treatments-xml/data/6C/94/C1/6C94C1267A2A55D2882C43F0FF6746A8.xml

<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.46.8963" ID-PMC="PMC4391955" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-46-21" ID-Pensoft-UUID="CF56FFF4FFF50E18FFF2EE5DFFBCFFDB" ID-PubMed="25878547" ID-Zenodo-Dep="576266" ModsDocID="1314-2003-46-21" checkinTime="1451251582651" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Mar, Shek Shing &amp; Saunders, Richard M. K." docDate="2015" docId="6C94C1267A2A55D2882C43F0FF6746A8" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 46: 21-33" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 46" docPubDate="2015-02-04" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.46.8963" docTitle="Thismia hongkongensis S. S. Mar &amp; R. M. K. Saunders 2015, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="3" id="CF56FFF4FFF50E18FFF2EE5DFFBCFFDB" lastPageNumber="26" masterDocId="CF56FFF4FFF50E18FFF2EE5DFFBCFFDB" masterDocTitle="Thismia hongkongensis (Thismiaceae): a new mycoheterotrophic species from Hong Kong, China, with observations on floral visitors and seed dispersal" masterLastPageNumber="33" masterPageNumber="21" pageNumber="22" updateTime="1668141308882" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Thismia hongkongensis (Thismiaceae): a new mycoheterotrophic species from Hong Kong, China, with observations on floral visitors and seed dispersal</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Mar, Shek Shing</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Ying Wa College, 1 Ying Wa Street, Sham Shui Po, Hong Kong, P. R. China</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Saunders, Richard M. K.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">saunders@hku.hk</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
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<mods:title>PhytoKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:date>2015</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
<mods:number>2015-02-04</mods:number>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>46</mods:number>
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<mods:start>21</mods:start>
<mods:end>33</mods:end>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.46.8963</mods:url>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.46.8963</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2003-46-21</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="182228453" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:6C94C1267A2A55D2882C43F0FF6746A8" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/6C94C1267A2A55D2882C43F0FF6746A8" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="26" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">
<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="22" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="22">
<taxonomicName LSID="6C94C126-7A2A-55D2-882C-43F0FF6746A8" authority="S. S. Mar &amp; R. M. K. Saunders" authorityName="S. S. Mar &amp; R. M. K. Saunders" authorityYear="2015" class="Liliopsida" family="Thismiaceae" genus="Thismia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Thismia hongkongensis" order="Dioscoreales" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hongkongensis" status="sp. nov.">Thismia hongkongensis S.S.Mar &amp; R.M.K.Saunders</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="1" pageNumber="22">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Flower development in Thismia hongkongensis sp. nov. A, B Root system, with young flowering stalk developing (arrowed). C-H Developing flower, photographed over a 17 - day period (10 th, 14 th, 16 th, 19 th, 23 rd and 27 th May, respectively) (S. S. Mar 1, HK). I, J Post-fertilization flower, showing abscission of perianth tube. Photos by S. S. Mar." pageId="1" pageNumber="22">Figs 1</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Flower structure in Thismia hongkongensis sp. nov. A Mature flower, showing outer tepals (ot), inner tepals (it) and abscission zone (ab) at the base of the perianth tube. B Entire plant (S. S. Mar 1, HK). C Perianth tube with annulus (a), following removal of the proximal face of the tube, exposing pendent stamens with filament (f), thecae (th), connective (c) and lateral appendage (la) (S. S. Mar 2, HK). D Inner face of perianth tube, showing network patterning and putative nectaries (arrowed) (S. S. Mar 2, HK). Scale bars: A, D = 2 mm; B = 5 mm; C = 1 mm. Photos: A, B S. S. Mar; C, D R. M. K. Saunders." pageId="1" pageNumber="22">, 2</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Fruit structure in Thismia hongkongensis sp. nov. A Flower (rear right), immature fruit, shortly after fertilization (left), and mature fruit with exposed seeds (front). B Two fruiting individuals, each with three fruits. C Lateral view of fruiting specimen, illustrating elongated fruit stalk. D Mature fruit with exposed seeds. E Dehydrated fruit. F Rehydrated fruit, after rainfall. Photos by S. S. Mar." pageId="1" pageNumber="22">, 3</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Thismia hongkongensis sp. nov. (S. S. Mar 2, HK). A Entire flower. B Flower with proximal part of perianth tube removed, showing pendent stamens. C Apex of the perianth tube, showing annulus (a) and pendent stamens, with filament (f), thecae (th), lateral appendage (la), and aperture (ap) between filaments. D Longitudinal section through fused carpels. Scale bars: A, B, D = 2 mm; C = 1 mm. Drawings by Caren Pearl Shin." pageId="1" pageNumber="22">, 4</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="22" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="22">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="22">
Similar to 
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Burmanniaceae" genus="Thismia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Thismia brunonis" order="Dioscoreales" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="brunonis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">Thismia brunonis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Griff., but differing in bearing a maximum of only three flowers (with a single flower at anthesis), and having a dark red perianth tube with the filiform appendages on the outer tepals remaining upright and forming a loose mitre over the annulus, longer staminal filaments with two distinct teeth at connective apex, and rounded stigmas.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="22" type="type">
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="22">Type.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="22">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">China:</emphasis>
<geoCoordinate degrees="22" direction="north" minutes="25" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="22.416666">22°25'N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="114" direction="east" minutes="11" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="114.183334">114°11'E</geoCoordinate>
, Tai Po Kau Nature Reserve, New Territories, Hong Kong, 19 May 2014, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">S.S. Mar 1</emphasis>
(holotype: HK, in spirit).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="23" pageId="1" pageNumber="22" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="22">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="23" pageId="1" pageNumber="22">
Small achlorophyllous holomycotrophic herbs. Roots clustered, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
horizontal, vermiform, fleshy, 1.2-1.3 mm in diameter, cream-coloured. Stem cream-coloured, unbranched, erect, ca. 1.7 cm tall, 1.8-2 mm in diameter, glabrous, terete, with ca. 12 longitudinal ridges. Leaves white, appressed, clasping stem, narrowly triangular with acute apex, scale-like, 3-5.5 mm long, 1.7-2 mm wide; basal leaves smallest, upper leaves (equivalent to floral bracts) largest. Flowers in clusters of up to 3, developing sequentially with only one anthetic. Perianth actinomorphic, of 6 fused tepals, forming a perianth tube with free apical lobes. Perianth tube pinkish-white, membranous, urceolate, ca. 6.7 mm long, ca. 6.1 mm in diameter, with 12 dark red vertical ribs, abaxial surface distinctly verrucose; apex of perianth tube fused to form a dark red, rounded-hexagonal annulus, ca. 1.4 mm wide (top, externally), ca. 2.3 mm wide (base, externally) and ca. 1 mm (internal aperture); dark red, inverted V-shaped structures (putative nectaries) at apex of adaxial surface of perianth tube, opposite apertures between staminal filaments. Outer tepal lobes triangular, ca. 1.8 mm long, ca. 1.5 mm wide at base; inner tepal lobes spathulate, concave adaxially, ca. 3.3 mm long, ca. 1.7 mm wide at widest point, bearing a dark red filiform appendage on the abaxial surface, 
<pageBreakToken pageId="2" pageNumber="23" start="start">ca</pageBreakToken>
. 4 mm long, ca. 0.5 mm in diameter (towards base), 0.4 mm in diameter (towards apex); the three filiform appendages remain upright and cross each other, forming a persistent mitre. Stamens 6, pendent from the inner margin of perianth annulus, ca. 2.9 mm long, ca. 1.1 mm wide at widest point; filaments free, ca. 1 mm long; stamens laterally connate, forming an anther tube; individual stamens with two thecae (adaxial, dehiscing towards inner surface of perianth tube), ca. 0.7 mm long; apical connective of stamens ca. 1 mm long, with two distinct teeth, adorned with trichomes, ca. 0.5 mm long. Ovary inferior, obconical, ca. 2.7 mm long, ca. 4 mm wide towards apex; style ca. 0.6 mm long, ca. 0.6 mm in diameter, with three bilobed, rounded stigmas; stigmatic head ca. 1 mm long, ca. 1 mm in diameter. Fruit a capsule ca. 4 mm long, ca. 4.8 mm wide, cup-shaped, carnose, pale orange-brown, dehiscing apically; fruiting peduncle ca. 2.5 mm diameter. Seeds numerous, yellow-brown.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="23" type="phenology">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Phenology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="23">
Flowering was observed between May and September. Flower development extends over several weeks (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Flower development in Thismia hongkongensis sp. nov. A, B Root system, with young flowering stalk developing (arrowed). C-H Developing flower, photographed over a 17 - day period (10 th, 14 th, 16 th, 19 th, 23 rd and 27 th May, respectively) (S. S. Mar 1, HK). I, J Post-fertilization flower, showing abscission of perianth tube. Photos by S. S. Mar." pageId="2" pageNumber="23">1C-H</figureCitation>
). Based on our field observations, mature flowers are functional for up to three weeks, with up to three flowers developing successively in each individual (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Fruit structure in Thismia hongkongensis sp. nov. A Flower (rear right), immature fruit, shortly after fertilization (left), and mature fruit with exposed seeds (front). B Two fruiting individuals, each with three fruits. C Lateral view of fruiting specimen, illustrating elongated fruit stalk. D Mature fruit with exposed seeds. E Dehydrated fruit. F Rehydrated fruit, after rainfall. Photos by S. S. Mar." pageId="2" pageNumber="23">3A</figureCitation>
). The perianth tube abscises after fertilization (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Flower development in Thismia hongkongensis sp. nov. A, B Root system, with young flowering stalk developing (arrowed). C-H Developing flower, photographed over a 17 - day period (10 th, 14 th, 16 th, 19 th, 23 rd and 27 th May, respectively) (S. S. Mar 1, HK). I, J Post-fertilization flower, showing abscission of perianth tube. Photos by S. S. Mar." pageId="2" pageNumber="23">1I, J</figureCitation>
), with a clear abscission zone (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">ab</emphasis>
in Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Flower structure in Thismia hongkongensis sp. nov. A Mature flower, showing outer tepals (ot), inner tepals (it) and abscission zone (ab) at the base of the perianth tube. B Entire plant (S. S. Mar 1, HK). C Perianth tube with annulus (a), following removal of the proximal face of the tube, exposing pendent stamens with filament (f), thecae (th), connective (c) and lateral appendage (la) (S. S. Mar 2, HK). D Inner face of perianth tube, showing network patterning and putative nectaries (arrowed) (S. S. Mar 2, HK). Scale bars: A, D = 2 mm; B = 5 mm; C = 1 mm. Photos: A, B S. S. Mar; C, D R. M. K. Saunders." pageId="2" pageNumber="23">2A</figureCitation>
); the epidermis on the upper surface of the carpel subsequently disintegrates and the stigma is shed, exposing the seeds (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Fruit structure in Thismia hongkongensis sp. nov. A Flower (rear right), immature fruit, shortly after fertilization (left), and mature fruit with exposed seeds (front). B Two fruiting individuals, each with three fruits. C Lateral view of fruiting specimen, illustrating elongated fruit stalk. D Mature fruit with exposed seeds. E Dehydrated fruit. F Rehydrated fruit, after rainfall. Photos by S. S. Mar." pageId="2" pageNumber="23">3A, D</figureCitation>
). Fruiting was observed between June and October.
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="2" pageNumber="23" start="Figure 1" startId="F1">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="23">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Figure 1.</emphasis>
Flower development in 
<taxonomicName authorityName="S. S. Mar &amp; R. M. K. Saunders" authorityYear="2015" class="Liliopsida" family="Burmanniaceae" genus="Thismia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Thismia hongkongensis" order="Dioscoreales" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hongkongensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Thismia hongkongensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">A, B</emphasis>
Root system, with young flowering stalk developing (arrowed). 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">C-H</emphasis>
Developing flower, photographed over a 17-day period (10th, 14th, 16th, 19th, 23rd and 27th May, respectively) (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">S.S. Mar 1</emphasis>
, HK). 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">I, J</emphasis>
Post-fertilization flower, showing abscission of perianth tube. Photos by S.S. Mar.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption pageId="2" pageNumber="23" start="Figure 2" startId="F2">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="23">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Figure 2.</emphasis>
Flower structure in 
<taxonomicName authorityName="S. S. Mar &amp; R. M. K. Saunders" authorityYear="2015" class="Liliopsida" family="Burmanniaceae" genus="Thismia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Thismia hongkongensis" order="Dioscoreales" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hongkongensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Thismia hongkongensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">A</emphasis>
Mature flower, showing outer tepals (ot), inner tepals (it) and abscission zone (ab) at the base of the perianth tube. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">B</emphasis>
Entire plant (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">S.S. Mar 1</emphasis>
, HK). 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">C</emphasis>
Perianth tube with annulus (a), following removal of the proximal face of the tube, exposing pendent stamens with filament (f), thecae (th), connective (c) and lateral appendage (la) (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">S.S. Mar 2</emphasis>
, HK). 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">D</emphasis>
Inner face of perianth tube, showing network patterning and putative nectaries (arrowed) (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">S.S. Mar 2</emphasis>
, HK). Scale bars: 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">A, D</emphasis>
= 2 mm; 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">B</emphasis>
= 5 mm; 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">C</emphasis>
= 1 mm. Photos: 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">A, B</emphasis>
S.S. Mar; 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">C, D</emphasis>
R.M.K. Saunders.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption pageId="2" pageNumber="23" start="Figure 3" startId="F3">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="23">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Figure 3.</emphasis>
Fruit structure in 
<taxonomicName authorityName="S. S. Mar &amp; R. M. K. Saunders" authorityYear="2015" class="Liliopsida" family="Burmanniaceae" genus="Thismia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Thismia hongkongensis" order="Dioscoreales" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hongkongensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Thismia hongkongensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">A</emphasis>
Flower (rear right), immature fruit, shortly after fertilization (left), and mature fruit with exposed seeds (front). 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">B</emphasis>
Two fruiting individuals, each with three fruits. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">C</emphasis>
Lateral view of fruiting specimen, illustrating elongated fruit stalk. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">D</emphasis>
Mature fruit with exposed seeds. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">E</emphasis>
Dehydrated fruit. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">F</emphasis>
Rehydrated fruit, after rainfall. Photos by S.S. Mar.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="23" type="distribution and habitat">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Distribution and habitat.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="23">
<taxonomicName authorityName="S. S. Mar &amp; R. M. K. Saunders" authorityYear="2015" class="Liliopsida" family="Burmanniaceae" genus="Thismia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Thismia hongkongensis" order="Dioscoreales" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hongkongensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Thismia hongkongensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is only known from the type locality in Hong Kong. The habitat is lowland secondary forest (west-facing slope, ca. 240 m above sea level); the site is not close to a stream and is therefore likely to dry out during periods of low precipitation. Cooccurring species include 
<taxonomicName class="Pteridopsida" family="Adiantaceae" genus="Adiantum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Adiantum flabellulatum" order="Filicales" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Polypodiophyta" rank="species" species="flabellulatum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Adiantum flabellulatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L. (
<taxonomicName class="Pteridopsida" family="Adiantaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Filicales" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Polypodiophyta" rank="family">Adiantaceae</taxonomicName>
), 
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Myrsinaceae" genus="Ardisia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Ardisia quinquegona" order="Primulales" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="quinquegona">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Ardisia quinquegona</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Blume (
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Myrsinaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Primulales" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="family">Myrsinaceae</taxonomicName>
), 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Breynia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Breynia fruticosa" order="Malpighiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fruticosa">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Breynia fruticosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(L.) Hook.f. (
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Malpighiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Euphorbiaceae</taxonomicName>
), 
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Burmanniaceae" genus="Burmannia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Burmannia wallichii" order="Dioscoreales" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="wallichii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Burmannia wallichii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Miers) Hook.f. (
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Burmanniaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Dioscoreales" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="family">Burmanniaceae</taxonomicName>
), 
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Ranunculaceae" genus="Clematis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Clematis meyeniana" order="Ranunculales" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="meyeniana">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Clematis meyeniana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Walp. (
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Ranunculaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Ranunculales" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="family">Ranunculaceae</taxonomicName>
), 
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Clusiaceae" genus="Cratoxylum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cratoxylum cochinchinense" order="Guttiferales" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="cochinchinense">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Cratoxylum cochinchinense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Lour.) Blume (
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Clusiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Guttiferales" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="family">Clusiaceae</taxonomicName>
), 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Loureiro" authorityYear="1790" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Annonaceae" genus="Desmos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Desmos chinensis" order="Magnoliales" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="chinensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Desmos chinensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Lour. (
<taxonomicName authorityName="Loureiro" authorityYear="1790" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Annonaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Magnoliales" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="family">Annonaceae</taxonomicName>
), 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Masam" authorityYear="1939" baseAuthorityName="Lindl." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Diplospora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Diplospora dubia" order="Gentianales" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dubia">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Diplospora dubia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Lindl.) Masam. (
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Gentianales" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Rubiaceae</taxonomicName>
), 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Champ. ex Benth" authorityYear="1851" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Clusiaceae" genus="Garcinia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Garcinia oblongifolia" order="Guttiferales" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="oblongifolia">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Garcinia oblongifolia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Champ. ex Benth. (
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Clusiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Guttiferales" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="family">Clusiaceae</taxonomicName>
), 
<taxonomicName class="Filicopsida" family="Lindsaeaceae" genus="Lindsaea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Lindsaea orbiculata" order="Polypodiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Pteridophyta" rank="species" species="orbiculata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Lindsaea orbiculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Lam.) Mett. ex Kuhn (
<taxonomicName class="Filicopsida" family="Lindsaeaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Polypodiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Pteridophyta" rank="family">Lindsaeaceae</taxonomicName>
), 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Lophatherum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Lophatherum gracile" order="Poales" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="gracile">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Lophatherum gracile</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Brogn. (
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Poaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="family">Poaceae</taxonomicName>
), 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lygodiaceae" genus="Lygodium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Lygodium japonicum" order="Myrtales" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="japonicum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Lygodium japonicum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Thunb.) Sw. (
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lygodiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Myrtales" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="family">Lygodiaceae</taxonomicName>
), 
<taxonomicName authorityName="S. K. Lee" authorityYear="1979" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Machilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Machilus chekiangensis" order="Laurales" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="chekiangensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Machilus chekiangensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
S.K.Lee (
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Laurales" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Lauraceae</taxonomicName>
), 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Psychotria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Psychotria asiatica" order="Gentianales" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="asiatica">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Psychotria asiatica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L. (
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Gentianales" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Rubiaceae</taxonomicName>
), 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Psychotria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Psychotria serpens" order="Gentianales" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="serpens">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Psychotria serpens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L. (
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Gentianales" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Rubiaceae</taxonomicName>
), 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Planch" authorityYear="1850" baseAuthorityName="Hook. &amp; Arn." class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Connaraceae" genus="Rourea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Rourea microphylla" order="Rosales" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="microphylla">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Rourea microphylla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Hook. &amp; Arn.) Planch. (
<taxonomicName authorityName="Aublet" authorityYear="1775" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Connaraceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Rosales" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="family">Connaraceae</taxonomicName>
), 
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Chloranthaceae" genus="Sarcandra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Sarcandra glabra" order="Piperales" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="glabra">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Sarcandra glabra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Thunb.) Nakai (
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Chloranthaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Piperales" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="family">Chloranthaceae</taxonomicName>
), and 
<taxonomicName class="Monocotyledoneae" family="Triuridaceae" genus="Sciaphila" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Sciaphila ramosa" order="Triuridales" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="ramosa">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Sciaphila ramosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Fukuy. &amp; T.Suzuki (
<taxonomicName class="Monocotyledoneae" family="Triuridaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Triuridales" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="family">Triuridaceae</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="23" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="23">The specific epithet reflects the geographical origin of the species in Hong Kong.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="23" type="additional specimens examined">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Additional specimens examined</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="23">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">(paratypes).</emphasis>
China. Hong Kong: 
<geoCoordinate degrees="22" direction="north" minutes="25" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="22.416666">22°25'N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="114" direction="east" minutes="11" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="114.183334">114°11'E</geoCoordinate>
, Tai Po Kau Nature Reserve, New Territories, 29 May 2014, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">S.S. Mar 2</emphasis>
(HK, dissected flower in spirit); idem, 2 October 2014, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="23">S.S. Mar 3</emphasis>
(HK, immature fruit in spirit).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="24" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" type="discussion">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="23">Discussion.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="24">
<taxonomicName authorityName="S. S. Mar &amp; R. M. K. Saunders" authorityYear="2015" class="Liliopsida" family="Burmanniaceae" genus="Thismia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Thismia hongkongensis" order="Dioscoreales" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hongkongensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">
<pageBreakToken pageId="3" pageNumber="24" start="start">Thismia</pageBreakToken>
hongkongensis
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is most similar to 
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Burmanniaceae" genus="Thismia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Thismia brunonis" order="Dioscoreales" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="brunonis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Thismia brunonis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Griff. (
<bibRefCitation author="Griffith, W" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" pagination="216 - 221" refId="B15" refString="Griffith, W, 1844. On the root parasites referred by authors to Rhizantheae and their allies. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London 1: 216 - 221" title="On the root parasites referred by authors to Rhizantheae and their allies." volume="1" year="1844">1844</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation author="Griffith, W" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Linnean Society of London" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" pagination="303 - 347" publicationUrl="10.1111/j.1096-3642.1842.tb00369.x" refId="B16" refString="Griffith, W, 1845. On the root-parasites referred by authors to Rhizantheae; and on various plants related to them. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 19: 303 - 347, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.1842.tb00369.x" title="On the root-parasites referred by authors to Rhizantheae; and on various plants related to them." url="10.1111/j.1096-3642.1842.tb00369.x" volume="19" year="1845">1845</bibRefCitation>
; as ' 
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Burmanniaceae" genus="Thismia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Thismia brunoniana" order="Dioscoreales" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="brunoniana">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Thismia brunoniana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
' in the latter), the type species in the genus. 
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Burmanniaceae" genus="Thismia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Thismia brunonis" order="Dioscoreales" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="brunonis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Thismia brunonis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is only known from a single collection from Tenasserim in Myanmar, dating from October 1834. According to 
<bibRefCitation author="Jonker, FP" journalOrPublisher="Mededeelinger van het Botanisch Museum en Herbarium van de Rijks Universiteit te Utrecht" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" pagination="1 - 279" refId="B21" refString="Jonker, FP, 1938. A monograph of the Burmanniaceae. Mededeelinger van het Botanisch Museum en Herbarium van de Rijks Universiteit te Utrecht 51: 1 - 279" title="A monograph of the Burmanniaceae." volume="51" year="1938">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Jonker’s">Jonker's</normalizedToken>
(1938)
</bibRefCitation>
supraspecific classification of the genus, both species would be included in sect. 
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Burmanniaceae" genus="Thismia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Thismia" order="Dioscoreales" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Thismia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(' 
<taxonomicName genus="Euthismia" lsidName="Euthismia" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Euthismia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
') subsect. 
<taxonomicName genus="Brunonithismia" lsidName="Brunonithismia" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Brunonithismia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Jonker as they have unequal and free tepal lobes. Comparison of the two species reveals several significant differences, however, including flower number per inflorescence. The protologue of 
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Burmanniaceae" genus="Thismia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Thismia brunonis" order="Dioscoreales" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="brunonis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Thismia brunonis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
includes reference to flowers clustered in a terminal raceme (&quot;Flores pauci, in racemum brevem terminalem dispositi&quot;: 
<bibRefCitation author="Griffith, W" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Linnean Society of London" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" pagination="303 - 347" publicationUrl="10.1111/j.1096-3642.1842.tb00369.x" refId="B16" refString="Griffith, W, 1845. On the root-parasites referred by authors to Rhizantheae; and on various plants related to them. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 19: 303 - 347, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.1842.tb00369.x" title="On the root-parasites referred by authors to Rhizantheae; and on various plants related to them." url="10.1111/j.1096-3642.1842.tb00369.x" volume="19" year="1845">Griffith 1845</bibRefCitation>
: 341) with the accompanying illustration in the same publication (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Flower development in Thismia hongkongensis sp. nov. A, B Root system, with young flowering stalk developing (arrowed). C-H Developing flower, photographed over a 17 - day period (10 th, 14 th, 16 th, 19 th, 23 rd and 27 th May, respectively) (S. S. Mar 1, HK). I, J Post-fertilization flower, showing abscission of perianth tube. Photos by S. S. Mar." pageId="3" pageNumber="24">1</figureCitation>
in Pl. XXXIX) showing inflorescences with four and six flowers; 
<bibRefCitation author="Jonker, FP" journalOrPublisher="Mededeelinger van het Botanisch Museum en Herbarium van de Rijks Universiteit te Utrecht" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" pagination="1 - 279" refId="B21" refString="Jonker, FP, 1938. A monograph of the Burmanniaceae. Mededeelinger van het Botanisch Museum en Herbarium van de Rijks Universiteit te Utrecht 51: 1 - 279" title="A monograph of the Burmanniaceae." volume="51" year="1938">Jonker (1938)</bibRefCitation>
subsequently described the species as bearing 3-8 flowers per raceme. In contrast, 
<taxonomicName authorityName="S. S. Mar &amp; R. M. K. Saunders" authorityYear="2015" class="Liliopsida" family="Burmanniaceae" genus="Thismia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Thismia hongkongensis" order="Dioscoreales" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hongkongensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Thismia hongkongensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
invariably has fewer flowers, with a maximum of three per inflorescence, reaching anthesis consecutively. The perianth tube of 
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Burmanniaceae" genus="Thismia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Thismia brunonis" order="Dioscoreales" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="brunonis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Thismia brunonis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is pale yellow with red ribs (
<bibRefCitation author="Griffith, W" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Linnean Society of London" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" pagination="303 - 347" publicationUrl="10.1111/j.1096-3642.1842.tb00369.x" refId="B16" refString="Griffith, W, 1845. On the root-parasites referred by authors to Rhizantheae; and on various plants related to them. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 19: 303 - 347, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.1842.tb00369.x" title="On the root-parasites referred by authors to Rhizantheae; and on various plants related to them." url="10.1111/j.1096-3642.1842.tb00369.x" volume="19" year="1845">Griffith 1845</bibRefCitation>
), whilst it is pink with red ribs in 
<taxonomicName authorityName="S. S. Mar &amp; R. M. K. Saunders" authorityYear="2015" class="Liliopsida" family="Burmanniaceae" genus="Thismia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Thismia hongkongensis" order="Dioscoreales" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hongkongensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Thismia hongkongensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Figs 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Flower development in Thismia hongkongensis sp. nov. A, B Root system, with young flowering stalk developing (arrowed). C-H Developing flower, photographed over a 17 - day period (10 th, 14 th, 16 th, 19 th, 23 rd and 27 th May, respectively) (S. S. Mar 1, HK). I, J Post-fertilization flower, showing abscission of perianth tube. Photos by S. S. Mar." pageId="3" pageNumber="24">1G-J</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Flower structure in Thismia hongkongensis sp. nov. A Mature flower, showing outer tepals (ot), inner tepals (it) and abscission zone (ab) at the base of the perianth tube. B Entire plant (S. S. Mar 1, HK). C Perianth tube with annulus (a), following removal of the proximal face of the tube, exposing pendent stamens with filament (f), thecae (th), connective (c) and lateral appendage (la) (S. S. Mar 2, HK). D Inner face of perianth tube, showing network patterning and putative nectaries (arrowed) (S. S. Mar 2, HK). Scale bars: A, D = 2 mm; B = 5 mm; C = 1 mm. Photos: A, B S. S. Mar; C, D R. M. K. Saunders." pageId="3" pageNumber="24">2A, B</figureCitation>
). The filiform appendages on the outer tepals of 
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Burmanniaceae" genus="Thismia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Thismia brunonis" order="Dioscoreales" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="brunonis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Thismia brunonis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
appear to be spreading at maturity (
<bibRefCitation author="Griffith, W" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Linnean Society of London" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" pagination="303 - 347" publicationUrl="10.1111/j.1096-3642.1842.tb00369.x" refId="B16" refString="Griffith, W, 1845. On the root-parasites referred by authors to Rhizantheae; and on various plants related to them. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 19: 303 - 347, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.1842.tb00369.x" title="On the root-parasites referred by authors to Rhizantheae; and on various plants related to them." url="10.1111/j.1096-3642.1842.tb00369.x" volume="19" year="1845">Griffith 1845</bibRefCitation>
: Pl. XXXIX), whereas those of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="S. S. Mar &amp; R. M. K. Saunders" authorityYear="2015" class="Liliopsida" family="Burmanniaceae" genus="Thismia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Thismia hongkongensis" order="Dioscoreales" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hongkongensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Thismia hongkongensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
invariably remain upright and cross each other to form a loose mitre over the annulus (Figs 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Flower development in Thismia hongkongensis sp. nov. A, B Root system, with young flowering stalk developing (arrowed). C-H Developing flower, photographed over a 17 - day period (10 th, 14 th, 16 th, 19 th, 23 rd and 27 th May, respectively) (S. S. Mar 1, HK). I, J Post-fertilization flower, showing abscission of perianth tube. Photos by S. S. Mar." pageId="3" pageNumber="24">1G-J</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Flower structure in Thismia hongkongensis sp. nov. A Mature flower, showing outer tepals (ot), inner tepals (it) and abscission zone (ab) at the base of the perianth tube. B Entire plant (S. S. Mar 1, HK). C Perianth tube with annulus (a), following removal of the proximal face of the tube, exposing pendent stamens with filament (f), thecae (th), connective (c) and lateral appendage (la) (S. S. Mar 2, HK). D Inner face of perianth tube, showing network patterning and putative nectaries (arrowed) (S. S. Mar 2, HK). Scale bars: A, D = 2 mm; B = 5 mm; C = 1 mm. Photos: A, B S. S. Mar; C, D R. M. K. Saunders." pageId="3" pageNumber="24">2A, B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Thismia hongkongensis sp. nov. (S. S. Mar 2, HK). A Entire flower. B Flower with proximal part of perianth tube removed, showing pendent stamens. C Apex of the perianth tube, showing annulus (a) and pendent stamens, with filament (f), thecae (th), lateral appendage (la), and aperture (ap) between filaments. D Longitudinal section through fused carpels. Scale bars: A, B, D = 2 mm; C = 1 mm. Drawings by Caren Pearl Shin." pageId="3" pageNumber="24">4A</figureCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Burmanniaceae" genus="Thismia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Thismia brunonis" order="Dioscoreales" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="brunonis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Thismia brunonis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also differs from 
<taxonomicName authorityName="S. S. Mar &amp; R. M. K. Saunders" authorityYear="2015" class="Liliopsida" family="Burmanniaceae" genus="Thismia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Thismia hongkongensis" order="Dioscoreales" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hongkongensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Thismia hongkongensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as it has a much shorter filament: although a measurement was not included in 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Griffith’s">Griffith's</normalizedToken>
descriptions of 
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Burmanniaceae" genus="Thismia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Thismia brunonis" order="Dioscoreales" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="brunonis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Thismia brunonis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the accompanying plate (
<bibRefCitation author="Griffith, W" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Linnean Society of London" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" pagination="303 - 347" publicationUrl="10.1111/j.1096-3642.1842.tb00369.x" refId="B16" refString="Griffith, W, 1845. On the root-parasites referred by authors to Rhizantheae; and on various plants related to them. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 19: 303 - 347, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.1842.tb00369.x" title="On the root-parasites referred by authors to Rhizantheae; and on various plants related to them." url="10.1111/j.1096-3642.1842.tb00369.x" volume="19" year="1845">Griffith 1845</bibRefCitation>
: Fig. 7 in Pl. XXXIX) indicates that it is considerably shorter than the rest of the stamen. The shape of the stigma lobes also differs: it is acute in 
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Burmanniaceae" genus="Thismia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Thismia brunonis" order="Dioscoreales" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="brunonis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Thismia brunonis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Griffith, W" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Linnean Society of London" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" pagination="303 - 347" publicationUrl="10.1111/j.1096-3642.1842.tb00369.x" refId="B16" refString="Griffith, W, 1845. On the root-parasites referred by authors to Rhizantheae; and on various plants related to them. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 19: 303 - 347, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.1842.tb00369.x" title="On the root-parasites referred by authors to Rhizantheae; and on various plants related to them." url="10.1111/j.1096-3642.1842.tb00369.x" volume="19" year="1845">Griffith 1845</bibRefCitation>
: Fig. 9 in Pl. XXXIX; 
<bibRefCitation author="Jonker, FP" journalOrPublisher="Mededeelinger van het Botanisch Museum en Herbarium van de Rijks Universiteit te Utrecht" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" pagination="1 - 279" refId="B21" refString="Jonker, FP, 1938. A monograph of the Burmanniaceae. Mededeelinger van het Botanisch Museum en Herbarium van de Rijks Universiteit te Utrecht 51: 1 - 279" title="A monograph of the Burmanniaceae." volume="51" year="1938">Jonker 1938</bibRefCitation>
), but rounded in 
<taxonomicName authorityName="S. S. Mar &amp; R. M. K. Saunders" authorityYear="2015" class="Liliopsida" family="Burmanniaceae" genus="Thismia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Thismia hongkongensis" order="Dioscoreales" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hongkongensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Thismia hongkongensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Thismia hongkongensis sp. nov. (S. S. Mar 2, HK). A Entire flower. B Flower with proximal part of perianth tube removed, showing pendent stamens. C Apex of the perianth tube, showing annulus (a) and pendent stamens, with filament (f), thecae (th), lateral appendage (la), and aperture (ap) between filaments. D Longitudinal section through fused carpels. Scale bars: A, B, D = 2 mm; C = 1 mm. Drawings by Caren Pearl Shin." pageId="3" pageNumber="24">4D</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="3" pageNumber="24" start="Figure 4" startId="F4">
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="24">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Figure 4.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="S. S. Mar &amp; R. M. K. Saunders" authorityYear="2015" class="Liliopsida" family="Burmanniaceae" genus="Thismia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Thismia hongkongensis" order="Dioscoreales" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hongkongensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Thismia hongkongensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">S.S. Mar 2</emphasis>
, HK). 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">A</emphasis>
Entire flower. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">B</emphasis>
Flower with proximal part of perianth tube removed, showing pendent stamens. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">C</emphasis>
Apex of the perianth tube, showing annulus (a) and pendent stamens, with filament (f), thecae (th), lateral appendage (la), and aperture (ap) between filaments. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">D</emphasis>
Longitudinal section through fused carpels. Scale bars: 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">A, B, D</emphasis>
= 2 mm; 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">C</emphasis>
= 1 mm. Drawings by Caren Pearl Shin.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="24">
<taxonomicName authorityName="S. S. Mar &amp; R. M. K. Saunders" authorityYear="2015" class="Liliopsida" family="Burmanniaceae" genus="Thismia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Thismia hongkongensis" order="Dioscoreales" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hongkongensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Thismia hongkongensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is strikingly different from its congener in Hong Kong. 
<taxonomicName authorityName="K. Larsen &amp; Aver" authorityYear="2007" class="Liliopsida" family="Burmanniaceae" genus="Thismia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Thismia tentaculata" order="Dioscoreales" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tentaculata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Thismia tentaculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a white perianth tube with a bright yellow annulus, and three divergent orange-red filiform appendages on the inner tepals (
<bibRefCitation author="Ho, GWC" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematics and Evolution" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" pagination="605 - 607" publicationUrl="10.1111/j.1759-6831.2009.00037.x" refId="B19" refString="Ho, GWC, Mar, SS, Saunders, RMK, 2009. Thismia tentaculata (Burmanniaceae tribe Thismieae) from Hong Kong: first record of the genus and tribe from continental China. Journal of Systematics and Evolution 47: 605 - 607, DOI: 10.1111/j.1759-6831.2009.00037.x" title="Thismia tentaculata (Burmanniaceae tribe Thismieae) from Hong Kong: first record of the genus and tribe from continental China." url="10.1111/j.1759-6831.2009.00037.x" volume="47" year="2009">Ho et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="24" type="iucn conservation status">
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="24">IUCN conservation status.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="24">
CR D (
<bibRefCitation author="IUCN" journalOrPublisher="IUCN, Gland Switzerland and Cambridge, UK" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" refId="B20" refString="IUCN, 2001. IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria, ver. 3.1. IUCN, Gland Switzerland and Cambridge, UK" title="IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria, ver. 3.1" year="2001">IUCN 2001</bibRefCitation>
). Only one population is known, consisting of ca. 10 individuals, covering an area of approximately 4-5 m2. The population is located within the Tai Po Kau Nature Reserve, but is close to a major hiking path and the population is therefore susceptible to human disturbance and vegetation clearance.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="25" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Pollination ecology</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="24">
Although the 
<taxonomicName family="Burmanniaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Dioscoreales" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" rank="family">Burmanniaceae</taxonomicName>
s.l. (inclusive of 
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Burmanniaceae" genus="Thismia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Thismia" order="Dioscoreales" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Thismia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) are reported to be protandrous (
<bibRefCitation author="Vogel, S" journalOrPublisher="The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" pagination="34 - 48" refId="B41" refString="Vogel, S, 1998. Floral biology. The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants Vol. 3: 34 - 48" title="Floral biology." volume="Vol. 3" year="1998">Vogel 1998</bibRefCitation>
), this inference was based on a paraphyletic circumscription of the family and it is unclear whether protandry has specifically been observed in 
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Burmanniaceae" genus="Thismia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Thismia" order="Dioscoreales" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Thismia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Dissections of late-anthetic flowers of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="S. S. Mar &amp; R. M. K. Saunders" authorityYear="2015" class="Liliopsida" family="Burmanniaceae" genus="Thismia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Thismia hongkongensis" order="Dioscoreales" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hongkongensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Thismia hongkongensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
allow tentative confirmation of protandry, however, as the thecae are completely devoid of pollen (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">th</emphasis>
in Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Flower structure in Thismia hongkongensis sp. nov. A Mature flower, showing outer tepals (ot), inner tepals (it) and abscission zone (ab) at the base of the perianth tube. B Entire plant (S. S. Mar 1, HK). C Perianth tube with annulus (a), following removal of the proximal face of the tube, exposing pendent stamens with filament (f), thecae (th), connective (c) and lateral appendage (la) (S. S. Mar 2, HK). D Inner face of perianth tube, showing network patterning and putative nectaries (arrowed) (S. S. Mar 2, HK). Scale bars: A, D = 2 mm; B = 5 mm; C = 1 mm. Photos: A, B S. S. Mar; C, D R. M. K. Saunders." pageId="3" pageNumber="24">2C</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="25" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">
Little is known of the pollinators of 
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Burmanniaceae" genus="Thismia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Thismia" order="Dioscoreales" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">
<pageBreakToken pageId="4" pageNumber="25" start="start">Thismia</pageBreakToken>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, although several authors have suggested that the flowers may be visited by small flies (
<bibRefCitation author="Vogel, S" journalOrPublisher="Abhandlungen der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Klasse" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" pagination="601 - 763" refId="B39" refString="Vogel, S, 1962. Duftdruesen im Dienste der Bestaeubung. Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur. Abhandlungen der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Klasse 10: 601 - 763" title="Duftdruesen im Dienste der Bestaeubung. Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur." volume="10" year="1962">Vogel 1962</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Stone, BC" journalOrPublisher="Blumea" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" pagination="419 - 425" refId="B35" refString="Stone, BC, 1980. Rediscovery of Thismia clavigera (Becc.) F. v. M. (Burmanniaceae). Blumea 26: 419 - 425" title="Rediscovery of Thismia clavigera (Becc.) F. v. M. (Burmanniaceae)." volume="26" year="1980">Stone 1980</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Ruebsamen, T" journalOrPublisher="Dissertationes Botanicae" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" pagination="1 - 310" refId="B34" refString="Ruebsamen, T, 1986. Morphologische, embryologische und systematische Untersuchungen an Burmanniaceae und Corsiaceae (Mit Ausblick auf die Orchidaceae - Apostasioideae). Dissertationes Botanicae 92: 1 - 310" title="Morphologische, embryologische und systematische Untersuchungen an Burmanniaceae und Corsiaceae (Mit Ausblick auf die Orchidaceae - Apostasioideae)." volume="92" year="1986">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Rübsamen">Ruebsamen</normalizedToken>
1986
</bibRefCitation>
). These inferences were based on perianth morphology, the presence of osmophores on the tepals (
<bibRefCitation author="Vogel, S" journalOrPublisher="Abhandlungen der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Klasse" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" pagination="601 - 763" refId="B39" refString="Vogel, S, 1962. Duftdruesen im Dienste der Bestaeubung. Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur. Abhandlungen der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Klasse 10: 601 - 763" title="Duftdruesen im Dienste der Bestaeubung. Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur." volume="10" year="1962">Vogel 1962</bibRefCitation>
), the presence of nectaries either at the base of the perianth (
<bibRefCitation author="Poulsen, V" journalOrPublisher="Oversigt over det kongelige danske videnskabernes selskabs forhandlinger og dets medlemmers arbeider" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" pagination="18 - 38" refId="B33" refString="Poulsen, V, 1890. Thismia Glaziovii nov. sp. Bidrag til de brasilianske Saprofyters Naturhistorie. Oversigt over det kongelige danske videnskabernes selskabs forhandlinger og dets medlemmers arbeider 1890: 18 - 38" title="Thismia Glaziovii nov. sp. Bidrag til de brasilianske Saprofyters Naturhistorie." volume="1890" year="1890">Poulsen 1890</bibRefCitation>
) or along the suture between contiguous anthers (e.g., 
<bibRefCitation author="Groom, P" journalOrPublisher="Annals of Botany (London)" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" pagination="327 - 361" refId="B17" refString="Groom, P, 1895. On Thismia aseroe (Beccari) and its mycorrhiza. Annals of Botany (London) 9: 327 - 361" title="On Thismia aseroe (Beccari) and its mycorrhiza." volume="9" year="1895">Groom 1895</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Pfeiffer, NE" journalOrPublisher="Botanical Gazette (Crawfordsville)" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" pagination="354 - 363" publicationUrl="10.1086/332348" refId="B32" refString="Pfeiffer, NE, 1918. The sporangia of Thismia americana. Botanical Gazette (Crawfordsville) 66: 354 - 363, DOI: 10.1086/332348" title="The sporangia of Thismia americana." url="10.1086/332348" volume="66" year="1918">Pfeiffer 1918</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Jonker, FP" journalOrPublisher="Mededeelinger van het Botanisch Museum en Herbarium van de Rijks Universiteit te Utrecht" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" pagination="1 - 279" refId="B21" refString="Jonker, FP, 1938. A monograph of the Burmanniaceae. Mededeelinger van het Botanisch Museum en Herbarium van de Rijks Universiteit te Utrecht 51: 1 - 279" title="A monograph of the Burmanniaceae." volume="51" year="1938">Jonker 1938</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation author="Jonker, FP" journalOrPublisher="Flora Malesiana (series I)" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" pagination="13 - 26" refId="B22" refString="Jonker, FP, 1948. Burmanniaceae. Flora Malesiana (series I) 4: 13 - 26" title="Burmanniaceae." volume="4" year="1948">1948</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Cribb, AB" journalOrPublisher="Queensland Naturalist" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" pagination="18 - 21" refId="B11" refString="Cribb, AB, 1986. An extension of the range of Thismia rodwayi to Queensland. Queensland Naturalist 27: 18 - 21" title="An extension of the range of Thismia rodwayi to Queensland." volume="27" year="1986">Cribb 1986</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation author="Cribb, AB" journalOrPublisher="Queensland Naturalist" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" pagination="51 - 54" refId="B12" refString="Cribb, AB, 1995. The saprophytic flowering plant, Thismia yorkensis sp. nov., from Australia. Queensland Naturalist 33: 51 - 54" title="The saprophytic flowering plant, Thismia yorkensis sp. nov., from Australia." volume="33" year="1995">1995</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Thiele, KR" journalOrPublisher="Telopea" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" pagination="765 - 771" refId="B36" refString="Thiele, KR, Jordan, P, 2002. Thismia clavarioides (Thismiaceae), a new species of Fairy lantern from New South Wales. Telopea 9: 765 - 771" title="Thismia clavarioides (Thismiaceae), a new species of Fairy lantern from New South Wales." volume="9" year="2002">Thiele and Jordan 2002</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Ho, GWC" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematics and Evolution" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" pagination="605 - 607" publicationUrl="10.1111/j.1759-6831.2009.00037.x" refId="B19" refString="Ho, GWC, Mar, SS, Saunders, RMK, 2009. Thismia tentaculata (Burmanniaceae tribe Thismieae) from Hong Kong: first record of the genus and tribe from continental China. Journal of Systematics and Evolution 47: 605 - 607, DOI: 10.1111/j.1759-6831.2009.00037.x" title="Thismia tentaculata (Burmanniaceae tribe Thismieae) from Hong Kong: first record of the genus and tribe from continental China." url="10.1111/j.1759-6831.2009.00037.x" volume="47" year="2009">Ho et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
), and the formation of sticky pollen (
<bibRefCitation author="Cranwell, LM" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Auckland Institute and Museum" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" pagination="1 - 91" refId="B10" refString="Cranwell, LM, 1953. New Zealand pollen studies. The monocotyledons. A comparative account. Bulletin of the Auckland Institute and Museum 3: 1 - 91" title="New Zealand pollen studies. The monocotyledons. A comparative account." volume="3" year="1953">Cranwell 1953</bibRefCitation>
). The only previous observational report of insect visitors to 
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Burmanniaceae" genus="Thismia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Thismia" order="Dioscoreales" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">Thismia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
flowers is of small, unidentified flies entering the perianth tube of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hong Qing Li &amp; Y. K. Bi" authorityYear="2013" class="Liliopsida" family="Burmanniaceae" genus="Thismia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Thismia gongshanensis" order="Dioscoreales" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gongshanensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">Thismia gongshanensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Li &amp; Bi, 2013).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="25">
Several researchers have inferred that fungus gnats are likely to pollinate 
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Burmanniaceae" genus="Thismia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Thismia" order="Dioscoreales" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">Thismia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
flowers based on structural mimicry (e.g., tepal extensions and reticulate patterning on the inner surface of the perianth tube), perianth colour and the emission of fungus-like floral scents (
<bibRefCitation author="Vogel, S" journalOrPublisher="Flora" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" pagination="329 - 398" refId="B40" refString="Vogel, S, 1978. Pilzmueckenblumen als Pilzmimeten. Flora 167: 329 - 398" title="Pilzmueckenblumen als Pilzmimeten." volume="167" year="1978">Vogel 1978</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Ruebsamen, T" journalOrPublisher="Dissertationes Botanicae" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" pagination="1 - 310" refId="B34" refString="Ruebsamen, T, 1986. Morphologische, embryologische und systematische Untersuchungen an Burmanniaceae und Corsiaceae (Mit Ausblick auf die Orchidaceae - Apostasioideae). Dissertationes Botanicae 92: 1 - 310" title="Morphologische, embryologische und systematische Untersuchungen an Burmanniaceae und Corsiaceae (Mit Ausblick auf die Orchidaceae - Apostasioideae)." volume="92" year="1986">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Rübsamen">Ruebsamen</normalizedToken>
1986
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Thiele, KR" journalOrPublisher="Telopea" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" pagination="765 - 771" refId="B36" refString="Thiele, KR, Jordan, P, 2002. Thismia clavarioides (Thismiaceae), a new species of Fairy lantern from New South Wales. Telopea 9: 765 - 771" title="Thismia clavarioides (Thismiaceae), a new species of Fairy lantern from New South Wales." volume="9" year="2002">Thiele and Jordan 2002</bibRefCitation>
). We retrieved a fungus gnat (belonging to either the 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Mycetophilidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Saxifragales" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Mycetophilidae</taxonomicName>
or 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Billberg" authorityYear="1820" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sciaridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Saxifragales" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Sciaridae</taxonomicName>
) from within the perianth tube of a late-anthetic specimen of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="S. S. Mar &amp; R. M. K. Saunders" authorityYear="2015" class="Liliopsida" family="Burmanniaceae" genus="Thismia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Thismia hongkongensis" order="Dioscoreales" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hongkongensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">Thismia hongkongensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; unfortunately the poor state of preservation of the fly precluded further identification. We also retrieved an isolated insect wing from within the floral chamber which had the characteristic venation typical of a scuttle fly (
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Phoridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Saxifragales" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Phoridae</taxonomicName>
). Fungus gnats and scuttle flies are generally associated with decaying organic matter and are often reported to feed on fungi (
<bibRefCitation author="Hill, DS" journalOrPublisher="Hong Kong University Press, Hong Kong" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" refId="B18" refString="Hill, DS, Hore, PM, Thornton, IWB, 1982. Insects of Hong Kong. Hong Kong University Press, Hong Kong" title="Insects of Hong Kong" year="1982">Hill et al. 1982</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="25">
The pollinators presumably enter the floral chamber of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="S. S. Mar &amp; R. M. K. Saunders" authorityYear="2015" class="Liliopsida" family="Burmanniaceae" genus="Thismia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Thismia hongkongensis" order="Dioscoreales" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hongkongensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">Thismia hongkongensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
via the aperture within the annulus (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">a</emphasis>
in Figs 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Flower structure in Thismia hongkongensis sp. nov. A Mature flower, showing outer tepals (ot), inner tepals (it) and abscission zone (ab) at the base of the perianth tube. B Entire plant (S. S. Mar 1, HK). C Perianth tube with annulus (a), following removal of the proximal face of the tube, exposing pendent stamens with filament (f), thecae (th), connective (c) and lateral appendage (la) (S. S. Mar 2, HK). D Inner face of perianth tube, showing network patterning and putative nectaries (arrowed) (S. S. Mar 2, HK). Scale bars: A, D = 2 mm; B = 5 mm; C = 1 mm. Photos: A, B S. S. Mar; C, D R. M. K. Saunders." pageId="4" pageNumber="25">2C</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Thismia hongkongensis sp. nov. (S. S. Mar 2, HK). A Entire flower. B Flower with proximal part of perianth tube removed, showing pendent stamens. C Apex of the perianth tube, showing annulus (a) and pendent stamens, with filament (f), thecae (th), lateral appendage (la), and aperture (ap) between filaments. D Longitudinal section through fused carpels. Scale bars: A, B, D = 2 mm; C = 1 mm. Drawings by Caren Pearl Shin." pageId="4" pageNumber="25">4C</figureCitation>
). Assuming that the flower is protandrous as suggested, the movements of the pollinators are likely to differ depending on whether the flower is in its early anthetic (staminate) or late anthetic (pistillate) phase. In staminate-phase flowers, the flies are likely to be attracted to the putative nectaries (arrowed in Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Flower structure in Thismia hongkongensis sp. nov. A Mature flower, showing outer tepals (ot), inner tepals (it) and abscission zone (ab) at the base of the perianth tube. B Entire plant (S. S. Mar 1, HK). C Perianth tube with annulus (a), following removal of the proximal face of the tube, exposing pendent stamens with filament (f), thecae (th), connective (c) and lateral appendage (la) (S. S. Mar 2, HK). D Inner face of perianth tube, showing network patterning and putative nectaries (arrowed) (S. S. Mar 2, HK). Scale bars: A, D = 2 mm; B = 5 mm; C = 1 mm. Photos: A, B S. S. Mar; C, D R. M. K. Saunders." pageId="4" pageNumber="25">2D</figureCitation>
) located at the apex of the perianth tube, behind the pendent staminal ring. We hypothesize that the irregular surface on the adaxial surface of the perianth tube resulting from the reticulate venation (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Flower structure in Thismia hongkongensis sp. nov. A Mature flower, showing outer tepals (ot), inner tepals (it) and abscission zone (ab) at the base of the perianth tube. B Entire plant (S. S. Mar 1, HK). C Perianth tube with annulus (a), following removal of the proximal face of the tube, exposing pendent stamens with filament (f), thecae (th), connective (c) and lateral appendage (la) (S. S. Mar 2, HK). D Inner face of perianth tube, showing network patterning and putative nectaries (arrowed) (S. S. Mar 2, HK). Scale bars: A, D = 2 mm; B = 5 mm; C = 1 mm. Photos: A, B S. S. Mar; C, D R. M. K. Saunders." pageId="4" pageNumber="25">2D</figureCitation>
) possibly enables the insects to climb and access these nectaries. The flies are likely to make contact with the thecae (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">th</emphasis>
in Figs 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Flower structure in Thismia hongkongensis sp. nov. A Mature flower, showing outer tepals (ot), inner tepals (it) and abscission zone (ab) at the base of the perianth tube. B Entire plant (S. S. Mar 1, HK). C Perianth tube with annulus (a), following removal of the proximal face of the tube, exposing pendent stamens with filament (f), thecae (th), connective (c) and lateral appendage (la) (S. S. Mar 2, HK). D Inner face of perianth tube, showing network patterning and putative nectaries (arrowed) (S. S. Mar 2, HK). Scale bars: A, D = 2 mm; B = 5 mm; C = 1 mm. Photos: A, B S. S. Mar; C, D R. M. K. Saunders." pageId="4" pageNumber="25">2C</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Thismia hongkongensis sp. nov. (S. S. Mar 2, HK). A Entire flower. B Flower with proximal part of perianth tube removed, showing pendent stamens. C Apex of the perianth tube, showing annulus (a) and pendent stamens, with filament (f), thecae (th), lateral appendage (la), and aperture (ap) between filaments. D Longitudinal section through fused carpels. Scale bars: A, B, D = 2 mm; C = 1 mm. Drawings by Caren Pearl Shin." pageId="4" pageNumber="25">4C</figureCitation>
) and inadvertently collect pollen whilst feeding from the nectaries, before departing via the small apertures (ca. 0.5 mm diameter) located between the filaments (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">f</emphasis>
in Figs 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Flower structure in Thismia hongkongensis sp. nov. A Mature flower, showing outer tepals (ot), inner tepals (it) and abscission zone (ab) at the base of the perianth tube. B Entire plant (S. S. Mar 1, HK). C Perianth tube with annulus (a), following removal of the proximal face of the tube, exposing pendent stamens with filament (f), thecae (th), connective (c) and lateral appendage (la) (S. S. Mar 2, HK). D Inner face of perianth tube, showing network patterning and putative nectaries (arrowed) (S. S. Mar 2, HK). Scale bars: A, D = 2 mm; B = 5 mm; C = 1 mm. Photos: A, B S. S. Mar; C, D R. M. K. Saunders." pageId="4" pageNumber="25">2C</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Thismia hongkongensis sp. nov. (S. S. Mar 2, HK). A Entire flower. B Flower with proximal part of perianth tube removed, showing pendent stamens. C Apex of the perianth tube, showing annulus (a) and pendent stamens, with filament (f), thecae (th), lateral appendage (la), and aperture (ap) between filaments. D Longitudinal section through fused carpels. Scale bars: A, B, D = 2 mm; C = 1 mm. Drawings by Caren Pearl Shin." pageId="4" pageNumber="25">4C</figureCitation>
) of adjacent stamens. If the flies enter late-anthetic pistillate-phase flowers, however, it is possible that they might be prevented from accessing the nectaries because of the raised lateral appendages of the stamens (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">la</emphasis>
in Figs 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Flower structure in Thismia hongkongensis sp. nov. A Mature flower, showing outer tepals (ot), inner tepals (it) and abscission zone (ab) at the base of the perianth tube. B Entire plant (S. S. Mar 1, HK). C Perianth tube with annulus (a), following removal of the proximal face of the tube, exposing pendent stamens with filament (f), thecae (th), connective (c) and lateral appendage (la) (S. S. Mar 2, HK). D Inner face of perianth tube, showing network patterning and putative nectaries (arrowed) (S. S. Mar 2, HK). Scale bars: A, D = 2 mm; B = 5 mm; C = 1 mm. Photos: A, B S. S. Mar; C, D R. M. K. Saunders." pageId="4" pageNumber="25">2C</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Thismia hongkongensis sp. nov. (S. S. Mar 2, HK). A Entire flower. B Flower with proximal part of perianth tube removed, showing pendent stamens. C Apex of the perianth tube, showing annulus (a) and pendent stamens, with filament (f), thecae (th), lateral appendage (la), and aperture (ap) between filaments. D Longitudinal section through fused carpels. Scale bars: A, B, D = 2 mm; C = 1 mm. Drawings by Caren Pearl Shin." pageId="4" pageNumber="25">4C</figureCitation>
), thereby increasing the time in which contact with the stigma is possible. The possible trapping of flies may explain the frequency with which flies are observed inside the perianth tube of late-anthetic flowers. Similar interpretations of pollinator movement, involving climbing the inner wall of the perianth tube and exiting via the apertures between the filaments, has previously been suggested by 
<bibRefCitation author="Maas, PJM" journalOrPublisher="Flora Neotropica" pageId="6" pageNumber="27" refId="B25" refString="Maas, PJM, Maas-van der Kamer, H, van Benthem, J, Snelders, HCM, Ruebsamen, T, 1986. . Flora Neotropica Monograph 42" volume="Monograph 42" year="1986">Maas et al. (1986)</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation author="Thiele, KR" journalOrPublisher="Telopea" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" pagination="765 - 771" refId="B36" refString="Thiele, KR, Jordan, P, 2002. Thismia clavarioides (Thismiaceae), a new species of Fairy lantern from New South Wales. Telopea 9: 765 - 771" title="Thismia clavarioides (Thismiaceae), a new species of Fairy lantern from New South Wales." volume="9" year="2002">Thiele and Jordan (2002)</bibRefCitation>
for other 
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Burmanniaceae" genus="Thismia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Thismia" order="Dioscoreales" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">Thismia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="26" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" type="seed dispersal">
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="25">Seed dispersal</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="26" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">
Several different interpretations of seed dispersal have been proposed for 
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Burmanniaceae" genus="Thismia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Thismia" order="Dioscoreales" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">
<pageBreakToken pageId="5" pageNumber="26" start="start">Thismia</pageBreakToken>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, including movement by earthworms with secondary dispersal possible if the worms are eaten by birds (
<bibRefCitation author="Beccari, O" journalOrPublisher="Malesia" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" pagination="318 - 344" refId="B2" refString="Beccari, O, 1890. Le Triuridaceae della Malesia. Malesia 3: 318 - 344" title="Le Triuridaceae della Malesia." volume="3" year="1890">Beccari 1890</bibRefCitation>
). 
<bibRefCitation author="Stone, BC" journalOrPublisher="Blumea" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" pagination="419 - 425" refId="B35" refString="Stone, BC, 1980. Rediscovery of Thismia clavigera (Becc.) F. v. M. (Burmanniaceae). Blumea 26: 419 - 425" title="Rediscovery of Thismia clavigera (Becc.) F. v. M. (Burmanniaceae)." volume="26" year="1980">Stone (1980)</bibRefCitation>
suggested that 
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Burmanniaceae" genus="Thismia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Thismia" order="Dioscoreales" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">Thismia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
seeds are likely to be dispersed by raindrops that splash seeds out of the fruit-cup. The size and shape of the fruit-cups of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="S. S. Mar &amp; R. M. K. Saunders" authorityYear="2015" class="Liliopsida" family="Burmanniaceae" genus="Thismia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Thismia hongkongensis" order="Dioscoreales" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hongkongensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">Thismia hongkongensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
closely resemble functionally similar rain-splash dispersal structures in phylogenetically disparate groups (
<bibRefCitation author="Nakanishi, H" journalOrPublisher="Ecological Research" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" pagination="663 - 671" publicationUrl="10.1046/j.1440-1703.2002.00524.x" refId="B30" refString="Nakanishi, H, 2002. Splash seed dispersal by raindrops. Ecological Research 17: 663 - 671, DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1703.2002.00524.x" title="Splash seed dispersal by raindrops." url="10.1046/j.1440-1703.2002.00524.x" volume="17" year="2002">Nakanishi 2002</bibRefCitation>
): the upper surface of the fruit disintegrates at maturity (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Fruit structure in Thismia hongkongensis sp. nov. A Flower (rear right), immature fruit, shortly after fertilization (left), and mature fruit with exposed seeds (front). B Two fruiting individuals, each with three fruits. C Lateral view of fruiting specimen, illustrating elongated fruit stalk. D Mature fruit with exposed seeds. E Dehydrated fruit. F Rehydrated fruit, after rainfall. Photos by S. S. Mar." pageId="5" pageNumber="26">3A</figureCitation>
), resulting in an upright, cup-like hypanthium (ca. 4.8 mm in diameter) with seeds that are fully exposed (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Fruit structure in Thismia hongkongensis sp. nov. A Flower (rear right), immature fruit, shortly after fertilization (left), and mature fruit with exposed seeds (front). B Two fruiting individuals, each with three fruits. C Lateral view of fruiting specimen, illustrating elongated fruit stalk. D Mature fruit with exposed seeds. E Dehydrated fruit. F Rehydrated fruit, after rainfall. Photos by S. S. Mar." pageId="5" pageNumber="26">3D</figureCitation>
). Studies of other plant groups indicate dispersal of up to 1 m (
<bibRefCitation author="Nakanishi, H" journalOrPublisher="Ecological Research" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" pagination="663 - 671" publicationUrl="10.1046/j.1440-1703.2002.00524.x" refId="B30" refString="Nakanishi, H, 2002. Splash seed dispersal by raindrops. Ecological Research 17: 663 - 671, DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1703.2002.00524.x" title="Splash seed dispersal by raindrops." url="10.1046/j.1440-1703.2002.00524.x" volume="17" year="2002">Nakanishi 2002</bibRefCitation>
), although there are inevitably many variables (including plant height, seed weight, etc.) that affect potential dispersal distance; it is perhaps significant that the stem of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="S. S. Mar &amp; R. M. K. Saunders" authorityYear="2015" class="Liliopsida" family="Burmanniaceae" genus="Thismia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Thismia hongkongensis" order="Dioscoreales" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hongkongensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">Thismia hongkongensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
elongates as the fruit matures (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Fruit structure in Thismia hongkongensis sp. nov. A Flower (rear right), immature fruit, shortly after fertilization (left), and mature fruit with exposed seeds (front). B Two fruiting individuals, each with three fruits. C Lateral view of fruiting specimen, illustrating elongated fruit stalk. D Mature fruit with exposed seeds. E Dehydrated fruit. F Rehydrated fruit, after rainfall. Photos by S. S. Mar." pageId="5" pageNumber="26">3C</figureCitation>
), thereby possibly increasing seed dispersal distance.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="26">
<bibRefCitation author="Brodie, HK" journalOrPublisher="Canadian Journal of Botany" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" pagination="224 - 234" publicationUrl="10.1139/b51-022" refId="B3" refString="Brodie, HK, 1951. The splash-cup dispersal mechanism in plants. Canadian Journal of Botany 29: 224 - 234, DOI: 10.1139/b51-022" title="The splash-cup dispersal mechanism in plants." url="10.1139/b51-022" volume="29" year="1951">Brodie (1951)</bibRefCitation>
observed that seeds of species that are rain-splash dispersed are often coated with a hydrophilic colloid that rapidly absorbs water, and which may act as a lubricant, facilitating separation of seeds by rain drops. 
<taxonomicName authorityName="S. S. Mar &amp; R. M. K. Saunders" authorityYear="2015" class="Liliopsida" family="Burmanniaceae" genus="Thismia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Thismia hongkongensis" order="Dioscoreales" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hongkongensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">Thismia hongkongensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
seeds are surrounded by a conspicuous mucilage-like substance (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Fruit structure in Thismia hongkongensis sp. nov. A Flower (rear right), immature fruit, shortly after fertilization (left), and mature fruit with exposed seeds (front). B Two fruiting individuals, each with three fruits. C Lateral view of fruiting specimen, illustrating elongated fruit stalk. D Mature fruit with exposed seeds. E Dehydrated fruit. F Rehydrated fruit, after rainfall. Photos by S. S. Mar." pageId="5" pageNumber="26">3D</figureCitation>
) that may function in this way.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="26">
The fruits of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="S. S. Mar &amp; R. M. K. Saunders" authorityYear="2015" class="Liliopsida" family="Burmanniaceae" genus="Thismia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Thismia hongkongensis" order="Dioscoreales" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hongkongensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">Thismia hongkongensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
appear to remain functional for several weeks. Although the plants are inevitably subjected to periods of desiccation, the fruits appear to be able to rehydrate effectively (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Fruit structure in Thismia hongkongensis sp. nov. A Flower (rear right), immature fruit, shortly after fertilization (left), and mature fruit with exposed seeds (front). B Two fruiting individuals, each with three fruits. C Lateral view of fruiting specimen, illustrating elongated fruit stalk. D Mature fruit with exposed seeds. E Dehydrated fruit. F Rehydrated fruit, after rainfall. Photos by S. S. Mar." pageId="5" pageNumber="26">3E, F</figureCitation>
), thereby prolonging the period for seed dispersal.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>