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<mods:title id="9C86200E528540535B8F990B3AFB2DED">Sea snakes (Serpentes: subfamilies Hydrophiinae and Laticaudinae) in Vietnam: a comprehensive checklist and an updated identification key</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="2CD2C5963148840B0011F601FFE7838E">Rasmussen, Arne Redsted</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="F4135772FC5FFD1BE3E2EC1ECFA53A0A">Gravlund, Peter</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="A06E2C6C871CE63054AE688F5003E979">Ineich, Ivan</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="1D4CD2A3C9C90CEEC050E062FDC50B53">2011</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="91213030A92318B604F420F45EF32611">2894</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03D687AD656864723ECEFB423B589A59" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6195314" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119409596" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6195314" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D687AD656864723ECEFB423B589A59" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D687AD656864723ECEFB423B589A59" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D38656864723ECEFB423B0F9924" authority="Smith" authorityName="Smith" box="[151,355,1266,1292]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Kolpophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656864723ECEFB423B0F9924" bold="true" box="[151,355,1266,1292]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656864723ECEFB423B7D9924" bold="true" box="[151,273,1266,1292]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Kolpophis</emphasis>
Smith
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
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<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656864723ECEFA89384D997A" bold="true" box="[151,545,1337,1362]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D38656864723ECEFA893870997A" authority="Laidlaw" authorityName="Laidlaw" box="[151,540,1337,1362]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Kolpophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="annandalei">
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656864723ECEFA893BF5997A" bold="true" box="[151,409,1337,1362]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Kolpophis annandalei</emphasis>
(Laidlaw)
</taxonomicName>
:
</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656864723C6DFA8938A99979" author="Smith" box="[564,709,1337,1361]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Smith, M. A. (1926) Monograph of the sea-snakes (Hydrophiidae). Printed by order of the Trustees of the British museum (Natural History) London, Pages i-xvii + 1 - 130 + 2 plates." type="book chapter" year="1926">Smith, 1926</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656864723C8DFA8A391A9979" author="Bourret" box="[724,886,1337,1361]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Bourret, R. (1934) Les serpents marine de l'Indochine Francaise. Institut Oceanographique de l'Indochine, Hanoi, Note 25, 1 - 69." type="journal article" year="1934">Bourret, 1934</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656864723DDCFA8939AC9979" author="Bourret" box="[901,960,1337,1361]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Bourret, R. (1936) Les serpents de l'Indochine. Catalogue systematique descriptif, ll, 338 - 381." type="book chapter" year="1936">1936</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656864723D96FA893E029979" author="Minton" box="[975,1134,1337,1361]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Minton, S. A. (1975) Geographic distribution of sea snakes. In: Dunson, W. A. (Ed.) The Biology of Sea Snakes. London &amp; tokyo Baltimore, pp. 21 - 31." type="book chapter" year="1975">Minton, 1975</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656864723A24FA893FFB9979" author="Harding" box="[1149,1431,1337,1361]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Harding, K. A. &amp; Welch, K. R. G. (1980) Venomous snakes of the world. A checklist. Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1 - 188 pp." type="book chapter" year="1980">Harding &amp; Welch, 1980</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656864723ECEFAEE3BFC995D" author="Tran" box="[151,400,1373,1398]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Tran, K. &amp; Nguyen, Q. T. (1980) Cac loai ran doc Viet Nam. Science &amp; Technology Publ. House, Hanoi, pp." type="book" year="1980">Tran &amp; Nguyên, 1980</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656864723FC2FAED382D995D" author="Kharin" box="[411,577,1373,1397]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Kharin, V. E. (1984 b) Three species of sea snakes first discovered in Vietnamese waters with a comment on a rare form Praescutata viperina. Biologiya Morya. Vladivostok, 2, 26 - 30." type="journal article" year="1984" yearSuffix="b">Kharin, 1984b</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656864723C12FAED38B7995D" author="Welch" box="[587,731,1373,1397]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Welch, K. R. G. (1988) Snakes of the Orient: a checklist. Robert E. Krieger Publ. Co., Malabar, Pages i-vii + 1 - 183." type="book chapter" year="1988">Welch, 1988</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656864723CBEFAEE3937995D" author="Das" box="[743,859,1373,1397]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Das, I. (1993) Annandales seasnakes, Kolpophis annandalei (Laidlaw, 1901) - A new record for Borneo (Reptilia, Serpentes, Hydrophiidae) Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 41, 359 - 361." type="journal article" year="1993">Das, 1993</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656864723D3EFAED3E5F995D" author="Golay" box="[871,1075,1373,1397]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Golay, P., Smith, H. M., Broadley, D. G., Dixon, J. R., McCarthy, C., Rage, J. C., Schatti, B. &amp; Toriba, M. (1993) Endoglyphs and other major venomous snakes of the world. A checklist. Herpetological Data Centre, Azemiops, Switzerland, pp." type="book" year="1993">
Golay
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656864723DEBFAEE3987995D" box="[946,1003,1373,1397]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">et al.</emphasis>
, 1993
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656864723A66FAEE3F54995D" author="Tran" box="[1087,1336,1373,1398]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Tran, K. &amp; Nguyen, Q. T. (1995) Cac loai ran doc Viet Nam Science &amp; Technology Publ. House, Hanoi, 1 - 204 pp." type="book chapter" year="1995">Tran &amp; Nguyên, 1995</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656864723B1AFAEE3B7399B1" author="Nguyen" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Nguyen, V. S. &amp; Ho, T. C. (1996) Danh luc bo sat va ech Nhai Viet Nam Science &amp; Technology Publ. House, Hanoi, - Pp. 1 - 264" type="book chapter" year="1996">Nguyên &amp; Hó, 1996</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656864723F72FA313BB399B1" author="Dotsenko" box="[299,479,1409,1433]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Dotsenko, I. B. (1999) Snakes from Vietnam at the National Museum of Natural History of Ukrainian National Academy of Sciences stock collection. Communication 1. The sea snakes - Hydrophiidae. Vestnik zoologii, 33, 39 - 51." type="journal article" year="1999">Dotsenko, 1999</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656864723FB2FA3238A799B1" author="Nguyen" box="[491,715,1409,1434]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Nguyen, V. S., Ho, T. C. &amp; Nguyen, Q. T. (2005) A checklist of Amphibians and Reptiles of Vietnam. Nha Xuat Ban Nong Nghiep, Hanoi, 1 - 180 pp." type="book chapter" year="2005">
Nguyên
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656864723C13FA3238EF99B1" box="[586,643,1409,1433]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">et al.</emphasis>
, 2005
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656864723C8EFA31390299B1" author="Kharin" box="[727,878,1409,1433]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Kharin, V. E. (2006) An annotated checklist of sea snakes of Vietnam, with notes on a new record of the yellow-lipped sea krait, Laticauda colubrina (Schneider, 1799) (Laticaudidae, Hydrophiidae). Russian Journal of Marine Biology, 32, 223 - 228." type="journal article" year="2006">Kharin, 2006</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656864723D20FA323EEC99B1" author="Rasmussen" box="[889,1152,1409,1433]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Rasmussen, A. R., Gravlund, P., van Nguyen, C. &amp; Chanhome, L. (2007) A resurrection of Hydrophis pachycercos Fischer 1855 (Serpentes: Elapidae) with a new neotype from Vietnamese waters. Hamadryad, 31, 288 - 298." type="journal article" year="2007">
Rasmussen
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656864723DA7FA323E5B99B1" box="[1022,1079,1409,1433]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">et al.</emphasis>
, 2007
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656864723AD2FA323F0299B1" author="Nguyen" box="[1163,1390,1409,1434]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Nguyen, V. S., Ho, T. C. &amp; Nguyen, Q. T. (2009) Herpetofauna of Vietnam. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt am Main, 768 pp." type="book" year="2009">
Nguyên
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656864723AB2FA323F4F99B1" box="[1259,1315,1409,1433]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">et al.</emphasis>
, 2009
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC036BB656864723E9EFA153B589A59" blockId="7.[151,1436,1337,1649]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656864723E9EFA153BBF9995" bold="true" box="[199,467,1445,1470]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Diagnostic characters:</emphasis>
Head shields irregularly divided. Head large, body stout, covered with small irregular scales. Has very high scale row counts around neck (62–82) and body (74–93). Ventrals 320–368. Maxillary teeth behind fangs 6–7.
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656864723F3EFA5D386D9A2E" bold="true" box="[359,513,1517,1542]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Colouration:</emphasis>
Body yellowish with pale grey bands above, much broader than their interspaces, narrowing on sides. With age the colour becomes pale grey above, whitish below and the bands disappear.
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656864723B66F9A13F149A02" bold="true" box="[1343,1400,1553,1578]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Size:</emphasis>
<quantity id="4C879B5E656864723BD9F9A13AD19A65" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="cm" value="91.0">91 cm</quantity>
.
<emphasis id="B90BEAA9656864723E91F9853BA49A66" bold="true" box="[200,456,1589,1614]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">General distribution:</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="F368762B656864723F96F985382F9A65" box="[463,579,1589,1613]" name="Singapore" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Singapore</collectingCountry>
, Gulf of
<collectingCountry id="F368762B656864723CF2F985397D9A65" box="[683,785,1589,1613]" name="Thailand" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Thailand</collectingCountry>
, South
<collectingCountry id="F368762B656864723D3EF98539C69A65" box="[871,938,1589,1613]" name="China" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">China</collectingCountry>
Sea, Borneo and Java (
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656864723AEFF9853F419A65" author="Das" box="[1206,1325,1589,1613]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Das, I. (1993) Annandales seasnakes, Kolpophis annandalei (Laidlaw, 1901) - A new record for Borneo (Reptilia, Serpentes, Hydrophiidae) Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 41, 359 - 361." type="journal article" year="1993">Das, 1993</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B4A656864723B63F9853B4B9A59" author="David" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="David, P. &amp; Ineich, I. (1999) Les Serpents venimeux du monde: systematique et repartition. Dumerilia (Paris), 3, 3 - 499." type="journal article" year="1999">David &amp; Ineich, 1999</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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