445 lines
54 KiB
XML
445 lines
54 KiB
XML
<document id="18B9C17DF2AD4E0A88E4127DDCEA365E" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.179852" ID-GBIF-Dataset="1a7bd113-0271-4abb-b85c-637bab541d09" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="179852" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460004607465" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Rowe, Chad L., Adamowicz, Sarah J. & Hebert, Paul D. N." docDate="2007" docId="03F8375C9D02FFBCFF33A3C9FC97C2B1" docLanguage="en" docName="zt01656p049.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1656" docStyle="DocumentStyle:6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0.4:Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleId="6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Holopedium atlanticum Rowe, Adamowicz & Hebert, 2007, n. sp." docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="36" masterDocId="FFC14F249D23FF9FFFA4A10EFFC4C76B" masterDocTitle="Three new cryptic species of the freshwater zooplankton genus Holopedium (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Ctenopoda), revealed by genetic methods" masterLastPageNumber="49" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="34" updateTime="1698233193010" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="CF86F9984CA7009B0C8E32F754DF8BDB">Three new cryptic species of the freshwater zooplankton genus Holopedium (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Ctenopoda), revealed by genetic methods</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="199C98D9A42B368869DD8842CB1E2021">Rowe, Chad L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="0517C5AF1D36880FD59CCF227AAA3147">Adamowicz, Sarah J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="ED844E057A5182A080E9DAF5ED9B9FA9">Hebert, Paul D. N.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="EF39A094F07A1F83A833921EE5A4ECB4">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="A989CD22646915C355920467E769033D">2007</mods:date>
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<mods:identifier id="4B5EEEDE52AA9B4A30B068379BC6A3E5" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.179852</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03F8375C9D02FFBCFF33A3C9FC97C2B1" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5614584" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119380879" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5614584" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F8375C9D02FFBCFF33A3C9FC97C2B1" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F8375C9D02FFBCFF33A3C9FC97C2B1" lastPageId="35" lastPageNumber="36" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
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<subSubSection id="C34BD5C19D02FFBEFF33A3C9FE84C422" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BEE864A9D02FFBEFF33A3C9FDC4C58A" blockId="33.[151,512,711,737]" box="[151,512,711,737]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
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<heading id="D0A631269D02FFBEFF33A3C9FDC4C58A" bold="true" box="[151,512,711,737]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B9255A589D02FFBEFF33A3C9FDC4C58A" bold="true" box="[151,512,711,737]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
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<taxonomicName id="4C51FDC99D02FFBEFF33A3C9FE72C58A" ID-CoL="3M9C2" box="[151,438,711,737]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Holopediidae" genus="Holopedium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atlanticum" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B9255A589D02FFBEFF33A3C9FE72C58A" bold="true" box="[151,438,711,737]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Holopedium atlanticum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A216E7239D02FFBEFE19A3C9FDC4C58A" box="[445,512,711,737]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BEE864A9D02FFBEFF33A21CFE84C422" blockId="33.[151,1437,786,1033]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
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<emphasis id="B9255A589D02FFBEFF33A21CFED0C441" bold="true" box="[151,276,786,810]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Synonymy.</emphasis>
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Individuals from North
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<collectingCountry id="F346C6DA9D02FFBEFDBCA21CFDB0C442" box="[536,628,786,809]" name="United States of America" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">America</collectingCountry>
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previously identified as
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<taxonomicName id="4C51FDC99D02FFBEFCD8A21CFBE7C442" box="[892,1059,786,809]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Holopediidae" genus="Holopedium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amazonicum">
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<emphasis id="B9255A589D02FFBEFCD8A21CFBE7C442" box="[892,1059,786,809]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">H. amazonicum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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should properly be identified as
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<taxonomicName id="4C51FDC99D02FFBEFA26A21CFEFDC422" class="Branchiopoda" family="Holopediidae" genus="Holopedium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atlanticum">
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<emphasis id="B9255A589D02FFBEFA26A21CFEFDC422" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">H. atlanticum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C34BD5C19D02FFBEFF33A25CFD19C362" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BEE864A9D02FFBEFF33A25CFE12C402" blockId="33.[151,1437,786,1033]" box="[151,470,850,873]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC0FBBB9D02FFBEFF33A25CFEE7C402" author="Birge" box="[151,291,850,873]" pageId="33" pageNumber="39" refString="Birge, E. A. (1918) The water fleas (Cladocera). In: Ward, H. B. & Whipple, G. C. (Eds.), Fresh-water Biology, 1 st ed. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 676 - 750." type="book chapter" year="1918">Birge (1918)</bibRefCitation>
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: 693, Fig. 1061b
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BEE864A9D02FFBEFF33A27CFDD6C4E2" blockId="33.[151,1437,786,1033]" box="[151,530,882,905]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC0FBBB9D02FFBEFF33A27CFEF3C4E2" author="Pennak" box="[151,311,882,905]" pageId="33" pageNumber="41" refString="Pennak, R. W. (1953) Cladocera (Water Fleas). In: Pennak, R. W. (Ed.), Fresh-Water Invertebrates of the United States, 1 st ed., Ronald Press Company, New York. Chapter 16." type="book" year="1953">Pennak (1953)</bibRefCitation>
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: 364–365, Fig. 227d
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BEE864A9D02FFBEFF33A29CFE26C4C2" blockId="33.[151,1437,786,1033]" box="[151,482,914,937]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC0FBBB9D02FFBEFF33A29CFEF1C4C2" author="Brooks" box="[151,309,914,937]" pageId="33" pageNumber="39" refString="Brooks, J. L. (1959) Cladocera. In: Edmondson, W. T. (Ed.), Fresh-water Biology, 2 nd ed. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 587 - 656." type="book chapter" year="1959">Brooks (1959)</bibRefCitation>
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: 603, Fig. 27.13
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BEE864A9D02FFBEFF33A2BCFDD6C4A2" blockId="33.[151,1437,786,1033]" box="[151,530,946,969]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC0FBBB9D02FFBEFF33A2BCFEF3C4A2" author="Pennak" box="[151,311,946,969]" pageId="33" pageNumber="41" refString="Pennak, R. W. (1978) Cladocera (Water Fleas). In: Pennak, R. W. (Ed.), Fresh-Water Invertebrates of the United States, 2 nd ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York. Chapter 16." type="book" year="1978">Pennak (1978)</bibRefCitation>
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: 365–366, Fig. 254d
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BEE864A9D02FFBEFF33A2DCFDC0C482" blockId="33.[151,1437,786,1033]" box="[151,516,978,1001]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC0FBBB9D02FFBEFF33A2DCFEF3C482" author="Pennak" box="[151,311,978,1001]" pageId="33" pageNumber="41" refString="Pennak, R. W. (1989) Cladocera (Water Fleas). In: Pennak, R. W. (Ed.), Fresh-Water Invertebrates of the United States. Protozoa to Mollusca, 3 rd ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York. Chapter 16." type="book" year="1989">Pennak (1989)</bibRefCitation>
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: 386–387, Fig. 12d
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BEE864A9D02FFBEFF33A2FCFD19C362" blockId="33.[151,1437,786,1033]" box="[151,733,1010,1033]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC0FBBB9D02FFBEFF33A2FCFEBBC362" author="Korovchinsky" box="[151,383,1010,1033]" pageId="33" pageNumber="40" refString="Korovchinsky, N. M. (1992) Sididae and Holopediidae (Crustacea: Daphniiformes). Guides to the Identification of the Microinvertebrates of the Continental Waters of the World. 3. SPB Academic Publishing, The Hague." type="book chapter" year="1992">Korovchinsky (1992)</bibRefCitation>
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: 77–78, Figs. 371–373, 375, 377
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C34BD5C19D02FFBEFF33A534FE94C317" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="etymology">
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<paragraph id="8BEE864A9D02FFBEFF33A534FE94C317" blockId="33.[151,1437,1082,2028]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
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<emphasis id="B9255A589D02FFBEFF33A534FEE7C33F" bold="true" box="[151,291,1082,1108]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Etymology.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C51FDC99D02FFBEFE8FA535FE6CC33F" box="[299,424,1083,1108]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Holopediidae" genus="Holopedium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atlanticum">
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<emphasis id="B9255A589D02FFBEFE8FA535FE6CC33F" box="[299,424,1083,1108]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">atlanticum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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refers to the distribution of this species in lakes along the eastern Atlantic seaboard of North
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<collectingCountry id="F346C6DA9D02FFBEFF47A56CFE88C317" box="[227,332,1122,1148]" name="United States of America" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">America</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C34BD5C19D02FFBEFF63A584FB85C04F" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BEE864A9D02FFBEFF63A584FE43C3A7" blockId="33.[151,1437,1082,2028]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
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<emphasis id="B9255A589D02FFBEFF63A584FEA8C3CF" bold="true" box="[199,364,1162,1188]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
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<typeStatus id="54EA38E89D02FFBEFF63A584FEC0C3CF" box="[199,260,1162,1188]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Type</typeStatus>
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locality.
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</emphasis>
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Moosehead Lake, Maine (
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<geoCoordinate id="EE65E08D9D02FFBEFD01A584FCDBC3CF" box="[677,799,1162,1188]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" precision="55" value="45.633">45.633º N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE65E08D9D02FFBEFC8FA584FC68C3CF" box="[811,940,1162,1188]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" precision="55" value="-69.683">69.683º W</geoCoordinate>
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). On Hwy ME-6, in close proximity to the town of Moosehead.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BEE864A9D02FFBEFF63A5D4FC96C277" blockId="33.[151,1437,1082,2028]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
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<emphasis id="B9255A589D02FFBEFF63A5D4FDC8C39F" bold="true" box="[199,524,1242,1268]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
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<typeStatus id="54EA38E89D02FFBEFF63A5D4FEC0C39F" box="[199,260,1242,1268]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Type</typeStatus>
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specimens.
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<typeStatus id="54EA38E89D02FFBEFE3EA5D4FDC8C39F" box="[410,524,1242,1268]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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</emphasis>
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: an ovigerous female in ethanol deposited in the
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<collectionCode id="ED401E8F9D02FFBEFBF5A5D4FB50C39F" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34935" box="[1105,1172,1242,1268]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34935" name="Canadian Museum of Nature" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">CMN</collectionCode>
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under accession number
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<collectionCode id="ED401E8F9D02FFBEFF67A40CFEDEC277" box="[195,282,1282,1308]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">CMNC</collectionCode>
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||
2007-0741 (collection date
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||
<date id="FFEFA08A9D02FFBEFDC0A40CFC81C277" box="[612,837,1282,1308]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" value="1993-09-02">September 2, 1993</date>
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||
).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BEE864A9D02FFBEFF63A424FCE1C207" blockId="33.[151,1437,1082,2028]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
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<emphasis id="B9255A589D02FFBEFF63A424FE80C22F" bold="true" box="[199,324,1322,1348]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
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||
<typeStatus id="54EA38E89D02FFBEFF63A424FE80C22F" box="[199,324,1322,1348]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
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</emphasis>
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: 10 ovigerous females, preserved in ethanol, deposited in the
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<collectionCode id="ED401E8F9D02FFBEFB94A424FBB7C22F" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34935" box="[1072,1139,1322,1348]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34935" name="Canadian Museum of Nature" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">CMN</collectionCode>
|
||
under accession number
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||
<collectionCode id="ED401E8F9D02FFBEFF33A45CFF2AC207" box="[151,238,1362,1388]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">CMNC</collectionCode>
|
||
2007-0742 (collection date
|
||
<date id="FFEFA08A9D02FFBEFD93A45CFCDCC207" box="[567,792,1362,1388]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" value="1993-09-02">September 2, 1993</date>
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||
).
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BEE864A9D02FFBEFF63A474FBBEC2FF" blockId="33.[151,1437,1082,2028]" box="[199,1146,1402,1428]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
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||
<emphasis id="B9255A589D02FFBEFF63A474FE7FC2FF" bold="true" box="[199,443,1402,1428]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Material examined.</emphasis>
|
||
Other habitats with
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<taxonomicName id="4C51FDC99D02FFBEFD0EA475FC8FC2FF" box="[682,843,1403,1428]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Holopediidae" genus="Holopedium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atlanticum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9255A589D02FFBEFD0EA475FC8FC2FF" box="[682,843,1403,1428]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">H. atlanticum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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are listed in Appendix A.
|
||
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BEE864A9D02FFBEFF63A4ACFCFCC167" blockId="33.[151,1437,1082,2028]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9255A589D02FFBEFF63A4ACFDDDC2D7" bold="true" box="[199,537,1442,1468]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Morphological description.</emphasis>
|
||
FEMALE. Representative photomicrographs are shown in
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<figureCitation id="136A9ACF9D02FFBEFB76A4ACFAECC2D7" box="[1234,1320,1442,1468]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="34.[151,255,1681,1705]" captionTargetBox="[152,1434,584,1656]" captionTargetId="figure@34.[151,1436,582,1657]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURE 10. Representative photomicrographs of Holopedium atlanticum. (a, b) Lateral views of female in jelly coat stained with fuschian red. (c) Lateral view of female head and anterior jelly curl. Santeetlah, North Carolina, October 30, 1993. (d) Lateral view of female head. (e) Lateral view of female abdomen. Lake James, North Carolina, December 13, 1992. (f) Lateral view of female postabdomen. (g) Lateral view of ventral carapace spinules. Lake James, North Carolina, October 31, 1993. (a, b, d, f) from Digdeguash Lake, New Brunswick, June 15, 1994." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/179862/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
. The jelly coat is of the A
|
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<typeStatus id="54EA38E89D02FFBEFEF3A4C4FE49C28F" box="[343,397,1482,1508]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">type</typeStatus>
|
||
, in which the anterior jelly curl arches toward the anterior portion of the jelly coat, and the lateral lobes are undivided (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC0FBBB9D02FFBEFD92A4FCFCEFC167" author="Montvilo" box="[566,811,1522,1548]" pageId="33" pageNumber="41" refString="Montvilo, J. A., Hegyi, M. A. & Kevin, M. J. (1987) Aspects of the anatomy of the jelly coat of Holopedium and certain other Cladocerans (Crustacea). Transactions of the American Miscroscopical Society, 106, 105 - 113." type="journal article" year="1987">
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||
Montvilo
|
||
<emphasis id="B9255A589D02FFBEFD0EA4FDFD21C167" box="[682,741,1523,1548]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1987
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE864A9D02FFBEFF63A714FDA3C1C7" blockId="33.[151,1437,1082,2028]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
Adult carapace lengths range from
|
||
<quantity id="4CA92BAF9D02FFBEFDD4A714FCD9C15F" box="[624,797,1562,1588]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.25" metricValueMax="10.1" metricValueMin="4.4" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" unit="mm" value="0.725" valueMax="1.01" valueMin="0.44">0.44–1.01 mm</quantity>
|
||
(mean
|
||
<quantity id="4CA92BAF9D02FFBEFCDDA714FC2CC15F" box="[889,1000,1562,1588]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.3" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" unit="mm" value="0.73">0.73 mm</quantity>
|
||
), while carapace heights range from
|
||
<quantity id="4CA92BAF9D02FFBEFF33A74CFE85C137" box="[151,321,1602,1628]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.8" metricValueMax="10.6" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" unit="mm" value="0.68" valueMax="1.06" valueMin="0.3">0.30–1.06 mm</quantity>
|
||
(mean
|
||
<quantity id="4CA92BAF9D02FFBEFE3CA74CFDC1C137" box="[408,517,1602,1628]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.4" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" unit="mm" value="0.74">0.74 mm</quantity>
|
||
). The H/L ratios range from 0.68–1.37 (mean 1.00). The ventral carapace margin is ordinarily spinulated posteriorly, but smooth anteriorly. Individuals lacking spinulation along the entire ventral valve margin were encountered.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE864A9D02FFBEFF63A7B4FB85C04F" blockId="33.[151,1437,1082,2028]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
Anal spine number ranges from 6–11 (mean 8.35).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C51FDC99D02FFBEFC96A7B5FB8EC1BF" box="[818,1098,1723,1748]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Holopediidae" genus="Holopedium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atlanticum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9255A589D02FFBEFC96A7B5FB8EC1BF" box="[818,1098,1723,1748]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Holopedium atlanticum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lacks a basal spine on each postabdominal claw. Each claw ordinarily has a row of denticles running laterally from the base of the claw to its midpoint, although individuals were observed that lacked claw denticulation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34BD5C19D02FFBDFF63A63CFDD9C571" lastPageId="34" lastPageNumber="35" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE864A9D02FFBEFF63A63CFD97C087" blockId="33.[151,1437,1082,2028]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
MALE. Males have been found in small numbers in collections from sites in North Carolina in May and June; however, they are typically found in the highest abundance in the autumn (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC0FBBB9D02FFBEFBFEA654FB2FC01F" author="Hegyi" box="[1114,1259,1882,1908]" pageId="33" pageNumber="40" refString="Hegyi, M. A. (1973) Aspects of the ecology, distribution, and systematics of the genus Holopedium (Cladocera, Crustacea). Ph. D. Dissertation. University of Tennessee." type="book" year="1973">Hegyi 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Males of this species were not examined in this study, and thus detailed morphometrics cannot be presented. However,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC0FBBB9D02FFBEFF33A6A4FEF2C0AF" author="Hegyi" box="[151,310,1962,1988]" pageId="33" pageNumber="40" refString="Hegyi, M. A. (1973) Aspects of the ecology, distribution, and systematics of the genus Holopedium (Cladocera, Crustacea). Ph. D. Dissertation. University of Tennessee." type="book" year="1973">Hegyi (1973)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
presented a photograph and brief description of a male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C51FDC99D02FFBEFC71A6A5FBA2C0AF" box="[981,1126,1963,1988]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Holopediidae" genus="Holopedium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9255A589D02FFBEFC71A6A5FBA2C0AF" box="[981,1126,1963,1988]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Holopedium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
which, based on distributional data, is probably
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C51FDC99D02FFBEFE0FA6DDFD88C087" box="[427,588,2003,2028]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Holopediidae" genus="Holopedium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atlanticum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9255A589D02FFBEFE0FA6DDFD88C087" box="[427,588,2003,2028]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">H. atlanticum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE864A9D01FFBDFF63A199FDD9C571" blockId="34.[151,1437,151,538]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9255A589D01FFBDFF63A199FE18C7DA" bold="true" box="[199,476,151,177]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Differential diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
Although
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C51FDC99D01FFBDFDFAA196FCC5C7DA" box="[606,769,152,177]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Holopediidae" genus="Holopedium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atlanticum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9255A589D01FFBDFDFAA196FCC5C7DA" box="[606,769,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">H. atlanticum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is morphologically indistinguishable from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C51FDC99D01FFBDFAADA196FF0CC7B2" class="Branchiopoda" family="Holopediidae" genus="Holopedium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amazonicum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9255A589D01FFBDFAADA196FF0CC7B2" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">H. amazonicum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, these two species have allopatric distributions reducing the likelihood of genetic exchange (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136A9ACF9D01FFBDFA86A1CEFAA8C7B1" box="[1314,1388,192,218]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="19.[151,255,1272,1296]" captionTargetBox="[215,1338,187,1245]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[215,1373,187,1246]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 4. Putative geographic distribution of Holopedium species. Dots indicate populations where species assignments were confirmed by genetic analyses. Dark shaded areas represent the hypothesized range of each species based on results from this study and from distribution data from 1,827 localities inhabited by Holopedium, obtained from literature reports or by sampling (see Rowe 2000). Since several species are morphologically cryptic while the species complexes can be readily distinguished, the areas between or adjacent to genetic localities are tentatively marked as that same species, provided that there are Holopedium records there belonging to the same complex. Pending further evidence, all South American localities are here shaded as H. amazonicum and most Eurasian localities as H. gibberum s. s., but further cryptic species may be detected in the future. Definitive species assignments for populations in Greenland and India, which are currently described as separate species, require genetic evidence (see text), but morphological traits indicate that they do belong to the H. gibberum complex. Their distributions are shown along with H. gibberum s. s. (inset map in part b). a) H. glacialis n. sp., b) H. gibberum s. s., c) H. atlanticum n. sp., d) H. acidophilum n. sp., and e) H. amazonicum s. s." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/179856/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
c,e).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C51FDC99D01FFBDFF33A1E6FE6AC66A" box="[151,430,232,257]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Holopediidae" genus="Holopedium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atlanticum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9255A589D01FFBDFF33A1E6FE6AC66A" box="[151,430,232,257]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Holopedium atlanticum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C51FDC99D01FFBDFD19A1E6FCB1C66A" box="[701,885,232,257]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Holopediidae" genus="Holopedium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="acidophilum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9255A589D01FFBDFD19A1E6FCB1C66A" box="[701,885,232,257]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">H. acidophilum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the larger size and greater number of anal spines of the latter species. It differs from members of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C51FDC99D01FFBDFCF9A01EFC37C642" box="[861,1011,272,297]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Holopediidae" genus="Holopedium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gibberum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9255A589D01FFBDFCF9A01EFC37C642" box="[861,1011,272,297]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">H. gibberum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
complex by the absence of a basal spine on either postabdominal claw.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C51FDC99D01FFBDFDE1A036FC9FC63A" box="[581,859,312,337]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Holopediidae" genus="Holopedium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atlanticum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9255A589D01FFBDFDE1A036FC9FC63A" box="[581,859,312,337]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Holopedium atlanticum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be biochemically distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C51FDC99D01FFBDFAEEA036FEC2C612" class="Branchiopoda" family="Holopediidae" genus="Holopedium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="acidophilum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9255A589D01FFBDFAEEA036FEC2C612" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">H. acidophilum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
at the
|
||
<emphasis id="B9255A589D01FFBDFEF0A06EFE4EC612" box="[340,394,352,377]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Pgm</emphasis>
|
||
locus, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C51FDC99D01FFBDFE58A06EFD59C612" box="[508,669,352,377]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Holopediidae" genus="Holopedium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atlanticum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9255A589D01FFBDFE58A06EFD59C612" box="[508,669,352,377]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">H. atlanticum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
produces an enzyme which migrates slower than that of the latter species. COI mtDNA sequence divergence between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C51FDC99D01FFBDFD5FA086FC58C6CA" box="[763,924,392,417]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Holopediidae" genus="Holopedium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atlanticum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9255A589D01FFBDFD5FA086FC58C6CA" box="[763,924,392,417]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">H. atlanticum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C51FDC99D01FFBDFC70A086FB48C6CA" box="[980,1164,392,417]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Holopediidae" genus="Holopedium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amazonicum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9255A589D01FFBDFC70A086FB48C6CA" box="[980,1164,392,417]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">H. amazonicum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
averages 12.3%, while the divergence between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C51FDC99D01FFBDFE11A0BEFD93C6A2" box="[437,599,432,457]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Holopediidae" genus="Holopedium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atlanticum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9255A589D01FFBDFE11A0BEFD93C6A2" box="[437,599,432,457]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">H. atlanticum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C51FDC99D01FFBDFD36A0BEFC8DC6A2" box="[658,841,432,457]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Holopediidae" genus="Holopedium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="acidophilum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9255A589D01FFBDFD36A0BEFC8DC6A2" box="[658,841,432,457]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">H. acidophilum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
averages 10.6%. Based on current evidence, individuals showing less than 4.8% divergence from a representative COI mtDNA sequence (GenBank
|
||
<accessionNumber id="94021BA99D01FFBDFAD2A0D6FF35C571" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/AF245353" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">AF 245353</accessionNumber>
|
||
) belong to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C51FDC99D01FFBDFED1A30EFDD2C572" box="[373,534,512,537]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Holopediidae" genus="Holopedium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atlanticum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9255A589D01FFBDFED1A30EFDD2C572" box="[373,534,512,537]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">H. atlanticum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF2ED6C29D01FFBDFF33A79FFB8CC058" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/179862/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" targetBox="[152,1434,584,1656]" targetPageId="34">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE864A9D01FFBDFF33A79FFB8CC058" blockId="34.[151,1436,1681,1843]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9255A589D01FFBDFF33A79FFEEDC1C2" bold="true" box="[151,297,1681,1705]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">FIGURE 10.</emphasis>
|
||
Representative photomicrographs of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C51FDC99D01FFBDFD60A79FFC06C1C3" box="[708,962,1681,1704]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Holopediidae" genus="Holopedium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atlanticum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9255A589D01FFBDFD60A79FFC06C1C3" box="[708,962,1681,1704]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Holopedium atlanticum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. (a,b) Lateral views of female in jelly coat stained with fuschian red. (c) Lateral view of female head and anterior jelly curl. Santeetlah, North Carolina, October 30, 1993. (d) Lateral view of female head. (e) Lateral view of female abdomen. Lake James, North Carolina, December 13, 1992. (f) Lateral view of female postabdomen. (g) Lateral view of ventral carapace spinules. Lake James, North Carolina, October 31, 1993. (a,b,d,f) from Digdeguash Lake, New Brunswick, June 15, 1994.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34BD5C19D01FFBCFF63A686FC97C2B1" lastPageId="35" lastPageNumber="36" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE864A9D01FFBCFF63A686FA4CC641" blockId="34.[151,1437,1928,2035]" lastBlockId="35.[151,1437,152,538]" lastPageId="35" lastPageNumber="36" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9255A589D01FFBDFF63A686FEA3C0C9" bold="true" box="[199,359,1928,1954]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C51FDC99D01FFBDFED4A687FDD6C0C9" box="[368,530,1929,1954]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Holopediidae" genus="Holopedium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atlanticum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9255A589D01FFBDFED4A687FDD6C0C9" box="[368,530,1929,1954]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">H. atlanticum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was found along the Atlantic coast of North
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F346C6DA9D01FFBDFB8AA687FB57C0C8" box="[1070,1171,1929,1955]" name="United States of America" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">America</collectingCountry>
|
||
from New Brunswick and Maine south to Florida, (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136A9ACF9D01FFBDFE55A6BFFDFEC0A0" box="[497,570,1969,1995]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="19.[151,255,1272,1296]" captionTargetBox="[215,1338,187,1245]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[215,1373,187,1246]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 4. Putative geographic distribution of Holopedium species. Dots indicate populations where species assignments were confirmed by genetic analyses. Dark shaded areas represent the hypothesized range of each species based on results from this study and from distribution data from 1,827 localities inhabited by Holopedium, obtained from literature reports or by sampling (see Rowe 2000). Since several species are morphologically cryptic while the species complexes can be readily distinguished, the areas between or adjacent to genetic localities are tentatively marked as that same species, provided that there are Holopedium records there belonging to the same complex. Pending further evidence, all South American localities are here shaded as H. amazonicum and most Eurasian localities as H. gibberum s. s., but further cryptic species may be detected in the future. Definitive species assignments for populations in Greenland and India, which are currently described as separate species, require genetic evidence (see text), but morphological traits indicate that they do belong to the H. gibberum complex. Their distributions are shown along with H. gibberum s. s. (inset map in part b). a) H. glacialis n. sp., b) H. gibberum s. s., c) H. atlanticum n. sp., d) H. acidophilum n. sp., and e) H. amazonicum s. s." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/179856/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
c). Populations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C51FDC99D01FFBDFCB5A6BFFC66C0A1" box="[785,930,1969,1994]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Holopediidae" genus="Holopedium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9255A589D01FFBDFCB5A6BFFC66C0A1" box="[785,930,1969,1994]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Holopedium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
reported by other workers from the southeastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F346C6DA9D01FFBDFF56A6D7FE54C098" box="[242,400,2009,2035]" name="United States of America" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">United States</collectingCountry>
|
||
are likely also
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C51FDC99D01FFBDFDEDA6D7FD2FC099" box="[585,747,2009,2034]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Holopediidae" genus="Holopedium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atlanticum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9255A589D01FFBDFDEDA6D7FD2FC099" box="[585,747,2009,2034]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">H. atlanticum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Its range overlaps that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C51FDC99D01FFBDFB88A6D7FB73C099" box="[1068,1207,2009,2034]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Holopediidae" genus="Holopedium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="glacialis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9255A589D01FFBDFB88A6D7FB73C099" box="[1068,1207,2009,2034]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">H. glacialis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the northeastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F346C6DA9D00FFBCFF33A196FF16C7D9" box="[151,210,152,178]" name="United States of America" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
and southern New Brunswick, where these species occur sympatrically without hybridization. The extent of range overlap with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C51FDC99D00FFBCFE55A1CEFDB8C7B2" box="[497,636,192,217]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Holopediidae" genus="Holopedium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="glacialis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9255A589D00FFBCFE55A1CEFDB8C7B2" box="[497,636,192,217]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">H. glacialis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is unresolved by this study, but several workers have identified
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C51FDC99D00FFBCFADBA1CEFED0C66A" class="Branchiopoda" family="Holopediidae" genus="Holopedium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atlanticum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9255A589D00FFBCFADBA1CEFED0C66A" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">H. atlanticum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(formerly
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C51FDC99D00FFBCFE36A1E6FD8DC66A" box="[402,585,232,257]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Holopediidae" genus="Holopedium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amazonicum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9255A589D00FFBCFE36A1E6FD8DC66A" box="[402,585,232,257]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">H. amazonicum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) as far north as New Brunswick and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C51FDC99D00FFBCFC5DA1E6FB45C66A" box="[1017,1153,232,257]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Holopediidae" genus="Holopedium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="glacialis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9255A589D00FFBCFC5DA1E6FB45C66A" box="[1017,1153,232,257]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">H. glacialis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(formerly
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C51FDC99D00FFBCFB5AA1E6FA56C66A" box="[1278,1426,232,257]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Holopediidae" genus="Holopedium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gibberum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9255A589D00FFBCFB5AA1E6FA56C66A" box="[1278,1426,232,257]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">H. gibberum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) as far south as Tennessee and possibly South Carolina (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC0FBBB9D00FFBCFCBAA01EFC68C641" author="Coker" box="[798,940,272,298]" pageId="35" pageNumber="39" refString="Coker, R. E. (1938) Anomalies of crustacean distribution in the Carolinas with a list of Cyclopoids of the general region of Chapel Hill, N. C. Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society, 54, 76 - 87." type="journal article" year="1938">Coker 1938</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC0FBBB9D00FFBCFC1CA01EFB9FC641" author="Bunting" box="[952,1115,272,298]" pageId="35" pageNumber="39" refString="Bunting, D. L. (1970) The Cladocera and Copepoda of Tennessee I. Limnetic Cladocera of east Tennessee and the TVA reservoirs. Journal of the Tennessee Academy of Science, 45, 2 - 5." type="journal article" year="1970">Bunting 1970</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC0FBBB9D00FFBCFBC3A01EFABFC641" author="Hebert" box="[1127,1403,272,298]" pageId="35" pageNumber="40" refString="Hebert, P. D. N. & Finston, T. L. (1997) Taxon diversity in the genus Holopedium (Crustacea: Cladocera) from the lakes of eastern North America. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 54, 1928 - 1936." type="journal article" year="1997">Hebert & Finston 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE864A9D00FFBCFF63A039FE5AC571" blockId="35.[151,1437,152,538]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9255A589D00FFBCFF63A039FE58C63A" bold="true" box="[199,412,311,337]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Breeding system.</emphasis>
|
||
Males were not detected in populations collected throughout the summer in this study. In a life history study spanning two years, males were most abundant in early spring and late autumn (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC0FBBB9D00FFBCFAF7A06EFF12C6C9" author="Hegyi" pageId="35" pageNumber="40" refString="Hegyi, M. A. (1973) Aspects of the ecology, distribution, and systematics of the genus Holopedium (Cladocera, Crustacea). Ph. D. Dissertation. University of Tennessee." type="book" year="1973">Hegyi 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In some southern localities, populations persist throughout the winter. Due to the existence of males, this species likely reproduces by cyclic parthenogenesis, but there is very little allozyme variation, suggesting that either this species engages in sexual reproduction infrequently or that variation has been trimmed due to a population bottleneck.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE864A9D00FFBCFF33A35EFCDBC502" blockId="35.[151,1437,592,1498]" box="[151,799,592,618]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
|
||
A note regarding
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C51FDC99D00FFBCFEC0A35EFDFCC502" box="[356,568,592,617]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Holopediidae" genus="Holopedium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="groenlandicum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9255A589D00FFBCFEC0A35EFDFCC502" box="[356,568,592,617]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">H. groenlandicum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C51FDC99D00FFBCFDD6A35EFCDBC502" box="[626,799,592,617]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Holopediidae" genus="Holopedium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ramasarmii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9255A589D00FFBCFDD6A35EFCDBC502" box="[626,799,592,617]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">H. ramasarmii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE864A9D00FFBCFF62A376FA82C381" blockId="35.[151,1437,592,1498]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
|
||
While individuals from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F346C6DA9D00FFBCFE47A376FD99C5F9" box="[483,605,632,658]" name="Greenland" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Greenland</collectingCountry>
|
||
were not included in the present study, the recently described species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C51FDC99D00FFBCFF33A3AEFDB6C5D1" authority="Korovchinsky 2005" authorityName="Korovchinsky" authorityYear="2005" box="[151,626,672,698]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Holopediidae" genus="Holopedium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="groenlandicum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9255A589D00FFBCFF33A3AEFEA8C5D2" box="[151,364,672,697]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">H. groenlandicum</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC0FBBB9D00FFBCFED9A3AEFDADC5D1" author="Korovchinsky" box="[381,617,672,698]" pageId="35" pageNumber="41" refString="Korovchinsky, N. M. (2005) New species of Holopedium Zaddach, 1855 (Crustacea: Cladocera: Ctenopoda) from Greenland. Journal of Limnology, 64, 103 - 112." type="journal article" year="2005">Korovchinsky 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can purportedly be distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C51FDC99D00FFBCFBECA3AEFB19C5D2" box="[1096,1245,672,697]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Holopediidae" genus="Holopedium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gibberum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9255A589D00FFBCFBECA3AEFB19C5D2" box="[1096,1245,672,697]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">H. gibberum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by its “dorsally low shell and jelly envelope, shorter row of valve marginal spinules which are subdivided in groups, and comparatively longer postabdominal claws.” However, shell shape is a highly variable feature, which may be environmentally influenced (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC0FBBB9D00FFBCFE4DA216FDAFC459" author="Roen" box="[489,619,792,818]" pageId="35" pageNumber="41" refString="Roen, U. (1962) Studies on freshwater Entomostraca in Greenland. II. Localities, ecology, and geographical distribution of species. Meddelelser om Gronland, 170, 1 - 249." type="journal article" year="1962">Røen 1962</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and can depend upon the locality and presence/absence of fish (CLR pers. obs). The body lengths (
|
||
<quantity id="4CA92BAF9D00FFBCFDADA24EFD14C431" box="[521,720,832,858]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.15" metricValueMax="10.9" metricValueMin="7.4" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" unit="mm" value="0.915" valueMax="1.09" valueMin="0.74">0.74 to 1.09mm</quantity>
|
||
, mean
|
||
<quantity id="4CA92BAF9D00FFBCFC88A24EFC55C431" box="[812,913,832,858]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.45" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" unit="mm" value="1.45">1.45mm</quantity>
|
||
), carapace heights (
|
||
<quantity id="4CA92BAF9D00FFBCFB21A24EFA88C431" box="[1157,1356,832,858]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.185" metricValueMax="1.57" metricValueMin="0.8" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" unit="mm" value="1.185" valueMax="1.57" valueMin="0.8">0.80 to 1.57mm</quantity>
|
||
, mean
|
||
<quantity id="4CA92BAF9D00FFBCFF33A266FF38C4E9" box="[151,252,872,898]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.19" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" unit="mm" value="1.19">1.19mm</quantity>
|
||
), and H:L ratios (0.641 to 1.000, mean 0.814) found by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC0FBBB9D00FFBCFC2FA266FB42C4E9" author="Korovchinsky" box="[907,1158,872,898]" pageId="35" pageNumber="41" refString="Korovchinsky, N. M. (2005) New species of Holopedium Zaddach, 1855 (Crustacea: Cladocera: Ctenopoda) from Greenland. Journal of Limnology, 64, 103 - 112." type="journal article" year="2005">Korovchinsky (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
in the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F346C6DA9D00FFBCFB72A266FA94C4E9" box="[1238,1360,872,898]" name="Greenland" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Greenland</collectingCountry>
|
||
populations fall within the ranges of values found in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C51FDC99D00FFBCFD6DA29EFC99C4C2" box="[713,861,912,937]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Holopediidae" genus="Holopedium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gibberum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9255A589D00FFBCFD6DA29EFC99C4C2" box="[713,861,912,937]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">H. gibberum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C51FDC99D00FFBCFC32A29EFBDBC4C2" box="[918,1055,912,937]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Holopediidae" genus="Holopedium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="glacialis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9255A589D00FFBCFC32A29EFBDBC4C2" box="[918,1055,912,937]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">H. glacialis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
populations in the present study (the preceding ranges and means that were not published in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC0FBBB9D00FFBCFCC1A2B6FBA5C4B9" author="Korovchinsky" box="[869,1121,952,978]" pageId="35" pageNumber="41" refString="Korovchinsky, N. M. (2005) New species of Holopedium Zaddach, 1855 (Crustacea: Cladocera: Ctenopoda) from Greenland. Journal of Limnology, 64, 103 - 112." type="journal article" year="2005">Korovchinsky [2005]</bibRefCitation>
|
||
were provided to CLR by that author). Jelly coat shape may be influenced by preservation (CLR, pers. obs), and therefore this trait may not be a good feature for diagnosing species. Moreover, the degree of carapace margin spinulation is also a highly variable trait within species (present study), although the discontinuous nature of the spinulation in the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F346C6DA9D00FFBCFF33A556FED5C319" box="[151,273,1112,1138]" name="Greenland" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Greenland</collectingCountry>
|
||
populations is noteworthy. Finally, the length of the postabdominal claws reported by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC0FBBB9D00FFBCFAB1A556FE7FC3F1" author="Korovchinsky" pageId="35" pageNumber="41" refString="Korovchinsky, N. M. (2005) New species of Holopedium Zaddach, 1855 (Crustacea: Cladocera: Ctenopoda) from Greenland. Journal of Limnology, 64, 103 - 112." type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Korovchinsky (2005, his
|
||
<figureCitation id="136A9ACF9D00FFBCFEE8A58EFE74C3F1" box="[332,432,1152,1178]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,255,1803,1827]" captionTargetBox="[258,1321,321,1774]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[248,1341,312,1774]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Maps of Holopedium populations sampled for genetic analyses. Exact geographic coordinates and habitat names are provided in Appendix A. Populations sampled from outside North America are shown on the inset global map. Type localities for the two initially described species of Holopedium are indicated with stars on the inset map and were not included in this study, although (relatively) nearby collections were available. North American freshwater biogeographic provinces (after Burr & Mayden 1992) are shown, and the names of those from which samples were collected are listed in the legend." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/179853/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Figure 1</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
is within the range of claw lengths observed for the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C51FDC99D00FFBCFBE6A58EFB1DC3F2" box="[1090,1241,1152,1177]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Holopediidae" genus="Holopedium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" sensu="stricto" species="gibberum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9255A589D00FFBCFBE6A58EFB1DC3F2" box="[1090,1241,1152,1177]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">H. gibberum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A216E7239D00FFBCFB40A58EFACDC3F1" box="[1252,1289,1152,1178]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" sensu="stricto">s.s.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
populations studied here. Furthermore, the fact that we detected closely related lineages of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C51FDC99D00FFBCFB96A5A6FB02C3AA" box="[1074,1222,1192,1217]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Holopediidae" genus="Holopedium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" sensu="stricto" species="gibberum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9255A589D00FFBCFB96A5A6FB02C3AA" box="[1074,1222,1192,1217]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">H. gibberum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A216E7239D00FFBCFB6AA5A6FB37C3A9" box="[1230,1267,1192,1218]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" sensu="stricto">s.s.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
in both northern Europe and North
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F346C6DA9D00FFBCFE39A5DEFDC6C381" box="[413,514,1232,1258]" name="United States of America" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">America</collectingCountry>
|
||
suggests that similar lineages may be found in intervening arctic areas.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE864A9D00FFBCFF63A5F6FE5FC2E1" blockId="35.[151,1437,592,1498]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
|
||
Individuals from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F346C6DA9D00FFBCFE39A5F6FE1DC279" box="[413,473,1272,1298]" name="India" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
were also not included in the present study. Consideration of the differences between either of the species in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C51FDC99D00FFBCFD92A42EFD0DC252" box="[566,713,1312,1337]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Holopediidae" genus="Holopedium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gibberum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9255A589D00FFBCFD92A42EFD0DC252" box="[566,713,1312,1337]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">H. gibberum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
complex and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C51FDC99D00FFBCFCC9A42EFB20C251" authority="Rao et al. 1998" authorityName="Rao et al." authorityYear="1998" box="[877,1252,1312,1338]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Holopediidae" genus="Holopedium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ramasarmii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9255A589D00FFBCFCC9A42EFBDDC252" box="[877,1049,1312,1337]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">H. ramasarmii</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC0FBBB9D00FFBCFB8CA42EFB18C251" author="Rao" box="[1064,1244,1312,1338]" pageId="35" pageNumber="41" refString="Rao, L. M., Naidu, N. J. & Padmaja, G. (1998) Holopedium ramasarmii n. sp. (Cladocera: Holopedidae), a new cladoceran from freshwaters of Visakhapatnam. Uttar Pradesh Journal of Zoology, 18, 45 - 47." type="journal article" year="1998">
|
||
Rao
|
||
<emphasis id="B9255A589D00FFBCFBC4A42EFB5EC252" box="[1120,1178,1312,1337]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1998
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is not currently possible due to the poor description of the latter species, lacking in detail.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC0FBBB9D00FFBCFBABA446FAC8C209" author="Korovchinsky" box="[1039,1292,1352,1378]" pageId="35" pageNumber="40" refString="Korovchinsky, N. M. (2004) Vetvistousie rakoobraznije otriada Ctenopoda mirovoj fauni (morfologija, sistematika, ekologija, zoogeografija). KMK Press, Moscow. [Cladocerans of the order Ctenopoda of the world fauna (morphology, systematics, ecology, biogeography). In Russian.]." type="book" year="2004">Korovchinsky (2004)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
labeled this species
|
||
<emphasis id="B9255A589D00FFBCFF57A47EFE51C2E2" box="[243,405,1392,1417]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">incertae sedis</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE864A9D00FFBCFF63A496FC97C2B1" blockId="35.[151,1437,592,1498]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
|
||
We suggest that genetic evidence is required to determine if
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C51FDC99D00FFBCFC22A496FB9EC2DA" box="[902,1114,1432,1457]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Holopediidae" genus="Holopedium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="groenlandicum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9255A589D00FFBCFC22A496FB9EC2DA" box="[902,1114,1432,1457]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">H. groenlandicum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C51FDC99D00FFBCFB36A496FAFAC2DA" box="[1170,1342,1432,1457]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Holopediidae" genus="Holopedium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ramasarmii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9255A589D00FFBCFB36A496FAFAC2DA" box="[1170,1342,1432,1457]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">H. ramasarmii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are distinct species or if they are synonymous with described taxa.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |