578 lines
67 KiB
XML
578 lines
67 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="AFE5E4961F19BFA9DA185D1318F979A5">Catalogue of New Zealand land, freshwater and estuarine molluscan taxa named by Frederick Wollaston Hutton between 1879 and 1904</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="42D8D520CC6855D1C1CE4C603E130A05">Brook, Fred J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="768AE1A78A14CB559D0E3D63610B1F6A">Kennedy, Martyn</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="B5A042DE5F24563F35B168DC6964FC3D" type="email">martyn.kennedy@otago.ac.nz</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:name id="C20D31759C8100823502B56C663CB4A6" type="personal">
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="7203B00D6A940F51B3A2446E6699D7EE">King, Tania M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="C2739F45FC7187C6BEBA8A54CDEA2F70" type="email">tania.king@otago.ac.nz</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:roleTerm id="D1F682B1933012EFF399291268287166">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="A795EB1E3925EE6E9D5DC10A1B3C95B4">Ridden, Johnathon</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="684E8C06DD0417D6940F421F245A2393" type="email">idden@canterburymuseum.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="3AFAB44F0930676B06BBA9F47A8328A9">Shaw, Matthew D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="B5F192FA456459500B708A250CBE5259" type="email">matthew.shaw@samuseum.sa.gov.au</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="9B714BA17F96B189C5BDAF5D854A0474">Spencer, Hamish G.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="F2B80531A381385169C637AD2C0CD091" type="email">hamish.spencer@otago.ac.nz</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="3B19087A20C2F6C267DF968CB350DF76">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="E37327E4A346AD99B29F48FE95EFD4BD">
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<mods:date id="39B797C920CE529C25834E83D4ADDDCF">2020</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="B360A39C21408707CE34AA172C087588">2020-10-22</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="B224C2BEBA474C0758A1ADDBA2F82AE2">4865</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="3A3151146B9470C58FD06836B4BFCDDC" type="CLB-Dataset">9033</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="01DBBBA69B99371D0795E0C1AD390831" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4865.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="26A44FE09CFE868058E18B170F17C55C" type="GBIF-Dataset">9f7f6969-7f7b-4ab8-8861-1b5c1a647233</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="2FA470441AA3A1EB09F1260C90EFD5BE" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="4668332E56D147B039F29DE327758D41" type="Zenodo-Dep">4428428</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="5A8D8DA02868B5904725B8FA7CD1181B" type="ZooBank">039515F7-5688-400B-A5B6-CFF8618C248F</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="AD3987E6FA1EFFFC50B6FEA9FB0CBDD7" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4428535" ID-GBIF-Taxon="176439943" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4428535" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AD3987E6FA1EFFFC50B6FEA9FB0CBDD7" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/AD3987E6FA1EFFFC50B6FEA9FB0CBDD7" lastPageId="45" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
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<subSubSection id="6D8A657BFA1EFFFD50B6FEA9FEB7BFB3" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" type="nomenclature">
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||
<paragraph id="252F36F0FA1EFFFD50B6FEA9FD80BF5E" blockId="44.[151,557,330,393]" box="[151,557,330,357]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
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<heading id="7E67819CFA1EFFFD50B6FEA9FD80BF5E" bold="true" box="[151,557,330,357]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" reason="4">
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||
<taxonomicName id="E2904D73FA1EFFFD50B6FEA9FD80BF5E" ID-CoL="BH83X" authority="Hutton, 1882" authorityName="Hutton" authorityYear="1882" box="[151,557,330,357]" class="Gastropoda" family="Punctidae" genus="Microphysa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pumila">
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||
<emphasis id="17E4EAE2FA1EFFFD50B6FEA9FD80BF5E" bold="true" box="[151,557,330,357]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
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||
<emphasis id="17E4EAE2FA1EFFFD50B6FEA9FE2EBF5F" bold="true" box="[151,387,330,357]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Microphysa pumila</emphasis>
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Hutton, 1882
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="252F36F0FA1EFFFD50B6FE8CFEB7BFB3" blockId="44.[151,557,330,393]" box="[151,282,366,393]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Pl. 5, fig. H</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="6D8A657BFA1EFFFD50B6FE57FD59BFF1" box="[151,756,435,459]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="252F36F0FA1EFFFD50B6FE57FD59BFF1" blockId="44.[151,756,435,459]" box="[151,756,435,459]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
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||
Hutton, 1882. The
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<collectingCountry id="5D877660FA1EFFFD5176FE57FE72BFF1" box="[343,479,435,459]" name="New Zealand" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
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Journal of Science, 1: 281.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="6D8A657BFA1EFFFD50B6FE1AFCADBDF9" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" type="materials_examined">
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||
<paragraph id="252F36F0FA1EFFFD50B6FE1AFDF2BC99" blockId="44.[151,1437,505,2008]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
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||
<emphasis id="17E4EAE2FA1EFFFD50B6FE1AFEE8BC29" bold="true" box="[151,325,505,531]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Type material.</emphasis>
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||
<materialsCitation id="95F83CADFA1EFFFD516DFE19FDF2BC99" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3012559322" collectionCode="CMNZ" county="Shell" location="Eyreton" municipality="Hutton's" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" specimenCode="M1393.2, M1393" specimenCount="2" stateProvince="Canterbury" typeStatus="lectotype">
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||
<typeStatus id="FA2B8852FA1EFFFD516DFE19FE11BC2E" box="[332,444,506,532]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" type="lectotype">Lectotype</typeStatus>
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||
(designated here),
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||
<collectionCode id="4381AE35FA1EFFFD52B2FE1AFD49BC29" box="[659,740,505,531]" country="New Zealand" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/n6z3-qvv0" name="Canterbury Museum" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">CMNZ</collectionCode>
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||
<specimenCode id="75369E8BFA1EFFFD52CAFE1AFCF9BC29" box="[747,852,505,531]" collectionCode="CMNZ" country="New Zealand" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/n6z3-qvv0" name="Canterbury Museum" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">M1393.2</specimenCode>
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||
, and
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||
<typeStatus id="FA2B8852FA1EFFFD53AEFE1AFB9CBC29" box="[911,1073,505,531]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" type="paralectotype">paralectotypes</typeStatus>
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||
(2),
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||
<collectionCode id="4381AE35FA1EFFFD5447FE1AFB1ABC29" box="[1126,1207,505,531]" country="New Zealand" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/n6z3-qvv0" name="Canterbury Museum" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">CMNZ</collectionCode>
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||
<specimenCode id="75369E8BFA1EFFFD549FFE1AFAA2BC29" box="[1214,1295,505,531]" collectionCode="CMNZ" country="New Zealand" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/n6z3-qvv0" name="Canterbury Museum" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">M1393</specimenCode>
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(dry shells).
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<collectingCounty id="CC4E4E7CFA1EFFFD50B6FDFEFF7CBC0D" box="[151,209,541,567]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Shell</collectingCounty>
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fragments mounted on a glass slide with the label details ‘
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||
<taxonomicName id="E2904D73FA1EFFFD537DFDFEFABDBC02" authority=", Christchurch, XV" authorityName="Christchurch, XV" box="[860,1296,541,568]" class="Gastropoda" family="Punctidae" genus="Microphysa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pumila">Microphysa pumila, Christchurch, XV</taxonomicName>
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p. 134, XVI p. 166’, in
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<collectingMunicipality id="C54BAC8AFA1EFFFD5133FDA2FEDFBC61" box="[274,370,577,603]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Hutton’s</collectingMunicipality>
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handwriting (i.e.,
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<collectionCode id="4381AE35FA1EFFFD5262FDA2FD39BC61" box="[579,660,577,603]" country="New Zealand" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/n6z3-qvv0" name="Canterbury Museum" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">CMNZ</collectionCode>
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2017.17.106–2017.17.107), are probably also primary type material. Type material from
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<location id="204F602BFA1EFFFD5154FD85FE7CBCBA" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AD3987E6FA1EFFFC50B6FEA9FB0CBDD7:204F602BFA1EFFFD5154FD85FE7CBCBA" box="[373,465,614,640]" county="Shell" municipality="Hutton's" name="Eyreton" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" stateProvince="Canterbury">Eyreton</location>
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,
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||
<location id="204F602BFA1EFFFD51FAFD86FDB1BC45" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AD3987E6FA1EFFFC50B6FEA9FB0CBDD7:204F602BFA1EFFFD51FAFD86FDB1BC45" box="[475,540,613,639]" county="Shell" municipality="Hutton's" name="North" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" stateProvince="Canterbury">North</location>
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||
<collectingRegion id="E754F812FA1EFFFD5202FD86FD0CBC45" box="[547,673,613,639]" country="New Zealand" name="Canterbury" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Canterbury</collectingRegion>
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(see below), was not found during a search of the
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<collectionCode id="4381AE35FA1EFFFD54F3FD86FA8EBC45" box="[1234,1315,613,639]" country="New Zealand" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/n6z3-qvv0" name="Canterbury Museum" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">CMNZ</collectionCode>
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molluscan collection in 2017 and is apparently lost.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="252F36F0FA1EFFFD50E6FD4EFB73BCFD" blockId="44.[151,1437,505,2008]" box="[199,1246,685,712]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
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||
<emphasis id="17E4EAE2FA1EFFFD50E6FD4EFEC5BCFD" bold="true" box="[199,360,685,711]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Label details.</emphasis>
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||
<collectionCode id="4381AE35FA1EFFFD514FFD4EFE12BCFD" box="[366,447,685,711]" country="New Zealand" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/n6z3-qvv0" name="Canterbury Museum" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">CMNZ</collectionCode>
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M1393—‘Christchurch, J.F. Armstrong’. Hutton coll. pillbox no. 113’.
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</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="252F36F0FA1EFFFD50E6FD32FEA7BD35" blockId="44.[151,1437,505,2008]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="95F83CADFA1EFFFD50E6FD32FEACBD35" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3012559360" collectionCode="CMNZ" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" specimenCount="3">
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||
<emphasis id="17E4EAE2FA1EFFFD50E6FD32FDDDBCD1" bold="true" box="[199,624,721,747]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
|
||
<collectionCode id="4381AE35FA1EFFFD50E6FD32FEB0BCD1" box="[199,285,721,747]" country="New Zealand" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/n6z3-qvv0" name="Canterbury Museum" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">CMNZ</collectionCode>
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molluscan catalogue details.
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</emphasis>
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M1393—‘
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<taxonomicName id="E2904D73FA1EFFFD52C6FD32FB6ABCD1" authority="Hutton, Christchurch" authorityName="Hutton, Christchurch" box="[743,1223,721,748]" class="Gastropoda" family="Punctidae" genus="Phrixgnathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pumila">Phrixgnathus pumila Hutton, Christchurch</taxonomicName>
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||
(
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||
<specimenCount id="3396FD79FA1EFFFD54F7FD32FACCBCD6" box="[1238,1377,721,748]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" type="generic">3 specimens</specimenCount>
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||
) (old No. 113)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
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||
’.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="252F36F0FA1EFFFD50E6FCFAFC2EBD62" blockId="44.[151,1437,505,2008]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
|
||
<emphasis id="17E4EAE2FA1EFFFD50E6FCFAFEC7BD09" bold="true" box="[199,362,793,819]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
|
||
<typeStatus id="FA2B8852FA1EFFFD50E6FCFAFEAFBD09" box="[199,258,793,819]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Type</typeStatus>
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locality.
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</emphasis>
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‘North
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<collectingRegion id="E754F812FA1EFFFD51ECFCFAFDE6BD09" box="[461,587,793,819]" country="New Zealand" name="Canterbury" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Canterbury</collectingRegion>
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||
(C. Chilton)’ (
|
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<bibRefCitation id="41014B01FA1EFFFD52DCFCFAFC4CBD09" author="Hutton, F. W." box="[765,993,793,819]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="281 - 282" refId="ref62920" refString="Hutton, F. W. (1882 p) Meetings of Societies, Philosophical Institute of Canterbury. Christchurch, 7 th September, 1882. Descriptions of new land shells. The New Zealand Journal of Science, 1 (6), 281 - 282. [November]" type="book chapter" year="1882">Hutton 1882p: 281</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); ‘Eyreton, North
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||
<collectingRegion id="E754F812FA1EFFFD549DFCFAFA97BD09" box="[1212,1338,793,819]" country="New Zealand" name="Canterbury" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Canterbury</collectingRegion>
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||
(Mr. C. Chilton), Christchurch (Mr. J. F. Armstrong)’ (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="41014B01FA1EFFFD52BCFCDEFCDABD62" author="Hutton, F. W." box="[669,887,829,856]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="134 - 141" refId="ref63079" refString="Hutton, F. W. (1883 d) Descriptions of new land shells. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 15, 134 - 141. [May]" type="journal article" year="1883">Hutton 1883d: 135</bibRefCitation>
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||
).
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="252F36F0FA1EFFFD50E6FC82FCADBDF9" blockId="44.[151,1437,505,2008]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
|
||
<emphasis id="17E4EAE2FA1EFFFD50E6FC82FD20BD41" bold="true" box="[199,653,865,891]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
|
||
Previous illustrations of
|
||
<typeStatus id="FA2B8852FA1EFFFD51C9FC82FDB6BD41" box="[488,539,865,891]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">type</typeStatus>
|
||
material.
|
||
</emphasis>
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Radula teeth illustrated by
|
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<bibRefCitation id="41014B01FA1EFFFD539CFC81FBC8BD41" author="Hutton, F. W." box="[957,1125,865,892]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="161 - 186" refId="ref63419" refString="Hutton, F. W. (1884 b) Notes on New Zealand land shells. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 16, 161 - 186. [May]" type="journal article" year="1884">Hutton (1884b</bibRefCitation>
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: pl. 9, fig. Q) probably from
|
||
<typeStatus id="FA2B8852FA1EFFFD50B6FC65FF6ABD9A" box="[151,199,902,928]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">type</typeStatus>
|
||
material; shell(s) illustrated by Pilsbry (1892 [in 1892–1893]: pl. 23, figs. 97–99, ‘H. Suter, del.’) and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="41014B01FA1EFFFD5540FC66FF70BDFE" author="Suter, H." pageId="44" pageNumber="45" refId="ref69552" refString="Suter, H. (1915) Manual of the New Zealand Mollusca, Atlas of Plates. MacKay, Government Printer, Wellington, 72 pls." type="book" year="1915">Suter (1915</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: pl. 9, figs. 24, a, b) may be from the
|
||
<typeStatus id="FA2B8852FA1EFFFD52A0FC49FD1CBDFE" box="[641,689,938,964]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">type</typeStatus>
|
||
series.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="6D8A657BFA1EFFFC50E6FC2EFB0CBDD7" lastPageId="45" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="252F36F0FA1EFFFD50E6FC2EFD0ABB81" blockId="44.[151,1437,505,2008]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
|
||
<emphasis id="17E4EAE2FA1EFFFD50E6FC2EFE96BDDD" bold="true" box="[199,315,973,999]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
Hutton submitted a description of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E2904D73FA1EFFFD52F1FC2EFCF8BDDD" box="[720,853,973,999]" class="Gastropoda" family="Punctidae" genus="Microphysa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="17E4EAE2FA1EFFFD52F1FC2EFCF8BDDD" box="[720,853,973,999]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Microphysa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(?)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E2904D73FA1EFFFD53A6FC2EFC78BDDD" box="[903,981,973,999]" class="Gastropoda" family="Punctidae" genus="Phrixgnathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pumila">
|
||
<emphasis id="17E4EAE2FA1EFFFD53A6FC2EFC78BDDD" box="[903,981,973,999]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">pumila</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to the Transactions and Proceedings of the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="5D877660FA1EFFFD50E3FC11FEF7BA31" box="[194,346,1009,1036]" name="New Zealand" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
Institute issue for 1882, but publication was delayed until
|
||
<date id="512E1030FA1EFFFD53DCFC11FBDCBA31" box="[1021,1137,1009,1036]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" value="1883-05">May 1883</date>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="41014B01FA1EFFFD54A3FC12FAF3BA31" author="Hutton, F. W." box="[1154,1374,1009,1035]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="134 - 141" refId="ref63079" refString="Hutton, F. W. (1883 d) Descriptions of new land shells. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 15, 134 - 141. [May]" type="journal article" year="1883">Hutton 1883d: 134</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and was pre-empted by his brief description of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E2904D73FA1EFFFD52AFFBF6FCC6BA15" box="[654,875,1045,1071]" class="Gastropoda" family="Punctidae" genus="Microphysa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pumila">
|
||
<emphasis id="17E4EAE2FA1EFFFD52AFFBF6FCC6BA15" box="[654,875,1045,1071]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Microphysa pumila</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in an account of a meeting of the Philosophical Institute of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E754F812FA1EFFFD5139FBDAFE3BBA69" box="[280,406,1081,1107]" country="New Zealand" name="Canterbury" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Canterbury</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="41014B01FA1EFFFD5184FBDAFDD3BA69" author="Hutton, F. W." box="[421,638,1081,1107]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="281 - 282" refId="ref62920" refString="Hutton, F. W. (1882 p) Meetings of Societies, Philosophical Institute of Canterbury. Christchurch, 7 th September, 1882. Descriptions of new land shells. The New Zealand Journal of Science, 1 (6), 281 - 282. [November]" type="book chapter" year="1882">Hutton 1882p: 281</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). There has been confusion over the nomenclature of this taxon in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="5D877660FA1EFFFD5546FBD9FF59BA4D" name="New Zealand" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and it has appeared under several different species names. Examination of
|
||
<typeStatus id="FA2B8852FA1EFFFD5466FBBDFBDABA42" box="[1095,1143,1118,1144]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">type</typeStatus>
|
||
material indicates that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E2904D73FA1EFFFD555FFBBDFF48BAA1" class="Gastropoda" family="Punctidae" genus="Microphysa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pumila">
|
||
<emphasis id="17E4EAE2FA1EFFFD555FFBBDFF48BAA1" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">M. pumila</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is conspecific with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E2904D73FA1EFFFD51E9FB62FC9ABAA6" authority="Reeve, 1852" authorityName="Reeve" authorityYear="1852" box="[456,823,1153,1180]" class="Gastropoda" family="Helicidae" genus="Helix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="caputspinulae">
|
||
<emphasis id="17E4EAE2FA1EFFFD51E9FB62FD07BAA1" box="[456,682,1153,1179]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Helix caputspinulae</emphasis>
|
||
Reeve,1852
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E2904D73FA1EFFFD534FFB61FB25BAA6" authority="Pfeiffer, 1853" authorityName="Pfeiffer" authorityYear="1853" box="[878,1160,1153,1180]" class="Gastropoda" family="Helicidae" genus="Helix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="epsilon">
|
||
<emphasis id="17E4EAE2FA1EFFFD534FFB61FC2FBAA1" box="[878,898,1154,1179]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">H</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="17E4EAE2FA1EFFFD53B3FB62FC4EBAA1" box="[914,995,1153,1179]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">epsilon</emphasis>
|
||
Pfeiffer, 1853
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, both based on the same
|
||
<typeStatus id="FA2B8852FA1EFFFD50B6FB45FF6ABAFA" box="[151,199,1190,1216]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">type</typeStatus>
|
||
material from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="5D877660FA1EFFFD5159FB45FDBCBA85" box="[376,529,1189,1216]" name="New Zealand" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
in the Cuming collection (NHMUK 1962724:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="41014B01FA1EFFFD5414FB46FAF1BAFA" author="Brook, F. J. & Ablett, J. D." box="[1077,1372,1189,1216]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="1 - 117" refId="ref57735" refString="Brook, F. J. & Ablett, J. D. (2019) Type material of land snails (Mollusca: Gastropoda) described from New Zealand by taxonomists in Europe and North America between 1830 and 1934, and the history of research on the New Zealand land snail fauna from 1824 to 1917. Zootaxa, 4697 (1), 1 - 117. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4697.1.1" type="journal article" year="2019">Brook & Ablett 2019: 69</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E2904D73FA1EFFFD50F3FB2AFDF6BAD9" authority="Iredale, 1913" authorityName="Iredale" authorityYear="1913" box="[210,603,1225,1251]" class="Gastropoda" family="Punctidae" genus="Paralaoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="ambigua">
|
||
<emphasis id="17E4EAE2FA1EFFFD50F3FB2AFE11BAD9" box="[210,444,1225,1251]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Paralaoma ambigua</emphasis>
|
||
Iredale, 1913
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(CMNZ M4974) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E2904D73FA1EFFFD537CFB29FB22BAD9" authority="Iredale, 1913" authorityName="Iredale" authorityYear="1913" box="[861,1167,1225,1251]" class="Gastropoda" family="Punctidae" genus="Paralaoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="raoulensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="17E4EAE2FA1EFFFD537CFB29FC5DBAD9" box="[861,1008,1225,1251]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">P. raoulensis</emphasis>
|
||
Iredale, 1913
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(CMNZ M5000), from Raoul Island, Kermadec Islands. Reeve’s species name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E2904D73FA1EFFFD5330FB0EFC03BB3D" authorityName="Reeve" authorityYear="1852" box="[785,942,1261,1287]" class="Gastropoda" family="Helicidae" genus="Helix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="caputspinulae">
|
||
<emphasis id="17E4EAE2FA1EFFFD5330FB0EFC03BB3D" box="[785,942,1261,1287]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">caputspinulae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was misapplied by some (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="41014B01FA1EFFFD5538FB0EFF69BB16" author="Suter, H." pageId="44" pageNumber="45" refId="ref69528" refString="Suter, H. (1913) Manual of the New Zealand Mollusca. MacKay, Government Printer, Wellington, 1120 pp." type="book" year="1913">Suter 1913: 715</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="41014B01FA1EFFFD50F0FAF2FE3BBB11" author="Climo, F. M." box="[209,406,1297,1323]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="285 - 366" refId="ref58593" refString="Climo, F. M. (1970) Classification of New Zealand Arionacea (Mollusca: Pulmonata) III. A revision of the genera Charopa Albers, 1860 (excluding subgenus Ptychodon Ancey, 1888), Phenacharopa Pilsbry, 1893 and Flammocharopa n. gen (Endodontidae: Endodontinae). Records of the Dominion Museum, 6, 285 - 366." type="journal article" year="1970">Climo 1970: 330</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="41014B01FA1EFFFD5182FAF2FDC0BB11" author="Powell, A. W. B." box="[419,621,1297,1323]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" refId="ref67797" refString="Powell, A. W. B. (1979) New Zealand Mollusca: Marine, Land and Freshwater Shells. Collins, Auckland, xiv + 500 pp." type="book" year="1979">Powell 1979: 309</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) to material of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E2904D73FA1EFFFD5303FAF2FB9FBB16" authority="Pfeiffer, 1853" authorityName="Pfeiffer" authorityYear="1853" box="[802,1074,1297,1324]" class="Gastropoda" family="Helicidae" genus="Helix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="eta">
|
||
<emphasis id="17E4EAE2FA1EFFFD5303FAF2FC27BB11" box="[802,906,1297,1323]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Helix eta</emphasis>
|
||
Pfeiffer, 1853
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E2904D73FA1EFFFD5451FAF1FA9FBB11" authorityName="Reeve" authorityYear="1852" box="[1136,1330,1297,1324]" class="Gastropoda" family="Helicidae" genus="Helix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="caputspinulae">
|
||
<emphasis id="17E4EAE2FA1EFFFD5451FAF1FB29BB11" box="[1136,1156,1298,1323]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">H</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="17E4EAE2FA1EFFFD54B4FAF2FA9FBB11" box="[1173,1330,1297,1323]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">caputspinulae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was also designated as the
|
||
<typeStatus id="FA2B8852FA1EFFFD517FFAD5FE23BB6A" box="[350,398,1334,1360]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">type</typeStatus>
|
||
of subgenus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E2904D73FA1EFFFD5202FAD6FC93BB75" authority=", Powell, 1939" authorityName="Powell" authorityYear="1939" box="[547,830,1333,1360]" class="Gastropoda" family="Charopidae" genus="Subfectola" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="17E4EAE2FA1EFFFD5202FAD6FD34BB75" box="[547,665,1333,1359]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Subfectola</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="41014B01FA1EFFFD5289FAD6FC93BB75" author="Powell, A. W. B." box="[680,830,1333,1359]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="211 - 238" refId="ref67404" refString="Powell, A. W. B. (1939) The Mollusca of Stewart Island. Records of the Auckland Institute and Museum, 2, 211 - 238." type="journal article" year="1939">Powell, 1939</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, based on material of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E2904D73FA1EFFFD5414FAD5FAB6BB6A" authority="Pfeiffer, 1853" authorityName="Pfeiffer" authorityYear="1853" box="[1077,1307,1333,1360]" class="Gastropoda" family="Helicidae" genus="Helix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="eta">
|
||
<emphasis id="17E4EAE2FA1EFFFD5414FAD5FBE4BB75" box="[1077,1097,1334,1359]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">H</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="17E4EAE2FA1EFFFD5476FAD5FBD4BB75" box="[1111,1145,1334,1359]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">eta</emphasis>
|
||
Pfeiffer, 1853
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="41014B01FA1EFFFD5577FAD6FF43BB49" author="Climo, F. M." pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="9 - 15" refId="ref58908" refString="Climo, F. M. (1981) Classification of New Zealand Arionacea (Mollusca: Pulmonata). VIII. Notes on some charopid species, with descriptions of new taxa (Charopidae). Records of the National Museum of New Zealand, 2, 9 - 15." type="journal article" year="1981">Climo 1981: 9</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="41014B01FA1EFFFD50D8FABAFE74BB4E" author="Goulstone, J. F." box="[249,473,1369,1396]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="63 - 90" refId="ref61009" refString="Goulstone, J. F. (1995) Five new species of Climocella n. gen. (Punctoidea: Charopidae). Records of the Auckland Institute and Museum, 32, 63 - 90." type="journal article" year="1995">Goulstone 1995: 63</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="41014B01FA1EFFFD51CCFABAFD34BB49" author="Climo, F. M." box="[493,665,1369,1395]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="9 - 15" refId="ref58908" refString="Climo, F. M. (1981) Classification of New Zealand Arionacea (Mollusca: Pulmonata). VIII. Notes on some charopid species, with descriptions of new taxa (Charopidae). Records of the National Museum of New Zealand, 2, 9 - 15." type="journal article" year="1981">Climo (1981: 9</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 10) re-examined the
|
||
<typeStatus id="FA2B8852FA1EFFFD53ADFAB9FC11BB4E" box="[908,956,1370,1396]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">type</typeStatus>
|
||
material of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E2904D73FA1EFFFD5465FAB9FA35BB4E" authority="Reeve, 1852" authorityName="Reeve" authorityYear="1852" box="[1092,1432,1369,1396]" class="Gastropoda" family="Helicidae" genus="Helix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="caputspinulae">
|
||
<emphasis id="17E4EAE2FA1EFFFD5465FAB9FBF5BB49" box="[1092,1112,1370,1395]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">H</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="17E4EAE2FA1EFFFD5447FABAFAAEBB49" box="[1126,1283,1369,1395]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">caputspinulae</emphasis>
|
||
Reeve, 1852
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and noted that it was conspecific with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E2904D73FA1EFFFD526FFA9EFC44BBAD" authority="Iredale, 1913" authorityName="Iredale" authorityYear="1913" box="[590,1001,1405,1431]" class="Gastropoda" family="Punctidae" genus="Paralaoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="raoulensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="17E4EAE2FA1EFFFD526FFA9EFCE4BBAD" box="[590,841,1405,1431]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Paralaoma raoulensis</emphasis>
|
||
Iredale, 1913
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the
|
||
<typeStatus id="FA2B8852FA1EFFFD5401FA9DFBFDBBA2" box="[1056,1104,1406,1432]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">type</typeStatus>
|
||
of genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E2904D73FA1EFFFD54E0FA9EFF62BB81" authority="Iredale, 1913" authorityName="Iredale" authorityYear="1913" class="Gastropoda" family="Punctidae" genus="Paralaoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="17E4EAE2FA1EFFFD54E0FA9EFA92BBAD" box="[1217,1343,1405,1431]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Paralaoma</emphasis>
|
||
Iredale, 1913
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(subsequent designation of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="41014B01FA1EFFFD5228FA42FD37BB81" author="Iredale, T." box="[521,666,1441,1467]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="287 - 333" refId="ref64851" refString="Iredale, T. (1937) A basic list of the land Mollusca of Australia (Part 1). The Australian Zoologist, 8, 287 - 333." type="journal article" year="1937">Iredale 1937</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="252F36F0FA1EFFFC50E6FA26FB68BD9F" blockId="44.[151,1437,505,2008]" lastBlockId="45.[151,1437,151,1005]" lastPageId="45" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="41014B01FA1EFFFD50E6FA26FEDBBBDA" author="Roth, B." box="[199,374,1477,1504]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="95 - 96" refId="ref68270" refString="Roth, B. (1987) " Punctum pusillum " (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Punctidae) - a correction. Veliger, 30, 95 - 96." type="journal article" year="1987">Roth (1987: 95</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 96) interpreted
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E2904D73FA1EFFFD5213FA26FC53BBDA" authority="(Reeve, 1852)" baseAuthorityName="Reeve" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[562,1022,1477,1504]" class="Gastropoda" family="Punctidae" genus="Paralaoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="caputspinulae">
|
||
<emphasis id="17E4EAE2FA1EFFFD5213FA26FCFBBBE5" box="[562,854,1477,1503]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Paralaoma caputspinulae</emphasis>
|
||
(Reeve, 1852)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as being a weedy species that had a wide global distribution and had been described under many different names. He noted that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E2904D73FA1EFFFD545EFA0AFA3AB839" authority="Lowe, 1831" authorityName="Lowe" authorityYear="1831" box="[1151,1431,1513,1540]" class="Gastropoda" family="Helicidae" genus="Helix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pusilla">
|
||
<emphasis id="17E4EAE2FA1EFFFD545EFA0AFAA0B839" box="[1151,1293,1513,1539]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Helix pusilla</emphasis>
|
||
Lowe, 1831
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, based on specimens from the Atlantic island of Madeira, was the earliest published name of this species, but was pre-occupied by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E2904D73FA1EFFFD5173F9D1FDC1B871" authority="Fleming, 1828" authorityName="Fleming" authorityYear="1828" box="[338,620,1585,1611]" class="Gastropoda" family="Helicidae" genus="Helix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pusilla">
|
||
<emphasis id="17E4EAE2FA1EFFFD5173F9D1FE6DB871" box="[338,448,1585,1611]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">H. pusilla</emphasis>
|
||
Fleming, 1828
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="41014B01FA1EFFFD5256F9D2FC64B871" author="Falkner, G. & Ripken, T. E. J. & Falkner, M." box="[631,969,1585,1612]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" refId="ref60219" refString="Falkner, G., Ripken, T. E. J. & Falkner, M. (2002) Mollusques continentaux de France. Liste de reference annotee et bibliographie. Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 350 pp." type="book" year="2002">
|
||
Falkner
|
||
<emphasis id="17E4EAE2FA1EFFFD52F2F9D1FCAEB871" box="[723,771,1585,1611]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2002: 117–118)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
treated
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E2904D73FA1EFFFD5403F9D1FAD2B876" authority="(Reeve, 1852)" baseAuthorityName="Reeve" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[1058,1407,1585,1612]" class="Gastropoda" family="Punctidae" genus="Paralaoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="caputspinulae">
|
||
<emphasis id="17E4EAE2FA1EFFFD5403F9D1FB77B871" box="[1058,1242,1585,1611]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">P. caputspinulae</emphasis>
|
||
(Reeve, 1852)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a junior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E2904D73FA1EFFFD515DF9B6FCEFB84A" authority="(Shuttleworth, 1852)" baseAuthorityName="Shuttleworth" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[380,834,1621,1648]" class="Gastropoda" family="Punctidae" genus="Paralaoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="servilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="17E4EAE2FA1EFFFD515DF9B6FDFCB855" box="[380,593,1621,1647]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Paralaoma servilis</emphasis>
|
||
(Shuttleworth, 1852)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which had been described from material from Canary Islands (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="41014B01FA1EFFFD5107F99AFDC1B8A9" author="Neubert, E. & Gosteli, M." box="[294,620,1657,1683]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="1 - 123" refId="ref66621" refString="Neubert, E. & Gosteli, M. (2003) The molluscan species described by Robert James Shuttleworth. 1. Gastropoda: Pulmonata. Contributions to Natural History, Scientific Papers from the Natural History Museum Bern, 1, 1 - 123." type="journal article" year="2003">Neubert & Gosteli 2003: 49</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, pl. 15, fig. 3), but this decision requires re-evaluation (see below). As presently interpreted, the distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E2904D73FA1EFFFD5240F97DFD7FB88D" baseAuthorityName="Shuttleworth" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[609,722,1693,1720]" class="Gastropoda" family="Punctidae" genus="Paralaoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="servilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="17E4EAE2FA1EFFFD5240F97DFDDFB88D" box="[609,626,1694,1719]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="17E4EAE2FA1EFFFD52A0F97EFD7FB88D" box="[641,722,1693,1719]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">servilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
includes
|
||
<collectingCountry id="5D877660FA1EFFFD531EF97DFC7BB88D" box="[831,982,1693,1720]" name="New Zealand" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Kermadec, Three Kings, North, South, Rakiura/Stewart and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E754F812FA1EFFFD51AAF922FDE0B8E6" box="[395,589,1729,1756]" country="New Zealand" name="Chatham Islands" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Chatham islands</collectingRegion>
|
||
),
|
||
<collectingCountry id="5D877660FA1EFFFD5242F922FD60B8E1" box="[611,717,1729,1755]" name="Australia" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, parts of Europe, Middle East, Africa, Asia, North and South America,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="5D877660FA1EFFFD5128F906FECBB8C5" box="[265,358,1765,1791]" name="Jamaica" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Jamaica</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Macaronesia,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="5D877660FA1EFFFD5237F906FDD5B8C5" box="[534,632,1765,1791]" name="Réunion" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Réunion</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="5D877660FA1EFFFD52A7F906FD5BB8C5" box="[646,758,1765,1791]" name="Indonesia" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Hawai’i, and Easter Island (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="41014B01FA1EFFFD54A7F906FA31B8C5" author="Gittenberger, E. & Menkhorst, H. P. M. G. & Raven, J. G. M." box="[1158,1436,1765,1792]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="11 - 16" refId="ref60779" refString="Gittenberger, E., Menkhorst, H. P. M. G. & Raven, J. G. M. (1980) New data on four European terrestrial gastropods. Basteria, 44, 11 - 16." type="journal article" year="1980">
|
||
Gittenberger
|
||
<emphasis id="17E4EAE2FA1EFFFD553FF905FAFEB8C5" box="[1310,1363,1765,1791]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1980
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="41014B01FA1EFFFD50E9F8EAFE93B919" author="Roth, B." box="[200,318,1801,1827]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="22 - 28" refId="ref68238" refString="Roth, B. (1986) Notes on three European land mollusks introduced to California. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences, 85, 22 - 28." type="journal article" year="1986">Roth 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
—as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E2904D73FA1EFFFD515AF8E9FDEBB919" box="[379,582,1801,1827]" class="Gastropoda" family="Punctidae" genus="Punctum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pusillum">
|
||
<emphasis id="17E4EAE2FA1EFFFD515AF8E9FDEBB919" box="[379,582,1801,1827]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Punctum pusillum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="41014B01FA1EFFFD5276F8EAFD4CB919" author="Smith, B. J." box="[599,737,1801,1827]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="1 - 405" refId="ref68621" refString="Smith, B. J. (1992) Non-marine Mollusca. In: Houston, W. W. K. (Ed.), Zoological Catalogue of Australia Vol. 8. AGPS, Canberra, pp. i-xii + 1 - 405." type="book chapter" year="1992">Smith, 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="41014B01FA1EFFFD533BF8EAFB98B919" author="Griffiths, O. L. & Florens, V. F. B." box="[794,1077,1801,1827]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" refId="ref61193" refString="Griffiths, O. L. & Florens, V. F. B. (2006) A Field Guide to the Non-marine Molluscs of the Mascarene Islands (Mauritius, Rodrigues and Reunion) and the Northern Dependencies of Mauritius. Bioculture Press, Mauritius, xv + 185 pp." type="book" year="2006">Griffiths & Florens 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
—as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E2904D73FA1EFFFD5450F8EAFA39B919" baseAuthorityName="Reeve" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[1137,1428,1801,1827]" class="Gastropoda" family="Punctidae" genus="Paralaoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="caputspinulae">
|
||
<emphasis id="17E4EAE2FA1EFFFD5450F8EAFA39B919" box="[1137,1428,1801,1827]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Paralaoma caputspinulae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="41014B01FA1EFFFD50B6F8CEFE9DB97D" author="Neubert, E." box="[151,304,1837,1863]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="333 - 461" refId="ref66586" refString="Neubert, E. (1998) Annotated checklist of the terrestrial and fresh-water molluscs of the Arabian Peninsula with descriptions of new species. Fauna of Arabia, 17, 333 - 461." type="journal article" year="1998">Neubert 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
—as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E2904D73FA1EFFFD514DF8CEFDB4B97D" baseAuthorityName="Lowe" baseAuthorityYear="1831" box="[364,537,1837,1863]" class="Gastropoda" family="Punctidae" genus="Toltecia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pusilla">
|
||
<emphasis id="17E4EAE2FA1EFFFD514DF8CEFDB4B97D" box="[364,537,1837,1863]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Toltecia pusilla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="41014B01FA1EFFFD5208F8CEFD79B97D" author="Hausdorf, B." box="[553,724,1837,1863]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="127 - 131" refId="ref61330" refString="Hausdorf, B. (2002) Introduced land snails and slugs in Columbia. Journal of Molluscan Studies, 68 (2), 127 - 131. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / mollus / 68.2.127" type="journal article" year="2002">Hausdorf 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="41014B01FA1EFFFD52C1F8CEFC45B97D" author="Christensen, C. C. & Yeung, N. W. & Hayes, K. A." box="[736,1000,1837,1864]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="3 - 7" refId="ref58412" refString="Christensen, C. C., Yeung, N. W. & Hayes, K. A. (2012) First records of Paralaoma servilis (Shuttleworth, 1852) (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Punctidae) in the Hawaiian Islands. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 2011. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers, 112, 3 - 7." type="journal article" year="2012">
|
||
Christensen
|
||
<emphasis id="17E4EAE2FA1EFFFD534DF8CDFC33B97D" box="[876,926,1837,1863]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2012
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="41014B01FA1EFFFD53D2F8CEFB4AB97D" author="Welter-Schultes, F. W." box="[1011,1255,1837,1863]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" refId="ref70239" refString="Welter-Schultes, F. W. (2012) European Non-Marine Molluscs, a Guide for Species Identification: Bestimmungsbuch fur europaische Land-und Susswassermollusken. Planet Poster Editions, Gottingen, 760 pp." type="book" year="2012">Welter-Schultes 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="41014B01FA1EFFFD54D2F8CEFF59B951" author="Gittenberger, E. & Budha, P. B. & Bank, R. A." pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="76 - 82" refId="ref60737" refString="Gittenberger, E., Budha, P. B. & Bank, R. A. (2020) Amazing Paralaoma servilis (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Punctidae) in Nepal. Basteria, 84, 76 - 82." type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
Gittenberger
|
||
<emphasis id="17E4EAE2FA1EFFFD55A9F8CDFF00B951" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2020
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
—as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E2904D73FA1EFFFD510CF8B2FDAFB951" baseAuthorityName="Shuttleworth" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[301,514,1873,1899]" class="Gastropoda" family="Punctidae" genus="Paralaoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="servilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="17E4EAE2FA1EFFFD510CF8B2FDAFB951" box="[301,514,1873,1899]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Paralaoma servilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E2904D73FA1EFFFD5238F8B2FC96B951" baseAuthorityName="Reeve" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[537,827,1873,1899]" class="Gastropoda" family="Punctidae" genus="Paralaoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="caputspinulae">
|
||
<emphasis id="17E4EAE2FA1EFFFD5238F8B2FC96B951" box="[537,827,1873,1899]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Paralaoma caputspinulae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E2904D73FA1EFFFD5343F8B1FC63B951" baseAuthorityName="Shuttleworth" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[866,974,1873,1899]" class="Gastropoda" family="Punctidae" genus="Paralaoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="servilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="17E4EAE2FA1EFFFD5343F8B1FC63B951" box="[866,974,1873,1899]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">P. servilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
?) is definitely native to the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="5D877660FA1EFFFD5527F8B1FA31B951" box="[1286,1436,1873,1900]" name="New Zealand" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
region, having been found in Holocene fossil assemblages in North Island, Rēkohu/Chatham Island and Rakiura that predate human occupation (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="41014B01FA1EFFFD51DEF87AFD34B989" author="Brook, F. J." box="[511,665,1945,1971]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="337 - 359" refId="ref57569" refString="Brook, F. J. (1999 b) Stratigraphy and landsnail faunas of Late Holocene coastal dunes, Tokerau Beach, northern New Zealand. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 29 (4), 337 - 359. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03014223.1999.9517602" type="journal article" year="1999">Brook 1999b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,c; F. Brook unpub. data). Preliminary results of a phylogenetic study of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="5D877660FA1EFFFD5099F85DFEFCB9ED" box="[184,337,1981,2008]" name="New Zealand" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E2904D73FA1EFFFD517AF85EFE64B9ED" authorityName="Morse" authorityYear="1864" box="[347,457,1981,2007]" class="Gastropoda" family="Punctidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Punctidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
indicate that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E2904D73FA1EFFFD524BF85EFD45B9ED" authorityName="Iredale" authorityYear="1913" box="[618,744,1981,2007]" class="Gastropoda" family="Punctidae" genus="Paralaoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="17E4EAE2FA1EFFFD524BF85EFD45B9ED" box="[618,744,1981,2007]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Paralaoma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
of authors is polyphyletic, and that there appears to be one species only of this genus in the Recent
|
||
<collectingCountry id="5D877660FA1FFFFC5248FF74FCACBE8B" box="[617,769,151,177]" name="New Zealand" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
fauna; the various other
|
||
<collectingCountry id="5D877660FA1FFFFC5403FF74FB17BE8B" box="[1058,1210,151,177]" name="New Zealand" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
species assigned to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E2904D73FA1FFFFC50B6FF58FEB8BEEF" authorityName="Iredale" authorityYear="1913" box="[151,277,187,213]" class="Gastropoda" family="Punctidae" genus="Paralaoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="17E4EAE2FA1FFFFC50B6FF58FEB8BEEF" box="[151,277,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Paralaoma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g., by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="41014B01FA1FFFFC51A2FF58FDB9BEEF" author="Powell, A. W. B." box="[387,532,187,213]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" refId="ref67797" refString="Powell, A. W. B. (1979) New Zealand Mollusca: Marine, Land and Freshwater Shells. Collins, Auckland, xiv + 500 pp." type="book" year="1979">Powell 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="41014B01FA1FFFFC5203FF58FC9DBEEF" author="Spencer, H. G. & Willan, R. C." box="[546,816,187,213]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="1 - 125" refId="ref68897" refString="Spencer, H. G. & Willan, R. C. (1996) The marine fauna of New Zealand: Index to the Fauna, 3. Mollusca. New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir, 105, 1 - 125." type="journal article" year="1996">Spencer & Willan 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="41014B01FA1FFFFC531CFF58FBB1BEEF" author="Spencer, H. G. & Marshall, B. A. & Willan, R. C." box="[829,1052,187,213]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" refId="ref68829" refString="Spencer, H. G., Marshall, B. A. & Willan, R. C. (2009) Checklist of New Zealand living Mollusca. In: Gordon, D. P. (Ed.), New Zealand Inventory of Biodiversity. Vol. 1. Kingdom Animalia. Canterbury University Press. Christchurch, pp. 196 - 219." type="book" year="2009">
|
||
Spencer
|
||
<emphasis id="17E4EAE2FA1FFFFC5381FF58FC7EBEEF" box="[928,979,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) are not congeneric (M. Kennedy unpub. data). A species closely resembling
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E2904D73FA1FFFFC525BFF3CFC9BBEC3" baseAuthorityName="Reeve" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[634,822,223,249]" class="Gastropoda" family="Punctidae" genus="Paralaoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="caputspinulae">
|
||
<emphasis id="17E4EAE2FA1FFFFC525BFF3CFD26BEC2" box="[634,651,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="17E4EAE2FA1FFFFC52B8FF3CFC9BBEC3" box="[665,822,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">caputspinulae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is evidently also native to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="5D877660FA1FFFFC5443FF3CFAA4BEC3" box="[1122,1289,223,249]" name="Norfolk Island" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Norfolk Island</collectingCountry>
|
||
, having been recorded from Holocene fossil assemblages that predate human settlement of this island (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="41014B01FA1FFFFC5456FEE0FAC5BF27" author="Neuweger, D. & White, P. & Ponder, W. F." box="[1143,1384,259,285]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="115 - 122" refId="ref66668" refString="Neuweger, D., White, P. & Ponder, W. F. (2001) Land snails from Norfolk Island sites. Records of the Australian Museum, Supplement 27, 115 - 122." type="journal article" year="2001">
|
||
Neuweger
|
||
<emphasis id="17E4EAE2FA1FFFFC54D2FEE0FA89BF27" box="[1267,1316,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2001
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
—as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E2904D73FA1FFFFC50B6FEC4FD9CBF7B" authority="Iredale, 1945" authorityName="Iredale" authorityYear="1945" box="[151,561,294,321]" class="Gastropoda" family="Punctidae" genus="Paralaoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="duncombei">
|
||
<emphasis id="17E4EAE2FA1FFFFC50B6FEC4FE3BBF7B" box="[151,406,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Paralaoma duncombei</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="41014B01FA1FFFFC51BAFEC4FD9CBF7B" author="Iredale, T." box="[411,561,294,321]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="46 - 71" refId="ref64912" refString="Iredale, T. (1945) The land Mollusca of Norfolk Island. The Australian Zoologist, 11, 46 - 71." type="journal article" year="1945">Iredale, 1945</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Several punctid taxa described from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E754F812FA1FFFFC53F7FEC4FBECBF7B" box="[982,1089,295,321]" country="Australia" name="Tasmania" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Tasmania</collectingRegion>
|
||
and eastern mainland
|
||
<collectingCountry id="5D877660FA1FFFFC5517FEC4FA30BF7B" box="[1334,1437,295,321]" name="Australia" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
also resemble
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E2904D73FA1FFFFC511BFEA8FE59BF5F" baseAuthorityName="Reeve" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[314,500,331,357]" class="Gastropoda" family="Punctidae" genus="Paralaoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="caputspinulae">
|
||
<emphasis id="17E4EAE2FA1FFFFC511BFEA8FE59BF5F" box="[314,500,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">P. caputspinulae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and have been treated as synonyms of it (e.g., by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="41014B01FA1FFFFC541AFEA8FA35BF5F" author="Smith, B. J. & Kershaw, R. C." box="[1083,1432,331,357]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" refId="ref68668" refString="Smith, B. J. & Kershaw, R. C. (1979) Field Guide to the Non-Marine Molluscs of South Eastern Australia. Australian National University Press, Canberra, 285 pp." type="book" year="1979">Smith and Kershaw 1979: 264</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 265;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="41014B01FA1FFFFC50F3FE8CFE3EBFB3" author="Smith, B. J." box="[210,403,367,393]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="1 - 405" refId="ref68621" refString="Smith, B. J. (1992) Non-marine Mollusca. In: Houston, W. W. K. (Ed.), Zoological Catalogue of Australia Vol. 8. AGPS, Canberra, pp. i-xii + 1 - 405." type="book chapter" year="1992">Smith 1992: 282</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 283;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="41014B01FA1FFFFC51FBFE8CFD58BFB3" author="Stanisic, J. & Shea, M. & Potter, D. & Griffiths, O." box="[474,757,366,393]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" refId="ref68941" refString="Stanisic, J., Shea, M., Potter, D. & Griffiths, O. (2010) Australian Land Snails Volume 1. A Field Guide to Eastern Australian Species. Bioculture Press, Mauritius, 591 pp." type="book" year="2010">
|
||
Stanisic
|
||
<emphasis id="17E4EAE2FA1FFFFC521DFE8CFDC2BFB3" box="[572,623,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2010: 566
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="41014B01FA1FFFFC535EFE8CFB0FBFB3" author="Stanisic, J. & Shea, M. & Potter, D. & Griffiths, O." box="[895,1186,367,393]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" refId="ref68985" refString="Stanisic, J., Shea, M., Potter, D. & Griffiths, O. (2018) Australian Land Snails Volume 2. A Field Guide to Southern, Central and Western Species. Bioculture Press, Mauritius, 594 pp." type="book" year="2018">
|
||
Stanisic
|
||
<emphasis id="17E4EAE2FA1FFFFC53C0FE8CFBB9BFB3" box="[993,1044,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2018: 126
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 127) reinstated some of these as separate, probably endemic, species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E2904D73FA1FFFFC52EEFE70FCE0BF97" authorityName="Iredale" authorityYear="1913" box="[719,845,403,429]" class="Gastropoda" family="Punctidae" genus="Paralaoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="17E4EAE2FA1FFFFC52EEFE70FCE0BF97" box="[719,845,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Paralaoma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, noting their “occurrence in often remote habitats of native forest where it is difficult to envisage anthropogenic introduction”. If correct, this would indicate that the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E2904D73FA1FFFFC50C0FE38FEF2BFCF" authorityName="Iredale" authorityYear="1913" box="[225,351,475,501]" class="Gastropoda" family="Punctidae" genus="Paralaoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="17E4EAE2FA1FFFFC50C0FE38FEF2BFCF" box="[225,351,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Paralaoma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is native to Australasia, with multiple species in mainland
|
||
<collectingCountry id="5D877660FA1FFFFC5420FE38FBC5BFCF" box="[1025,1128,475,501]" name="Australia" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
and a single species in the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="5D877660FA1FFFFC50B6FE1CFE81BC23" box="[151,300,511,537]" name="New Zealand" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
region. Interestingly, a North American punctid species that
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="41014B01FA1FFFFC53EBFE1CFBFCBC23" author="Roth, B." box="[970,1105,511,537]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="95 - 96" refId="ref68270" refString="Roth, B. (1987) " Punctum pusillum " (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Punctidae) - a correction. Veliger, 30, 95 - 96." type="journal article" year="1987">Roth (1987)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
identified as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E2904D73FA1FFFFC54C4FE1CFA31BC23" baseAuthorityName="Reeve" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[1253,1436,511,537]" class="Gastropoda" family="Punctidae" genus="Paralaoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="caputspinulae">
|
||
<emphasis id="17E4EAE2FA1FFFFC54C4FE1CFA31BC23" box="[1253,1436,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">P. caputspinulae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been recorded from a wide range of environments in western
|
||
<collectingCountry id="5D877660FA1FFFFC5354FDC0FC06BC07" box="[885,939,547,573]" name="United States of America" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="5D877660FA1FFFFC53C3FDC0FB94BC07" box="[994,1081,547,573]" name="Canada" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
, including remote, undisturbed, montane forest habitats where an anthropogenic origin is improbable. It has been considered by some authors to be indigenous to this continent (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="41014B01FA1FFFFC523DFD88FD3FBCBF" author="Roth, B." box="[540,658,619,645]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="22 - 28" refId="ref68238" refString="Roth, B. (1986) Notes on three European land mollusks introduced to California. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences, 85, 22 - 28." type="journal article" year="1986">Roth 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
—as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E2904D73FA1FFFFC52EEFD88FC31BCBF" box="[719,924,619,645]" class="Gastropoda" family="Punctidae" genus="Punctum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pusillum">
|
||
<emphasis id="17E4EAE2FA1FFFFC52EEFD88FC31BCBF" box="[719,924,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Punctum pusillum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="41014B01FA1FFFFC538DFD88FB4CBCBF" author="Metcalf, A. L. & Smartt, R. A." box="[940,1249,619,645]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="1 - 69" refId="ref66319" refString="Metcalf, A. L. & Smartt, R. A. (1997) Land snails of New Mexico: a systematic review. In: Metcalf, A. L. & Smartt, R. A. (Eds.), Land snails of New Mexico. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 10, pp. 1 - 69." type="journal article" year="1997">Metcalf & Smartt 1997: 39</bibRefCitation>
|
||
—as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E2904D73FA1FFFFC553FFD88FE99BC93" baseAuthorityName="Reeve" baseAuthorityYear="1852" class="Gastropoda" family="Punctidae" genus="Paralaoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="caputspinulae">
|
||
<emphasis id="17E4EAE2FA1FFFFC553FFD88FE99BC93" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Paralaoma caputspinulae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), whereas others have suggested that it had been introduced there (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="41014B01FA1FFFFC546FFD6CFACABC93" author="Christensen, C. C. & Yeung, N. W. & Hayes, K. A." box="[1102,1383,654,681]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="3 - 7" refId="ref58412" refString="Christensen, C. C., Yeung, N. W. & Hayes, K. A. (2012) First records of Paralaoma servilis (Shuttleworth, 1852) (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Punctidae) in the Hawaiian Islands. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 2011. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers, 112, 3 - 7." type="journal article" year="2012">
|
||
Christensen
|
||
<emphasis id="17E4EAE2FA1FFFFC54F9FD6CFAA4BC93" box="[1240,1289,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2012: 5
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
—as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E2904D73FA1FFFFC50B6FD50FEA8BCF7" baseAuthorityName="Shuttleworth" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[151,261,691,717]" class="Gastropoda" family="Punctidae" genus="Paralaoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="servilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="17E4EAE2FA1FFFFC50B6FD50FEA8BCF7" box="[151,261,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">P. servilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="41014B01FA1FFFFC513FFD50FDDCBCF7" author="Bequaert, J. C. & Miller, W. B." box="[286,625,690,717]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" refId="ref57363" refString="Bequaert, J. C. & Miller, W. B. (1973) The Mollusks of the Arid Southwest. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, 271 pp." type="book" year="1973">Bequaert & Miller (1973: 153</bibRefCitation>
|
||
—as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E2904D73FA1FFFFC528FFD50FC33BCF6" baseAuthorityName="Bland" baseAuthorityYear="1865" box="[686,926,691,716]" class="Gastropoda" family="Punctidae" genus="Punctum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="conspectum">
|
||
<emphasis id="17E4EAE2FA1FFFFC528FFD50FC33BCF6" box="[686,926,691,716]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Punctum conspectum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="41014B01FA1FFFFC53C0FD50FB3BBCF7" author="Roth, B." box="[993,1174,691,717]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="22 - 28" refId="ref68238" refString="Roth, B. (1986) Notes on three European land mollusks introduced to California. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences, 85, 22 - 28." type="journal article" year="1986">Roth (1986: 23)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
stated that this species was not known fossil in North America, but Metcalf (1997: table 5—as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E2904D73FA1FFFFC5397FD34FB7ABCCB" baseAuthorityName="Reeve" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[950,1239,727,753]" class="Gastropoda" family="Punctidae" genus="Paralaoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="caputspinulae">
|
||
<emphasis id="17E4EAE2FA1FFFFC5397FD34FB7ABCCB" box="[950,1239,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Paralaoma caputspinulae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) recorded it from Quaternary alluvial/colluvial deposits in Sacramento Mountains, New Mexico, which suggests that it is indeed native. However, whether it is conspecific with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E2904D73FA1FFFFC528EFCFCFC8DBD03" baseAuthorityName="Shuttleworth" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[687,800,799,825]" class="Gastropoda" family="Punctidae" genus="Paralaoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="servilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="17E4EAE2FA1FFFFC528EFCFCFD6DBD02" box="[687,704,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="17E4EAE2FA1FFFFC52EEFCFCFC8DBD03" box="[719,800,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">servilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E2904D73FA1FFFFC536EFCFCFBAABD03" baseAuthorityName="Reeve" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[847,1031,799,825]" class="Gastropoda" family="Punctidae" genus="Paralaoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="caputspinulae">
|
||
<emphasis id="17E4EAE2FA1FFFFC536EFCFCFBAABD03" box="[847,1031,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">P. caputspinulae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) remains to be determined. To date, species identifications and biogeographic interpretations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E2904D73FA1FFFFC5364FCA0FBB3BD67" baseAuthorityName="Shuttleworth" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[837,1054,835,861]" class="Gastropoda" family="Punctidae" genus="Paralaoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="servilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="17E4EAE2FA1FFFFC5364FCA0FBB3BD67" box="[837,1054,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Paralaoma servilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and its many putative synonyms have been based mainly on comparison of shell morphological characters, but molecular studies will be required to reliably determine the global systematics and phylogeography of this species and its congeners.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="252F36F0FA1FFFFC50E6FC4CFB0CBDD7" blockId="45.[151,1437,151,1005]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<emphasis id="17E4EAE2FA1FFFFC50E6FC4CFEE7BDF3" bold="true" box="[199,330,943,969]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
|
||
Presently interpreted as a subjective junior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E2904D73FA1FFFFC53F0FC4CFA31BDF3" authority="(Shuttleworth, 1852)" baseAuthorityName="Shuttleworth" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[977,1436,942,969]" class="Gastropoda" family="Punctidae" genus="Paralaoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="servilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="17E4EAE2FA1FFFFC53F0FC4CFB05BDF3" box="[977,1192,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Paralaoma servilis</emphasis>
|
||
(Shuttleworth, 1852)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="41014B01FA1FFFFC50F6FC30FE5CBDD7" author="Brook, F. J. & Ablett, J. D." box="[215,497,979,1005]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="1 - 117" refId="ref57735" refString="Brook, F. J. & Ablett, J. D. (2019) Type material of land snails (Mollusca: Gastropoda) described from New Zealand by taxonomists in Europe and North America between 1830 and 1934, and the history of research on the New Zealand land snail fauna from 1824 to 1917. Zootaxa, 4697 (1), 1 - 117. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4697.1.1" type="journal article" year="2019">Brook & Ablett 2019: 69</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="41014B01FA1FFFFC51DCFC30FC9BBDD7" author="Gittenberger, E. & Budha, P. B. & Bank, R. A." box="[509,822,979,1005]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="76 - 82" refId="ref60737" refString="Gittenberger, E., Budha, P. B. & Bank, R. A. (2020) Amazing Paralaoma servilis (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Punctidae) in Nepal. Basteria, 84, 76 - 82." type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
Gittenberger
|
||
<emphasis id="17E4EAE2FA1FFFFC52B0FC30FD6FBDD7" box="[657,706,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2020: 78
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but this requires re-evaluation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |