297 lines
62 KiB
XML
297 lines
62 KiB
XML
<document id="9DE97B76519BB9B826C70A028225524E" ID-DOI="10.26107/RBZ-2020-0004" ID-ISSN="2345-7600" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4576815" ID-ZooBank="78515DDE-DC17-4EBA-94CB-6EC834642D66" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1614780674928" checkinUser="carolina" docAuthor="Syazwan, Wan Mohd, Low, Liang Boon & Rizman-Idid, Mohammed" docDate="2020" docId="03F86122D022D31D74A0C730FE161D9D" docLanguage="en" docName="RafflesBZool.68.32-49.pdf" docOrigin="Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 68" docStyle="DocumentStyle:AF09A0581917EACD12E7F0991C3E7C26.5:RafflesBZool.2019-.journal_article" docStyleId="AF09A0581917EACD12E7F0991C3E7C26" docStyleName="RafflesBZool.2019-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="5" docTitle="Lychnorhiza malayensis" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="38" masterDocId="FFC1195AD020D31B772CC64DFF801C6A" masterDocTitle="First record in Peninsular Malaysia and morphological redescription of Lychnorhiza malayensis (Scyphozoa: Rhizostomeae: Lychnorhizidae)" masterLastPageNumber="49" masterPageNumber="32" pageNumber="34" updateTime="1698878305326" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="98FEF937825D2DCB542C434B9882EE8F">First record in Peninsular Malaysia and morphological redescription of Lychnorhiza malayensis (Scyphozoa: Rhizostomeae: Lychnorhizidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="2EF29B3178AF2EE1EFD3EA8507F68458">Syazwan, Wan Mohd</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="6FF819CD0CCFF7A71A5AF812FD5545B7">Low, Liang Boon</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="1BE341E2F7564675DEFFF9303D8F1E4D">Rizman-Idid, Mohammed</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="3FFECE66C662B2EAE6453DDF3C27FA2E">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="043ED3FAD0073618EBA57E7A0DBB6983">Raffles Bulletin of Zoology</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="9020E1D50AACC60807DDB0BE9D9E7045">
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<mods:date id="79D10A76B4FB70E8CCBBE620BD0345B6">2020</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="0254428D5BE7DAE59D753C4808CE0EBD">2020-03-05</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="34CC0AC5FF85A857484AB8DE73B4895E" type="DOI">10.26107/RBZ-2020-0004</mods:identifier>
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<subSubSection id="C34B83BFD022D31974A0C730FACD1DFF" box="[908,1357,381,405]" pageId="2" pageNumber="34" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BEED034D022D31974A0C730FACD1DFF" blockId="2.[908,1357,381,437]" box="[908,1357,381,405]" pageId="2" pageNumber="34">
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<heading id="D0A66758D022D31974A0C730FACD1DFF" bold="true" box="[908,1357,381,405]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="34" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="4C51ABB7D022D31974A0C730FACD1DFF" ID-CoL="3WJXF" authority="(Stiasny, 1920)" baseAuthorityName="Stiasny" baseAuthorityYear="1920" box="[908,1357,381,405]" class="Scyphozoa" family="Lychnorhizidae" genus="Lychnorhiza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhizostomeae" pageId="2" pageNumber="34" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="malayensis">
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<emphasis id="B9250C26D022D31974A0C730FACD1DFF" bold="true" box="[908,1357,381,405]" pageId="2" pageNumber="34">
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<emphasis id="B9250C26D022D31974A0C730FB191DFF" bold="true" box="[908,1177,381,405]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="34">Lychnorhiza malayensis</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC0ADC5D022D3197380C730FAC71DFF" author="Stiasny G" box="[1196,1351,381,405]" pageId="2" pageNumber="34" pagination="213 - 230" refId="ref10280" refString="Stiasny G (1920) Die Scyphomedusen-Sammlung des Naturhistorischen Reichsmuseums in Leiden: III. Rhizostomeae. Zoologische Mededelingen, 5 (16): 213 - 230." type="journal article" year="1920">Stiasny, 1920</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C34B83BFD022D319731CC7D0FB281DDF" box="[1072,1192,413,437]" pageId="2" pageNumber="34" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BEED034D022D319731CC7D0FB281DDF" blockId="2.[908,1357,381,437]" box="[1072,1192,413,437]" pageId="2" pageNumber="34">
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(
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<figureCitation id="136ACCB1D022D3197314C7D0FB201DDF" box="[1080,1184,413,437]" captionStart-0="Fig" captionStart-1="Fig" captionStart-2="Fig" captionStartId-0="3.[136,171,1571,1593]" captionStartId-1="4.[113,148,1505,1527]" captionStartId-2="5.[136,171,825,847]" captionTargetBox-0="[136,1474,189,1555]" captionTargetBox-1="[113,1443,189,1490]" captionTargetBox-2="[136,1476,189,812]" captionTargetId-0="figure-8@3.[133,1477,186,1558]" captionTargetId-1="figure-150@4.[110,1455,186,1493]" captionTargetId-2="figure-8@5.[126,1485,179,824]" captionTargetPageId-0="3" captionTargetPageId-1="4" captionTargetPageId-2="5" captionText-0="Fig. 2. Photographs showing different views and morphological characters of Lychnorhiza malayensis (fixed with 5% formaldehyde). A, lateral view of the whole body; B, exumbrellar view of the smooth bell surface; C, subumbrellar view of the bell showing main visible characters; D, subumbrellar view of the bell showing the exposed gastrovascular cavity; E, close-up subumbrellar view of the rhopalium and lappets. b, bell; oa, oral arm; od, oral disc; op, oral pillar; os, ostium; ext, extra-circular canal; cir, circular canal; cen, centripetal canal; rho, rhopaliar canal; int, inter-rhopaliar canal; gc, gastrovascular cavity; g, gonad; r, rhopalium; lv, velar lappet; lr, rhopaliar lappet. Black arrow, medial papillae; white arrow, peripheral papillae. Scale bars = 20 mm." captionText-1="Fig. 3. Morphological variation among individuals observed in medial papillae (white box), centripetal canals between radial canals (black circle) and radial canal (i.e., rhopaliar and inter-rhopaliar canal) as shown in the subumbrellar view of specimens MZUMCS 0255–0258. A, specimen MZUMCS 0255 showing the ovoid-shaped papillae, two centripetal canals that terminate abruptly, entirely coloured rhopaliar canals and partially coloured inter-rhopaliar canals (near the gastrovascular cavity). B, specimen MZUMCS 0256 showing the oblongshaped papillae, three centripetal canals that terminate abruptly, entirely colourless rhopaliar canals and partially coloured inter-rhopaliar canals (only coloured near the gastrovascular cavity). C, specimen MZUMCS 0257 showing the trapezoid-shaped papillae, three lightly anastomosed centripetal canals, faintly coloured rhopaliar and inter-rhopaliar canals. D, specimen MZUMCS 0258 showing the oblongshaped papillae, four highly anastomosed centripetal canals, partially coloured rhopaliar canals (near the circular canal) and entirely colourless inter-rhopaliar canals. rho, rhopaliar canal; int, inter-rhopaliar canal. Scale bars = 20 mm." captionText-2="Fig. 4. Differences in oral arm morphology between Lychnorhiza malayensis from Klang Strait and the Java Sea. A, lateral view of specimen MZUMCS 0256 from Klang Strait showing four of eight oral arms. B, illustration of a single oral arm of L. malayensis from the Java Sea by Stiasny (1932) (scale not available). The length of the winged portion of L. malayensis from Klang Strait is shorter (half of total arm’s length) than those described from the Java Sea (3/4 of total arm’s length). pp, proximal portion of oral arm; wp, wingedportion of oral arm; mo, frills of mouthlet. Scale bars = 20 mm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4576819" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4576823" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4576825" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/4576819/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/4576823/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/4576825/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="34">Figs. 2–4</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C34B83BFD022D3197401C791FB321E0F" pageId="2" pageNumber="34" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BEED034D022D3197401C791FB321E0F" blockId="2.[813,1452,476,613]" pageId="2" pageNumber="34">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB41F71AD022D3197401C791FB321E0F" pageId="2" pageNumber="34">
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<taxonomicName id="4C51ABB7D022D3197401C791FB971D9B" ID-CoL="3WJXF" baseAuthorityName="Stiasny" baseAuthorityYear="1920" box="[813,1047,476,497]" class="Scyphozoa" family="Lychnorhizidae" genus="Lychnorhiza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhizostomeae" pageId="2" pageNumber="34" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="malayensis">
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<emphasis id="B9250C26D022D3197401C791FB971D9B" box="[813,1047,476,497]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="34">Lychnorhiza malayensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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–
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<treatmentCitation id="0AF0F625D022D319731FC791FB691D98" author="Stiasny G" box="[1075,1257,476,498]" page="226" pageId="2" pageNumber="34" year="1920">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC0ADC5D022D319731FC791FB691D98" author="Stiasny G" box="[1075,1257,476,498]" pageId="2" pageNumber="34" pagination="213 - 230" refId="ref10280" refString="Stiasny G (1920) Die Scyphomedusen-Sammlung des Naturhistorischen Reichsmuseums in Leiden: III. Rhizostomeae. Zoologische Mededelingen, 5 (16): 213 - 230." type="journal article" year="1920">Stiasny, 1920: 226</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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(
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<typeStatus id="54EA6E96D022D31973D4C791FAA31D9B" box="[1272,1315,476,497]" pageId="2" pageNumber="34">type</typeStatus>
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locality:
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<collectingRegion id="49951ED6D022D31972ADC791FA2C1D9B" box="[1409,1452,476,497]" country="Indonesia" name="Jawa Timur" pageId="2" pageNumber="34">Java</collectingRegion>
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Sea,
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<collectingCountry id="F34690A4D022D3197453C7B4FC601E65" box="[895,992,505,527]" name="Indonesia" pageId="2" pageNumber="34">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
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);
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<treatmentCitation id="0AF0F625D022D31974C3C7B4FB201E64" author="Stiasny G" box="[1007,1184,505,527]" page="122" pageId="2" pageNumber="34" year="1921">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC0ADC5D022D31974C3C7B4FB201E64" author="Stiasny G" box="[1007,1184,505,527]" pageId="2" pageNumber="34" pagination="1 - 179" refId="ref10309" refString="Stiasny G (1921) Studien uber Rhizostomeen mit besonderer berucksichtigung der Fauna des Malaiischen Archipels nebsteiner revision des Systems. Capita Zoologica, 1 (2): 1 - 179." type="journal article" year="1921">Stiasny, 1921: 122</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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, pl. 2, fig. 9 (redescription of the
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<typeStatus id="54EA6E96D022D319745AC45BFC1F1E41" box="[886,927,534,555]" pageId="2" pageNumber="34">type</typeStatus>
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specimen);
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<treatmentCitation id="0AF0F625D022D3197339C45BFB3B1E41" author="Menon MGK" box="[1045,1211,534,555]" page="17" pageId="2" pageNumber="34" year="1930">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC0ADC5D022D3197339C45BFB3B1E41" author="Menon MGK" box="[1045,1211,534,555]" pageId="2" pageNumber="34" pagination="1 - 28" refId="ref9327" refString="Menon MGK (1930) The Scyphomedusae of Madras and the neighbouring coast. Bulletin of the Madras Government Museum, 3: 1 - 28." type="journal article" year="1930">Menon, 1930: 17</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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, pl. 2, fig. 8a–c (Madras,
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<collectingCountry id="F34690A4D022D319747EC47FFC071E22" box="[850,903,562,584]" name="India" pageId="2" pageNumber="34">India</collectingCountry>
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);
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<treatmentCitation id="0AF0F625D022D31974B6C47FFBEB1E22" author="Stiasny G" box="[922,1131,562,584]" page="89" pageId="2" pageNumber="34" year="1932">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC0ADC5D022D31974B6C47FFBEB1E22" author="Stiasny G" box="[922,1131,562,584]" pageId="2" pageNumber="34" pagination="89 - 95" refId="ref10342" refString="Stiasny G (1932) IV-Ueber Lychnorhiza malayensis Stiasny. Zoologische Mededelingen, 15: 89 - 95." type="journal article" year="1932">Stiasny, 1932: 89–95</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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, figs. 1–4 (
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<collectingRegion id="49951ED6D022D31973F7C47FFA871E2D" box="[1243,1287,562,583]" country="Indonesia" name="Jawa Timur" pageId="2" pageNumber="34">Java</collectingRegion>
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Sea,
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<collectingCountry id="F34690A4D022D3197213C47FFA211E22" box="[1343,1441,562,584]" name="Indonesia" pageId="2" pageNumber="34">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
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);
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<treatmentCitation id="0AF0F625D022D319747EC402FC611E0E" author="Nair KK" box="[850,993,591,613]" page="74" pageId="2" pageNumber="34" year="1951">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC0ADC5D022D319747EC402FC611E0E" author="Nair KK" box="[850,993,591,613]" pageId="2" pageNumber="34" pagination="47 - 75" refId="ref9643" refString="Nair KK (1951) Medusae of the Trivandrum coast. Part I. Systematics. Bulletin of the Central Research Institute, University of Travancore, Series C, Natural Sciences, 2: 47 - 75." type="journal article" year="1951">Nair, 1951: 74</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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(Trivandrum,
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<collectingCountry id="F34690A4D022D319735EC402FB281E0F" box="[1138,1192,591,613]" name="India" pageId="2" pageNumber="34">India</collectingCountry>
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).
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C34B83BFD022D3197401C4C0FA931F0F" pageId="2" pageNumber="34" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BEED034D022D3197401C4C0FA931F0F" blockId="2.[813,1452,653,869]" pageId="2" pageNumber="34">
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<emphasis id="B9250C26D022D3197401C4C0FB8A1ECF" bold="true" box="[813,1034,653,677]" pageId="2" pageNumber="34">Material examined.</emphasis>
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6 mature males, 2 mature females (bell diameter
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<quantity id="4CA97DD1D022D31974A3C4E0FB901EAF" box="[911,1040,685,709]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.265" metricValueMax="1.55" metricValueMin="0.98" pageId="2" pageNumber="34" unit="mm" value="126.5" valueMax="155.0" valueMin="98.0">98–155 mm</quantity>
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) (MZUMCS 0255–0262), Klang Strait (
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<geoCoordinate id="EE65B6F3D022D3197418C481FC3B1E8F" box="[820,955,716,741]" degrees="3" direction="north" minutes="10" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="34" precision="1" seconds="06.8" value="3.1685557">3°10′06.8″N</geoCoordinate>
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<geoCoordinate id="EE65B6F3D022D31974EDC481FBE21E8F" box="[961,1122,716,741]" degrees="101" direction="east" minutes="16" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="34" precision="1" seconds="44.4" value="101.27901">101°16′44.4″E</geoCoordinate>
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), bag net, coll. W.M. Syazwan,
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<date id="FFEFF6F4D022D3197401C4A0FC621F6F" box="[813,994,749,773]" pageId="2" pageNumber="34" value="2010-10-04">4 October 2010</date>
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.
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<specimenCount id="9D571BBDD022D31974DCC4A0FBF11F6F" box="[1008,1137,749,773]" pageId="2" pageNumber="34" type="immature">1 immature</specimenCount>
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male,
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<specimenCount id="9D571BBDD022D31973EFC4A0FAC41F6F" box="[1219,1348,749,773]" pageId="2" pageNumber="34" type="immature">2 immature</specimenCount>
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||
females, 2 sex-unidentified (bell diameter
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||
<quantity id="4CA97DD1D022D319738FC540FA9D1F4F" box="[1187,1309,781,805]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.25" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="4.5" pageId="2" pageNumber="34" unit="mm" value="52.5" valueMax="60.0" valueMin="45.0">45–60 mm</quantity>
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) (MZUMCS 0264–0268), Kuala Besar (
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<geoCoordinate id="EE65B6F3D022D3197366C561FB511F2F" box="[1098,1233,812,837]" degrees="6" direction="north" minutes="14" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="34" precision="1" seconds="18.4" value="6.2384443">6°14′18.4″N</geoCoordinate>
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<geoCoordinate id="EE65B6F3D022D31973FBC561FAF71F2F" box="[1239,1399,812,837]" degrees="102" direction="east" minutes="14" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="34" precision="1" seconds="46.4" value="102.246216">102°14′46.4″E</geoCoordinate>
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), dip net, coll. W.M. Syazwan,
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<date id="FFEFF6F4D022D3197366C500FA901F0F" box="[1098,1296,845,869]" pageId="2" pageNumber="34" value="2014-02-20">20 February 2014</date>
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.
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||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
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<subSubSection id="C34B83BFD022D31D7401C5C0FE161D9D" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="2" pageNumber="34" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BEED034D022D3197401C5C0FA28196F" blockId="2.[812,1454,909,1285]" pageId="2" pageNumber="34">
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<emphasis id="B9250C26D022D3197401C5C0FC3A1FCF" bold="true" box="[813,954,909,933]" pageId="2" pageNumber="34">Description.</emphasis>
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Bell hemispherical in live specimens, more flattened in preserved ones (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136ACCB1D022D3197373C5E0FB371FAF" box="[1119,1207,941,965]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[136,171,1571,1593]" captionTargetBox="[136,1474,189,1555]" captionTargetId="figure-8@3.[133,1477,186,1558]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 2. Photographs showing different views and morphological characters of Lychnorhiza malayensis (fixed with 5% formaldehyde). A, lateral view of the whole body; B, exumbrellar view of the smooth bell surface; C, subumbrellar view of the bell showing main visible characters; D, subumbrellar view of the bell showing the exposed gastrovascular cavity; E, close-up subumbrellar view of the rhopalium and lappets. b, bell; oa, oral arm; od, oral disc; op, oral pillar; os, ostium; ext, extra-circular canal; cir, circular canal; cen, centripetal canal; rho, rhopaliar canal; int, inter-rhopaliar canal; gc, gastrovascular cavity; g, gonad; r, rhopalium; lv, velar lappet; lr, rhopaliar lappet. Black arrow, medial papillae; white arrow, peripheral papillae. Scale bars = 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4576819" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4576819/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="34">Fig. 2A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Bell diameter ranges from
|
||
<quantity id="4CA97DD1D022D319744BC580FC7E1F8F" box="[871,1022,973,997]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" metricValueMax="1.55" metricValueMin="0.45" pageId="2" pageNumber="34" unit="mm" value="100.0" valueMax="155.0" valueMin="45.0">45 to 155 mm</quantity>
|
||
. Exumbrellar surface with fine granules. At the margin, generally eight (four pairs) of almost symmetrical, slightly tapered velar lappets in each octant (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136ACCB1D022D31972AFC240FCCF182F" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[136,171,1571,1593]" captionTargetBox="[136,1474,189,1555]" captionTargetId="figure-8@3.[133,1477,186,1558]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 2. Photographs showing different views and morphological characters of Lychnorhiza malayensis (fixed with 5% formaldehyde). A, lateral view of the whole body; B, exumbrellar view of the smooth bell surface; C, subumbrellar view of the bell showing main visible characters; D, subumbrellar view of the bell showing the exposed gastrovascular cavity; E, close-up subumbrellar view of the rhopalium and lappets. b, bell; oa, oral arm; od, oral disc; op, oral pillar; os, ostium; ext, extra-circular canal; cir, circular canal; cen, centripetal canal; rho, rhopaliar canal; int, inter-rhopaliar canal; gc, gastrovascular cavity; g, gonad; r, rhopalium; lv, velar lappet; lr, rhopaliar lappet. Black arrow, medial papillae; white arrow, peripheral papillae. Scale bars = 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4576819" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4576819/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="34">Fig. 2C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Velar lappets separated by clefts formed by furrows with thin membranous base; each pair are separated by shorter and shallower furrows. Eight tear-drop shaped rhopalia; four perradial and four interradial. Each rhopalium situated in a bell-shaped rhopaliar pit with radiating furrows at the marginal cleft; flanked laterally by two rhopaliar lappets, more pointed, shorter and narrower than velar lappets (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136ACCB1D022D319726BC2A0FA1C196F" box="[1351,1436,1261,1285]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[136,171,1571,1593]" captionTargetBox="[136,1474,189,1555]" captionTargetId="figure-8@3.[133,1477,186,1558]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 2. Photographs showing different views and morphological characters of Lychnorhiza malayensis (fixed with 5% formaldehyde). A, lateral view of the whole body; B, exumbrellar view of the smooth bell surface; C, subumbrellar view of the bell showing main visible characters; D, subumbrellar view of the bell showing the exposed gastrovascular cavity; E, close-up subumbrellar view of the rhopalium and lappets. b, bell; oa, oral arm; od, oral disc; op, oral pillar; os, ostium; ext, extra-circular canal; cir, circular canal; cen, centripetal canal; rho, rhopaliar canal; int, inter-rhopaliar canal; gc, gastrovascular cavity; g, gonad; r, rhopalium; lv, velar lappet; lr, rhopaliar lappet. Black arrow, medial papillae; white arrow, peripheral papillae. Scale bars = 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4576819" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4576819/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="34">Fig. 2E</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEED034D022D3197401C360FAA21B4F" blockId="2.[813,1453,1325,1829]" pageId="2" pageNumber="34">
|
||
Oral disc almost quadratic in shape; perradial and interradial diameters are ⅓ and ½ as wide as the bell diameter, respectively (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136ACCB1D022D31974E0C320FBAB19EF" box="[972,1067,1389,1413]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[136,171,1571,1593]" captionTargetBox="[136,1474,189,1555]" captionTargetId="figure-8@3.[133,1477,186,1558]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 2. Photographs showing different views and morphological characters of Lychnorhiza malayensis (fixed with 5% formaldehyde). A, lateral view of the whole body; B, exumbrellar view of the smooth bell surface; C, subumbrellar view of the bell showing main visible characters; D, subumbrellar view of the bell showing the exposed gastrovascular cavity; E, close-up subumbrellar view of the rhopalium and lappets. b, bell; oa, oral arm; od, oral disc; op, oral pillar; os, ostium; ext, extra-circular canal; cir, circular canal; cen, centripetal canal; rho, rhopaliar canal; int, inter-rhopaliar canal; gc, gastrovascular cavity; g, gonad; r, rhopalium; lv, velar lappet; lr, rhopaliar lappet. Black arrow, medial papillae; white arrow, peripheral papillae. Scale bars = 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4576819" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4576819/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="34">Fig. 2C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Oral disc without appendages; supported by four interradial, broad-based pillars (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136ACCB1D022D3197267C3C0FA2019CF" box="[1355,1440,1421,1445]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[136,171,1571,1593]" captionTargetBox="[136,1474,189,1555]" captionTargetId="figure-8@3.[133,1477,186,1558]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 2. Photographs showing different views and morphological characters of Lychnorhiza malayensis (fixed with 5% formaldehyde). A, lateral view of the whole body; B, exumbrellar view of the smooth bell surface; C, subumbrellar view of the bell showing main visible characters; D, subumbrellar view of the bell showing the exposed gastrovascular cavity; E, close-up subumbrellar view of the rhopalium and lappets. b, bell; oa, oral arm; od, oral disc; op, oral pillar; os, ostium; ext, extra-circular canal; cir, circular canal; cen, centripetal canal; rho, rhopaliar canal; int, inter-rhopaliar canal; gc, gastrovascular cavity; g, gonad; r, rhopalium; lv, velar lappet; lr, rhopaliar lappet. Black arrow, medial papillae; white arrow, peripheral papillae. Scale bars = 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4576819" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4576819/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="34">Fig. 2C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Four perradial ostia lead from the subgenital cavity; located between two pillars, crescent-shaped, about as wide as the oral pillar.Three to five subumbrellar papillae projected around each ostium: two or three papillae positioned at the medial part, while one or two at the periphery (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136ACCB1D022D3197206C060FAFD1A2F" box="[1322,1405,1581,1605]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[136,171,1571,1593]" captionTargetBox="[136,1474,189,1555]" captionTargetId="figure-8@3.[133,1477,186,1558]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 2. Photographs showing different views and morphological characters of Lychnorhiza malayensis (fixed with 5% formaldehyde). A, lateral view of the whole body; B, exumbrellar view of the smooth bell surface; C, subumbrellar view of the bell showing main visible characters; D, subumbrellar view of the bell showing the exposed gastrovascular cavity; E, close-up subumbrellar view of the rhopalium and lappets. b, bell; oa, oral arm; od, oral disc; op, oral pillar; os, ostium; ext, extra-circular canal; cir, circular canal; cen, centripetal canal; rho, rhopaliar canal; int, inter-rhopaliar canal; gc, gastrovascular cavity; g, gonad; r, rhopalium; lv, velar lappet; lr, rhopaliar lappet. Black arrow, medial papillae; white arrow, peripheral papillae. Scale bars = 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4576819" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4576819/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="34">Fig. 2C</figureCitation>
|
||
, see also
|
||
<figureCitation id="136ACCB1D022D3197472C000FC1D1A0F" box="[862,925,1613,1637]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[113,148,1505,1527]" captionTargetBox="[113,1443,189,1490]" captionTargetId="figure-150@4.[110,1455,186,1493]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 3. Morphological variation among individuals observed in medial papillae (white box), centripetal canals between radial canals (black circle) and radial canal (i.e., rhopaliar and inter-rhopaliar canal) as shown in the subumbrellar view of specimens MZUMCS 0255–0258. A, specimen MZUMCS 0255 showing the ovoid-shaped papillae, two centripetal canals that terminate abruptly, entirely coloured rhopaliar canals and partially coloured inter-rhopaliar canals (near the gastrovascular cavity). B, specimen MZUMCS 0256 showing the oblongshaped papillae, three centripetal canals that terminate abruptly, entirely colourless rhopaliar canals and partially coloured inter-rhopaliar canals (only coloured near the gastrovascular cavity). C, specimen MZUMCS 0257 showing the trapezoid-shaped papillae, three lightly anastomosed centripetal canals, faintly coloured rhopaliar and inter-rhopaliar canals. D, specimen MZUMCS 0258 showing the oblongshaped papillae, four highly anastomosed centripetal canals, partially coloured rhopaliar canals (near the circular canal) and entirely colourless inter-rhopaliar canals. rho, rhopaliar canal; int, inter-rhopaliar canal. Scale bars = 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4576823" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4576823/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="34">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
). Medial papillae resting on the rhopaliar canal at the centre of ostium, highly varied in shape (oblong, ovoid, trapezoid, hammer-shaped) and not uniform in size. The peripheral papillae (one on each ostium’s margin) lie mostly within the ostium, uniform, smaller and shorter than the medial papillae; absent in some juvenile specimens. Papillae surface generally smooth or finely granulated.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEED034D022D3187401C100FDDD1472" blockId="2.[812,1452,1869,2085]" lastBlockId="3.[136,776,1792,2072]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="35" pageId="2" pageNumber="34">
|
||
Gastrovascular cavity cruciform in shape; with rounded corners, more dilated peripherally; diameter at perradial axis always slightly less than half the diameter at interradial axis (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136ACCB1D022D3197419C1E0FC0B1BAF" box="[821,907,1965,1989]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[136,171,1571,1593]" captionTargetBox="[136,1474,189,1555]" captionTargetId="figure-8@3.[133,1477,186,1558]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 2. Photographs showing different views and morphological characters of Lychnorhiza malayensis (fixed with 5% formaldehyde). A, lateral view of the whole body; B, exumbrellar view of the smooth bell surface; C, subumbrellar view of the bell showing main visible characters; D, subumbrellar view of the bell showing the exposed gastrovascular cavity; E, close-up subumbrellar view of the rhopalium and lappets. b, bell; oa, oral arm; od, oral disc; op, oral pillar; os, ostium; ext, extra-circular canal; cir, circular canal; cen, centripetal canal; rho, rhopaliar canal; int, inter-rhopaliar canal; gc, gastrovascular cavity; g, gonad; r, rhopalium; lv, velar lappet; lr, rhopaliar lappet. Black arrow, medial papillae; white arrow, peripheral papillae. Scale bars = 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4576819" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4576819/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="34">Fig. 2D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Perradial diameter of gastrovascular cavity about ¼ as wide as bell diameter.Gonad four in number, perradial, crescentic with concavity facing outward toward bell margin, entirely closed (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136ACCB1D022D31974F5CE40FBB0144F" box="[985,1072,2061,2085]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[136,171,1571,1593]" captionTargetBox="[136,1474,189,1555]" captionTargetId="figure-8@3.[133,1477,186,1558]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 2. Photographs showing different views and morphological characters of Lychnorhiza malayensis (fixed with 5% formaldehyde). A, lateral view of the whole body; B, exumbrellar view of the smooth bell surface; C, subumbrellar view of the bell showing main visible characters; D, subumbrellar view of the bell showing the exposed gastrovascular cavity; E, close-up subumbrellar view of the rhopalium and lappets. b, bell; oa, oral arm; od, oral disc; op, oral pillar; os, ostium; ext, extra-circular canal; cir, circular canal; cen, centripetal canal; rho, rhopaliar canal; int, inter-rhopaliar canal; gc, gastrovascular cavity; g, gonad; r, rhopalium; lv, velar lappet; lr, rhopaliar lappet. Black arrow, medial papillae; white arrow, peripheral papillae. Scale bars = 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4576819" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4576819/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="34">Fig. 2D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Each gonad comprised of heavily folded tissue sheets, lying in the floor of gastrovascular cavity, associated with the inner side of oral disc and pillars. Gastric cirri (i.e., filaments) line the inner side of the gonad folds. Gonad visible as a cruciform-shaped structure from exumbrellar side. Matured gonads plump, immature ones thinner. Maturity reached when bell diameter ~
|
||
<quantity id="4CA97DD1D023D318759CC1EDFC831BDD" box="[688,771,1952,1976]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="35" unit="mm" value="90.0">90 mm</quantity>
|
||
. All specimens from Klang Strait mature (two females, six males); all specimens from Kuala Besar immature (two females, one male, two sex-unidentifiable).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF2E80BCD023D31877A4C06EFC441AA2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4576819" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4576819" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4576819/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="35" startId="3.[136,171,1571,1593]" targetBox="[136,1474,189,1555]" targetPageId="3">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEED034D023D31877A4C06EFC441AA2" blockId="3.[136,1475,1571,1737]" pageId="3" pageNumber="35">
|
||
Fig. 2. Photographs showing different views and morphological characters of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C51ABB7D023D31874A8C06EFBEF1A52" baseAuthorityName="Stiasny" baseAuthorityYear="1920" box="[900,1135,1571,1592]" class="Scyphozoa" family="Lychnorhizidae" genus="Lychnorhiza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhizostomeae" pageId="3" pageNumber="35" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="malayensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9250C26D023D31874A8C06EFBEF1A52" box="[900,1135,1571,1592]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="35">Lychnorhiza malayensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(fixed with 5% formaldehyde). A, lateral view of the whole body; B, exumbrellar view of the smooth bell surface; C, subumbrellar view of the bell showing main visible characters; D, subumbrellar view of the bell showing the exposed gastrovascular cavity; E, close-up subumbrellar view of the rhopalium and lappets. b, bell; oa, oral arm; od, oral disc; op, oral pillar; os, ostium; ext, extra-circular canal; cir, circular canal; cen, centripetal canal; rho, rhopaliar canal; int, inter-rhopaliar canal; gc, gastrovascular cavity; g, gonad; r, rhopalium; lv, velar lappet; lr, rhopaliar lappet. Black arrow, medial papillae; white arrow, peripheral papillae. Scale bars = 20 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEED034D023D31F746FC14DFBA31BA7" blockId="3.[835,1475,1791,2104]" lastBlockId="4.[813,1452,1813,1998]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="36" pageId="3" pageNumber="35">
|
||
A circular canal at ⅓ of radial distance from the bell margin (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136ACCB1D023D3187467C16DFC231B52" box="[843,931,1824,1848]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[136,171,1571,1593]" captionTargetBox="[136,1474,189,1555]" captionTargetId="figure-8@3.[133,1477,186,1558]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 2. Photographs showing different views and morphological characters of Lychnorhiza malayensis (fixed with 5% formaldehyde). A, lateral view of the whole body; B, exumbrellar view of the smooth bell surface; C, subumbrellar view of the bell showing main visible characters; D, subumbrellar view of the bell showing the exposed gastrovascular cavity; E, close-up subumbrellar view of the rhopalium and lappets. b, bell; oa, oral arm; od, oral disc; op, oral pillar; os, ostium; ext, extra-circular canal; cir, circular canal; cen, centripetal canal; rho, rhopaliar canal; int, inter-rhopaliar canal; gc, gastrovascular cavity; g, gonad; r, rhopalium; lv, velar lappet; lr, rhopaliar lappet. Black arrow, medial papillae; white arrow, peripheral papillae. Scale bars = 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4576819" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4576819/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="35">Fig. 2C</figureCitation>
|
||
). 16 irregularly-sized, bottle-shaped radial canals present, comprising eight rhopaliar canals (also known as perradial canals) extending to the bell margin, and eight slightly broader inter-rhopaliar canals (inter-radial canals) terminating at the circular canal. Some inter-rhopaliar canals appear to extend beyond the circular canal (as shown by the rhopaliar canals), but on closer inspection are thinner, and seem to be more subdivided than those of the rhopaliar canals. Rhopaliar canals broader at intra-circular than those at extra-circular part. Intra-circular network between adjacent radial canals comprises centripetal canals which communicate with the circular canal, but not with the adjacent rhopaliar and inter-rhopaliar canals. Number of centripetal canals (adradial canals) in between adjacent radial canals ranges from two to five in adults (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136ACCB1D024D31F76B6C1F8FE5C1BA7" box="[410,476,1973,1997]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[113,148,1505,1527]" captionTargetBox="[113,1443,189,1490]" captionTargetId="figure-150@4.[110,1455,186,1493]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 3. Morphological variation among individuals observed in medial papillae (white box), centripetal canals between radial canals (black circle) and radial canal (i.e., rhopaliar and inter-rhopaliar canal) as shown in the subumbrellar view of specimens MZUMCS 0255–0258. A, specimen MZUMCS 0255 showing the ovoid-shaped papillae, two centripetal canals that terminate abruptly, entirely coloured rhopaliar canals and partially coloured inter-rhopaliar canals (near the gastrovascular cavity). B, specimen MZUMCS 0256 showing the oblongshaped papillae, three centripetal canals that terminate abruptly, entirely colourless rhopaliar canals and partially coloured inter-rhopaliar canals (only coloured near the gastrovascular cavity). C, specimen MZUMCS 0257 showing the trapezoid-shaped papillae, three lightly anastomosed centripetal canals, faintly coloured rhopaliar and inter-rhopaliar canals. D, specimen MZUMCS 0258 showing the oblongshaped papillae, four highly anastomosed centripetal canals, partially coloured rhopaliar canals (near the circular canal) and entirely colourless inter-rhopaliar canals. rho, rhopaliar canal; int, inter-rhopaliar canal. Scale bars = 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4576823" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4576823/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="36">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
), and from one to five in juvenile specimens. Centripetal canals generally proportional to bell diameter in terms of width; always narrower than radial canals; more or less parallel; not uniform in length, terminating abruptly, but occasionally showing tendency to anastomose. Extra-circular canal network finely meshed, uniformly anastomosed, and becoming denser and narrower towards the periphery of bell. The penetration of this anastomosis network reaches the marginal lappets, but not all the way to the tips.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF2E80BCD024D31F775DC3ACFBCB1AB7" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4576823" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4576823" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4576823/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="36" startId="4.[113,148,1505,1527]" targetBox="[113,1443,189,1490]" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEED034D024D31F775DC3ACFBCB1AB7" blockId="4.[113,1452,1505,1758]" pageId="4" pageNumber="36">Fig. 3. Morphological variation among individuals observed in medial papillae (white box), centripetal canals between radial canals (black circle) and radial canal (i.e., rhopaliar and inter-rhopaliar canal) as shown in the subumbrellar view of specimens MZUMCS 0255–0258. A, specimen MZUMCS 0255 showing the ovoid-shaped papillae, two centripetal canals that terminate abruptly, entirely coloured rhopaliar canals and partially coloured inter-rhopaliar canals (near the gastrovascular cavity). B, specimen MZUMCS 0256 showing the oblongshaped papillae, three centripetal canals that terminate abruptly, entirely colourless rhopaliar canals and partially coloured inter-rhopaliar canals (only coloured near the gastrovascular cavity). C, specimen MZUMCS 0257 showing the trapezoid-shaped papillae, three lightly anastomosed centripetal canals, faintly coloured rhopaliar and inter-rhopaliar canals. D, specimen MZUMCS 0258 showing the oblongshaped papillae, four highly anastomosed centripetal canals, partially coloured rhopaliar canals (near the circular canal) and entirely colourless inter-rhopaliar canals. rho, rhopaliar canal; int, inter-rhopaliar canal. Scale bars = 20 mm.</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEED034D024D31E7401C1B8FD9A1838" blockId="4.[813,1453,2037,2093]" lastBlockId="5.[136,776,1016,1106]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="37" pageId="4" pageNumber="36">
|
||
A well-developed circular muscle area of ca. 42–72 muscle folds extends distally from the outer base of pillars till the marginal lappets, covering approximately ⅔ of the subumbrellar surface (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136ACCB1D025D31E769CC257FD8A1858" box="[432,522,1050,1074]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[136,171,1571,1593]" captionTargetBox="[136,1474,189,1555]" captionTargetId="figure-8@3.[133,1477,186,1558]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 2. Photographs showing different views and morphological characters of Lychnorhiza malayensis (fixed with 5% formaldehyde). A, lateral view of the whole body; B, exumbrellar view of the smooth bell surface; C, subumbrellar view of the bell showing main visible characters; D, subumbrellar view of the bell showing the exposed gastrovascular cavity; E, close-up subumbrellar view of the rhopalium and lappets. b, bell; oa, oral arm; od, oral disc; op, oral pillar; os, ostium; ext, extra-circular canal; cir, circular canal; cen, centripetal canal; rho, rhopaliar canal; int, inter-rhopaliar canal; gc, gastrovascular cavity; g, gonad; r, rhopalium; lv, velar lappet; lr, rhopaliar lappet. Black arrow, medial papillae; white arrow, peripheral papillae. Scale bars = 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4576819" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4576819/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="37">Fig. 2C</figureCitation>
|
||
). The musculature not interrupted over the 16 radial canals.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF2E80BCD025D31E77A4C574FD7F1FA8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4576825" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4576825" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4576825/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="37" startId="5.[136,171,825,847]" targetBox="[136,1476,189,812]" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEED034D025D31E77A4C574FD7F1FA8" blockId="5.[136,1474,825,962]" pageId="5" pageNumber="37">
|
||
Fig. 4. Differences in oral arm morphology between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C51ABB7D025D31E758EC574FC111F24" baseAuthorityName="Stiasny" baseAuthorityYear="1920" box="[674,913,825,846]" class="Scyphozoa" family="Lychnorhizidae" genus="Lychnorhiza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhizostomeae" pageId="5" pageNumber="37" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="malayensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9250C26D025D31E758EC574FC111F24" box="[674,913,825,846]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="37">Lychnorhiza malayensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Klang Strait and the Java Sea. A, lateral view of specimen MZUMCS 0256 from Klang Strait showing four of eight oral arms. B, illustration of a single oral arm of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C51ABB7D025D31E7229C51AFA0C1F01" baseAuthorityName="Stiasny" baseAuthorityYear="1920" box="[1285,1420,854,876]" class="Scyphozoa" family="Lychnorhizidae" genus="Lychnorhiza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhizostomeae" pageId="5" pageNumber="37" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="malayensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9250C26D025D31E7229C51AFA0C1F01" box="[1285,1420,854,876]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="37">L. malayensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the Java Sea by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC0ADC5D025D31E7604C53EFE361FE3" author="Stiasny G" box="[296,438,883,905]" pageId="5" pageNumber="37" pagination="89 - 95" refId="ref10342" refString="Stiasny G (1932) IV-Ueber Lychnorhiza malayensis Stiasny. Zoologische Mededelingen, 15: 89 - 95." type="journal article" year="1932">Stiasny (1932)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(scale not available). The length of the winged portion of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C51ABB7D025D31E74D8C53EFBF91FE2" baseAuthorityName="Stiasny" baseAuthorityYear="1920" box="[1012,1145,883,904]" class="Scyphozoa" family="Lychnorhizidae" genus="Lychnorhiza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhizostomeae" pageId="5" pageNumber="37" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="malayensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9250C26D025D31E74D8C53EFBF91FE2" box="[1012,1145,883,904]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="37">L. malayensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Klang Strait is shorter (half of total arm’s length) than those described from the Java Sea (3/4 of total arm’s length). pp, proximal portion of oral arm; wp, wingedportion of oral arm; mo, frills of mouthlet. Scale bars = 20 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEED034D025D31E77A4C237FD6C19B8" blockId="5.[135,777,1146,1490]" pageId="5" pageNumber="37">
|
||
Eight oral arms, adradial, not coalesced with each other; each slightly shorter than the radius of the bell. Proximal portion half of the arm’s total length, laterally flattened, outer margin without frills. The remaining portion divided into three broad wings (one inner and two outer), more flattened than the proximal part (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136ACCB1D025D31E76BAC357FE721958" box="[406,498,1306,1330]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[136,171,825,847]" captionTargetBox="[136,1476,189,812]" captionTargetId="figure-8@5.[126,1485,179,824]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 4. Differences in oral arm morphology between Lychnorhiza malayensis from Klang Strait and the Java Sea. A, lateral view of specimen MZUMCS 0256 from Klang Strait showing four of eight oral arms. B, illustration of a single oral arm of L. malayensis from the Java Sea by Stiasny (1932) (scale not available). The length of the winged portion of L. malayensis from Klang Strait is shorter (half of total arm’s length) than those described from the Java Sea (3/4 of total arm’s length). pp, proximal portion of oral arm; wp, wingedportion of oral arm; mo, frills of mouthlet. Scale bars = 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4576825" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4576825/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="37">Fig. 4A</figureCitation>
|
||
). The edges of the three wings much-folded with frills containing numerous mouthlets among them. Mouth frills of inner wings reaching upward to inner margin of proximal portion and centre of oral disc. Oral arms lacking appendages. Oral arms of all immature specimens (bell diameter <
|
||
<quantity id="4CA97DD1D025D31E769BC3F4FD8519B8" box="[439,517,1465,1490]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="37" unit="mm" value="60.0">60 mm</quantity>
|
||
) not well-developed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEED034D025D31E77A4C3B7FD2F1B18" blockId="5.[135,776,1530,1906]" pageId="5" pageNumber="37">
|
||
Live and preserved individuals display minimal differences in colouration. Bell whitish. Exumbrellar surface in some specimens ornamented with reddish-brown spots or markings along the interradial and perradial axes that radiate from apex towards bell margin (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136ACCB1D025D31E7695C037FDB71AF8" box="[441,567,1658,1682]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[136,171,1571,1593]" captionTargetBox="[136,1474,189,1555]" captionTargetId="figure-8@3.[133,1477,186,1558]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 2. Photographs showing different views and morphological characters of Lychnorhiza malayensis (fixed with 5% formaldehyde). A, lateral view of the whole body; B, exumbrellar view of the smooth bell surface; C, subumbrellar view of the bell showing main visible characters; D, subumbrellar view of the bell showing the exposed gastrovascular cavity; E, close-up subumbrellar view of the rhopalium and lappets. b, bell; oa, oral arm; od, oral disc; op, oral pillar; os, ostium; ext, extra-circular canal; cir, circular canal; cen, centripetal canal; rho, rhopaliar canal; int, inter-rhopaliar canal; gc, gastrovascular cavity; g, gonad; r, rhopalium; lv, velar lappet; lr, rhopaliar lappet. Black arrow, medial papillae; white arrow, peripheral papillae. Scale bars = 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4576819" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4576819/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="37">Fig. 2A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Rhopaliar canals either colourless (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136ACCB1D025D31E7662C0D7FE231AD8" box="[334,419,1690,1714]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[113,148,1505,1527]" captionTargetBox="[113,1443,189,1490]" captionTargetId="figure-150@4.[110,1455,186,1493]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 3. Morphological variation among individuals observed in medial papillae (white box), centripetal canals between radial canals (black circle) and radial canal (i.e., rhopaliar and inter-rhopaliar canal) as shown in the subumbrellar view of specimens MZUMCS 0255–0258. A, specimen MZUMCS 0255 showing the ovoid-shaped papillae, two centripetal canals that terminate abruptly, entirely coloured rhopaliar canals and partially coloured inter-rhopaliar canals (near the gastrovascular cavity). B, specimen MZUMCS 0256 showing the oblongshaped papillae, three centripetal canals that terminate abruptly, entirely colourless rhopaliar canals and partially coloured inter-rhopaliar canals (only coloured near the gastrovascular cavity). C, specimen MZUMCS 0257 showing the trapezoid-shaped papillae, three lightly anastomosed centripetal canals, faintly coloured rhopaliar and inter-rhopaliar canals. D, specimen MZUMCS 0258 showing the oblongshaped papillae, four highly anastomosed centripetal canals, partially coloured rhopaliar canals (near the circular canal) and entirely colourless inter-rhopaliar canals. rho, rhopaliar canal; int, inter-rhopaliar canal. Scale bars = 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4576823" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4576823/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="37">Fig. 3B</figureCitation>
|
||
) or reddish-brown, with intense markings when adjoining circular canals (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136ACCB1D025D31E7577C0F7FD7C1AB8" box="[603,764,1722,1746]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[113,148,1505,1527]" captionTargetBox="[113,1443,189,1490]" captionTargetId="figure-150@4.[110,1455,186,1493]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 3. Morphological variation among individuals observed in medial papillae (white box), centripetal canals between radial canals (black circle) and radial canal (i.e., rhopaliar and inter-rhopaliar canal) as shown in the subumbrellar view of specimens MZUMCS 0255–0258. A, specimen MZUMCS 0255 showing the ovoid-shaped papillae, two centripetal canals that terminate abruptly, entirely coloured rhopaliar canals and partially coloured inter-rhopaliar canals (near the gastrovascular cavity). B, specimen MZUMCS 0256 showing the oblongshaped papillae, three centripetal canals that terminate abruptly, entirely colourless rhopaliar canals and partially coloured inter-rhopaliar canals (only coloured near the gastrovascular cavity). C, specimen MZUMCS 0257 showing the trapezoid-shaped papillae, three lightly anastomosed centripetal canals, faintly coloured rhopaliar and inter-rhopaliar canals. D, specimen MZUMCS 0258 showing the oblongshaped papillae, four highly anastomosed centripetal canals, partially coloured rhopaliar canals (near the circular canal) and entirely colourless inter-rhopaliar canals. rho, rhopaliar canal; int, inter-rhopaliar canal. Scale bars = 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4576823" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4576823/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="37">Fig. 3A, C, D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Inter-rhopaliar canals only coloured in parts, specifically when adjoining the gastrovascular cavity (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136ACCB1D025D31E753AC0B7FDD71B78" box="[534,599,1786,1810]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[113,148,1505,1527]" captionTargetBox="[113,1443,189,1490]" captionTargetId="figure-150@4.[110,1455,186,1493]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 3. Morphological variation among individuals observed in medial papillae (white box), centripetal canals between radial canals (black circle) and radial canal (i.e., rhopaliar and inter-rhopaliar canal) as shown in the subumbrellar view of specimens MZUMCS 0255–0258. A, specimen MZUMCS 0255 showing the ovoid-shaped papillae, two centripetal canals that terminate abruptly, entirely coloured rhopaliar canals and partially coloured inter-rhopaliar canals (near the gastrovascular cavity). B, specimen MZUMCS 0256 showing the oblongshaped papillae, three centripetal canals that terminate abruptly, entirely colourless rhopaliar canals and partially coloured inter-rhopaliar canals (only coloured near the gastrovascular cavity). C, specimen MZUMCS 0257 showing the trapezoid-shaped papillae, three lightly anastomosed centripetal canals, faintly coloured rhopaliar and inter-rhopaliar canals. D, specimen MZUMCS 0258 showing the oblongshaped papillae, four highly anastomosed centripetal canals, partially coloured rhopaliar canals (near the circular canal) and entirely colourless inter-rhopaliar canals. rho, rhopaliar canal; int, inter-rhopaliar canal. Scale bars = 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4576823" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4576823/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="37">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
A–C); generally fainter than the rhopaliar canal, while colourless in some specimens (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136ACCB1D025D31E7629C177FEDA1B38" box="[261,346,1850,1874]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[113,148,1505,1527]" captionTargetBox="[113,1443,189,1490]" captionTargetId="figure-150@4.[110,1455,186,1493]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 3. Morphological variation among individuals observed in medial papillae (white box), centripetal canals between radial canals (black circle) and radial canal (i.e., rhopaliar and inter-rhopaliar canal) as shown in the subumbrellar view of specimens MZUMCS 0255–0258. A, specimen MZUMCS 0255 showing the ovoid-shaped papillae, two centripetal canals that terminate abruptly, entirely coloured rhopaliar canals and partially coloured inter-rhopaliar canals (near the gastrovascular cavity). B, specimen MZUMCS 0256 showing the oblongshaped papillae, three centripetal canals that terminate abruptly, entirely colourless rhopaliar canals and partially coloured inter-rhopaliar canals (only coloured near the gastrovascular cavity). C, specimen MZUMCS 0257 showing the trapezoid-shaped papillae, three lightly anastomosed centripetal canals, faintly coloured rhopaliar and inter-rhopaliar canals. D, specimen MZUMCS 0258 showing the oblongshaped papillae, four highly anastomosed centripetal canals, partially coloured rhopaliar canals (near the circular canal) and entirely colourless inter-rhopaliar canals. rho, rhopaliar canal; int, inter-rhopaliar canal. Scale bars = 20 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4576823" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4576823/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="37">Fig. 3D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Oral arms whitish, mouth frills whitish to faintly brown. Gonads whitish to faintly brown.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF2E80BCD025D31E746FC046FA421AA7" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4576827" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4576827" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4576827/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="37" startId="5.[835,871,1547,1569]" targetBox="[837,1474,1018,1532]" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEED034D025D31E746FC046FA421AA7" blockId="5.[834,1476,1547,1742]" pageId="5" pageNumber="37">
|
||
Fig. 5. Two-dimensional principal component analysis (PCA) of 10 meristic characters (f4, f27, f29–33, f44, f45, f90) and 11 categorical characters (f51, f52, f80, f81, f83, f84, f87–89, f91, f92) indicating morphological similarity among
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C51ABB7D025D31E73F1C02CFA431A1C" baseAuthorityName="Stiasny" baseAuthorityYear="1920" box="[1245,1475,1633,1654]" class="Scyphozoa" family="Lychnorhizidae" genus="Lychnorhiza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhizostomeae" pageId="5" pageNumber="37" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="malayensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9250C26D025D31E73F1C02CFA431A1C" box="[1245,1475,1633,1654]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="37">Lychnorhiza malayensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
individuals from Klang Strait (n = 7) and Kuala Besar (n = 5). PC1 explains 31.2 % of observed variation. PC2 explains 16% of observed variation. The character states are listed in Appendix 1.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEED034D025D31E77A4C1D4FB651BB7" blockId="5.[136,776,1945,2098]" lastBlockId="5.[835,1475,1797,2013]" pageId="5" pageNumber="37">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9250C26D025D31E77A4C1D4FE2A1BDB" bold="true" box="[136,426,1945,1969]" pageId="5" pageNumber="37">Morphological variation.</emphasis>
|
||
A remarkable variation among individuals was observed in some key characters: (1) number of velar lappet per octant; (2) number, length and formation of centripetal canals; (3) number and shape of subumbrellar papillae; (4) the extension of inter-rhopaliar canal beyond circular canal; and (5) colouration of live and preserved specimens. The intraspecific morphological variations were persistent in both localities (Klang Strait and Kuala Besar) but individuals did not differ between sites. Principal component analysis (PCA) of these key characters did not suggest a clear separation between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C51ABB7D025D31E7348C1EBFB7F1BD7" baseAuthorityName="Stiasny" baseAuthorityYear="1920" box="[1124,1279,1957,1981]" class="Scyphozoa" family="Lychnorhizidae" genus="Lychnorhiza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhizostomeae" pageId="5" pageNumber="37" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="malayensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9250C26D025D31E7348C1EBFB7F1BD7" box="[1124,1279,1957,1981]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="37">L. malayensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
individuals from Klang Strait and Kuala Besar (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136ACCB1D025D31E73B9C188FB581BB7" box="[1173,1240,1989,2013]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[835,871,1547,1569]" captionTargetBox="[837,1474,1018,1532]" captionTargetId="figure-523@5.[828,1480,1018,1545]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 5. Two-dimensional principal component analysis (PCA) of 10 meristic characters (f4, f27, f29–33, f44, f45, f90) and 11 categorical characters (f51, f52, f80, f81, f83, f84, f87–89, f91, f92) indicating morphological similarity among Lychnorhiza malayensis individuals from Klang Strait (n = 7) and Kuala Besar (n = 5). PC1 explains 31.2 % of observed variation. PC2 explains 16% of observed variation. The character states are listed in Appendix 1." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4576827" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4576827/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="37">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEED034D025D31E746FCE48FA421457" blockId="5.[835,1474,2053,2110]" pageId="5" pageNumber="37">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9250C26D025D31E746FCE48FC791477" bold="true" box="[835,1017,2053,2077]" pageId="5" pageNumber="37">Other remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
During a subsequent monthly ecological survey in Klang Strait from January until
|
||
<date id="FFEFF6F4D025D31E73D4CE68FA231457" box="[1272,1443,2085,2109]" pageId="5" pageNumber="37" value="2011-12">December 2011</date>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C51ABB7D025D31E7281CE6BFA421457" baseAuthorityName="Stiasny" baseAuthorityYear="1920" box="[1453,1474,2086,2109]" class="Scyphozoa" family="Lychnorhizidae" genus="Lychnorhiza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhizostomeae" pageId="5" pageNumber="39" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="malayensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9250C26D025D31E7281CE6BFA421457" box="[1453,1474,2086,2109]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="37">L.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEED034D026D31D775DC6F2FE161D9D" blockId="6.[113,754,191,503]" pageId="6" pageNumber="38">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9250C26D026D31D775DC6F2FF661CBD" box="[113,230,191,215]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="38">malayensis</emphasis>
|
||
occurred during
|
||
<date id="FFEFF6F4D026D31D76B4C68DFD821CBD" box="[408,514,191,216]" pageId="6" pageNumber="38" value="2011-05">May 2011</date>
|
||
(Southwest Monsoon) and later during October–November 2011 (Northeast Monsoon). Abundance was significantly greater during the latter period. This species also forms part of the commercial fisheries by-catch along with other scyphozoan jellyfishes, such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C51ABB7D026D31D77E2C72DFEA01D1D" box="[206,288,352,375]" class="Scyphozoa" family="Cyaneidae" genus="Cyanea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Semaeostomeae" pageId="6" pageNumber="38" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9250C26D026D31D77E2C72DFEA01D1D" box="[206,288,352,375]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="38">Cyanea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C51ABB7D026D31D7677C712FDC11D1D" authorityName="von Lendendfeld" authorityYear="1884" box="[347,577,351,375]" class="Scyphozoa" family="Mastigiidae" genus="Phyllorhiza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhizostomeae" pageId="6" pageNumber="38" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="punctata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9250C26D026D31D7677C712FDC11D1D" box="[347,577,351,375]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="38">Phyllorhiza punctata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C51ABB7D026D31D757FC712FF4D1DFD" authorityName="Stiasny" authorityYear="1920" class="Scyphozoa" family="Lobonematidae" genus="Lobonemoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhizostomeae" pageId="6" pageNumber="38" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="robustus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9250C26D026D31D757FC712FF4D1DFD" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="38">Lobonemoides robustus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C51ABB7D026D31D7623C732FD851DFD" authorityName="Kishinouye" authorityYear="1891" box="[271,517,383,407]" class="Scyphozoa" family="Rhizostomatidae" genus="Rhopilema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhizostomeae" pageId="6" pageNumber="38" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="esculentum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9250C26D026D31D7623C732FD851DFD" box="[271,517,383,407]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="38">Rhopilema esculentum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. At the northwestern Peninsular
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34690A4D026D31D77DFC7D2FED91DDD" box="[243,345,415,439]" name="Malaysia" pageId="6" pageNumber="38">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(i.e., Langkawi Island and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49951ED6D026D31D75B3C7EDFD701DD2" box="[671,752,416,440]" country="Malaysia" name="Pulau Pinang" pageId="6" pageNumber="38">Penang</collectingRegion>
|
||
Island), this species is commonly encountered in swarms with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C51ABB7D026D31D7785C7ADFE0F1D9D" baseAuthorityName="Maas" baseAuthorityYear="1903" box="[169,399,479,503]" class="Scyphozoa" family="Catostylidae" genus="Acromitus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhizostomeae" pageId="6" pageNumber="38" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="flagellatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9250C26D026D31D7785C7ADFE0F1D9D" box="[169,399,479,503]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="38">Acromitus flagellatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |