rapunculus (Photo A. Krebs). 4: Chelostoma rapunculi, male sleeping attached to a grass spike." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238287/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="411">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E55FBDFBFFAAFFB6FF324C39FEC92069" author="Amiet" box="[151,358,1853,1878]" pageId="3" pageNumber="411" refString="Amiet, F., Herrmann, M., Muller, A. & Neumeyer, R. (2004) Apidae 4: Anthidium, Chelostoma, Coelioxys, Dioxys, Heriades, Lithurgus, Megachile, Osmia, Stelis. Fauna Helvetica, 9, 1 - 274." type="journal article" year="2004">
|
||
Amiet
|
||
<emphasis id="B3BA1C18FFAAFFB6FF414C3AFEBA2069" box="[228,277,1853,1878]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="411">et al</emphasis>
|
||
., 2004
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E55FBDFBFFAAFFB6FED74C39FDE62069" author="Sedivy" box="[370,585,1853,1878]" pageId="3" pageNumber="411" refString="Sedivy, C., Praz, C. J., Muller, A., Widmer, A. & Dorn, S. (2008) Patterns of host-plant choice in bees of the genus Chelostoma: the constraint hypothesis of host-range evolution in bees. Evolution, 62, 2487 - 2507. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1558 - 5646.2008.00465. x" type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
Sedivy
|
||
<emphasis id="B3BA1C18FFAAFFB6FE624C3AFE562069" box="[455,505,1853,1878]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="411">et al</emphasis>
|
||
., 2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E55FBDFBFFAAFFB6FDF14C39FCAE2069" author="Westrich" box="[596,769,1853,1878]" pageId="3" pageNumber="411" refString="Westrich, P. (1989) Die Wildbienen Baden-Wurttembergs. Ulmer, Stuttgart, 972 pp." type="book" year="1989">Westrich, 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In fact, the species epithet “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="46CEBB89FFAAFFB6FBE94C39FB152069" box="[1100,1210,1853,1878]" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Heriades" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="411" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rapunculi">rapunculi</taxonomicName>
|
||
” and the vernacular name “Hériade de la raiponce” both given by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E55FBDFBFFAAFFB6FD044C65FCCB2045" author="Lepeletier" box="[673,868,1889,1914]" pageId="3" pageNumber="411" refString="Lepeletier, A. (1841) Histoire Naturelle des Insectes. Hymenopteres. Vol. 2. Roret, Paris, 680 pp." type="book" year="1841">Lepeletier (1841)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
refer to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="46CEBB89FFAAFFB6FC624C65FB982045" box="[967,1079,1889,1914]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Campanulaceae" genus="Phyteuma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="3" pageNumber="411" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B3BA1C18FFAAFFB6FC624C65FB982045" box="[967,1079,1889,1914]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="411">Phyteuma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, suggesting that flowers of this
|
||
<taxonomicName id="46CEBB89FFAAFFB6FF324C81FEE720A1" box="[151,328,1925,1950]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Campanulaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="3" pageNumber="411" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Campanulaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
genus might occasionally be exploited by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="46CEBB89FFAAFFB6FC834C82FC1B20A1" box="[806,948,1925,1950]" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Heriades" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="411" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rapunculi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B3BA1C18FFAAFFB6FC834C82FC1B20A1" box="[806,948,1925,1950]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="411">C. rapunculi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in addition to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="46CEBB89FFAAFFB6FBF24C81FB7520A1" box="[1111,1242,1925,1950]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Campanulaceae" genus="Campanula" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="3" pageNumber="411" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B3BA1C18FFAAFFB6FBF24C81FB7520A1" box="[1111,1242,1925,1950]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="411">Campanula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="D5B19082FFADFFB1FF324C12FEA12098" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238287/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="412" targetBox="[151,1435,195,1788]" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph id="8171C00AFFADFFB1FF324C12FEA12098" blockId="4.[151,1436,1814,1959]" pageId="4" pageNumber="412">
|
||
<emphasis id="B3BA1C18FFADFFB1FF324C12FE9E2013" bold="true" box="[151,305,1814,1836]" pageId="4" pageNumber="412">FIGURE 1–4.</emphasis>
|
||
1:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="46CEBB89FFADFFB1FEF94C12FDEB2013" box="[348,580,1814,1836]" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Chelostoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="412" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rapunculi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B3BA1C18FFADFFB1FEF94C12FDEB2013" box="[348,580,1814,1836]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="412">Chelostoma rapunculi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, brood cells with larval provisions consisting of purple
|
||
<taxonomicName id="46CEBB89FFADFFB1FB0F4C12FA8F2013" box="[1194,1312,1814,1836]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Campanulaceae" genus="Campanula" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="4" pageNumber="412" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B3BA1C18FFADFFB1FB0F4C12FA8F2013" box="[1194,1312,1814,1836]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="412">Campanula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
pollen and separated from each other by partitions made of mud (Photo W. van der Smissen). 2:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="46CEBB89FFADFFB1FC5D4C31FB752074" box="[1016,1242,1845,1867]" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Chelostoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="412" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rapunculi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B3BA1C18FFADFFB1FC5D4C31FB752074" box="[1016,1242,1845,1867]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="412">Chelostoma rapunculi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, nest plug made of mud with pebbles and sand grains embedded into its outer surface (Photo W. van der Smissen). 3:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="46CEBB89FFADFFB1FB144C50FA3A2055" box="[1201,1429,1876,1898]" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Chelostoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="412" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rapunculi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B3BA1C18FFADFFB1FB144C50FA3A2055" box="[1201,1429,1876,1898]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="412">Chelostoma rapunculi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, pollen-collecting female on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="46CEBB89FFADFFB1FE1F4C76FD0520B7" box="[442,682,1906,1928]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Campanulaceae" genus="Campanula" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="4" pageNumber="412" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rapunculus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B3BA1C18FFADFFB1FE1F4C76FD0520B7" box="[442,682,1906,1928]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="412">Campanula rapunculus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Photo A. Krebs). 4:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="46CEBB89FFADFFB1FC2A4C76FBDD20B7" box="[911,1138,1906,1928]" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Chelostoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="412" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rapunculi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B3BA1C18FFADFFB1FC2A4C76FBDD20B7" box="[911,1138,1906,1928]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="412">Chelostoma rapunculi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, male sleeping attached to a grass spike.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="D5B19082FFACFFB0FF324E42FEF622A5" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238288/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="413" targetBox="[153,1433,193,1328]" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph id="8171C00AFFACFFB0FF324E42FEF622A5" blockId="5.[151,1435,1350,1434]" pageId="5" pageNumber="413">
|
||
<emphasis id="B3BA1C18FFACFFB0FF324E42FE952263" bold="true" box="[151,314,1350,1372]" pageId="5" pageNumber="413">FIGURE 5–10.</emphasis>
|
||
5:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="46CEBB89FFACFFB0FEF94E42FD9F2263" box="[348,560,1350,1372]" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Chelostoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="413" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="clypeale">
|
||
<emphasis id="B3BA1C18FFACFFB0FEF94E42FD9F2263" box="[348,560,1350,1372]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="413">Chelostoma clypeale</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, head of female. 6:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="46CEBB89FFACFFB0FCA54E42FC7B2263" box="[768,980,1350,1372]" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Chelostoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="413" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="clypeale">
|
||
<emphasis id="B3BA1C18FFACFFB0FCA54E42FC7B2263" box="[768,980,1350,1372]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="413">Chelostoma clypeale</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: terga 4–7 of male. 7:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="46CEBB89FFACFFB0FB644E42FA3A2263" box="[1217,1429,1350,1372]" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Chelostoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="413" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="clypeale">
|
||
<emphasis id="B3BA1C18FFACFFB0FB644E42FA3A2263" box="[1217,1429,1350,1372]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="413">Chelostoma clypeale</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, sterna 2–4 of male. 8:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="46CEBB89FFACFFB0FE254E61FDE52244" box="[384,586,1381,1403]" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Chelostoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="413" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tonsum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B3BA1C18FFACFFB0FE254E61FDE52244" box="[384,586,1381,1403]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="413">Chelostoma tonsum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, head of male. 9:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="46CEBB89FFACFFB0FCAD4E61FC7E2244" box="[776,977,1381,1403]" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Chelostoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="413" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tonsum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B3BA1C18FFACFFB0FCAD4E61FC7E2244" box="[776,977,1381,1403]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="413">Chelostoma tonsum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, terga 4–7 of male. 10:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="46CEBB89FFACFFB0FB694E61FA3A2244" box="[1228,1429,1381,1403]" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Chelostoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="413" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tonsum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B3BA1C18FFACFFB0FB694E61FA3A2244" box="[1228,1429,1381,1403]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="413">Chelostoma tonsum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, sterna 2–3 of male.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8171C00AFFACFFB0FF624EC0FC2121AF" blockId="5.[151,1436,1476,2005]" pageId="5" pageNumber="413">
|
||
<emphasis id="B3BA1C18FFACFFB0FF624EC0FE2B22E2" bold="true" box="[199,388,1476,1501]" pageId="5" pageNumber="413">Nesting biology.</emphasis>
|
||
Nesting sites are preexisting linear cavities such as insect burrows and drilled borings in dead wood or bark, hollow stems (e.g. reed, bamboo), drilled borings in stems or glas tubes (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E55FBDFBFFACFFB0FB344EE3FA9B213F" author="Benoist" box="[1169,1332,1511,1536]" pageId="5" pageNumber="413" refString="Benoist, R. (1929) Les Heriades de la faune francaise (Hym. Apidae). Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 98, 131 - 141." type="journal article" year="1929">Benoist, 1929</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E55FBDFBFFACFFB0FAE64EE3FF7C211A" author="Bonelli" pageId="5" pageNumber="413" refString="Bonelli, B. (1967) Osservazioni biologiche sugli imenotteri melliferi e predatori della Val di Fiemme. XVIII contributo. Studi Trentini di Scienze Naturali, B, 44, 14 - 29." type="journal article" year="1967">Bonelli, 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E55FBDFBFFACFFB0FF474D08FE21211A" author="Brechtel" box="[226,398,1548,1573]" pageId="5" pageNumber="413" refString="Brechtel, F. (1986) Die Stechimmenfauna des Bienwaldes und seiner Randbereiche (Sudpfalz) unter besonderer Berucksichtigung der Okologie kunstnestbewohnender Arten. Pollichia-Buch, 9, 1 - 282." type="journal article" year="1986">Brechtel, 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E55FBDFBFFACFFB0FE384D08FD94211B" author="Kapyla" box="[413,571,1548,1573]" pageId="5" pageNumber="413" refString="Kapyla, M. (1978) Bionomics of five wood-nesting solitary species of bees (Hym., Megachilidae), with emphasis on flower relationships. Biological Research Reports from the University of Jyvaskyla, 5, 1 - 8." type="journal article" year="1978">Käpylä, 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E55FBDFBFFACFFB0FDEE4D08FCC8211A" author="Ruszkowski" box="[587,871,1548,1573]" pageId="5" pageNumber="413" refString="Ruszkowski, A., Gosek, J. & Kuna, K. (1995) Selection of nesting sites by some species of Heriades Spin. and of Chelostoma Latr. and the structure of their nests. Pszczelnicze Zeszyty Naukowe, 39, 245 - 253." type="journal article" year="1995">
|
||
Ruszkowski
|
||
<emphasis id="B3BA1C18FFACFFB0FD7B4D09FCBC211A" box="[734,787,1548,1573]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="413">et al</emphasis>
|
||
., 1995
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Stoeckhert, 1933;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E55FBDFBFFACFFB0FBEE4D08FB53211B" author="Westrich" box="[1099,1276,1548,1573]" pageId="5" pageNumber="413" refString="Westrich, P. (1989) Die Wildbienen Baden-Wurttembergs. Ulmer, Stuttgart, 972 pp." type="book" year="1989">Westrich, 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Inside these narrow cavities, one to several brood cells are arranged in a linear series (
|
||
<figureCitation id="19F5DC8FFFACFFB0FC7D4D2BFBB52177" box="[984,1050,1583,1608]" captionStart="FIGURE 1 – 4. 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1814,1836]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,195,1788]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[150,1436,195,1790]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1 – 4. 1: Chelostoma rapunculi, brood cells with larval provisions consisting of purple Campanula pollen and separated from each other by partitions made of mud (Photo W. van der Smissen). 2: Chelostoma rapunculi, nest plug made of mud with pebbles and sand grains embedded into its outer surface (Photo W. van der Smissen). 3: Chelostoma rapunculi, pollen-collecting female on Campanula rapunculus (Photo A. Krebs). 4: Chelostoma rapunculi, male sleeping attached to a grass spike." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238287/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="413">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
). Cell partitions and nest plug are made of mud mixed with nectar and probably also saliva (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E55FBDFBFFACFFB0FC964D50FC4C2153" author="Westrich" box="[819,995,1620,1645]" pageId="5" pageNumber="413" refString="Westrich, P. (1989) Die Wildbienen Baden-Wurttembergs. Ulmer, Stuttgart, 972 pp." type="book" year="1989">Westrich, 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Small pebbles, sand grains and other particles are embedded in the outer surface of the nest plug (
|
||
<figureCitation id="19F5DC8FFFACFFB0FC9E4D73FC2F21AF" box="[827,896,1655,1680]" captionStart="FIGURE 1 – 4. 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1814,1836]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,195,1788]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[150,1436,195,1790]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1 – 4. 1: Chelostoma rapunculi, brood cells with larval provisions consisting of purple Campanula pollen and separated from each other by partitions made of mud (Photo W. van der Smissen). 2: Chelostoma rapunculi, nest plug made of mud with pebbles and sand grains embedded into its outer surface (Photo W. van der Smissen). 3: Chelostoma rapunculi, pollen-collecting female on Campanula rapunculus (Photo A. Krebs). 4: Chelostoma rapunculi, male sleeping attached to a grass spike." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238287/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="413">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8171C00AFFACFFB0FF624D98FA3320EB" blockId="5.[151,1436,1476,2005]" pageId="5" pageNumber="413">
|
||
<emphasis id="B3BA1C18FFACFFB0FF624D98FEA9218A" bold="true" box="[199,262,1692,1717]" pageId="5" pageNumber="413">Note.</emphasis>
|
||
The shape of male tergum 7 was hitherto assumed to be the only reliable character for the discrimination of the widespread
|
||
<taxonomicName id="46CEBB89FFACFFB0FEDC4DC4FDA221E7" box="[377,525,1727,1752]" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Chelostoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="413" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rapunculi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B3BA1C18FFACFFB0FEDC4DC4FDA221E7" box="[377,525,1727,1752]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="413">C. rapunculi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="46CEBB89FFACFFB0FDFA4DC4FD5E21E7" box="[607,753,1728,1752]" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Chelostoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="413" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="confusum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B3BA1C18FFACFFB0FDFA4DC4FD5E21E7" box="[607,753,1728,1752]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="413">C. confusum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="46CEBB89FFACFFB0FC904DC4FC6221E7" box="[821,973,1728,1752]" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Chelostoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="413" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="proximum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B3BA1C18FFACFFB0FC904DC4FC6221E7" box="[821,973,1728,1752]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="413">C. proximum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which have been described based on specimens collected in northern Africa and the Caucasus, respectively. The examination of a large number of specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="46CEBB89FFACFFB0FE914C0CFE6C201F" box="[308,451,1799,1824]" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Chelostoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="413" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rapunculi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B3BA1C18FFACFFB0FE914C0CFE6C201F" box="[308,451,1799,1824]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="413">C. rapunculi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, however, revealed a considerable intraspecific variability in the shape of tergum 7 on the one hand and gradual transitions in the shape of tergum 7 between these taxa on the other hand. Specifically, i) the lower median tooth of tergum 7 gradually gets narrower and shorter towards northern Africa and the Levant resulting in the relatively small lower tooth considered typical for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="46CEBB89FFACFFB0FC014C71FB9C20B3" box="[932,1075,1908,1932]" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Chelostoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="413" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="confusum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B3BA1C18FFACFFB0FC014C71FB9C20B3" box="[932,1075,1908,1932]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="413">C. confusum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and ii) the upper lateral teeth gradually get wider and increasingly fuse with each other and with the lower median tooth towards eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F9D9809AFFACFFB0FAE94C93FA33208F" box="[1356,1436,1943,1968]" name="Turkey" pageId="5" pageNumber="413">Turkey</collectingCountry>
|
||
and the Caucasus resulting in the straight transverse apical margin of tergum 7 considered typical for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="46CEBB89FFACFFB0FAA14CB9FA3B20EB" box="[1284,1428,1981,2004]" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Chelostoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="413" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="proximum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B3BA1C18FFACFFB0FAA14CB9FA3B20EB" box="[1284,1428,1981,2004]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="413">C. proximum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8171C00AFFAFFFB3FF324B9CFEFE2622" blockId="6.[151,1436,151,285]" pageId="6" pageNumber="414">
|
||
Due to this clinal variation, which eliminates the morphological gaps previously assumed to exist between the three taxa, and the absence of any other clear characters separating
|
||
<taxonomicName id="46CEBB89FFAFFFB3FCEF4BB9FC7827EA" box="[842,983,188,213]" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Chelostoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="414" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rapunculi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B3BA1C18FFAFFFB3FCEF4BB9FC7827EA" box="[842,983,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="414">C. rapunculi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="46CEBB89FFAFFFB3FC404BB9FBDF27EB" box="[997,1136,188,212]" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Chelostoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="414" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="confusum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B3BA1C18FFAFFFB3FC404BB9FBDF27EB" box="[997,1136,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="414">C. confusum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="46CEBB89FFAFFFB3FB024BB9FA9727EB" box="[1191,1336,189,212]" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Chelostoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="414" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="proximum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B3BA1C18FFAFFFB3FB024BB9FA9727EB" box="[1191,1336,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="414">C. proximum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in either sexes, these three taxa are considered here to be conspecific, representing a single widespread and morphologically variable species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |