381 lines
48 KiB
XML
381 lines
48 KiB
XML
<document id="91D59B35BE8A709986A0B74D5FAC6558" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.195422" ID-GBIF-Dataset="d1c61764-609b-40a3-aa5d-a0574c06e16c" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="195422" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460226760689" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Hawkes, Peter G." docDate="2010" docId="03BB87B9FF9B0E2EFF14135C0942FE47" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02480p036.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2480" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Asphinctopone pilosa Hawkes, sp. n." docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="34" masterDocId="FF82FFC1FF990E29FF83117E0D0DFFF0" masterDocTitle="A new species of Asphinctopone (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae) from Tanzania" masterLastPageNumber="36" masterPageNumber="27" pageNumber="29" updateTime="1698238545374" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:mods id="09F1EF36BF405A759154B23BC0FF0647" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="F0D4F8F5190095958CF940C53CB3590E">
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<mods:title id="6A181A0544723E1DF15597DF734E80E2">A new species of Asphinctopone (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae) from Tanzania</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="16A51C10A67C8BF8D85F7BA6B964F44B" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="20E0041B822FB63F8347EE096C0C7B88">
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<mods:roleTerm id="4E3FC4E89354910208B6F5764BBD07A7">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="B52F4F42FCF61D959EBDD5729593BA7D">Hawkes, Peter G.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:titleInfo id="A4D9E820F7593838B563F937B011BC99">
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<mods:title id="719E4460FD8FC97116CD3895B1EAC1B1">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="E6FC5BC8F76D3C09A2A32DECCCCC39F0">
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<mods:date id="97949135C7266A7FFD9B814FAD7CEDA5">2010</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="5E7DBF8E35BD382E572E8A9418925D4D" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="7424FD27F29B385AF0318D8B8EAF381F">2480</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="D064244161154462C4C1245A47E81AE5">27</mods:start>
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<mods:classification id="11F8025A367715A86DA3FF04A8372F44">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="1EE364676EA0CB22ED5B4099E1A0A6AF" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.195422</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="4D6C80F0C321378A284393BC23762BAC" type="GBIF-Dataset">d1c61764-609b-40a3-aa5d-a0574c06e16c</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="09F0DB234E3851895125709C75DF1A4F" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="DBDB67C1931FF2BE90AC2B4C231ECDFA" type="Zenodo-Dep">195422</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="03BB87B9FF9B0E2EFF14135C0942FE47" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6494201" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119386600" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6494201" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:93D6CFD7-5C98-4DCA-BD2B-754E9B9B4313" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BB87B9FF9B0E2EFF14135C0942FE47" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="34" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">
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<subSubSection id="C3086524FF9B0E2BFF14135C0C3EFDAF" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BAD36AFFF9B0E2BFF14135C0F43FDCC" blockId="2.[151,590,546,607]" box="[151,590,546,572]" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">
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<heading id="D0E581C3FF9B0E2BFF14135C0F43FDCC" bold="true" box="[151,590,546,572]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B966EABDFF9B0E2BFF14135C0F43FDCC" bold="true" box="[151,590,546,572]" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">
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<taxonomicName id="4C124D2CFF9B0E2BFF14135C0F08FDCC" authority="Hawkes" authorityName="Hawkes" box="[151,517,546,572]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Asphinctopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pilosa" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B966EABDFF9B0E2BFF14135C0C96FDCC" bold="true" box="[151,411,546,572]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">Asphinctopone pilosa</emphasis>
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Hawkes
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A25557C6FF9B0E2BFD8F135C0F43FDCC" box="[524,590,546,572]" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BAD36AFFF9B0E2BFF14133B0C3EFDAF" blockId="2.[151,590,546,607]" box="[151,307,581,607]" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">
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(
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<figureCitation id="13292A2AFF9B0E2BFF1C133B0DE8FDAF" box="[159,229,581,607]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,258,1964,1988]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,309,1939]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,309,1941]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Asphinctopone pilosa holotype worker, SAM-HYM-C 020683. A, Full face view; B, Lateral view; C, Dorsal view; D, Mandibles, oblique view; E, Mesosoma lateral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/195423/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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, A–E)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3086524FF9B0E2CFF1413F10F0DF86E" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="32" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BAD36AFFF9B0E2BFF1413F10CAEFD3F" blockId="2.[151,1437,655,2028]" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">
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<emphasis id="B966EABDFF9B0E2BFF1413F10C7DFD59" bold="true" box="[151,368,655,681]" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">
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<typeStatus id="54A9880DFF9B0E2BFF1413F10C04FD59" box="[151,265,655,681]" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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worker.
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</emphasis>
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TL 4.48, HL 1.07, HW 0.86, CI 81, SL 0.80, SI 92, OD 0.06, OI 7, PW 0.66, WL 1.38 (all measurements in mm).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BAD36AFFF9B0E2BFF4713A40957FCCF" blockId="2.[151,1437,655,2028]" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">
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Medium sized (total length c.
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<quantity id="4CEA9B4AFF9B0E2BFDAF13A40F87FD04" box="[556,650,730,756]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" unit="mm" value="4.5">4.5 mm</quantity>
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) ponerine ant largely conforming to the diagnosis of the genus as presented by
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<bibRefCitation id="EF834B5EFF9B0E2BFEBD127E0F6AFCEA" author="Bolton" box="[318,615,768,794]" pageId="2" pageNumber="36" refString="Bolton, B. & Fisher, B. L. (2008) The Afrotropical ponerine ant genus Asphinctopone Santschi (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Zootaxa, 1827, 53 - 61." type="journal article" year="2008">Bolton & Fisher (2008)</bibRefCitation>
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, but with differences in the development of the promesonotal and metanotal grooves, antennal structure and median clypeal lobe as indicated below.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BAD36AFFF9B0E2BFF4712340EF6F9DA" blockId="2.[151,1437,655,2028]" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">
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Mandibles smooth and shining, without any sculpture other than coarse scattered hair-pits and with five teeth plus a small denticle between the basal and the second tooth. No tooth-like process on the inner basal margin of the mandible. Eyes very small, comprising a single central ommatidium surrounded by a ring of 6 less distinct ommatidia, positioned distinctly in front of the mid-length of the sides of the head. Ocular diameter less than half the maximum width of the antennal scape. Entire dorsum, sides and ventral surfaces of head with quite coarse punctures (up to
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<quantity id="4CEA9B4AFF9B0E2BFD11157B0E0DFBEF" box="[658,768,1029,1055]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" unit="mm" value="0.03">0.03 mm</quantity>
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diameter) with weak irregular sculpture between the punctures on the dorsal and dorso-lateral surfaces. Median portion of the vertex, as well as the sides of the head below the eyes, with larger and more widely spaced punctures. Pubescence on head dense, decumbent and arising both from within the numerous large punctures and from minute hair-pits between these, more sparse on the sides of the head below the eye and on the underside, giving these areas a smoother and more polished appearance. Frontal lobes somewhat more densely and more finely punctulate than remainder of the head; frontal carinae and antennal scrobes absent. In full-face view the sides and the posterior margin of the head very shallowly convex. Antennal scapes when laid back just reaching the occipital margin. Funicular segments 2–10 broader than long, segments 2–7 very distinctly so. Funicular segments 8–11 broader than the preceding 6, becoming increasingly longer relative to their width and forming an indistinctly 4-segmented club. The terminal funicular segment much longer than broad and distinctly exceeding the combined length of the preceding 5 segments. Clypeus with a projecting median lobe bounded by a rounded obtuse angle on each side, the anterior margin of this lobe flat to very slightly concave laterally and with a broadly rounded median projection. Width of the anterior margin of the projecting clypeal lobe about 0.33 x HW. Several pairs of strong setae and a number of weaker setae present on the clypeus.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BAD36AFFF9B0E2AFF47174B0EE9FF0C" blockId="2.[151,1437,655,2028]" lastBlockId="3.[151,1436,152,252]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">Mesosoma with a pattern of sculpturing very similar to that of the head; dorsum and sides of pronotum, mesonotum and propodeum entirely coarsely punctulate and covered with a dense pelt of fine suberect (pronotum and mesonotum) to erect (propodeum) curved pubescence, the katepisternum and the disc of the pronotum with more sparse punctures and pilosity. Ventral surfaces of the mesosoma with dense fine puncturation and reduced pubescence. The punctulate sculpture on the dorsal and lateral mesosoma is overlaid by irregular effaced fine rugulose sculpture everywhere except on the disc of the pronotum and small areas of the lower propleuron and katepisternum. Pronotal humeri broadly rounded; the pronotum with a subglobose appearance in dorsal view. Promesonotal suture moderately impressed and with cross-ribs on the anterior mesonotum, the metanotal groove only slightly impressed and with fewer more widely spaced but much longer cross-ribs. Mesonotum twice as wide as long. Propodeal dorsum narrow, about half the width of the mesonotum and extending horizontally from the level of the metanotal groove to the short upper portion of the declivity, which slopes downward at about 45o to the junction with the very steep main face of the declivity. The propodeal outline thus presents three distinct planes in profile view. Propodeal dorsum about 1.5 x as long as the mesonotum. Declivity of the propodeum the only portion of the dorsal mesosoma lacking sculpture and with greatly reduced pilosity; smooth and weakly shining.</paragraph>
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<caption id="DF6D6627FF9A0E2AFF1416D20E75F814" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/195423/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="30" targetBox="[151,1436,309,1939]" targetPageId="3">
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<paragraph id="8BAD36AFFF9A0E2AFF1416D20E75F814" blockId="3.[151,1437,1964,2020]" pageId="3" pageNumber="30">
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<emphasis id="B966EABDFF9A0E2AFF1416D20C12F834" bold="true" box="[151,287,1964,1988]" pageId="3" pageNumber="30">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C124D2CFF9A0E2AFEA516D30F15F834" box="[294,536,1965,1988]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Asphinctopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pilosa">
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<emphasis id="B966EABDFF9A0E2AFEA516D30F15F834" box="[294,536,1965,1988]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="30">Asphinctopone pilosa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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holotype worker, SAM-HYM-C020683. A, Full face view; B, Lateral view; C, Dorsal view; D, Mandibles, oblique view; E, Mesosoma lateral view.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption id="DF6D6627FF9D0E2DFF1414A20C39F9C4" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/195424/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="31" targetBox="[187,1374,215,1472]" targetPageId="4">
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<paragraph id="8BAD36AFFF9D0E2DFF1414A20C39F9C4" blockId="4.[151,1436,1500,1588]" pageId="4" pageNumber="31">
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<emphasis id="B966EABDFF9D0E2DFF1414A20C14FA04" bold="true" box="[151,281,1500,1524]" pageId="4" pageNumber="31">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
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Known distribution of
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<taxonomicName id="4C124D2CFF9D0E2DFD9E14A30FB6FA04" box="[541,699,1501,1524]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Asphinctopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B966EABDFF9D0E2DFD9E14A30FB6FA04" box="[541,699,1501,1524]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="31">Asphinctopone</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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species in the Afrotropical region. Black circles,
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<taxonomicName id="4C124D2CFF9D0E2DFB5B14A3085FFA04" box="[1240,1362,1501,1524]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Asphinctopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="silvestrii">
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<emphasis id="B966EABDFF9D0E2DFB5B14A3085FFA04" box="[1240,1362,1501,1524]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="31">A. silvestrii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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; white square,
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<emphasis id="B966EABDFF9D0E2DFF6914830C60F9E4" box="[234,365,1533,1556]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="31">
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<taxonomicName id="4C124D2CFF9D0E2DFF6914830C6AF9E4" box="[234,359,1533,1556]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Asphinctopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="differens">A. differens</taxonomicName>
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;
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</emphasis>
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white circle,
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<emphasis id="B966EABDFF9D0E2DFE7C14830F68F9E4" box="[511,613,1533,1556]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="31">
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<taxonomicName id="4C124D2CFF9D0E2DFE7C14830F6CF9E4" box="[511,609,1533,1556]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Asphinctopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pilosa">A. pilosa</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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Dark grey shading indicates countries in which
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<taxonomicName id="4C124D2CFF9D0E2DFBF314830803F9E4" box="[1136,1294,1533,1556]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Asphinctopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B966EABDFF9D0E2DFBF314830803F9E4" box="[1136,1294,1533,1556]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="31">Asphinctopone</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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species have been recorded.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="8BAD36AFFF9D0E2DFF4717230DEEF8C2" blockId="4.[151,1437,1629,2028]" pageId="4" pageNumber="31">Petiole node high and squamiform, unsculptured apart from minute hair-pits, smooth and weakly shining and with pubescence similar to but less dense than that on the mesosoma. In profile view the anterior and posterior faces of the petiole node almost parallel, only slightly convergent dorsally; in posterior view the dorsal margin forming a bluntly triangular peak. In dorsal view the anterior face shallowly convex, the posterior even more shallowly concave. Subpetiolar process with the complex shape characteristic of the genus.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BAD36AFFF9D0E2DFF4716430C0BF81C" blockId="4.[151,1437,1629,2028]" pageId="4" pageNumber="31">
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Gaster unsculptured apart from minute hair-pits (c.
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<quantity id="4CEA9B4AFF9D0E2DFCB316430EA4F8A7" box="[816,937,1853,1879]" metricMagnitude="-6" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="31" unit="mm" value="0.005">0.005 mm</quantity>
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diameter), pubescence denser but shorter (
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<quantity id="4CEA9B4AFF9D0E2DFF1C161C0C00F88C" box="[159,269,1890,1916]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="31" unit="mm" value="0.04">0.04 mm</quantity>
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) on tergites 2–4 than on the first gastral tergite (
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<quantity id="4CEA9B4AFF9D0E2DFCCC161C0EB3F88C" box="[847,958,1890,1916]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="31" unit="mm" value="0.07">0.07 mm</quantity>
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), much longer and more variable on the sternites. No setae present on gastral tergites 1–4, but a few pairs on each sternite and abundant setae present on the pygidium and hypopygium. Sting stout and slightly upcurved in lateral view, somewhat laterally flattened.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="DF6D6627FF9C0E2CFF1414800ED1F9A5" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/195425/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" targetBox="[172,1409,214,1492]" targetPageId="5">
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<paragraph id="8BAD36AFFF9C0E2CFF1414800ED1F9A5" blockId="5.[151,1436,1534,1621]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">
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<emphasis id="B966EABDFF9C0E2CFF1414800C17F9E6" bold="true" box="[151,282,1534,1558]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
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Predicted distribution of
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<taxonomicName id="4C124D2CFF9C0E2CFDB514800FD8F9E5" box="[566,725,1534,1557]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Asphinctopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B966EABDFF9C0E2CFDB514800FD8F9E5" box="[566,725,1534,1557]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">Asphinctopone</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from: A, BIOCLIM using
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<taxonomicName id="4C124D2CFF9C0E2CFB8214800971F9E5" box="[1025,1148,1534,1557]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Asphinctopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="silvestrii">
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<emphasis id="B966EABDFF9C0E2CFB8214800971F9E5" box="[1025,1148,1534,1557]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">A. silvestrii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C124D2CFF9C0E2CFB3214800820F9E5" box="[1201,1325,1534,1557]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Asphinctopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="differens">
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<emphasis id="B966EABDFF9C0E2CFB3214800820F9E5" box="[1201,1325,1534,1557]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">A. differens</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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localities; B, BIOCLIM using
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<taxonomicName id="4C124D2CFF9C0E2CFEF717600CFCF9C5" box="[372,497,1566,1589]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Asphinctopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="silvestrii">
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<emphasis id="B966EABDFF9C0E2CFEF717600CFCF9C5" box="[372,497,1566,1589]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">A. silvestrii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C124D2CFF9C0E2CFD8317600F73F9C5" box="[512,638,1566,1589]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Asphinctopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="differens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EABDFF9C0E2CFD8317600F73F9C5" box="[512,638,1566,1589]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">A. differens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D2CFF9C0E2CFD3717600E1BF9C5" box="[692,790,1566,1589]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Asphinctopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pilosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EABDFF9C0E2CFD3717600E1BF9C5" box="[692,790,1566,1589]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">A. pilosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
localities; C, DOMAIN using
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D2CFF9C0E2CFBE9176009E5F9C5" box="[1130,1256,1566,1589]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Asphinctopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="silvestrii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EABDFF9C0E2CFBE9176009E5F9C5" box="[1130,1256,1566,1589]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">A. silvestrii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D2CFF9C0E2CFA9D17600891F9C5" box="[1310,1436,1566,1589]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Asphinctopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="differens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EABDFF9C0E2CFA9D17600891F9C5" box="[1310,1436,1566,1589]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">A. differens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
localities; D, DOMAIN using
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D2CFF9C0E2CFE5917400F59F9A5" box="[474,596,1598,1621]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Asphinctopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="silvestrii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EABDFF9C0E2CFE5917400F59F9A5" box="[474,596,1598,1621]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">A. silvestrii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D2CFF9C0E2CFDE217400FD6F9A5" box="[609,731,1598,1621]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Asphinctopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="differens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EABDFF9C0E2CFDE217400FD6F9A5" box="[609,731,1598,1621]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">A. differens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D2CFF9C0E2CFC8C17400E60F9A5" box="[783,877,1598,1621]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Asphinctopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pilosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EABDFF9C0E2CFC8C17400E60F9A5" box="[783,877,1598,1621]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">A. pilosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
localities.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAD36AFFF9C0E2CFF4717000876F913" blockId="5.[151,1437,1662,2024]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">
|
||
A single (pectinate) spur is present on each tibia, those on the metatibiae much longer (
|
||
<quantity id="4CEA9B4AFF9C0E2CFB6A17000855F968" box="[1257,1368,1662,1688]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.4" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" unit="mm" value="0.34">0.34 mm</quantity>
|
||
) than those on the mesotibiae (
|
||
<quantity id="4CEA9B4AFF9C0E2CFE5117DA0F4AF94E" box="[466,583,1700,1726]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" unit="mm" value="0.17">0.17 mm</quantity>
|
||
), with those on the protibiae intermediate in length (
|
||
<quantity id="4CEA9B4AFF9C0E2CFB5C17DA085BF94E" box="[1247,1366,1700,1726]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.9" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" unit="mm" value="0.29">0.29 mm</quantity>
|
||
). All segments of the appendages, including the antennae, with fine appressed pubescence but no standing hairs.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAD36AFFF9C0E2CFF47179009E7F8DE" blockId="5.[151,1437,1662,2024]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">Colour: head and mesosoma dark reddish-brown throughout, the gaster, appendages and mandibles a lighter reddish-brown, with the exception of a small yellowish-brown patch on each mandible.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAD36AFFF9C0E2CFF4716470F0DF86E" blockId="5.[151,1437,1662,2024]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A9880DFF9C0E2CFF4716470C38F8A3" box="[196,309,1849,1875]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
worker.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F305763FFF9C0E2CFE2F16460F2DF8A2" box="[428,544,1848,1874]" name="Tanzania" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EABDFF9C0E2CFE2F16460F2DF8A2" bold="true" box="[428,544,1848,1874]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">Tanzania</emphasis>
|
||
</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Tanga Region, Kilindi Forest Reserve,
|
||
<quantity id="4CEA9B4AFF9C0E2CFB9616470979F8A3" box="[1045,1140,1849,1875]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.015" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" unit="m" value="1015.0">1015 m</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE265068FF9C0E2CFB01164709F3F8A3" box="[1154,1278,1849,1875]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" precision="1" value="-5.57934">S 5.57934</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE265068FF9C0E2CFA8416470895F8A3" box="[1287,1432,1849,1875]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" precision="1" value="37.57971">E 37.57971</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FFAC106FFF9C0E2CFF1416200C3EF888" box="[151,307,1886,1912]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" value="2005-08-28">28.viii.2005</date>
|
||
, CEPF-TZ-3.4.F34, SAM-HYM-C
|
||
<date id="FFAC106FFF9C0E2CFD7516200E5EF888" box="[758,851,1886,1912]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" value="83-02-06">020683</date>
|
||
, Primary forest, hand collected (
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EABDFF9C0E2CFB7016210C8DF86D" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">P. H a w k e s, J. Makwati, R. Mtana</emphasis>
|
||
) (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED03AE6AFF9C0E2CFE1916FA0CF9F86E" box="[410,500,1924,1950]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/94p5-pepz" name="Iziko Museums of Cape Town" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">SAMC</collectionCode>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3086524FF9C0E2FFF4716D60F43FE62" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="33" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAD36AFFF9C0E2FFF4716D60F43FE62" blockId="5.[151,1437,1662,2024]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1437,152,2013]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="33" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EABDFF9C0E2CFF4716D60C59F833" bold="true" box="[196,340,1960,1987]" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">Comments.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D2CFF9C0E2CFEDE16D70F6FF832" box="[349,610,1961,1986]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Asphinctopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pilosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EABDFF9C0E2CFEDE16D70F6FF832" box="[349,610,1961,1986]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">Asphinctopone pilosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is distinctly different from its congeners in many respects; the most obvious differences are 1) its larger size, 2) the stronger and much more extensive sculpturation and denser pubescence, 3) the differently shaped mesonotum and propodeum, 4) the far less strongly impressed promesonotal suture and metanotal groove, 5) the terminal four, rather than three, antennal segments forming a weak club, 6) the more strongly squamiform petiole, which is also more arcuate in dorsal view, 7) the lessdeveloped clypeal structure (in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D2CFF9F0E2FFD9310760F76FED1" box="[528,635,264,289]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Asphinctopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sylvestrii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EABDFF9F0E2FFD9310760F76FED1" box="[528,635,264,289]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">sylvestrii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D2CFF9F0E2FFD3410760E13FED1" box="[695,798,264,289]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Asphinctopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="differens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EABDFF9F0E2FFD3410760E13FED1" box="[695,798,264,289]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">differens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the median clypeal lobe is bounded by distinct sharp angles, is distinctly though shallowly concave on either side of the more acutely rounded median projection and is relatively broader at about 0.40 x HW), 8) the lack of a tooth-like process on the inner basal margin of the mandible and 9) its darker colour.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3086524FF9F0E2FFF4510E309C0FC37" pageId="6" pageNumber="33" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAD36AFFF9F0E2FFF4510E30E89FE2C" blockId="6.[151,1437,152,2013]" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EABDFF9F0E2FFF4510E30C40FE47" bold="true" box="[198,333,413,439]" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">Etymology</emphasis>
|
||
: The specific epithet
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D2CFF9F0E2FFDD710E30F91FE46" box="[596,668,413,438]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Asphinctopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pilosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EABDFF9F0E2FFDD710E30F91FE46" box="[596,668,413,438]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">pilosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
refers to the pubescence which is much denser on the head and mesosoma than in all previously described species of the genus.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAD36AFFF9F0E2FFF45109909C0FC37" blockId="6.[151,1437,152,2013]" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EABDFF9F0E2FFF4510990C20FDF1" bold="true" box="[198,301,487,513]" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
The Kilindi Forest Reserve (5395 ha) lies about
|
||
<quantity id="4CEA9B4AFF9F0E2FFCFC10960ED4FDF2" box="[895,985,488,514]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="6" pageNumber="33" unit="km" value="140.0">140 km</quantity>
|
||
inland and comprises a small area of forest on an isolated double-peaked mountain surrounded by miombo woodland; the survey site was located at about
|
||
<quantity id="4CEA9B4AFF9F0E2FFF7D134C0C55FDBC" box="[254,344,562,588]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="33" unit="m" value="1000.0">1000 m</quantity>
|
||
altitude on a mainly flat area on the saddle between the two peaks. The forest canopy here was estimated to average about
|
||
<quantity id="4CEA9B4AFF9F0E2FFD9313260F40FD82" box="[528,589,600,626]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="6" pageNumber="33" unit="m" value="25.0">25 m</quantity>
|
||
high, with some emergent trees of
|
||
<quantity id="4CEA9B4AFF9F0E2FFC7313260956FD82" box="[1008,1115,600,626]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.75" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="3.5" pageId="6" pageNumber="33" unit="m" value="37.5" valueMax="40.0" valueMin="35.0">35–40 m</quantity>
|
||
; closure of the canopy was estimated at approximately 70–80%. Previous disturbance and tree felling by informal gold miners was evident and numerous young trees and climbers were observed in partially cleared areas. Soils along the survey transect were mainly of sandy loam texture (with some patches of sandy clay loam), a
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F305763FFF9F0E2FFB7513B60817FD12" box="[1270,1306,712,738]" name="Philippines" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">pH</collectingCountry>
|
||
of 8.0–8.5 and with a thin (
|
||
<quantity id="4CEA9B4AFF9F0E2FFED413930CA2FCF7" box="[343,431,749,775]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="33" unit="cm" value="1.5" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="1.0">1–2 cm</quantity>
|
||
depth) leaf litter layer ranging from 25% to 100% cover. The survey was carried out toward the end of the cool dry season in late
|
||
<date id="FFAC106FFF9F0E2FFD29126B0E49FCDF" box="[682,836,789,815]" pageId="6" pageNumber="33" value="2005-08">August 2005</date>
|
||
; soil temperatures averaged 16o C at a depth of
|
||
<quantity id="4CEA9B4AFF9F0E2FFAF3126B0DEBFCA4" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="33" unit="cm" value="12.5" valueMax="15.0" valueMin="10.0">10– 15 cm</quantity>
|
||
, with soil moisture at the same depth averaging 11.9%. The
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D2CFF9F0E2FFC5A124509EFFCA4" box="[985,1250,827,852]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Asphinctopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pilosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EABDFF9F0E2FFC5A124509EFFCA4" box="[985,1250,827,852]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">Asphinctopone pilosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimen was, however, collected in a microhabitat with higher moisture levels and a much thicker litter layer than average for the site. Humidity during the three-day site visit ranged from 63.4% to 99.3% (the latter during an unseasonal rainstorm) and averaged 81.4%, while the temperature varied from 12.0–22.5o C.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3086524FF9F0E2EFF4512AC0942FE47" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="34" pageId="6" pageNumber="33" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAD36AFFF9F0E2FFF4512AC0FA2FB02" blockId="6.[151,1437,152,2013]" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EABDFF9F0E2FFF4512AC0C3CFC1C" bold="true" box="[198,305,978,1004]" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">Climate.</emphasis>
|
||
Detailed climatic data are not readily available for all of the localities from which other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D2CFF9F0E2FFF1412870C41FBE2" box="[151,332,1017,1042]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Asphinctopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EABDFF9F0E2FFF1412870C41FBE2" box="[151,332,1017,1042]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">Asphinctopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens have been collected, but inspection of Worldclim (version 1.3) 2.5 arc-minute extrapolated climate data (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF834B5EFF9F0E2FFE5A15630FC2FBC7" author="Hijmans" box="[473,719,1053,1079]" pageId="6" pageNumber="36" refString="Hijmans, R. J., Cameron, S. E., Parra, J. L., Jones P. G. & Jarvis, A. (2005) Very high resolution interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas. International Journal of Climatology, 25, 1965 - 1978." type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Hijmans
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EABDFF9F0E2FFDC815600F85FBC7" box="[587,648,1054,1079]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) downloaded via http://www.diva-gis.org/climate provides some indication of conditions within the known distribution (see
|
||
<figureCitation id="13292A2AFF9F0E2FFC0C153D0EFFFBAD" box="[911,1010,1091,1117]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1500,1524]" captionTargetBox="[187,1374,215,1472]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,194,1479]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Known distribution of Asphinctopone species in the Afrotropical region. Black circles, A. silvestrii; white square, A. differens; white circle, A. pilosa. Dark grey shading indicates countries in which Asphinctopone species have been recorded." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/195424/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">Figure 2</figureCitation>
|
||
) of the genus. Most of the localities exhibit low seasonal variation in temperature and precipitation. The
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D2CFF9F0E2FFC7215170952FB72" box="[1009,1119,1129,1154]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Asphinctopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pilosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EABDFF9F0E2FFC7215170952FB72" box="[1009,1119,1129,1154]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">A. pilosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
locality was an outlier in respect of some of the bioclimatic variables (it has the highest temperature seasonality, lowest mean annual temperature and lowest mean temperature of the driest quarter), but in most variables was similar to previously recorded
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D2CFF9F0E2FFE0B15A70F3BFB02" box="[392,566,1241,1266]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Asphinctopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EABDFF9F0E2FFE0B15A70F3BFB02" box="[392,566,1241,1266]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">Asphinctopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
localities.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAD36AFFF9F0E2FFF4515830F1AF97D" blockId="6.[151,1437,152,2013]" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EABDFF9F0E2FFF4515830EA5FAE7" bold="true" box="[198,936,1277,1303]" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">Modelling of habitat suitability and predicted distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
Of the nine bioclimatic variables selected for inclusion in the model, two showed a close to normal and one a truncated normal distribution, while six were strongly skewed. For three of the variables with skewed distributions (min. temperature of coldest month, mean temperature of coldest quarter and mean temperature of driest quarter) estimates from visual inspection indicated that less than 5% of the entire African continent has values higher than the modal value of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D2CFF9F0E2FFF6214C70C82FA22" box="[225,399,1465,1490]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Asphinctopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EABDFF9F0E2FFF6214C70C82FA22" box="[225,399,1465,1490]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">Asphinctopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
localities. This suggests that intolerance to low temperatures may be a significant factor influencing distribution. Test predictions in BIOCLIM using all of the 19 bioclimatic variables or the selected subset of nine without the tail box adjustment gave implausible results with most (14–16 of 19) recorded
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D2CFF9F0E2FFA00177D0DF1F9B1" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Asphinctopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="silvestrii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EABDFF9F0E2FFA00177D0DF1F9B1" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">A. silvestrii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
localities placed at or near (<
|
||
<quantity id="4CEA9B4AFF9F0E2FFDE217560FA0F9B2" box="[609,685,1576,1602]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="33" unit="km" value="10.0">10 km</quantity>
|
||
) an edge of the predicted distribution; using the adjustment and the selected variable subset gave far more probable results, with the majority (13) of these records falling well within the predicted distribution.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAD36AFFF9F0E2EFF4717E60FB8FF27" blockId="6.[151,1437,152,2013]" lastBlockId="7.[151,1437,152,439]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="34" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">
|
||
In addition to the seven countries (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F305763FFF9F0E2FFDEB17E60FE7F942" box="[616,746,1688,1714]" name="Cameroon" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">Cameroon</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F305763FFF9F0E2FFD7517E60927F942" box="[758,1066,1688,1714]" name="Central African Republic" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">Central African Republic</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F305763FFF9F0E2FFBB417E60987F942" box="[1079,1162,1688,1714]" name="Gabon" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">Gabon</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F305763FFF9F0E2FFB1417E609E5F942" box="[1175,1256,1688,1714]" name="Ghana" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">Ghana</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F305763FFF9F0E2FFB7617E60842F942" box="[1269,1359,1688,1714]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">Guinea</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F305763FFF9F0E2FFAD817E60DD7F928" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">Ivory Coast</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F305763FFF9F0E2FFE9017C00C60F928" box="[275,365,1726,1752]" name="Nigeria" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
|
||
) from which
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D2CFF9F0E2FFD8F17C00F9CF927" box="[524,657,1726,1751]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Asphinctopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="silvestrii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EABDFF9F0E2FFD8F17C00F9CF927" box="[524,657,1726,1751]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">A. silvestrii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D2CFF9F0E2FFD4817C00E5CF927" box="[715,849,1726,1751]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Asphinctopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="differens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EABDFF9F0E2FFD4817C00E5CF927" box="[715,849,1726,1751]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">A. differens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have been recorded to date, BIOCLIM modelling predicted a reasonable probability (see
|
||
<figureCitation id="13292A2AFF9F0E2FFDE2179D0FCCF90D" box="[609,705,1763,1789]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,255,1534,1558]" captionTargetBox="[172,1409,214,1492]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,197,1510]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Predicted distribution of Asphinctopone from: A, BIOCLIM using A. silvestrii and A. differens localities; B, BIOCLIM using A. silvestrii, A. differens and A. pilosa localities; C, DOMAIN using A. silvestrii and A. differens localities; D, DOMAIN using A. silvestrii, A. differens and A. pilosa localities." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/195425/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">Figure 3</figureCitation>
|
||
A) that one or both of these species could occur in a further 12 African countries (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F305763FFF9F0E2FFEF416760CDEF8D2" box="[375,467,1800,1826]" name="Angola" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">Angola</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F305763FFF9F0E2FFE6316760F27F8D2" box="[480,554,1800,1826]" name="Benin" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">Benin</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F305763FFF9F0E2FFDB516760ED1F8D2" box="[566,988,1800,1826]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">Democratic Republic of the Congo</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F305763FFF9F0E2FFC6A1676095CF8D2" box="[1001,1105,1800,1826]" name="Ethiopia" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">Ethiopia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F305763FFF9F0E2FFBDD16760837F8D2" box="[1118,1338,1800,1826]" name="Equatorial Guinea" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">Equatorial Guinea</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F305763FFF9F0E2FFAC416760895F8D2" box="[1351,1432,1800,1826]" name="Kenya" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F305763FFF9F0E2FFF1416500DF8F8B8" box="[151,245,1838,1864]" name="Liberia" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">Liberia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F305763FFF9F0E2FFE8116500F2EF8B8" box="[258,547,1838,1864]" name="Republic of the Congo" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">Republic of the Congo</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F305763FFF9F0E2FFDB316500FD9F8B8" box="[560,724,1838,1864]" name="Sierra Leone" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">Sierra Leone</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F305763FFF9F0E2FFD6116500E3EF8B8" box="[738,819,1838,1864]" name="Sudan" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">Sudan</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F305763FFF9F0E2FFCC316500E70F8B8" box="[832,893,1838,1864]" name="Tonga" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">Toga</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F305763FFF9F0E2FFC3F1650092FF8B8" box="[956,1058,1838,1864]" name="Uganda" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">Uganda</collectingCountry>
|
||
). However, in some cases the distribution within these countries is expected to be very limited (e.g. to the far north-east in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F305763FFF9F0E2FFA8D162D0867F89D" box="[1294,1386,1875,1901]" name="Angola" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">Angola</collectingCountry>
|
||
, the southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F305763FFF9F0E2FFE8816060C54F862" box="[267,345,1912,1938]" name="Sudan" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">Sudan</collectingCountry>
|
||
and western
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F305763FFF9F0E2FFD8116060F7EF862" box="[514,627,1912,1938]" name="Ethiopia" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">Ethiopia</collectingCountry>
|
||
). Inclusion of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D2CFF9F0E2FFCE316070EDDF862" box="[864,976,1913,1938]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Asphinctopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pilosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EABDFF9F0E2FFCE316070EDDF862" box="[864,976,1913,1938]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">A. pilosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
locality in the model resulted in the predicted suitable area in many of these countries increasing substantially (see
|
||
<figureCitation id="13292A2AFF9F0E2FFBDE16E009CFF848" box="[1117,1218,1950,1976]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,255,1534,1558]" captionTargetBox="[172,1409,214,1492]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,197,1510]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Predicted distribution of Asphinctopone from: A, BIOCLIM using A. silvestrii and A. differens localities; B, BIOCLIM using A. silvestrii, A. differens and A. pilosa localities; C, DOMAIN using A. silvestrii and A. differens localities; D, DOMAIN using A. silvestrii, A. differens and A. pilosa localities." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/195425/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">Figure 3</figureCitation>
|
||
B) and also in the inclusion of parts of north-western
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F305763FFF9F0E2FFDC016BD0FBEF82D" box="[579,691,1987,2013]" name="Tanzania" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
|
||
. While this may not be a realistic expansion of the predicted ranges of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D2CFF9E0E2EFE8F11E60C9CFF41" box="[268,401,152,177]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Asphinctopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="silvestrii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EABDFF9E0E2EFE8F11E60C9CFF41" box="[268,401,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="34">A. silvestrii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D2CFF9E0E2EFE4F11E60F5FFF41" box="[460,594,152,177]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Asphinctopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="differens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EABDFF9E0E2EFE4F11E60F5FFF41" box="[460,594,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="34">A. differens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, it could indicate the possibility of additional
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D2CFF9E0E2EFBF011E6082CFF41" box="[1139,1313,152,177]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Asphinctopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EABDFF9E0E2EFBF011E6082CFF41" box="[1139,1313,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="34">Asphinctopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species in areas beyond the ranges of the known species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAD36AFFF9E0E2EFF47119C0942FE47" blockId="7.[151,1437,152,439]" pageId="7" pageNumber="34">
|
||
It is recognised that BIOCLIM often under-predicts species distributions (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF834B5EFF9E0E2EFBA4119C09A3FF0C" author="Ward" box="[1063,1198,226,252]" pageId="7" pageNumber="36" refString="Ward, D. F. (2007) Modelling the potential geographic distribution if invasive ant species in New Zealand. Biological Invasions, 9, 723 - 735." type="journal article" year="2007">Ward 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but the use here of a selected subset of bioclimatic variables and adjusting tail checkboxes resulted in a predicted distribution greater than the core area predicted by DOMAIN (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13292A2AFF9E0E2EFD6010530E48FEB7" box="[739,837,301,327]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,255,1534,1558]" captionTargetBox="[172,1409,214,1492]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,197,1510]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Predicted distribution of Asphinctopone from: A, BIOCLIM using A. silvestrii and A. differens localities; B, BIOCLIM using A. silvestrii, A. differens and A. pilosa localities; C, DOMAIN using A. silvestrii and A. differens localities; D, DOMAIN using A. silvestrii, A. differens and A. pilosa localities." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/195425/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="34">Figure 3</figureCitation>
|
||
C and 3D). The large non-core area mapped by the latter model illustrates a low predicted probability of occurrence, so the apparently very large predicted distributions in
|
||
<figureCitation id="13292A2AFF9E0E2EFED510060CB7FE62" box="[342,442,376,402]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,255,1534,1558]" captionTargetBox="[172,1409,214,1492]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,197,1510]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Predicted distribution of Asphinctopone from: A, BIOCLIM using A. silvestrii and A. differens localities; B, BIOCLIM using A. silvestrii, A. differens and A. pilosa localities; C, DOMAIN using A. silvestrii and A. differens localities; D, DOMAIN using A. silvestrii, A. differens and A. pilosa localities." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/195425/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="34">Figure 3</figureCitation>
|
||
C and 3D should perhaps be viewed with some scepticism, especially as the latter includes some very improbable areas such as a large portion of the Namib desert.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |