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<document id="5EF20F1300D70EC5810F0F5A29EB37CD" ID-CLB-Dataset="26570" ID-DOI="10.5852/ejt.2019.529" ID-GBIF-Dataset="ddba4686-218a-415c-b37f-0509435a8d52" ID-ISSN="2118-9773" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3239967" ID-ZooBank="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:7C0BAB7B-F3CD-40BC-B700-19CF4ED3A761" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1559797436732" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Sorokin, Shirley J., Ekins, Merrick G., Yang, Qi &amp; Cárdenas, Paco" docDate="2019" docId="03D62302C25CFF8AFF4EFA1CFC6FFD9F" docLanguage="en" docName="ejt-529_sorokin_ekins_yang_cardenas.pdf.imf" docOrigin="European Journal of Taxonomy 529" docStyle="DocumentStyle:EF2B578F1D15862ADE45B0C07C620911.14:EJT.2018-.journal_article.type1" docStyleId="EF2B578F1D15862ADE45B0C07C620911" docStyleName="EJT.2018-.journal_article.type1" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Tethyidae" docType="treatment" docVersion="12" lastPageNumber="19" masterDocId="FFEF5B7AC24CFF99FFF3FFAFFFDCFFFC" masterDocTitle="A new deep-water Tethya (Porifera, Tethyida, Tethyidae) from the Great Australian Bight and an updated Tethyida phylogeny" masterLastPageNumber="26" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="17" updateTime="1698733377972" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="52BA64EA0DC60E29BA5E95204328A86A">A new deep-water Tethya (Porifera, Tethyida, Tethyidae) from the Great Australian Bight and an updated Tethyida phylogeny</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="6109D421BECA2D39FF07642385FE5D1E">Sorokin, Shirley J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="8E63285B9A0BC751842797A5AC8345C6">Ekins, Merrick G.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="6A7E0CC776CD73E4F5C9FD64F81F84AC">Yang, Qi</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="28232784AFC9FFD4F7147C3B80A0FF1B">Cárdenas, Paco</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="E494A4984F355D8F865420F37DF8497E">European Journal of Taxonomy</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="7AA4B161899FA08656ECCDD2E6F19940">2019</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="3B1BA6E8D6118E7C8FF8FF05E5294247">2019-06-04</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03D62302C25CFF8AFF4EFA1CFC6FFD9F" ID-GBIF-Taxon="157422713" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D62302C25CFF8AFF4EFA1CFC6FFD9F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D62302C25CFF8AFF4EFA1CFC6FFD9F" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<subSubSection id="C365C19FC25CFF89FF4EFA1CFE3DFA31" box="[189,481,1459,1485]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BC09214C25CFF89FF4EFA1CFE3DFA31" blockId="16.[189,481,1459,1485]" box="[189,481,1459,1485]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<heading id="D0882578C25CFF89FF4EFA1CFE3DFA31" bold="true" box="[189,481,1459,1485]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" reason="2">
<emphasis id="B90B4E06C25CFF89FF4EFA1CFE3DFA31" bold="true" box="[189,481,1459,1485]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
Phylogeny of
<taxonomicName id="4C7FE997C25CFF89FE95FA1CFE3DFA31" baseAuthorityName="Sara" baseAuthorityYear="2002" box="[358,481,1459,1485]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">Tethyidae</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="8BC09214C25CFF8BFF4EFA4EFC40FDE0" blockId="16.[189,1399,1505,2025]" lastBlockId="18.[189,1399,267,540]" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
The first phylogenetic analyses of
<taxonomicName id="4C7FE997C25CFF89FDB8FA4EFD44FA07" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1815" box="[587,664,1505,1531]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90B4E06C25CFF89FDB8FA4EFD44FA07" box="[587,664,1505,1531]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Tethya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, using COI and morphology (
<bibRefCitation id="EFEEEFE5C25CFF89FC01FA4EFB65FA07" author="Heim I. &amp; Nickel M. &amp; Brummer F." box="[1010,1209,1505,1531]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="1615 - 1627" refId="ref9843" refString="Heim I., Nickel M. &amp; Brummer F. 2007. Phylogeny of the genus Tethya (Tethyidae: Hadromerida: Porifera): molecular and morphological aspects. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 87: 1615 - 1627. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0025315407058419" type="journal article" year="2007">
Heim
<emphasis id="B90B4E06C25CFF89FBC8FA4DFBA9FA07" box="[1083,1141,1505,1531]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">et al.</emphasis>
2007
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFEEEFE5C25CFF89FB37FA4EFF25F9E3" author="Heim I. &amp; Nickel M." pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="1 - 21" refId="ref9901" refString="Heim I. &amp; Nickel M. 2010. Description and molecular phylogeny of Tethya leysae sp. nov. (Porifera, Demospongiae, Hadromerida) from the Canadian Northeast Pacific with remarks on the use of microtomography in sponge taxonomy. Zootaxa 2422: 1 - 21. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2422.1.1" type="journal article" year="2010">Heim &amp; Nickel 2010</bibRefCitation>
) revealed four main clades: 1) the
<emphasis id="B90B4E06C25CFF89FD5FF9AAFC66F9E3" box="[684,954,1541,1567]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">seychellensis-wilhelma</emphasis>
complex, 2 + 3) the
<emphasis id="B90B4E06C25CFF89FB36F9AAFAABF9E2" box="[1221,1399,1541,1566]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">citrinia-actinia</emphasis>
complex divided in two subclades (European species and western Atlantic species + eastern Pacific) and 4) the
<taxonomicName id="4C7FE997C25CFF89FEF4F9E3FE5DF999" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1766" box="[263,385,1612,1637]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="aurantium">
<emphasis id="B90B4E06C25CFF89FEF4F9E3FE5DF999" box="[263,385,1612,1637]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">aurantium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
clade. Our COI and 28S analyses with extended datasets retrieve these four clades, but with a higher biogeographical diversity. The
<emphasis id="B90B4E06C25CFF89FD21F9C1FC3CF974" box="[722,992,1646,1672]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">seychellensis-wilhelma</emphasis>
complex now includes specimens from
<collectingCountry id="F368D284C25CFF89FF0DF93EFE9EF957" box="[254,322,1681,1707]" name="Israel" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Israel</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F368D284C25CFF89FEBDF93EFE68F957" box="[334,436,1681,1707]" name="Vietnam" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F368D284C25CFF89FE32F93DFDFDF950" box="[449,545,1682,1708]" name="Panama" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Panama</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F368D284C25CFF89FDDEF93EFDAFF957" box="[557,627,1681,1707]" name="China" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">China</collectingCountry>
and Queensland; the
<taxonomicName id="4C7FE997C25CFF89FC87F93DFC32F957" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1766" box="[884,1006,1682,1707]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="aurantium">
<emphasis id="B90B4E06C25CFF89FC87F93DFC32F957" box="[884,1006,1682,1707]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">aurantium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
clade now includes species from the Mediterranean Sea, the Red Sea and
<collectingCountry id="F368D284C25CFF89FD53F91AFCDDF933" box="[672,769,1717,1743]" name="Panama" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Panama</collectingCountry>
. All clades are well-supported in the COI tree except for clade 3, the western Atlantic/Pacific clade. This is precisely the group joined by the COI sequence of
<taxonomicName id="4C7FE997C25CFF89FF4EF953FEC2F8E9" authorityName="Sorokin, Ekins, Yang, Cárdenas &amp; Cárdenas" authorityYear="2019" box="[189,286,1788,1813]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="irisae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B90B4E06C25CFF89FF4EF953FEC2F8E9" box="[189,286,1788,1813]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">T. irisae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A238F37DC25CFF89FED5F954FE59F8E9" box="[294,389,1787,1813]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
; its position within this group, however, remains unclear. These same four clades are not as clear in our 28S tree, their inter-relationships are also different, and not supported at all. This may be due to the fact that our 28S alignment is a mix of different 28S domains and different sampling than COI, both of which may influence some of the groupings. The
<emphasis id="B90B4E06C25CFF89FC42F8CAFB63F883" box="[945,1215,1893,1919]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">seychellensis-wilhelma</emphasis>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C7FE997C25CFF89FB0FF8CAFAAAF882" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1766" box="[1276,1398,1893,1918]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="aurantium">
<emphasis id="B90B4E06C25CFF89FB0FF8CAFAAAF882" box="[1276,1398,1893,1918]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">aurantium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
clades are well supported with 28S as well. On the other hand, the
<emphasis id="B90B4E06C25CFF89FC1BF826FBE2F85E" box="[1000,1086,1929,1954]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">citrinia</emphasis>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C7FE997C25CFF89FB8FF826FB11F85E" authorityName="Laubenfels" authorityYear="1950" box="[1148,1229,1929,1954]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="actinia">
<emphasis id="B90B4E06C25CFF89FB8FF826FB11F85E" box="[1148,1229,1929,1954]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">actinia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
subclades are unclear, and this is probably due to the addition in this dataset of many different genera of
<taxonomicName id="4C7FE997C25CFF89FAF0F804FAAAF839" baseAuthorityName="Sara" baseAuthorityYear="2002" box="[1283,1398,1963,1989]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">Tethyidae</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C7FE997C25CFF89FF34F861FE9BF814" authorityName="Laubenfels" authorityYear="1936" box="[199,327,1998,2024]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethytimea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90B4E06C25CFF89FF34F861FE9BF814" box="[199,327,1998,2024]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Tethytimea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C7FE997C25CFF89FEA7F861FE08F814" authorityName="Sara" authorityYear="1994" box="[340,468,1998,2024]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tectitethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90B4E06C25CFF89FEA7F861FE08F814" box="[340,468,1998,2024]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Tectitethya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C7FE997C25CFF89FE11F861FDBAF814" authorityName="Sara" authorityYear="1994" box="[482,614,1998,2024]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Stellitethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90B4E06C25CFF89FE11F861FDBAF814" box="[482,614,1998,2024]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Stellitethya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C7FE997C25CFF89FD87F860FC44F815" authority="Gray, 1858" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1858" box="[628,920,1998,2025]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Xenospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90B4E06C25CFF89FD87F860FCD1F814" box="[628,781,1999,2024]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Xenospongia</emphasis>
Gray, 1858
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C7FE997C25CFF89FC50F861FBF9F814" authorityName="Sara &amp; Sara" authorityYear="2002" box="[931,1061,1998,2024]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Laxotethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90B4E06C25CFF89FC50F861FBF9F814" box="[931,1061,1998,2024]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Laxotethya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). As suggested by
<bibRefCitation id="EFEEEFE5C25CFF8BFAF1F861FED7FED9" author="Sara M. &amp; Sara A. &amp; Nickel M. &amp; Brummer F." lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="1 - 15" refId="ref11555" refString="Sara M., Sara A., Nickel M. &amp; Brummer F. 2001. Three new species of Tethya (Porifera: Demospongiae) from German aquaria. Stuttgarter Beitrage zur Naturkunde A (Biologie) 631: 1 - 15." type="journal article" year="2001">
Sarà
<emphasis id="B90B4E06C25CFF89FACFF860FAB3F814" box="[1340,1391,1998,2024]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">et al</emphasis>
. (2001)
</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EFEEEFE5C25EFF8BFEBBFEA4FDF4FED9" author="Heim I. &amp; Nickel M. &amp; Brummer F." box="[328,552,267,293]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="1615 - 1627" refId="ref9843" refString="Heim I., Nickel M. &amp; Brummer F. 2007. Phylogeny of the genus Tethya (Tethyidae: Hadromerida: Porifera): molecular and morphological aspects. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 87: 1615 - 1627. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0025315407058419" type="journal article" year="2007">
Heim
<emphasis id="B90B4E06C25EFF8BFE61FEA3FE12FED9" box="[402,462,267,293]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">et al.</emphasis>
(2007)
</bibRefCitation>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C7FE997C25EFF8BFDC5FEA4FD24FED9" authorityName="Sara, Sara, Nickel &amp; Brummer" authorityYear="2001" box="[566,760,267,293]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="wilhelma">
<emphasis id="B90B4E06C25EFF8BFDC5FEA4FD24FED9" box="[566,760,267,293]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Tethya wilhelma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C7FE997C25EFF8BFCC7FEA3FAADFED9" authority="Sara, Sara, Nickel &amp; Brummer, 2001" authorityName="Sara, Sara, Nickel &amp; Brummer" authorityYear="2001" box="[820,1393,267,294]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis id="B90B4E06C25EFF8BFCC7FEA3FC70FED9" box="[820,940,267,293]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">T. gracilis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFEEEFE5C25EFF8BFC46FEA4FAADFED9" author="Sara M. &amp; Sara A. &amp; Nickel M. &amp; Brummer F." box="[949,1393,267,294]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 15" refId="ref11555" refString="Sara M., Sara A., Nickel M. &amp; Brummer F. 2001. Three new species of Tethya (Porifera: Demospongiae) from German aquaria. Stuttgarter Beitrage zur Naturkunde A (Biologie) 631: 1 - 15." type="journal article" year="2001">Sarà, Sarà, Nickel &amp; Brümmer, 2001</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, both described from aquaria in
<collectingCountry id="F368D284C25EFF8BFDC0FE80FD7CFEB5" box="[563,672,303,329]" name="Germany" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Germany</collectingCountry>
belong to the
<emphasis id="B90B4E06C25EFF8BFCBEFE80FB87FEB5" box="[845,1115,303,329]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">seychellensis-wilhelma</emphasis>
complex. There is only 1 bp difference between the COI of
<taxonomicName id="4C7FE997C25EFF8BFD73FEFCFCD1FE90" authorityName="Sara, Sara, Nickel &amp; Brummer" authorityYear="2001" box="[640,781,338,364]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="wilhelma">
<emphasis id="B90B4E06C25EFF8BFD73FEFCFCD1FE90" box="[640,781,338,364]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">T. wilhelma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C7FE997C25EFF8BFCBEFEFDFC46FE90" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1815" box="[845,922,338,364]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90B4E06C25EFF8BFCBEFEFDFC46FE90" box="[845,922,338,364]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Tethya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. (Mediterranean Sea,
<collectingCountry id="F368D284C25EFF8BFB23FEFDFACFFE91" box="[1232,1299,338,365]" name="Israel" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Israel</collectingCountry>
) so this specimen should be re-examined to see if it could be conspecific with
<taxonomicName id="4C7FE997C25EFF8BFBF2FED9FB57FE73" authorityName="Sara, Sara, Nickel &amp; Brummer" authorityYear="2001" box="[1025,1163,373,399]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="wilhelma">
<emphasis id="B90B4E06C25EFF8BFBF2FED9FB57FE73" box="[1025,1163,373,399]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">T. wilhelma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EFEEEFE5C25EFF8BFB69FEDAFAAAFE73" author="Heim I. &amp; Nickel M. &amp; Brummer F." box="[1178,1398,373,399]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="1615 - 1627" refId="ref9843" refString="Heim I., Nickel M. &amp; Brummer F. 2007. Phylogeny of the genus Tethya (Tethyidae: Hadromerida: Porifera): molecular and morphological aspects. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 87: 1615 - 1627. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0025315407058419" type="journal article" year="2007">
Heim
<emphasis id="B90B4E06C25EFF8BFB17FED9FAFCFE73" box="[1252,1312,373,399]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">et al.</emphasis>
(2007)
</bibRefCitation>
showed that the most reliable characters for
<taxonomicName id="4C7FE997C25EFF8BFD4DFE37FCD7FE4E" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1815" box="[702,779,408,434]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90B4E06C25EFF8BFD4DFE37FCD7FE4E" box="[702,779,408,434]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Tethya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
taxonomy were morphometric spicule data, but none could actually make good morphological synapomorphies for the two
<taxonomicName id="4C7FE997C25EFF8BFC1FFE14FBE5FE29" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1815" box="[1004,1081,443,469]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90B4E06C25EFF8BFC1FFE14FBE5FE29" box="[1004,1081,443,469]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Tethya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
clades supported with COI and 28S. New characters (e.g., chemical compounds, specialized cells, associated microbes) must be explored in order to find independent support for these groups.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC09214C25EFF8BFF4EFDECFC67F9E8" blockId="18.[189,1399,579,1556]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
External colour may be a reliable character to discriminate those clades, as shown previously in some calcareous sponges (
<bibRefCitation id="EFEEEFE5C25EFF8BFE58FDC9FDAFFD7D" author="Rossi A. L. &amp; Russo C. A. M. &amp; Sole-Cava A. M. &amp; Rapp H. T. &amp; Klautau M." box="[427,627,614,641]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="1026 - 1034" refId="ref11212" refString="Rossi A. L., Russo C. A. M., Sole-Cava A. M., Rapp H. T. &amp; Klautau M. 2011. Phylogenetic signal in the evolution of body colour and spicule skeleton in calcareous sponges. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 163: 1026 - 1034. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2011.00739. x" type="journal article" year="2011">
Rossi
<emphasis id="B90B4E06C25EFF8BFE07FDC8FDF2FD7C" box="[500,558,614,640]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">et al.</emphasis>
2011
</bibRefCitation>
). Indeed, most shallow water
<taxonomicName id="4C7FE997C25EFF8BFC3FFDC9FBC4FD7C" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1815" box="[972,1048,614,640]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90B4E06C25EFF8BFC3FFDC9FBC4FD7C" box="[972,1048,614,640]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Tethya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species have a yellow, orange to red surface colour, probably due to different carotenoids (
<bibRefCitation id="EFEEEFE5C25EFF8BFC8BFD25FB8EFD58" author="Tanaka Y. &amp; Yamamoto A. &amp; Katayama T." box="[888,1106,650,676]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="1651 - 1655" refId="ref11881" refString="Tanaka Y., Yamamoto A., Katayama T. 1982. Two natural 7 - cis aromatic carotenoids from sea sponge Tethya amamensis. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi 48: 1651 - 1655." type="journal article" year="1982">
Tanaka
<emphasis id="B90B4E06C25EFF8BFC26FD25FBD3FD58" box="[981,1039,650,676]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">et al.</emphasis>
1982
</bibRefCitation>
) some of which they can synthesise themselves (
<bibRefCitation id="EFEEEFE5C25EFF8BFE3BFD02FD2CFD3B" author="Liaaen-Jensen S. &amp; Renstrom B. &amp; Ramdahl T. &amp; Hallenstvet M. &amp; Bergquist P." box="[456,752,685,711]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="167 - 174" refId="ref10496" refString="Liaaen-Jensen S., Renstrom B., Ramdahl T., Hallenstvet M. &amp; Bergquist P. 1982. Carotenoids of marine sponges. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 10: 167 - 174." type="journal article" year="1982">
Liaaen-Jensen
<emphasis id="B90B4E06C25EFF8BFD85FD01FD72FD3B" box="[630,686,685,711]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">et al.</emphasis>
1982
</bibRefCitation>
) and therefore have a genetic basis. All species currently in the
<taxonomicName id="4C7FE997C25EFF8BFEFDFD7EFE87FD16" authorityName="Sarà &amp; Melone" authorityYear="1965" box="[270,347,721,746]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="citrina">
<emphasis id="B90B4E06C25EFF8BFEFDFD7EFE87FD16" box="[270,347,721,746]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">citrina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
subclade (
<taxonomicName id="4C7FE997C25EFF8BFE12FD7EFC8BFD16" authority="Bowerbank, 1872" authorityName="Bowerbank" authorityYear="1872" box="[481,855,720,746]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="norvegica">
<emphasis id="B90B4E06C25EFF8BFE12FD7EFDAAFD16" box="[481,630,721,746]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">T. norvegica</emphasis>
Bowerbank, 1872
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C7FE997C25EFF8BFC94FD7EFC08FD16" authorityName="Sarà &amp; Melone" authorityYear="1965" box="[871,980,721,746]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="citrina">
<emphasis id="B90B4E06C25EFF8BFC94FD7EFC08FD16" box="[871,980,721,746]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">T. citrina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C7FE997C25EFF8BFBE6FD7EFB79FD16" authorityName="Heim, Nickel, Picton &amp; Brummer" authorityYear="2007" box="[1045,1189,720,746]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="hibernica">
<emphasis id="B90B4E06C25EFF8BFBE6FD7EFB79FD16" box="[1045,1189,720,746]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">T. hibernica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) are light-yellow coloured. Species from the
<taxonomicName id="4C7FE997C25EFF8BFE0CFD5BFD93FCF1" authorityName="Laubenfels" authorityYear="1950" box="[511,591,756,781]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="actinia">
<emphasis id="B90B4E06C25EFF8BFE0CFD5BFD93FCF1" box="[511,591,756,781]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">actinia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
subclade and
<taxonomicName id="4C7FE997C25EFF8BFD04FD5BFCACFCF1" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1766" box="[759,880,756,781]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="aurantium">
<emphasis id="B90B4E06C25EFF8BFD04FD5BFCACFCF1" box="[759,880,756,781]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">aurantium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
clade are usually bright yellow to orange to bright orange, except for the ‘aquarium’ species
<taxonomicName id="4C7FE997C25EFF8BFD14FCB8FADEFCCD" authority="Sara, Sara, Nickel &amp; Brummer, 2001" authorityName="Sara, Sara, Nickel &amp; Brummer" authorityYear="2001" box="[743,1282,790,817]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="minuta">
<emphasis id="B90B4E06C25EFF8BFD14FCB8FC88FCCC" box="[743,852,791,816]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">T. minuta</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFEEEFE5C25EFF8BFCA9FCB9FADEFCCD" author="Sara M. &amp; Sara A. &amp; Nickel M. &amp; Brummer F." box="[858,1282,790,817]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 15" refId="ref11555" refString="Sara M., Sara A., Nickel M. &amp; Brummer F. 2001. Three new species of Tethya (Porifera: Demospongiae) from German aquaria. Stuttgarter Beitrage zur Naturkunde A (Biologie) 631: 1 - 15." type="journal article" year="2001">Sarà, Sarà, Nickel &amp; Brümmer, 2001</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(white, in artificial conditions at least). Finally, the
<emphasis id="B90B4E06C25EFF8BFD64FC95FC7EFCA8" box="[663,930,826,852]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">seychellensis-wilhelma</emphasis>
clade seems to include especially bright red/carmine surface-coloured species (
<taxonomicName id="4C7FE997C25EFF8BFD7AFCF1FC9CFC8B" baseAuthorityName="Wright" baseAuthorityYear="1881" box="[649,832,861,887]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="seychellensis">
<emphasis id="B90B4E06C25EFF8BFD7AFCF1FC9CFC8B" box="[649,832,861,887]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">T. seychellensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C7FE997C25EFF8BFCA0FCF2FC43FC8B" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1815" box="[851,927,861,887]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90B4E06C25EFF8BFCA0FCF2FC43FC8B" box="[851,927,861,887]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Tethya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. from Bocas,
<taxonomicName id="4C7FE997C25EFF8BFB87FCF1FE18FC66" authority="Bergquist &amp; Kelly-Borges, 1991" authorityName="Bergquist &amp; Kelly-Borges" authorityYear="1991" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="coccinea">
<emphasis id="B90B4E06C25EFF8BFB87FCF1FB27FC8B" box="[1140,1275,862,887]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">T. coccinea</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFEEEFE5C25EFF8BFAF5FCF2FE18FC66" author="Bergquist P. R. &amp; Kelly-Borges M." pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="37 - 72" refId="ref9090" refString="Bergquist P. R. &amp; Kelly-Borges M. 1991. An evaluation of the genus Tethya (Porifera: Demospongiae: Hadromerida) with descriptions of new species from the southwest Pacific. The Beagle. Records of the Northern Territory Museum of Arts and Sciences 8: 37 - 72." type="journal article" year="1991">Bergquist &amp; Kelly-Borges, 1991</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C7FE997C25EFF8BFE22FC2FFDC1FC66" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1815" box="[465,541,896,922]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90B4E06C25EFF8BFE22FC2FFDC1FC66" box="[465,541,896,922]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Tethya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. 3 from
<collectingCountry id="F368D284C25EFF8BFD55FC2FFC9CFC66" box="[678,832,896,922]" name="Saudi Arabia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Saudi Arabia</collectingCountry>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C7FE997C25EFF8BFCBEFC2EFC67FC66" baseAuthorityName="Laubenfels" baseAuthorityYear="1936" box="[845,955,896,922]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="taboga">
<emphasis id="B90B4E06C25EFF8BFCBEFC2EFC67FC66" box="[845,955,896,922]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">T. taboga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C7FE997C25EFF8BFC39FC2EFAB6FC66" authority="Ribeiro &amp; Muricy, 2011" authorityName="Ribeiro &amp; Muricy" authorityYear="2011" box="[970,1386,896,922]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="samaaii">
<emphasis id="B90B4E06C25EFF8BFC39FC2EFB9FFC66" box="[970,1091,897,922]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">T. samaaii</emphasis>
Ribeiro &amp; Muricy, 2011
</taxonomicName>
), except for the
<taxonomicName id="4C7FE997C25EFF8BFE94FC0CFE6FFC41" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1815" box="[359,435,931,957]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90B4E06C25EFF8BFE94FC0CFE6FFC41" box="[359,435,931,957]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Tethya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. from
<collectingCountry id="F368D284C25EFF8BFDD5FC0CFDBAFC41" box="[550,614,931,957]" name="Israel" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Israel</collectingCountry>
which was more light orange, and except again for the ‘aquarium’ species (
<taxonomicName id="4C7FE997C25EFF8BFED1FC68FE74FC1C" authorityName="Sara, Sara, Nickel &amp; Brummer" authorityYear="2001" box="[290,424,966,992]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="wilhelma">
<emphasis id="B90B4E06C25EFF8BFED1FC68FE74FC1C" box="[290,424,966,992]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">T. wilhelma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C7FE997C25EFF8BFE12FC68FD8AFC1C" authorityName="Sara, Sara, Nickel &amp; Brummer" authorityYear="2001" box="[481,598,966,992]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis id="B90B4E06C25EFF8BFE12FC68FD8AFC1C" box="[481,598,966,992]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">T. gracilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). In red surface-coloured species, the choanosome is usually orange. However, more colours exist: some
<taxonomicName id="4C7FE997C25EFF8BFDAAFC45FD79FBF8" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1815" box="[601,677,1002,1028]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90B4E06C25EFF8BFDAAFC45FD79FBF8" box="[601,677,1002,1028]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Tethya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be green (e.g.,
<taxonomicName id="4C7FE997C25EFF8BFC71FC45FAB6FBF8" authority="Ribeiro &amp; Muricy, 2004" authorityName="Ribeiro &amp; Muricy" authorityYear="2004" box="[898,1386,1002,1028]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="brasiliana">
<emphasis id="B90B4E06C25EFF8BFC71FC45FB97FBF8" box="[898,1099,1002,1028]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Tethya brasiliana</emphasis>
Ribeiro &amp; Muricy, 2004
</taxonomicName>
), dark blue (e.g.,
<taxonomicName id="4C7FE997C25EFF8BFE8BFBA2FC95FBDB" authority="Ribeiro &amp; Muricy, 2004" authorityName="Ribeiro &amp; Muricy" authorityYear="2004" box="[376,841,1037,1063]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="cyanea">
<emphasis id="B90B4E06C25EFF8BFE8BFBA2FDC3FBDB" box="[376,543,1037,1063]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Tethya cyanea</emphasis>
Ribeiro &amp; Muricy, 2004
</taxonomicName>
), or pink (e.g.,
<taxonomicName id="4C7FE997C25EFF8BFBF3FBA2FB01FBDB" authorityName="Hooper in Hooper &amp; Wiedenmayer" authorityYear="1994" box="[1024,1245,1037,1063]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="bergquistae">
<emphasis id="B90B4E06C25EFF8BFBF3FBA2FB01FBDB" box="[1024,1245,1037,1063]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Tethya bergquistae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) but none of these species have been sequenced yet. We can probably dismiss the green colour. It is found in species that can also be orange;
<bibRefCitation id="EFEEEFE5C25EFF8BFE24FBFCFD71FB92" author="Laubenfels M. W. de" box="[471,685,1107,1134]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 154" refId="ref10423" refString="Laubenfels M. W. de. 1950. The Porifera of the Bermuda Archipelago. Transactions of the Zoological Society of London 27: 1 - 154. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1950. tb 00227. x" type="journal article" year="1950">Laubenfels (1950)</bibRefCitation>
suggested the green colour of
<taxonomicName id="4C7FE997C25EFF8BFBE0FBFBFB5CFB91" authorityName="Laubenfels" authorityYear="1950" box="[1043,1152,1108,1133]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="actinia">
<emphasis id="B90B4E06C25EFF8BFBE0FBFBFB5CFB91" box="[1043,1152,1108,1133]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">T. actinia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in
<collectingCountry id="F368D284C25EFF8BFB55FBFCFACDFB91" box="[1190,1297,1107,1133]" name="Bermuda" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Bermuda</collectingCountry>
was due to symbiotic algae (a specimen may “turn orange” when fixed in alcohol, as the chlorophyll is extracted). More problematic are species with varying colours, from yellow to orange and red (e.g.,
<taxonomicName id="4C7FE997C25EFF8BFB5DFB35FAB9FB48" authorityName="Bergquist &amp; Kelly-Borges" authorityYear="1991" box="[1198,1381,1178,1204]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="fastigata">
<emphasis id="B90B4E06C25EFF8BFB5DFB35FAB9FB48" box="[1198,1381,1178,1204]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Tethya fastigata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). As for the few deep-sea species of
<taxonomicName id="4C7FE997C25EFF8BFDBEFB12FD45FB2B" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1815" box="[589,665,1213,1239]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90B4E06C25EFF8BFDBEFB12FD45FB2B" box="[589,665,1213,1239]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Tethya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, some have lost their colours (e.g.,
<taxonomicName id="4C7FE997C25EFF8BFBC1FB12FB1BFB2B" authorityName="Sorokin, Ekins, Yang, Cárdenas &amp; Cárdenas" authorityYear="2019" box="[1074,1223,1213,1239]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="irisae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B90B4E06C25EFF8BFBC1FB12FB1BFB2B" box="[1074,1223,1213,1239]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Tethya irisae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A238F37DC25EFF8BFB3EFB12FAF4FB2B" box="[1229,1320,1213,1239]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
) while others have retained them: e.g.,
<taxonomicName id="4C7FE997C25EFF8BFDC1FB4FFCE0FB06" authority="Sara, 1988" authorityName="Sara" authorityYear="1988" box="[562,828,1248,1274]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="levii">
<emphasis id="B90B4E06C25EFF8BFDC1FB4FFD64FB06" box="[562,696,1248,1274]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Tethya levii</emphasis>
Sarà, 1988
</taxonomicName>
from
<collectingCountry id="F368D284C25EFF8BFC77FB4EFBE5FB06" box="[900,1081,1248,1275]" name="New Caledonia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
is light orange, and groups in the
<taxonomicName id="4C7FE997C25EFF8BFEFBFAABFE84FAE1" authorityName="Laubenfels" authorityYear="1950" box="[264,344,1284,1309]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="actinia">
<emphasis id="B90B4E06C25EFF8BFEFBFAABFE84FAE1" box="[264,344,1284,1309]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">actinia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
clade, in accordance with our hypothesis (P. Cárdenas, unpublished data). This groupingby-colour hypothesis should be further tested with the sequencing of new species of
<taxonomicName id="4C7FE997C25EFF8BFB74FA89FB0FFABC" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1815" box="[1159,1235,1318,1344]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90B4E06C25EFF8BFB74FA89FB0FFABC" box="[1159,1235,1318,1344]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Tethya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Other genera of
<taxonomicName id="4C7FE997C25EFF8BFF2CFAE5FE8DFA98" baseAuthorityName="Sara" baseAuthorityYear="2002" box="[223,337,1354,1380]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">Tethyidae</taxonomicName>
included in our dataset have usually irregular massive forms or are disc-shaped (instead of subspherical forms), and all have dark colours: black-brownish for
<taxonomicName id="4C7FE997C25EFF8BFBF6FAC2FB5FFA7B" authorityName="Sara" authorityYear="1994" box="[1029,1155,1389,1415]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tectitethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90B4E06C25EFF8BFBF6FAC2FB5FFA7B" box="[1029,1155,1389,1415]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Tectitethya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp., beige-gray for
<taxonomicName id="4C7FE997C25EFF8BFF4EFA3EFE89FA56" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1858" box="[189,341,1425,1450]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Xenospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90B4E06C25EFF8BFF4EFA3EFE89FA56" box="[189,341,1425,1450]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Xenospongia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and whitish-brown in ethanol for
<taxonomicName id="4C7FE997C25EFF8BFD15FA3FFCBBFA56" authorityName="Sara &amp; Sara" authorityYear="2002" box="[742,871,1424,1450]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Laxotethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90B4E06C25EFF8BFD15FA3FFCBBFA56" box="[742,871,1424,1450]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Laxotethya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C7FE997C25EFF8BFC6CFA3FFBFDFA56" authorityName="Sara" authorityYear="1994" box="[927,1057,1424,1450]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Stellitethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90B4E06C25EFF8BFC6CFA3FFBFDFA56" box="[927,1057,1424,1450]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Stellitethya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(the live colour is unknown). Since all except
<taxonomicName id="4C7FE997C25EFF8BFE8FFA1CFE21FA31" authorityName="Sara &amp; Sara" authorityYear="2002" box="[380,509,1459,1485]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Laxotethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90B4E06C25EFF8BFE8FFA1CFE21FA31" box="[380,509,1459,1485]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Laxotethya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are sister group to a bright orange
<taxonomicName id="4C7FE997C25EFF8BFC66FA1CFC3DFA31" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1815" box="[917,993,1459,1485]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90B4E06C25EFF8BFC66FA1CFC3DFA31" box="[917,993,1459,1485]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Tethya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. from South Australia (possibly in the
<taxonomicName id="4C7FE997C25EFF8BFEFAFA78FE85FA0C" authorityName="Laubenfels" authorityYear="1950" box="[265,345,1495,1520]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="actinia">
<emphasis id="B90B4E06C25EFF8BFEFAFA78FE85FA0C" box="[265,345,1495,1520]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">actinia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
clade) (
<figureCitation id="13448E91C25EFF8BFE4FFA79FDD8FA0D" box="[444,516,1494,1521]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="18.[189,232,1855,1881]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[190,1398,265,2019]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Fig. 5 (opposite page). Tethyida COI and 28S maximum-likelihood (RaxML) trees. ML bootstrap supports (1000 bootstrap replicates)&gt; 70 are indicated. After the species name, locality of the specimen is given (when known), followed by the GenBank accession number(s). For 28S, we also indicated the 28S region that was sequenced as well as the first author + date of the publication where the sequence first appeared. Type species of genera are in red boxes while Tethya irisae sp. nov. appears in red." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3239988/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
, 28S tree), we suppose the common ancestor of these other genera lost its yellow-orange colours, and so its capacity to produce carotenoids.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC09214C25EFF8AFF4EF994FC6FFD9F" blockId="18.[189,1399,1595,1798]" lastBlockId="19.[189,1399,267,611]" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
Our COI and 28S dataset include
<typeStatus id="54C42CB6C25EFF8BFDBAF993FDA0F9AA" box="[585,636,1596,1622]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">type</typeStatus>
species of four
<taxonomicName id="4C7FE997C25EFF8BFCC5F994FC75F9A9" baseAuthorityName="Sara" baseAuthorityYear="2002" box="[822,937,1595,1621]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">Tethyidae</taxonomicName>
genera (of the 14 valid genera):
<taxonomicName id="4C7FE997C25EFF8BFADAF994FAAAF9A9" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1815" box="[1321,1398,1595,1621]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90B4E06C25EFF8BFADAF994FAAAF9A9" box="[1321,1398,1595,1621]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Tethya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C7FE997C25EFF8BFF34F9F0FE83F984" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1766" box="[199,351,1631,1656]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="aurantium">
<emphasis id="B90B4E06C25EFF8BFF34F9F0FE83F984" box="[199,351,1631,1656]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">T. aurantium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, COI),
<taxonomicName id="4C7FE997C25EFF8BFE48F9F1FDE7F984" authorityName="Sara" authorityYear="1994" box="[443,571,1630,1656]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tectitethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90B4E06C25EFF8BFE48F9F1FDE7F984" box="[443,571,1630,1656]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Tectitethya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C7FE997C25EFF8BFDBEF9F0FD6AF984" baseAuthorityName="Laubenfels" baseAuthorityYear="1949" box="[589,694,1631,1656]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tectitethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="crypta">
<emphasis id="B90B4E06C25EFF8BFDBEF9F0FD6AF984" box="[589,694,1631,1656]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">T. crypta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 28S),
<taxonomicName id="4C7FE997C25EFF8BFCFDF9F0FC7BF984" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1858" box="[782,935,1631,1656]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Xenospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90B4E06C25EFF8BFCFDF9F0FC7BF984" box="[782,935,1631,1656]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Xenospongia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C7FE997C25EFF8BFC4AF9F0FBADF984" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1858" box="[953,1137,1630,1656]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Xenospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="patelliformis">
<emphasis id="B90B4E06C25EFF8BFC4AF9F0FBADF984" box="[953,1137,1630,1656]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">X. patelliformis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 28S) and
<taxonomicName id="4C7FE997C25EFF8BFB07F9F1FAAAF984" authorityName="Sara &amp; Sara" authorityYear="2002" box="[1268,1398,1630,1656]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Laxotethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90B4E06C25EFF8BFB07F9F1FAAAF984" box="[1268,1398,1630,1656]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Laxotethya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C7FE997C25EFF8BFF34F92DFE5DF967" authorityName="Sara &amp; Sara" authorityYear="2002" box="[199,385,1665,1691]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Laxotethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="dampierensis">
<emphasis id="B90B4E06C25EFF8BFF34F92DFE5DF967" box="[199,385,1665,1691]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">L. dampierensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 28S). In addition to that, two other
<taxonomicName id="4C7FE997C25EFF8BFCC1F92EFC79F967" baseAuthorityName="Sara" baseAuthorityYear="2002" box="[818,933,1665,1691]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">Tethyidae</taxonomicName>
genera are represented in our 28S tree:
<taxonomicName id="4C7FE997C25EFF8BFF4EF90AFE9DF943" authorityName="Sara" authorityYear="1994" box="[189,321,1701,1727]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Stellitethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90B4E06C25EFF8BFF4EF90AFE9DF943" box="[189,321,1701,1727]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Stellitethya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C7FE997C25EFF8BFE77F90AFDD8F943" authorityName="Laubenfels" authorityYear="1936" box="[388,516,1701,1727]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethytimea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90B4E06C25EFF8BFE77F90AFDD8F943" box="[388,516,1701,1727]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Tethytimea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. All these genera are essentially defined by different skeletal structures and therefore body shape; all these genera have an indistinct or ill-defined cortex (vs a distinct thick cortex for
<taxonomicName id="4C7FE997C25EFF8BFEC5F944FE5FF8F9" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1815" box="[310,387,1771,1797]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90B4E06C25EFF8BFEC5F944FE5FF8F9" box="[310,387,1771,1797]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Tethya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and an irregular massive or encrusting shape (vs (sub)spherical shape in
<taxonomicName id="4C7FE997C25EFF8BFB17F944FAEDF8F9" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1815" box="[1252,1329,1771,1797]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90B4E06C25EFF8BFB17F944FAEDF8F9" box="[1252,1329,1771,1797]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Tethya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Our 28S tree suggests that
<taxonomicName id="4C7FE997C25FFF8AFE39FEA3FDBFFED9" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1858" box="[458,611,268,293]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Xenospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90B4E06C25FFF8AFE39FEA3FDBFFED9" box="[458,611,268,293]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Xenospongia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C7FE997C25FFF8AFD87FEA4FD24FED9" authorityName="Sara" authorityYear="1994" box="[628,760,267,293]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Stellitethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90B4E06C25FFF8AFD87FEA4FD24FED9" box="[628,760,267,293]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Stellitethya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C7FE997C25FFF8AFCFBFEA4FC54FED9" authorityName="Sara" authorityYear="1994" box="[776,904,267,293]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tectitethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90B4E06C25FFF8AFCFBFEA4FC54FED9" box="[776,904,267,293]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Tectitethya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C7FE997C25FFF8AFC37FEA4FB98FED9" authorityName="Laubenfels" authorityYear="1936" box="[964,1092,267,293]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethytimea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90B4E06C25FFF8AFC37FEA4FB98FED9" box="[964,1092,267,293]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Tethytimea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are grouping with
<taxonomicName id="4C7FE997C25FFF8AFADAFEA4FAAAFED9" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1815" box="[1321,1398,267,293]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90B4E06C25FFF8AFADAFEA4FAAAFED9" box="[1321,1398,267,293]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Tethya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13448E91C25FFF8AFF35FE81FED1FEB5" box="[198,269,302,329]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="18.[189,232,1855,1881]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[190,1398,265,2019]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Fig. 5 (opposite page). Tethyida COI and 28S maximum-likelihood (RaxML) trees. ML bootstrap supports (1000 bootstrap replicates)&gt; 70 are indicated. After the species name, locality of the specimen is given (when known), followed by the GenBank accession number(s). For 28S, we also indicated the 28S region that was sequenced as well as the first author + date of the publication where the sequence first appeared. Type species of genera are in red boxes while Tethya irisae sp. nov. appears in red." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3239988/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
), while
<taxonomicName id="4C7FE997C25FFF8AFE9CFE80FE2DFEB5" authorityName="Sara &amp; Sara" authorityYear="2002" box="[367,497,303,329]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Laxotethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90B4E06C25FFF8AFE9CFE80FE2DFEB5" box="[367,497,303,329]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Laxotethya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
groups with
<taxonomicName id="4C7FE997C25FFF8AFD7DFE81FC84FEB4" authorityName="Lendenfeld" authorityYear="1889" box="[654,856,302,328]" class="Demospongiae" family="Hemiasterellidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">Hemiasterellidae</taxonomicName>
, albeit with no support.
<taxonomicName id="4C7FE997C25FFF8AFB84FE80FAB3FEB5" authorityName="Cruz-Barraza, Vega, Ávila &amp; Vázquez-Maldonado, 201" authorityYear="2017" box="[1143,1391,303,329]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethytimea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="carmelita">
<emphasis id="B90B4E06C25FFF8AFB84FE80FAB3FEB5" box="[1143,1391,303,329]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Tethytimea carmelita</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C7FE997C25FFF8AFF4EFEFDFEE1FE90" authorityName="Sara" authorityYear="1994" box="[189,317,338,364]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tectitethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90B4E06C25FFF8AFF4EFEFDFEE1FE90" box="[189,317,338,364]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Tectitethya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<emphasis id="B90B4E06C25FFF8AFE84FEFDFD40FE90" box="[375,668,338,364]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<taxonomicName id="4C7FE997C25FFF8AFE84FEFDFE2AFE90" authorityName="Sara" authorityYear="1994" box="[375,502,338,364]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Stellitethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Stellitethya</taxonomicName>
/
<taxonomicName id="4C7FE997C25FFF8AFDF7FEFDFD40FE90" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1858" box="[516,668,338,364]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Xenospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Xenospongia</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
evolved independently within
<taxonomicName id="4C7FE997C25FFF8AFBF8FEFDFB84FE90" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1815" box="[1035,1112,338,364]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90B4E06C25FFF8AFBF8FEFDFB84FE90" box="[1035,1112,338,364]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Tethya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
thus suggesting that the loss of a distinct cortex and of the subspherical shape happened several times. More sequences from Australian
<taxonomicName id="4C7FE997C25FFF8AFECDFE37FE57FE4E" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1815" box="[318,395,408,434]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90B4E06C25FFF8AFECDFE37FE57FE4E" box="[318,395,408,434]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Tethya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are needed to understand the origin and relationships of these other
<taxonomicName id="4C7FE997C25FFF8AFB54FE37FAC6FE4E" baseAuthorityName="Sara" baseAuthorityYear="2002" box="[1191,1306,408,434]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">Tethyidae</taxonomicName>
genera. One clade that is moderately supported (bootstrap of 69) is the sister-group relationship of
<taxonomicName id="4C7FE997C25FFF8AFB2EFE13FAAAFE29" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1858" box="[1245,1398,444,469]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Xenospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90B4E06C25FFF8AFB2EFE13FAAAFE29" box="[1245,1398,444,469]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Xenospongia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C7FE997C25FFF8AFF02FE70FEA9FE05" authorityName="Sara" authorityYear="1994" box="[241,373,479,505]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Stellitethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90B4E06C25FFF8AFF02FE70FEA9FE05" box="[241,373,479,505]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Stellitethya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, with a 5–6 bp difference in 28S (D3–D5). Both genera have a poorly defined cortex but different shapes: discoid for
<taxonomicName id="4C7FE997C25FFF8AFDC9FDACFD0FFDE0" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1858" box="[570,723,515,540]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Xenospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90B4E06C25FFF8AFDC9FDACFD0FFDE0" box="[570,723,515,540]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Xenospongia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, massive irregular for
<taxonomicName id="4C7FE997C25FFF8AFC2DFDADFBBEFDE0" authorityName="Sara" authorityYear="1994" box="[990,1122,514,540]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Stellitethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90B4E06C25FFF8AFC2DFDADFBBEFDE0" box="[990,1122,514,540]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Stellitethya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. These two genera also share megasters reaching large sizes (&gt;
<quantity id="4C873FF1C25FFF8AFD62FD8AFD2CFDC3" box="[657,752,549,576]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" unit="mm" value="150.0">150 µm</quantity>
), as in
<taxonomicName id="4C7FE997C25FFF8AFCB7FD89FC79FDC3" authorityName="Sorokin, Ekins, Yang, Cárdenas &amp; Cárdenas" authorityYear="2019" box="[836,933,550,575]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="irisae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B90B4E06C25FFF8AFCB7FD89FC79FDC3" box="[836,933,550,575]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">T. irisae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A238F37DC25FFF8AFC5FFD8AFBD6FDC3" box="[940,1034,549,575]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, grouping nearby (bootstrap of 62) with
<taxonomicName id="4C7FE997C25FFF8AFED4FDE7FE7BFD9E" authorityName="Sara" authorityYear="1994" box="[295,423,584,610]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tectitethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90B4E06C25FFF8AFED4FDE7FE7BFD9E" box="[295,423,584,610]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Tectitethya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(which does not have very large megasters).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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