232 lines
31 KiB
XML
232 lines
31 KiB
XML
<document id="A569834FB05AB513154AEB0A06FF120B" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.4.e8032" ID-PMC="PMC4934140" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2828-4-8032" ID-PubMed="27433124" ID-ZooBank="5AE871B646CB4BEF8E4D19C0F05BDBFA" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2016" ModsDocID="1314-2828-4-e8032" ModsDocOrigin="Biodiversity Data Journal 4" ModsDocTitle="Taxonomic revision of Stigmatomma Roger (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the Malagasy region" checkinTime="1465845241586" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Esteves, Flavia A. & Fisher, Brian L." docDate="2016" docId="479DBC6CBAF25BFF205EB89341F4205F" docLanguage="en" docName="BiodivDatJour 4: e8032" docOrigin="Biodiversity Data Journal 4" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.4.e8032" docTitle="Stigmatomma bolabola Esteves & Fisher, sp. n." docType="treatment" docUuid="05D881B6-3EBA-4D5D-863F-135430794C5D" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="8032" masterDocId="FFBFFFB8FFF6FFD7FF8FFFCFFFC2FF9F" masterDocTitle="Taxonomic revision of Stigmatomma Roger (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the Malagasy region" masterLastPageNumber="8032" masterPageNumber="8032" pageNumber="8032" updateTime="1701318581497" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="A1D21ABEF7D84378E16FC16ADBD00E3D">Taxonomic revision of Stigmatomma Roger (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the Malagasy region</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="6F12DB755FB2849369049C832DDE1D29">Esteves, Flavia A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="78E63CE780FEF07DD30271DEF6EBF639" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="E62DAEAAB6242840B066C70A4A523609">Fisher, Brian L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="96FD9953A3C36D8BAF17B0249B8ED71E">Biodiversity Data Journal</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="D764B615ED4C8D129D3AF4566E2C8720">2016</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="2EE6934416B212240C1026C1D3515DDB" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="7811336A66E8539C05AC16711DB65DD3">4</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="C4D36F6002F2AFAA1B35E508E5CE33A6">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="9513B68CADA9519F00852FB2A76DAADB" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.4.e8032</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="479DBC6CBAF25BFF205EB89341F4205F" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:05D881B6-3EBA-4D5D-863F-135430794C5D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/479DBC6CBAF25BFF205EB89341F4205F" lastPageNumber="8032" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">
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<subSubSection id="37708C54C3D59A6AED0216B4E0E43E93" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="C5D3AFCFD1AC3907B1A838EE2B91BF78" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">
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<taxonomicName id="8EE5F87E2A265762FEE31FDDB0F840C2" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:05D881B6-3EBA-4D5D-863F-135430794C5D" authority="Esteves & Fisher" class="Eurotiomycetes" family="Verrucariaceae" genus="Stigmatomma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Stigmatomma bolabola" order="Verrucariales" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="bolabola">Stigmatomma bolabola Esteves & Fisher</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="5017D2950E49DEBC408A5A95A34DB288" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="7F6E168C97F9DC3BD5F2C7151B181C43" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="C58376004202EDFB3E3F945ECE928C66" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">Materials</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="21DB3E4820442A6CCCA4427333789AB1" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">
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<materialsCitation id="A29889CB59CA4571AABE0196E6E8F502" collectingDate="2003-03-17" collectionCode="CASC" collectorName="Fisher, Griswold et al." country="Madagascar" latitude="-15.28833" location="Montagne d'Akirindro 7.6 km 341 ° NNW Ambinanitelo" longitude="49.54833" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" specimenCode="casent 0034580" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="Holotype">
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Type status:
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<typeStatus id="973538EA6569B3D634AF78670784B129" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">Holotype</typeStatus>
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. Occurrence: catalogNumber:
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<specimenCode id="203F398FEFA9E3B6CEBA89229D5DEC17" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">casent0034580</specimenCode>
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; recordedBy:
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<collectorName id="65120E5D42E68AB79D6427030896D770" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">Fisher, Griswold et al.</collectorName>
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; sex:
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<specimenType id="F8A2C6874AC44B37C91B8CCFAFD89687" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">1w</specimenType>
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; preparations: pin; associatedMedia: http://www.antweb.org/specimen/casent0034580; Taxon: scientificName: Stigmatommabolabola; genus: Stigmatomma; Location: country:
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<collectingCountry id="363FD74D8BDB31533660658167838BBB" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
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; locality:
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<location id="9F608814A8ACC8D7DB73B8174AA5F738" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:479DBC6CBAF25BFF205EB89341F4205F:9F608814A8ACC8D7DB73B8174AA5F738" country="Madagascar" latitude="-15.28833" longitude="49.54833" name="Montagne d'Akirindro 7.6 km 341 ° NNW Ambinanitelo" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">Montagne d'Akirindro 7.6 km 341° NNW Ambinanitelo</location>
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; decimalLatitude:
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<geoCoordinate id="8377E22C4CDCCD121C85A78BFEB5081B" orientation="latitude" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" value="-15.28833">-15.28833</geoCoordinate>
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; decimalLongitude:
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<geoCoordinate id="7ABE553897AEB38ED76E57E39B0FC0FA" orientation="longitude" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" value="49.54833">49.54833</geoCoordinate>
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; georeferenceRemarks: coordinates obtained from GPS; Event: eventDate:
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<collectingDate id="7D1481325EC592A807E68978AD3850D6" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" value="2003-03-17">03/17/2003</collectingDate>
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; habitat: rainforest; fieldNumber: BLF08250; eventRemarks: sifted litter (leaf mold, rotten wood); Record Level: institutionCode:
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<collectionCode id="9DD6D71FE22825112D43BB4A12E9C166" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">CASC</collectionCode>
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</materialsCitation>
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<materialsCitation id="B5C1015FCA8CEB31DABBE590A2D01BCF" collectingDate="2003-12-03" collectionCode="CASC" collectorName="Fisher, Griswold et al." country="Madagascar" latitude="-15.17833" location="Montagne d'Anjanaharibe, 19.5 km 27 ° NNE Ambinanitelo" longitude="49.635" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" specimenCode="casent 0034744" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="Other material">
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Type status:
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<typeStatus id="83D044A08ADCAB6F1B281D57DD2764C0" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">Other material</typeStatus>
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. Occurrence: catalogNumber:
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<specimenCode id="0E2A4A7D7E10D2589153B2501D0410E8" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">casent0034744</specimenCode>
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; recordedBy:
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<collectorName id="4C0C06B95A3D73B47DC397C5036DD2DD" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">Fisher, Griswold et al.</collectorName>
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; sex:
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<specimenType id="61B3A823D1EEED74130929A71538E35F" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">1w</specimenType>
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; preparations: pin; associatedMedia: http://www.antweb.org/specimen/casent0034744; Taxon: scientificName: Stigmatommabolabola; genus: Stigmatomma; Location: country:
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<collectingCountry id="F759C6197CC56D8CC19D9ECAC4A32501" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
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; locality:
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<location id="74243BB66053DBAE6431B93D5FBBC435" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:479DBC6CBAF25BFF205EB89341F4205F:74243BB66053DBAE6431B93D5FBBC435" country="Madagascar" latitude="-15.17833" longitude="49.635" name="Montagne d'Anjanaharibe, 19.5 km 27 ° NNE Ambinanitelo" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">Montagne d'Anjanaharibe, 19.5 km 27° NNE Ambinanitelo</location>
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; decimalLatitude:
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<geoCoordinate id="2627619DB246E7E7759385CF9C8234C0" orientation="latitude" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" value="-15.17833">-15.17833</geoCoordinate>
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; decimalLongitude:
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<geoCoordinate id="A05F976DACCB3F23B90C3BB1BBD9AD8C" orientation="longitude" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" value="49.635">49.635</geoCoordinate>
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; georeferenceRemarks: coordinates obtained from GPS; Event: eventDate:
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<collectingDate id="D7B74DD48E3E2695FE478D3C7C2D83E5" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" value="2003-12-03">03/12/2003</collectingDate>
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; habitat: montane rainforest; fieldNumber: BLF08150; eventRemarks: sifted litter (leaf mold, rotten wood); Record Level: institutionCode:
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<collectionCode id="C810024E1D17FF01E9BBFADF54ED070F" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">CASC</collectionCode>
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</materialsCitation>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="AA4DDD7F492370EDEA95F930B3BDBD4F" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" type="description">
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<paragraph id="0461E537C2FB42B1C730FB1E3475234C" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">Description</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="1C63F317A2BE19706903B14B0CD84ED8" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">Worker (Fig. 28); only the holotype was measured): HL: 0.76; HW: 0.59; HW2: 0.49; SL: 0.45; ML: 0.41; WL: 0.92; PPW: 0.34; PtL: 0.29; PtW: 0.41; CI: 78; SI: 60; MI: 54; PtI: 72.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="97A8E0DB7714A5F2D1210F862520161E" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">Head:</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="4EDC9B495573FE645E33E96C963E9C31" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">Mandibular baso-masticatory margin skirted dorsally by row of filiform setae; ventrally, by acuminate flattened-apex setae, and row of longer filiform setae (Fig. 29a). Mandibular dentition arrangement, from base to apex: row of three single teeth (same dimensions of teeth arranged in pairs); three pairs of teeth (each teeth pair fused basally); single preapical tooth; apical tooth (Fig. 29a). Dorsal teeth pairs increasing in length towards mandibular apex. Anterior clypeal margin with nine tubercle-like cuticular processes arranged in a single row. All clypeal cuticular processes, except the most lateral, armed anteriorly with truncated dentiform seta; most lateral processes smaller and unarmed (Fig. 29a). Median clypeal cuticular processes around 3x the length of associated dentiform setae. Pair of long filiform setae on clypeal median area, posterior to tubercle-like cuticular processes on clypeal anterior margin. Pair of shorter filiform setae on clypeal median area posterior to longer setae pair, followed posteriorly by longitudinal row of much shorter filiform setae. Clypeal median area extending posteriorly between antennal sockets as narrow longitudinal strip; frontoclypeal sulcus acute. Supraclypeal area as oval shaped concavity (Fig. 29b). Twelve antennomeres. Genal teeth absent (Fig. 29b). Widest diameter of compound eyes: 2-3 ommatidia (Fig. 29c). Palpal formula: 4:2 (four maxillary, two labial; Fig. 29d).</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="A0200CC4C4A625FDCCF9372D86E76406" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">Mesosoma:</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C832107E9A9B037F9C545373A0604AC9" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">In dorsal view, mesonotum narrower than remaining mesosoma (Fig. 30a). Metanotal suture absent (Fig. 30a). Sulcus divinding mesepisternum into anepisternum and katepisternum; posterodorsal corner of katepisternum rounded (Fig. 30b). Metathoracic spiracle slit-like, reduced in size (Fig. 30b). Propodeal spiracle round, surrounded by cuticular swell, followed by sulcus (Fig. 30b). Propodeal declivitous face not concave.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="0B93DF58267247AABDC9C36E94150A98" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">Legs:</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="B8AFA7593FD30483BB975A066AEC26AC" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">Basoventral fifth of calcar of strigil lamellar (Fig. 31b). Calcar of strigil anterior face with tubiform microtrichia (Fig. 31a); posterior face with lanceolate microtrichia (Fig. 31b). Multiple paddle-like setae on anteroventral face of protibial apex, next to calcar of strigil (Fig. 31a). Multiple paddle-like setae on anterior face of probasitarsus (Fig. 31a); stout setae on apex of posterior face (Fig. 31b). Single mesotibial spur with lanceolate microtrichia (Fig. 31c). Slit-like longitudinal sulcus on anterodorsal face of mesobasitarsus (Fig. 31d). Row of stout setae along inner face of mesobasitarsus (Fig. 31c). Two metatibial spurs; simple anterior spur with lanceolate microtrichia; posterior spur pectinate (Fig. 31e). Anterior face of posterior metatibial spur glabrous (Fig. 31e); posterior face with antler-like microtrichia. Brush of long, truncated filiform setae on posterior face of metatibial apex, next to posterior metatibial spur. Absence of longitudinal sulcus on anterodorsal face of metabasitarsus (Fig. 31e). Brush of tubiform setae on baso-inner face of metabasitarsus. Stout setae on remaining inner face of metabasitarsus. Arolium on pro-, meso-, and metapretarsus.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="4C123ED91485F68DBD3EC72A976261D4" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">Metasoma:</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="3F97243CCD4CC0E0139EE44E03672067" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">Petiole sessile (Fig. 32a). Ventroanterior margin of petiolar tergite anterior dorso-latero-ventral carina (Ward 1990) much shorter than anterior margin of subpetiolar process, in lateral view. Subpetiolar process with obtuse angle at mid-point of its ventral margin (fin-like; Fig. 32a). Absence of fenestra on lateral face of subpetiolar process (Fig. 32a). Petiolar proprioceptor zone a large, round concavity with few sensilla (Fig. 32b). Prora present (Fig. 32a). Scrobiculate sulcus between pretergite and postergite of abdominal segment III and presclerites and postsclerites of abdominal segment IV (Fig. 32c). Eight stout spiniform setae on apex of hypopygium (Fig. 32d).</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="4DA43B68630B9D1E358C4F059301568B" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">Sculpture:</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="3160F9C73D23405A55F122BFD4B6E3E9" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">Mandibular dorsal face rugose-foveate basally, grading into costate-foveolate apically except for smooth apical portion (Fig. 29a). Clypeal median area costate. Supraclypeal area smooth. Head, in dorsal view, mostly foveate-reticulate/densely foveate; area posterior to tentorial pit plicate (Fig. 29b). Labrum rugose (Fig. 33a). Mesosoma foveate dorsally (Fig. 30a). Pronotum rugulose-foveate laterally (Fig. 33b). Anepisternum scarcely costulate; katepisternum costate-rugulose (Fig. 30b). Metapleuron mostly costate (Fig. 30b). Lateral face of propodeum costate-foveolate; declivitous face strigate (Fig. 30). Petiolar tergite, in lateral view, areolate/imbricate ventroanteriorly, grading into strigate dorsoanteriorly, costate laterally, foveate dorsally (Fig. 33c). Petiolar laterotergite imbricate posteriorly (Fig. 32b). Petiolar poststernite mostly alveolate, grading into smooth ventrally (Fig. 32b). Abdominal segment III foveolate; remaining gaster puncticulate (Fig. 32c).</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="2CF8F2057221F5D5FC69E2AFD8B27DC1" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">Pilosity and color:</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="DEE0F05BC3A930A8496DE4D467B98865" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">Suberect pilosity on head, dorsal face of mesosoma, lateral face of propodeum, petiolar tergite, and abdominal segments III and IV. Petiolar poststernite mostly glabrous. Longer pilosity on abdominal segments V, VI and VII. Body color red-brown; apex of gaster and appendages orange-yellow.</paragraph>
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<subSection id="2F1A1893AEA7154FCEF7CF2312D68111" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" type="comments on character variation">
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<paragraph id="5D83B69E28C1BC1626B6F7D7D4D5D934" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">Comments on character variation</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="7A20B2DBE4132D70AEBBB9E73E7C640C" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">Character variation on the specimens examined was minimal.</paragraph>
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</subSection>
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<subSection id="D077DAFA3229592915AE0E9C668AB7B7" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" type="other castes">
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<paragraph id="0EE17089DF4189859F8CFD51167A229B" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">Other castes</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="32E7AE219ECF133D4BDFB24BED07163A" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">Unknown.</paragraph>
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</subSection>
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<subSection id="83A33435E245436546864DC76F7A2864" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" type="specimens used in prior studies">
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<paragraph id="23238E8E3323CC2D4BF5BC1B42B70BD4" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">Specimens used in prior studies</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="FFD0436069413194E9FF2805050E212A" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">
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This taxon was referenced as
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<taxonomicName id="2EDA1D08566AF6F0C629D81881D6814C" class="Eurotiomycetes" family="Verrucariaceae" genus="Stigmatomma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Stigmatomma" order="Verrucariales" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">Stigmatomma</taxonomicName>
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MG03 (specimen CASENT0034580) in
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<bibRefCitation id="2047DA24C10F4B3B99B890E46B03F6F6" author="Ward, P. S." journalOrPublisher="Systematic Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" pagination="683 - 693" title="Tales of dracula ants: the evolutionary history of the ant subfamily Amblyoponinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)" volume="41" year="2016">Ward and Fisher (2016)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSection>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="2EEC07D1E9C2D81A0C7C6AE43C2B2C91" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="CC66ACC3BBF4F227775364797CD1E39C" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">Diagnosis</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="6D9E24BF57216A0A8BBF94E93AFE08BC" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">Worker</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="E222D19C70C5ABD1A49361E93C5B2C58" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">
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With characters of the
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<taxonomicName id="89A55B7FF0CE4EBFAEE12701E2207AB7" lsidName="tsyhady" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" rank="species" species="tsyhady">tsyhady</taxonomicName>
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species-group and the
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<taxonomicName id="2287CB42F06ECB1A24787861E6B6CF97" lsidName="sakalava" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" rank="species" species="sakalava">sakalava</taxonomicName>
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species-complex as described above, and the following characters (asterisks flag unique characters within the genus in the Malagasy bioregion):
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</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A417F3320B9F227630FFBB1DF838C3D4" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">Integument red-brown; medium-sized ant (HL: 0.76, WL: 0.92; Fig. 28).</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5295B57F2A13F5D51FE75992723A2AAA" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">
|
||
Dorsal teeth row of
|
||
<normalizedToken id="E56B1E88861EF776D32C18A0F01D1762" originalValue="mandible’s">mandible's</normalizedToken>
|
||
pairs of teeth increasing in size towards mandibular apex (Fig. 29a).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="092C81706FC413C655C5E96DA485C2B7" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">
|
||
Row of acuminate flattened-apex setae setae ventrally skirting
|
||
<normalizedToken id="C32B6265D3D36D6747E83D990278FA1B" originalValue="mandible’s">mandible's</normalizedToken>
|
||
baso-masticatory margin, parallel to row of flexuous, longer setae (Figs 29a, 33a).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="76C7ED70AA52E4F9D63174C1422B5155" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">Dorsal face of the head mostly foveate-reticulate/densely foveate (Figs 28a, 29b).</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DF4BCB180EDF8FBB58DF7BE8ACF37EB3" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">Genal teeth absent (Figs 28a, 29b).</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="CE39232D81E9BBC3B0288D370D31FE78" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">Palpal formula 4:2 (Fig. 29d).</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0B636D42BD5D27E52E1D68CD4C6162C9" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">Dorsal face of mesosoma foveate; lateral face of pronotum rugulose-foveate; lateral face of propodeum costate-foveolate (Figs 30, 33b).</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5A9D33FE6DFA52ADB121018E2B86FAB2" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">* Declivitous face of propodeum strigate (Fig. 30a).</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="CF769705A0EBB6D540FBEC3FEE4B5CEF" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">* Mesepisternum divided into anepisternum and katepisternum; posterodorsal corner of katepisternum rounded (Fig. 30b).</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BDF45B891AB05CA765790DC653EA8023" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">* Basoventral one-fifth of calcar of strigil lamellar (Fig. 31b).</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="91517C787045C13E9F8F998DD6D8816A" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">Calcar of strigil anterior face with tubiform microtrichia (Fig. 31a).</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="11C16B56FB8F54B0AE00B10B6C327A52" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">Single mesotibial spur covered with lanceolate microtrichia (Fig. 31c).</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E23A72B4040C10168682356F3BF10738" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">Longitudinal slit-like sulcus present on the anterodorsal face of mesobasitarsus (Fig. 31d).</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="3F3CEB51B4C8E47F2C709C720ADE5F0A" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">Anterior face of posterior metatibial spur glabrous; posterior face with antler-like microtrichia (Fig. 31e).</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="47A534D8B89603BDCDFBD9494F4F1D6B" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">Brush of long truncated-apex filiform setae present on the posterior face of metatibial apex.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5880A34A958A4422D0DEAAC029A5203E" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">Brush of tubiform setae present on the baso-inner face of metabasitarsus.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="44E3D20720BE2019B797DF71B98F198F" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">Absence of sulcus on metabasitarsus (Fig. 31e).</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="72C30D7AA35412A208296129890EB6EB" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">Subpetiolar process fin-like: half of its ventral margin obtusely angled (Fig. 32a).</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="25D9C46D89BB51BB9D58186A06447F0D" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">Eight stout spiniform setae present on the apex of hypopygium (Fig. 32d).</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="81833201B64527A30B70F91444FDC6FC" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0AACB143CFEE6C030194C92E81085F89" class="Eurotiomycetes" family="Verrucariaceae" genus="Stigmatomma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Stigmatomma bolabola" order="Verrucariales" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="bolabola">Stigmatomma bolabola</taxonomicName>
|
||
may be confounded with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CC0E943A8A3A57881B50318CDD41BFDA" lsidName="S. sakalava" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" rank="species" species="sakalava">S. sakalava</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the following characters: absence of genal teeth, palpal formula, single mesotibial spur, head sculpture, shape of subpetiolar process, and presence of stout spiniform setae on the apex of hypopygium. However, it is easily recognized by the sculpture of its mesosoma lateral face and propodeal declivitous face, katepisternum shape, proportion of lamella on the basoventral margin of calcar of strigil, and distribution (since they do not occur in sympatry).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="93528C4922468B2C849D0608B89B8CFB" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="FA428D87AA436224A83A5D0B119FFF24" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">Etymology</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2FA16C167923485887251BA1D1AACC09" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">
|
||
Bola--bola is the name that Malagasy people give to logs of rosewood, a plant of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E599EA33697B17CEE3E675597A5F84F0" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Dalbergia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dalbergia" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Dalbergia</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="275E889515DA3003A250201403AD886A" author="Schuurman, D." journalOrPublisher="Traffic Bulletin" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" pagination="1 - 49" title="Illegal logging in Madagascar" volume="22" year="2009">Schuurman 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0B1E1C7BF371FC02D9AE2F10C1F215D2" class="Eurotiomycetes" family="Verrucariaceae" genus="Stigmatomma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Stigmatomma bolabola" order="Verrucariales" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="bolabola">Stigmatomma bolabola</taxonomicName>
|
||
is named for the resemblance between its color and that of rosewood timber, and because it lives in the region of Madagascar most affected by illegal rosewood logging.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DDFB37626D5B682AE058230619AC1ABD" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">
|
||
Madagascar is home to 48 species of rosewood, of which 47 are endemic (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4EDB16E5554EDA908F88882A2ECF1242" author="Barrett, M. A." journalOrPublisher="Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" pagination="1109 - 1110" title="CITES Designation for Endangered Rosewood in Madagascar" volume="328" year="2010">Barrett et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Of the 20 endangered species and 15 vulnerable species of rosewood, about 16 species are unsustainably exploited for their timber and known locally as bois de rose (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F4869DB2287102FCC26700BBFE9D7A9B" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">IUCN 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B053FCDB9F1AFED54BD83D4563D25980" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">
|
||
Due to international demand for rosewood, thousands of loggers have flooded into the national parks of Madagascar. In the process of extraction, new roads are built, and logging camps set up, which increases access to forests, fuels extraction of other resources, and accelerates general deforestation, illegal mining, and poaching (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6E4E73876C3E145AFDFBBA5F80C31CF2" author="Barrett, M. A." journalOrPublisher="Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" pagination="1109 - 1110" title="CITES Designation for Endangered Rosewood in Madagascar" volume="328" year="2010">Barrett et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8971955A43957B9CE7CF044092FEC286" author="Patel, E. R." journalOrPublisher="Madagascar Conservation & Development" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" pagination="103 - 112" title="Logging of Rare Rosewood and Palisandre (Dalbergia spp.) within Marojejy National Park, Madagascar" volume="2" year="2007">Patel 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). That is why, beyond the reduction or extinction of rare trees, rosewood logging is inextricably linked to reduction of native species diversity, invasion of non--native species, and landscape aridification (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="ECDF3F8CE8FC9C5D6C45598134B4AC17" author="Patel, E. R." journalOrPublisher="Madagascar Conservation & Development" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" pagination="103 - 112" title="Logging of Rare Rosewood and Palisandre (Dalbergia spp.) within Marojejy National Park, Madagascar" volume="2" year="2007">Patel 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Unfortunately, due to the low density of rosewood trees in the wild, loggers routinely search for new territories, initiating a new cycle of destruction (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3B202D8F221EC1D29BEABE0604E242DC" author="Barrett, M. A." journalOrPublisher="Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" pagination="1109 - 1110" title="CITES Designation for Endangered Rosewood in Madagascar" volume="328" year="2010">Barrett et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="846A5E6FA361854E7A09CEFBEF40C9E0" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">
|
||
The highest rosewood species richness in Madagascar is found in the northeastern rainforest, with seven species native to the SAVA Region and the Makira--Masoala Landscape (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="54E3BBC8511570C91654E90E8CF100E0" author="Barrett, M. A." journalOrPublisher="Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" pagination="1109 - 1110" title="CITES Designation for Endangered Rosewood in Madagascar" volume="328" year="2010">Barrett et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). There, the protected areas are at high risk of logging from a lack of law enforcement, and the higher quality, size, and density per hectare of the rosewood (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="23F1B3646DEC9A50A41571B156FD788B" author="Barrett, M. A." journalOrPublisher="Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" pagination="1109 - 1110" title="CITES Designation for Endangered Rosewood in Madagascar" volume="328" year="2010">Barrett et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6D88B47B8FAF395AF7DB549BA38AB928" author="Schuurman, D." journalOrPublisher="Traffic Bulletin" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" pagination="1 - 49" title="Illegal logging in Madagascar" volume="22" year="2009">Schuurman 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="FE7DC1A0733D76FB14B20656A6DC9C9F" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">
|
||
The Makira component of the Makira--Masoala Landscape (Makira Forest Protected Area) is the only place in Madagascar where
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3CDF884208CAFA05B1DE9D01F1157CE3" class="Eurotiomycetes" family="Verrucariaceae" genus="Stigmatomma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Stigmatomma bolabola" order="Verrucariales" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="bolabola">Stigmatomma bolabola</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been found, in a collection effort encompassing more than 440 collection sites. Given that the health of the ecosystem is essential to protect
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0313AEF1462F74CF6DCF2AC8B6F8FCC9" lsidName="S. bolabola" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" rank="species" species="bolabola">S. bolabola</taxonomicName>
|
||
habitat, here we plead for more effective protection of Malagasy rosewood.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="47A7247EA5BEF55C6A0DEFC24BFA0798" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="575160D40AB37DF4E31AD3C87EDA2ABC" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">Distribution</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6F13AFE2793B294FCF59C0EE84F7C04C" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E4F545F7F1B9F38331A938C165D5BF57" class="Eurotiomycetes" family="Verrucariaceae" genus="Stigmatomma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Stigmatomma bolabola" order="Verrucariales" pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="bolabola">Stigmatomma bolabola</taxonomicName>
|
||
was collected in two localities of the Makira Forest Protected Area, in rainforest and montane rainforest habitats in the humid forests ecoregion of Madagascar (at 600 m and 1100 m respectively; following the classification of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="21483C2DFD238CEDCDDB9B698FA86FB4" author="Burgess, N." journalOrPublisher="Island Press, Washington, D. C." pageId="0" pageNumber="8032" title="Terrestrial ecoregions of Africa and Madagascar: a conservation assessment" year="2004">Burgess et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Fig. 34). Specimens were recorded from sifted leaf mold and rotten wood.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |