662 lines
75 KiB
XML
662 lines
75 KiB
XML
<document id="A071F2401A31C7FF6AEEA4FE4114D810" ID-DOI="10.1080/00222930903243996" ID-ISSN="1464-5262" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5217999" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1629305305648" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Chavarría, Laura, Hanson, Paul, Marsh, Paul & Shaw, Scott" docDate="2009" docId="03BB4A5CF336BE2EFE2F6372768B6BA7" docLanguage="en" docName="JNatHist.43.43-44.2677-2689.pdf" docOrigin="Journal of Natural History 43 (43 - 44)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930903243996" docStyle="DocumentStyle:DE8A86AD4006EFA56F95B2AAEFBF2813.5:JNatHist.2008-2012.journal_article.2cover" docStyleId="DE8A86AD4006EFA56F95B2AAEFBF2813" docStyleName="JNatHist.2008-2012.journal_article.2cover" docStyleVersion="5" docTitle="Allorhogas conostegia Marsh and Shaw 2009, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="2686" masterDocId="FF823224F332BE25FF8C661D776B6E75" masterDocTitle="A phytophagous braconid, Allorhogas conostegia sp. nov. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), in the fruits of Conostegia xalapensis (Bonpl.) D. Don (Melastomataceae)" masterLastPageNumber="2689" masterPageNumber="2677" pageNumber="2679" updateTime="1699067955190" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:titleInfo id="77D0A8E64F2BA3D11CC31A72F0BA5A6E">
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<mods:title id="05DA91F3B838F53D9497C73CB754B031">A phytophagous braconid, Allorhogas conostegia sp. nov. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), in the fruits of Conostegia xalapensis (Bonpl.) D. Don (Melastomataceae)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="E6A21FCF73AEBF1CD816C50C74CCC411" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="1380133AE0FDE1D64E34E3E5A82D525C">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="31D5A17725F374A2363AD0C9EF2A6A7C">Chavarría, Laura</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="2FD9B13C71DF2D47EAB999AB266B4538" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="61850DC31B92EF25201AA0F90D303D6D">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="1CF3EF991238D93A153344610FC50458">Hanson, Paul</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="7A10E443ED95B4F5292204903DCB1B78" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="50B35804D54638AC64679C784BC387EB">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="6570E615414BDDC06D25DF9E53CA7E7C">Marsh, Paul</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="D407A412C252FF9CAEA75102858D8E4F" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="2866EBD508F8C49E612A64AFC447F387">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="972C743ECCCE8BF7AA108AEEFA8A3409">Shaw, Scott</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="68089D481F250685D90B45FCEF9430BC">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo id="D9CB15DD115F53CFAC79AA10627F3BC9">
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<mods:title id="9C32F5C5B059763B177CAA72C43CDB3E">Journal of Natural History</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="B3B77AF94C852C9FF2EEF1519E7F862E">
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<mods:date id="83673D358E0398A1304307E2E0FA121A">2009</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="BE2FF71C996693FD455816D6F984DB84" type="pubDate">
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<mods:number id="3A47A278AB1A22126CA587E71335C728">2009-10-13</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail id="6CDACCAE6728A9505B34ABCA34220878" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="63BCA65C7128C46394BED5B0F132685A">43</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail id="4241EF68C186E32869A49FA424C57347" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="1D6F0706F66923BDB5A155823225EA55">43 - 44</mods:number>
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<mods:extent id="9320156A8FDFC444A96FD64EE5020EC2" unit="page">
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<mods:start id="9ED87B3AA0254E2544B69629E96AE411">2677</mods:start>
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<mods:url id="2EEF83AB107062474F4BCFFFD0CE157B">http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930903243996</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="E95478EAE2E41A27C32A67523473854D">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="BBF5BCBF12D1229FB4B97EC57827977B" type="DOI">10.1080/00222930903243996</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="FC8BE655E1853FB7FDB854AF3CC0155F" type="ISSN">1464-5262</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="3D2CD268F56E630E36F5A55C1FD7E74B" type="Zenodo-Dep">5217999</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="03BB4A5CF336BE2EFE2F6372768B6BA7" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BB4A5CF336BE2EFE2F6372768B6BA7" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BB4A5CF336BE2EFE2F6372768B6BA7" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="2686" pageId="4" pageNumber="2679">
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<subSubSection id="C308A8C1F336BE21FE2F637274AE6BF2" box="[419,965,1391,1415]" pageId="4" pageNumber="2679" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BADFB4AF336BE21FE2F637274AE6BF2" blockId="4.[419,965,1391,1447]" box="[419,965,1391,1415]" pageId="4" pageNumber="2679">
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<heading id="D0E54C26F336BE21FE2F637274AE6BF2" box="[419,965,1391,1415]" centered="true" fontSize="36" level="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="2679" reason="7">
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<taxonomicName id="4C1280C9F336BE21FE2F6372740A6BF2" authority="Marsh and Shaw" authorityName="Marsh and Shaw" authorityYear="2009" box="[419,865,1391,1415]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Allorhogas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="2679" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="conostegia" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B9662758F336BE21FE2F637275FD6BF2" bold="true" box="[419,662,1391,1415]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="2679">Allorhogas conostegia</emphasis>
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Marsh and Shaw
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2559A23F336BE21FCE0636D74AE6BF2" box="[876,965,1392,1415]" pageId="4" pageNumber="2679" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C308A8C1F336BE2EFDF76392768B6BA7" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="2686" pageId="4" pageNumber="2679" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BADFB4AF336BE21FDF7639275876BD2" blockId="4.[419,965,1391,1447]" box="[635,748,1423,1447]" pageId="4" pageNumber="2679">
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||
(
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||
<figureCitation id="1329E7CFF336BE21FD0F639275896BD2" box="[643,738,1423,1447]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="5.[144,211,1357,1379]" captionTargetBox="[144,1083,168,1327]" captionTargetId="figure-115@5.[144,1104,167,1328]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 1. Allorhogas conostegia Marsh and Shaw, female. (A) Head, anterior view (scale bar 0.3 mm); (B) head, dorsal lateral view (scale bar 0.3 mm); (C) mesosoma, dorsal view (scale bar 0.5 mm); (D) mesopleuron, lateral view (scale bar 0.3 mm); (E) metasoma, dorsal view (scale bar 0.3 mm); (F) ovipositor, lateral view (scale bar 0.03 mm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5218001" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5218001/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="2679">Figure 1</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BADFB4AF336BE21FF5863C5764F6B85" blockId="4.[212,292,1496,1520]" box="[212,292,1496,1520]" pageId="4" pageNumber="2679">
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<emphasis id="B9662758F336BE21FF5863C5764F6B85" box="[212,292,1496,1520]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="2679">Female</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BADFB4AF336BE21FF58601D769A6862" blockId="4.[212,497,1535,1560]" box="[212,497,1535,1560]" pageId="4" pageNumber="2679">
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<emphasis id="B9662758F336BE21FF58601D7634686D" box="[212,351,1536,1560]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="2679">Body length.</emphasis>
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2.5–3.0 mm.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BADFB4AF336BE21FF58605D741868E2" blockId="4.[212,1172,1599,1687]" pageId="4" pageNumber="2679">
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<emphasis id="B9662758F336BE21FF58605D7643682D" box="[212,296,1600,1624]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="2679">Colour.</emphasis>
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Body mostly yellowish brown to honey yellow, flagellum yellowish brown to yellowish white, gradually darker apically, apical tarsomeres brown, wing veins light brown to yellowish white, stigma yellow to yellowish white.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="DF6DABC2F337BE20FF1C635075976BCE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5218001" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5218001" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5218001/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="2680" startId="5.[144,211,1357,1379]" targetBox="[144,1083,168,1327]" targetPageId="5">
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<paragraph id="8BADFB4AF337BE20FF1C635075976BCE" blockId="5.[144,1104,1357,1467]" pageId="5" pageNumber="2680">
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Figure 1.
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<taxonomicName id="4C1280C9F337BE20FF75635375FB6B16" authority="Marsh and Shaw" authorityName="Marsh and Shaw" authorityYear="2009" box="[249,656,1357,1380]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Allorhogas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="2680" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="conostegia">
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<emphasis id="B9662758F337BE20FF75635376BD6B11" box="[249,470,1358,1380]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="2680">Allorhogas conostegia</emphasis>
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Marsh and Shaw
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</taxonomicName>
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, female. (A) Head, anterior view (scale bar 0.3 mm); (B) head, dorsal lateral view (scale bar 0.3 mm); (C) mesosoma, dorsal view (scale bar 0.5 mm); (D) mesopleuron, lateral view (scale bar 0.3 mm); (E) metasoma, dorsal view (scale bar 0.3 mm); (F) ovipositor, lateral view (scale bar 0.03 mm).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="8BADFB4AF337BE20FF1C603B737668E8" blockId="5.[144,1104,1573,1694]" pageId="5" pageNumber="2680">
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<emphasis id="B9662758F337BE20FF1C603B77BF684B" box="[144,212,1574,1598]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="2680">Head.</emphasis>
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Face granular, swollen medially (
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<figureCitation id="1329E7CFF337BE20FDC3603875AE6848" box="[591,709,1573,1597]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="5.[144,211,1357,1379]" captionTargetBox="[144,1083,168,1327]" captionTargetId="figure-115@5.[144,1104,167,1328]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 1. Allorhogas conostegia Marsh and Shaw, female. (A) Head, anterior view (scale bar 0.3 mm); (B) head, dorsal lateral view (scale bar 0.3 mm); (C) mesosoma, dorsal view (scale bar 0.5 mm); (D) mesopleuron, lateral view (scale bar 0.3 mm); (E) metasoma, dorsal view (scale bar 0.3 mm); (F) ovipositor, lateral view (scale bar 0.03 mm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5218001" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5218001/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="2680">Figure 1A</figureCitation>
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); malar space granular, about onethird eye height; frons granular, deeply excavated, often weakly margined near eyes; vertex granular, ocellar–ocular distance 3.5–4.0 times diameter of lateral ocellus; temple granular, in dorsal view swollen behind eye (
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<figureCitation id="1329E7CFF337BE20FD226098744A68E8" box="[686,801,1669,1693]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="5.[144,211,1357,1379]" captionTargetBox="[144,1083,168,1327]" captionTargetId="figure-115@5.[144,1104,167,1328]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 1. Allorhogas conostegia Marsh and Shaw, female. (A) Head, anterior view (scale bar 0.3 mm); (B) head, dorsal lateral view (scale bar 0.3 mm); (C) mesosoma, dorsal view (scale bar 0.5 mm); (D) mesopleuron, lateral view (scale bar 0.3 mm); (E) metasoma, dorsal view (scale bar 0.3 mm); (F) ovipositor, lateral view (scale bar 0.03 mm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5218001" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5218001/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="2680">Figure 1B</figureCitation>
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); 18–22 flagellomeres.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BADFB4AF334BE23FF5866BA73586FEA" blockId="6.[212,1172,167,416]" pageId="6" pageNumber="2681">
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<emphasis id="B9662758F334BE23FF5866BA76396ECA" box="[212,338,167,191]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="2681">Mesosoma.</emphasis>
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Pronotum laterally granular dorsally, scrobiculate below, pronotal collar very short behind eye; mesoscutal lobes granular, notauli deeply scrobiculate, meeting before scutellum in triangular rugose area, median lobe with median groove which is distinct at least in triangular rugose area, often weakly indicated anteriorly (
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<figureCitation id="1329E7CFF334BE23FB9F671A73EE6F6A" box="[1043,1157,263,287]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="5.[144,211,1357,1379]" captionTargetBox="[144,1083,168,1327]" captionTargetId="figure-115@5.[144,1104,167,1328]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 1. Allorhogas conostegia Marsh and Shaw, female. (A) Head, anterior view (scale bar 0.3 mm); (B) head, dorsal lateral view (scale bar 0.3 mm); (C) mesosoma, dorsal view (scale bar 0.5 mm); (D) mesopleuron, lateral view (scale bar 0.3 mm); (E) metasoma, dorsal view (scale bar 0.3 mm); (F) ovipositor, lateral view (scale bar 0.03 mm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5218001" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5218001/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="2681">Figure 1C</figureCitation>
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); scutellum granulate, prescutellar furrow wide, with four or five cross carinae; mesopleuron weakly granular, often almost smooth above sternaulus, subalar groove rugose, sternaulus weakly scrobiculate, about two-thirds width of mesopleuron (
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<figureCitation id="1329E7CFF334BE23FB81677A73EF6F0A" box="[1037,1156,359,383]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="5.[144,211,1357,1379]" captionTargetBox="[144,1083,168,1327]" captionTargetId="figure-115@5.[144,1104,167,1328]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 1. Allorhogas conostegia Marsh and Shaw, female. (A) Head, anterior view (scale bar 0.3 mm); (B) head, dorsal lateral view (scale bar 0.3 mm); (C) mesosoma, dorsal view (scale bar 0.5 mm); (D) mesopleuron, lateral view (scale bar 0.3 mm); (E) metasoma, dorsal view (scale bar 0.3 mm); (F) ovipositor, lateral view (scale bar 0.03 mm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5218001" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5218001/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="2681">Figure 1D</figureCitation>
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); propodeum entirely rugose, areola distinctly margined by carinae (
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<figureCitation id="1329E7CFF334BE23FC3E679A734E6FEA" box="[946,1061,391,415]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="5.[144,211,1357,1379]" captionTargetBox="[144,1083,168,1327]" captionTargetId="figure-115@5.[144,1104,167,1328]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 1. Allorhogas conostegia Marsh and Shaw, female. (A) Head, anterior view (scale bar 0.3 mm); (B) head, dorsal lateral view (scale bar 0.3 mm); (C) mesosoma, dorsal view (scale bar 0.5 mm); (D) mesopleuron, lateral view (scale bar 0.3 mm); (E) metasoma, dorsal view (scale bar 0.3 mm); (F) ovipositor, lateral view (scale bar 0.03 mm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5218001" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5218001/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="2681">Figure 1C</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BADFB4AF334BE23FF5867DA74656C6A" blockId="6.[212,1172,455,543]" pageId="6" pageNumber="2681">
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<emphasis id="B9662758F334BE23FF5867DA76496FAA" box="[212,290,455,479]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="2681">Wings.</emphasis>
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Forewing vein r one-half length of vein 3RSa, vein m-cu meeting vein 2RS in
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<typeStatus id="54A945E8F334BE23FF5867FA76536F8A" box="[212,312,487,511]" pageId="6" pageNumber="2681" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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and most
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<typeStatus id="54A945E8F334BE23FE3B67F575436C75" box="[439,552,488,512]" pageId="6" pageNumber="2681" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
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, occasionally slightly distad vein 2RS; hindwing vein M + CU equal to or slightly shorter than vein
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<specimenCount id="9D1430C3F334BE23FD53641A74656C6A" box="[735,782,519,543]" pageId="6" pageNumber="2681" type="generic">1M.</specimenCount>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BADFB4AF334BE23FF58645A76A36C0A" blockId="6.[212,1172,583,639]" pageId="6" pageNumber="2681">
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<emphasis id="B9662758F334BE23FF58645A767B6C2A" box="[212,272,583,607]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="2681">Legs.</emphasis>
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Hind coxa with distinct anteroventral basal tubercle, hind femur about four times as long as wide.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BADFB4AF334BE23FF5864BA75996D0A" blockId="6.[212,1172,679,895]" pageId="6" pageNumber="2681">
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<emphasis id="B9662758F334BE23FF5864BA763A6CCA" box="[212,337,679,703]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="2681">Metasoma.</emphasis>
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||
First tergum short and broad, apical width slightly greater than length, basal area smooth and at almost 90° to apical half, tergum longitudinally costate beyond basal area, basal area with distinct carina separating it from apical half of tergum, median area distinctly margined laterally and with weaker median longitudinal carina (
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<figureCitation id="1329E7CFF334BE23FEA4653A76F76D4A" box="[296,412,807,831]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="5.[144,211,1357,1379]" captionTargetBox="[144,1083,168,1327]" captionTargetId="figure-115@5.[144,1104,167,1328]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 1. Allorhogas conostegia Marsh and Shaw, female. (A) Head, anterior view (scale bar 0.3 mm); (B) head, dorsal lateral view (scale bar 0.3 mm); (C) mesosoma, dorsal view (scale bar 0.5 mm); (D) mesopleuron, lateral view (scale bar 0.3 mm); (E) metasoma, dorsal view (scale bar 0.3 mm); (F) ovipositor, lateral view (scale bar 0.03 mm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5218001" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5218001/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="2681">Figure 1E</figureCitation>
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); second tergum longitudinally costate; third tergum longitudinally costate on basal half, smooth on apical half; remainder of terga smooth; ovipositor (
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<figureCitation id="1329E7CFF334BE23FF57657A76276D0A" box="[219,332,871,895]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="5.[144,211,1357,1379]" captionTargetBox="[144,1083,168,1327]" captionTargetId="figure-115@5.[144,1104,167,1328]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 1. Allorhogas conostegia Marsh and Shaw, female. (A) Head, anterior view (scale bar 0.3 mm); (B) head, dorsal lateral view (scale bar 0.3 mm); (C) mesosoma, dorsal view (scale bar 0.5 mm); (D) mesopleuron, lateral view (scale bar 0.3 mm); (E) metasoma, dorsal view (scale bar 0.3 mm); (F) ovipositor, lateral view (scale bar 0.03 mm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5218001" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5218001/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="2681">Figure 1F</figureCitation>
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) about one-half length of metasoma.
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</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BADFB4AF334BE23FF5865B276656DB2" blockId="6.[212,270,943,967]" box="[212,270,943,967]" pageId="6" pageNumber="2681">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F334BE23FF5865B276656DB2" box="[212,270,943,967]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="2681">Male</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BADFB4AF334BE23FF5865CA76D56A5A" blockId="6.[212,1172,983,1071]" pageId="6" pageNumber="2681">Essentially as in female; mesosoma and metasoma mostly brown to yellowish brown, ventrally pale yellow to yellowish white; hind femur swollen, 2.5–3.0 times as long as wide at widest point.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BADFB4AF334BE23FF58624276E16A02" blockId="6.[212,394,1119,1143]" box="[212,394,1119,1143]" pageId="6" pageNumber="2681">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F334BE23FF58624276E16A02" box="[212,394,1119,1143]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="2681">
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A945E8F334BE23FF58624276506A02" box="[212,315,1119,1143]" pageId="6" pageNumber="2681" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
female
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BADFB4AF334BE23FF58629A74EB6ACA" blockId="6.[212,1172,1159,1215]" pageId="6" pageNumber="2681">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B7AF117F334BE23FF58629A74EB6ACA" collectingDate="2001-09-15" collectionCode="ESUW" collectorName="de Moravia & Conostegia & Paul Hanson & Deposited" country="Costa Rica" elevation="1600" location="Zurqui de Moravia" pageId="6" pageNumber="2681" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="San Jose" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F305BBDAF334BE23FF58629A763C6AEA" box="[212,343,1159,1183]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="6" pageNumber="2681">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49D635A8F334BE23FEEE629A76AC6AEA" box="[354,455,1159,1183]" country="Costa Rica" name="San Jose" pageId="6" pageNumber="2681">San José</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="8ECDAD91F334BE23FE58629A75D86AEA" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BB4A5CF336BE2EFE2F6372768B6BA7:8ECDAD91F334BE23FE58629A75D86AEA" box="[468,691,1159,1183]" country="Costa Rica" name="Zurqui de Moravia" pageId="6" pageNumber="2681" stateProvince="San Jose">
|
||
Zurqui
|
||
<collectorName id="26E79E9CF334BE23FDA7629A75D86AEA" box="[555,691,1159,1183]" pageId="6" pageNumber="2681">de Moravia</collectorName>
|
||
</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="4CEA56AFF334BE23FD33629A747E6AEA" box="[703,789,1159,1183]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="6" pageNumber="2681" unit="m" value="1600.0">
|
||
<elevation id="003F1C79F334BE23FD33629A747E6AEA" box="[703,789,1159,1183]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="6" pageNumber="2681" unit="m" value="1600.0">1600 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FFACDD8AF334BE23FCAD629A74976AEA" box="[801,1020,1159,1183]" pageId="6" pageNumber="2681" value="2001-09-15">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFE82462F334BE23FCAD629A74976AEA" box="[801,1020,1159,1183]" pageId="6" pageNumber="2681" value="2001-09-15">15 September 2001</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
, ex.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F334BE23FBBD629A76046ACA" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="2681">
|
||
<collectorName id="26E79E9CF334BE23FBBD629A779D6ACA" pageId="6" pageNumber="2681">Conostegia</collectorName>
|
||
xalapensis
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
fruits,
|
||
<collectorName id="26E79E9CF334BE23FE3362BA75386ACA" box="[447,595,1191,1215]" pageId="6" pageNumber="2681">Paul Hanson</collectorName>
|
||
coll.
|
||
<collectorName id="26E79E9CF334BE23FD1D62BA746E6ACA" box="[657,773,1191,1215]" pageId="6" pageNumber="2681">Deposited</collectorName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED03638FF334BE23FCAB62BA74106ACA" box="[807,891,1191,1215]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/mgjb-f6gg" name="University of Wyoming Insect Museum and Gallery" pageId="6" pageNumber="2681">ESUW</collectionCode>
|
||
.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BADFB4AF334BE23FF5862F2762F6B72" blockId="6.[212,324,1263,1287]" box="[212,324,1263,1287]" pageId="6" pageNumber="2681">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F334BE23FF5862F2762F6B72" box="[212,324,1263,1287]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="2681">
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A945E8F334BE23FF5862F2762F6B72" box="[212,324,1263,1287]" pageId="6" pageNumber="2681" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BADFB4AF334BE23FF58630574B26BBA" blockId="6.[212,1172,1303,1488]" pageId="6" pageNumber="2681">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B7AF117F334BE23FF58630576C86B3A" collectingDate="2001-09-15" collectionCode="NMNH" collectorName="de Moravia & Conostegia & Paul Hanson & Deposited" country="Costa Rica" elevation="1600" location="Twenty" pageId="6" pageNumber="2681" specimenCount="81" specimenCount-female="1" specimenCount-male="80" stateProvince="San Jose" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<location id="8ECDAD91F334BE23FF58630576426B45" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BB4A5CF336BE2EFE2F6372768B6BA7:8ECDAD91F334BE23FF58630576426B45" box="[212,297,1304,1328]" name="Twenty" pageId="6" pageNumber="2681">Twenty</location>
|
||
females,
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D1430C3F334BE23FE2E630A75656B5A" box="[418,526,1303,1327]" pageId="6" pageNumber="2681" type="male">64 males</specimenCount>
|
||
, same data as holotype. Deposited in
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED03638FF334BE23FC7C630573276B5A" box="[1008,1100,1304,1327]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/142r-0w94" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="6" pageNumber="2681" type="Museum">NMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D1430C3F334BE23FBEE630A76476B3A" pageId="6" pageNumber="2681" type="female">four females</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D1430C3F334BE23FEBA632A76F16B3A" box="[310,410,1335,1359]" pageId="6" pageNumber="2681" type="male">16 males</specimenCount>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B7AF117F334BE23FE21632A74736B3A" box="[429,792,1335,1359]" collectingDate="2001-09-15" collectionCode="MCZ" collectorName="de Moravia & Conostegia & Paul Hanson & Deposited" country="Costa Rica" elevation="1600" isTailEnumeration="true" location="Twenty" pageId="6" pageNumber="2681" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-female="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="San Jose" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED03638FF334BE23FE21632A76876B3A" box="[429,492,1335,1359]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33791" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33791" name="Museum of Comparative Zoology" pageId="6" pageNumber="2681" type="Museum">MCZ</collectionCode>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D1430C3F334BE23FE76632A75EF6B3A" box="[506,644,1335,1359]" pageId="6" pageNumber="2681" type="female">two females</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D1430C3F334BE23FD02632A747B6B3A" box="[654,784,1335,1359]" pageId="6" pageNumber="2681" type="male">eight males</specimenCount>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B7AF117F334BE23FCAF632A73E46B3A" box="[803,1167,1335,1359]" collectionCode="MZCR" country="Costa Rica" pageId="6" pageNumber="2681" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-female="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="San Jose" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED03638FF334BE23FCAF632A741C6B3A" box="[803,887,1335,1359]" country="Costa Rica" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/qfj6-taa9" name="Museo de Zoologia" pageId="6" pageNumber="2681">MZCR</collectionCode>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D1430C3F334BE23FC08632A73696B3A" box="[900,1026,1335,1359]" pageId="6" pageNumber="2681" type="female">one female</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D1430C3F334BE23FB80632A73EC6B3A" box="[1036,1159,1335,1359]" pageId="6" pageNumber="2681" type="male">four males</specimenCount>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
, and remainder of series in ESUW.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B7AF117F334BE23FDD1634A76116BDA" collectingDate="2004-05-17" collectionCode="ESUW" collectorName="Conostegia & K. Nishida" country="Costa Rica" location="San Jeronimo de Moravia" municipality="Seven" pageId="6" pageNumber="2681" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="San Jose" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BC96130F334BE23FDD1634A75F46B1A" box="[605,671,1367,1391]" pageId="6" pageNumber="2681">Seven</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
females,
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D1430C3F334BE23FC84634574166B1A" box="[776,893,1367,1391]" pageId="6" pageNumber="2681" type="male">two males</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49D635A8F334BE23FC04634A74876B1A" box="[904,1004,1367,1391]" country="Costa Rica" name="San Jose" pageId="6" pageNumber="2681">San José</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="8ECDAD91F334BE23FC7B634A76306BFA" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BB4A5CF336BE2EFE2F6372768B6BA7:8ECDAD91F334BE23FC7B634A76306BFA" country="Costa Rica" municipality="Seven" name="San Jeronimo de Moravia" pageId="6" pageNumber="2681" stateProvince="San Jose">San Jeronimo de Moravia</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FFACDD8AF334BE23FEE4636A756A6BFA" box="[360,513,1399,1424]" pageId="6" pageNumber="2681" value="2004-05-17">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFE82462F334BE23FEE4636A756A6BFA" box="[360,513,1399,1424]" pageId="6" pageNumber="2681" value="2004-05-17">17 May 2004</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
, ex.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F334BE23FDBB636574456BE5" box="[567,814,1400,1424]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="2681">
|
||
<collectorName id="26E79E9CF334BE23FDBB636575D86BE5" box="[567,691,1400,1424]" pageId="6" pageNumber="2681">Conostegia</collectorName>
|
||
xalapensis
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
fruits,
|
||
<collectorName id="26E79E9CF334BE23FC0E6365736B6BFA" box="[898,1024,1399,1423]" pageId="6" pageNumber="2681">K. Nishida</collectorName>
|
||
coll. Deposited in
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED03638FF334BE23FEAA638A76116BDA" box="[294,378,1431,1455]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/mgjb-f6gg" name="University of Wyoming Insect Museum and Gallery" pageId="6" pageNumber="2681">ESUW</collectionCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B7AF117F334BE23FE0B638A74BE6BBA" collectingDate="2005-10-15" collectionCode="ESUW" collectorName="Conostegia & L. Chavarria" country="Costa Rica" location="Escazu" municipality="Nineteen" pageId="6" pageNumber="2681" specimenCount="14" specimenCount-male="14" stateProvince="San Jose" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BC96130F334BE23FE0B638A76866BDA" box="[391,493,1431,1455]" pageId="6" pageNumber="2681">Nineteen</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
females,
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D1430C3F334BE23FDD0638A75A86BDA" box="[604,707,1431,1455]" pageId="6" pageNumber="2681" type="male">14 males</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49D635A8F334BE23FD5C638A745C6BDA" box="[720,823,1431,1455]" country="Costa Rica" name="San Jose" pageId="6" pageNumber="2681">San José</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="8ECDAD91F334BE23FCC9638574FC6BDA" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BB4A5CF336BE2EFE2F6372768B6BA7:8ECDAD91F334BE23FCC9638574FC6BDA" box="[837,919,1432,1455]" country="Costa Rica" municipality="Nineteen" name="Escazu" pageId="6" pageNumber="2681" stateProvince="San Jose">Escazu</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FFACDD8AF334BE23FC28638A730D6BDA" box="[932,1126,1431,1455]" pageId="6" pageNumber="2681" value="2005-10-15">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFE82462F334BE23FC28638A730D6BDA" box="[932,1126,1431,1455]" pageId="6" pageNumber="2681" value="2005-10-15">15 October 2005</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
, ex.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F334BE23FF5863A576A26BA5" box="[212,457,1464,1488]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="2681">
|
||
<collectorName id="26E79E9CF334BE23FF5863A5763B6BA5" box="[212,336,1464,1488]" pageId="6" pageNumber="2681">Conostegia</collectorName>
|
||
xalapensis
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
fruits,
|
||
<collectorName id="26E79E9CF334BE23FD9563A575C76BBA" box="[537,684,1463,1487]" pageId="6" pageNumber="2681">L. Chavarría</collectorName>
|
||
coll. Deposited in
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED03638FF334BE23FC0C63AA74BE6BBA" box="[896,981,1463,1487]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/mgjb-f6gg" name="University of Wyoming Insect Museum and Gallery" pageId="6" pageNumber="2681">ESUW</collectionCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BADFB4AF334BE23FF58601D7621686D" blockId="6.[212,330,1536,1560]" box="[212,330,1536,1560]" pageId="6" pageNumber="2681">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F334BE23FF58601D7621686D" box="[212,330,1536,1560]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="2681">Comments</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BADFB4AF334BE22FF58603A77BD6C6A" blockId="6.[212,1172,1575,1695]" lastBlockId="7.[144,1104,167,767]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="2682" pageId="6" pageNumber="2681">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8386BBF334BE23FF58603A7606684A" author="Marsh PM" box="[212,365,1575,1599]" pageId="6" pageNumber="2681" pagination="1 - 319" refId="ref6415" refString="Marsh PM. 2002. The Doryctinae of Costa Rica (excluding the genus Heterospilus). Mem Am Entomol Inst. 70: 1 - 319." type="journal article" year="2002">Marsh (2002)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
presented a key to the species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1280C9F334BE23FD6B6035740A6835" authorityName="Gahan" authorityYear="1912" box="[743,865,1576,1600]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Allorhogas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="2681" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F334BE23FD6B6035740A6835" box="[743,865,1576,1600]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="2681">Allorhogas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurring in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F305BBDAF334BE23FC74603A731D684A" box="[1016,1142,1575,1599]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="6" pageNumber="2681">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
||
in which most species had forewing vein m-cu arising basal to or in line with vein 2RS, but a few had vein m-cu arising distal to vein 2RS. This character now appears to be more variable than previously thought because both conditions occur in the type-series of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1280C9F335BE22FEA266BA76AE6ECA" authorityName="Marsh and Shaw" authorityYear="2009" box="[302,453,167,191]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Allorhogas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="2682" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="conostegia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F335BE22FEA266BA76AE6ECA" box="[302,453,167,191]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="2682">A. conostegia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
described above. As a result, in Marsh’s key,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1280C9F335BE22FC5E66BA77D96EAA" authorityName="Marsh and Shaw" authorityYear="2009" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Allorhogas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="2682" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="conostegia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F335BE22FC5E66BA77D96EAA" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="2682">A. conostegia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
will run either to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1280C9F335BE22FE0566DA75366EAA" authority="Marsh" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="2002" box="[393,605,199,223]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Allorhogas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="2682" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sulcatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F335BE22FE0566DA756D6EAA" box="[393,518,199,223]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="2682">A. sulcatus</emphasis>
|
||
Marsh
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, or to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1280C9F335BE22FD2266DA74CF6EAA" authority="Marsh" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="2002" box="[686,932,199,223]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Allorhogas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="2682" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zurquiensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F335BE22FD2266DA74266EAA" box="[686,845,199,223]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="2682">A. zurquiensis</emphasis>
|
||
Marsh
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, depending on the position of vein m-cu.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1280C9F335BE22FE4E66FA75D16E8A" authorityName="Marsh and Shaw" authorityYear="2009" box="[450,698,231,255]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Allorhogas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="2682" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="conostegia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F335BE22FE4E66FA75D16E8A" box="[450,698,231,255]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="2682">Allorhogas conostegia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is easily distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1280C9F335BE22FB8866FA77A16F6A" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="2002" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Allorhogas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="2682" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sulcatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F335BE22FB8866FA77A16F6A" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="2682">A. sulcatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which has a long and distinct median mesonotal sulcus and mostly black body colour, and it can be distinguished from both of these other species by its smaller body size and fewer flagellomeres.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1280C9F335BE22FDA2675A744C6F2A" authorityName="Marsh and Shaw" authorityYear="2009" box="[558,807,327,351]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Allorhogas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="2682" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="conostegia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F335BE22FDA2675A744C6F2A" box="[558,807,327,351]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="2682">Allorhogas conostegia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is 2.5–3.0 mm long with 18–22 flagellomeres. Both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1280C9F335BE22FE32677A75536F0A" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="2002" box="[446,568,359,383]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Allorhogas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="2682" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sulcatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F335BE22FE32677A75536F0A" box="[446,568,359,383]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="2682">A. sulcatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1280C9F335BE22FDFD677A74666F0A" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="2002" box="[625,781,359,383]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Allorhogas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="2682" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zurquiensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F335BE22FDFD677A74666F0A" box="[625,781,359,383]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="2682">A. zurquiensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are larger (body length 3.5– 4.0 mm and
|
||
<quantity id="4CEA56AFF335BE22FEAD679A76C16FEA" box="[289,426,391,415]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" metricValueMax="4.5" metricValueMin="3.5" pageId="7" pageNumber="2682" unit="mm" value="4.0" valueMax="4.5" valueMin="3.5">3.5–4.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
, respectively) and both have more flagellomeres (28 flagellomeres and 24–28 flagellomeres, respectively). The shape of the metasoma is more compact in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1280C9F335BE22FE9467DA76DB6FAA" authorityName="Marsh and Shaw" authorityYear="2009" box="[280,432,455,479]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Allorhogas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="2682" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="conostegia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F335BE22FE9467DA76DB6FAA" box="[280,432,455,479]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="2682">A. conostegia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="1329E7CFF335BE22FE4C67DA755E6FAA" box="[448,565,455,479]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="5.[144,211,1357,1379]" captionTargetBox="[144,1083,168,1327]" captionTargetId="figure-115@5.[144,1104,167,1328]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 1. Allorhogas conostegia Marsh and Shaw, female. (A) Head, anterior view (scale bar 0.3 mm); (B) head, dorsal lateral view (scale bar 0.3 mm); (C) mesosoma, dorsal view (scale bar 0.5 mm); (D) mesopleuron, lateral view (scale bar 0.3 mm); (E) metasoma, dorsal view (scale bar 0.3 mm); (F) ovipositor, lateral view (scale bar 0.03 mm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5218001" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5218001/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="2682">Figure 1E</figureCitation>
|
||
), whereas in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1280C9F335BE22FD4367DA74216FAA" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="2002" box="[719,842,455,479]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Allorhogas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="2682" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sulcatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F335BE22FD4367DA74216FAA" box="[719,842,455,479]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="2682">A. sulcatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1280C9F335BE22FC0A67DA734F6FAA" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="2002" box="[902,1060,455,479]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Allorhogas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="2682" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zurquiensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F335BE22FC0A67DA734F6FAA" box="[902,1060,455,479]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="2682">A. zurquiensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the metasoma is longer and more an elongated oval in shape (as in fig. 91 of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8386BBF335BE22FB8867FA77A06C6A" author="Marsh PM" pageId="7" pageNumber="2682" pagination="1 - 319" refId="ref6415" refString="Marsh PM. 2002. The Doryctinae of Costa Rica (excluding the genus Heterospilus). Mem Am Entomol Inst. 70: 1 - 319." type="journal article" year="2002">Marsh 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BADFB4AF335BE22FF36643A76DF6C8A" blockId="7.[144,1104,167,767]" pageId="7" pageNumber="2682">
|
||
Body colour in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1280C9F335BE22FEE1643A75686C4A" authorityName="Marsh and Shaw" authorityYear="2009" box="[365,515,551,575]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Allorhogas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="2682" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="conostegia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F335BE22FEE1643A75686C4A" box="[365,515,551,575]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="2682">A. conostegia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
appears to be rather consistent within reared series from a single location, but varies significantly among series from different locations. The series from Zurqui de Moravia has more specimens that were a darker brown, whereas the series from San Jeronimo de Moravia contained the lightest-coloured specimens. In some individuals from San Jeronimo de Moravia, the light colours of the head, antenna, legs, wing veins, sternaulus and metasomal venter are so pale that they appear almost white.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BADFB4AF335BE22FF1C6522779F6D22" blockId="7.[144,244,831,855]" box="[144,244,831,855]" pageId="7" pageNumber="2682">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F335BE22FF1C6522779F6D22" bold="true" box="[144,244,831,855]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="2682">The galls</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BADFB4AF335BE22FF1C6575756F6A8A" blockId="7.[144,1104,871,1695]" pageId="7" pageNumber="2682">
|
||
In addition to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1280C9F335BE22FEC9657A768B6D0A" authorityName="Marsh and Shaw" authorityYear="2009" box="[325,480,871,895]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Allorhogas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="2682" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="conostegia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F335BE22FEC9657A768B6D0A" box="[325,480,871,895]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="2682">A. conostegia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, seven species of Chalcidoidea (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1280C9F335BE22FCEB657A736C6D0A" box="[871,1031,871,895]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="2682" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
) were reared from the fruit galls on
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F335BE22FE6E659A751C6DEA" box="[482,631,903,927]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="2682">C. xalapensis</emphasis>
|
||
: three species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1280C9F335BE22FCB6659A77A86DCA" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="2682" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Tetrastichinae">Tetrastichinae (Eulophidae)</taxonomicName>
|
||
, at least one of which is
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1280C9F335BE22FE5565BA75026DCA" box="[473,617,935,959]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Aprostocetus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="2682" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F335BE22FE5565BA75026DCA" box="[473,617,935,959]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="2682">Aprostocetus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1280C9F335BE22FDF465BA74C56DCA" box="[632,942,935,959]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="2682" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F335BE22FDF465BA75886DCA" box="[632,739,935,959]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="2682">Eupelmus</emphasis>
|
||
sp. (Eupelmidae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1280C9F335BE22FC3565BA733B6DCA" box="[953,1104,935,959]" class="Insecta" family="Eurytomidae" genus="Eurytoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="2682" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F335BE22FC3565BA73436DCA" box="[953,1064,935,959]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="2682">Eurytoma</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1280C9F335BE22FF4F65DA75676DAA" box="[195,524,967,991]" class="Insecta" family="Eurytomidae" genus="Sycophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="2682" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F335BE22FF4F65DA765B6DAA" box="[195,304,967,991]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="2682">Sycophila</emphasis>
|
||
sp. (Eurytomidae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1280C9F335BE22FDC065DA741F6DAA" box="[588,884,967,991]" class="Insecta" family="Torymidae" genus="Torymus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="2682" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F335BE22FDC065DA75C46DAA" box="[588,687,967,991]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="2682">Torymus</emphasis>
|
||
sp. (Torymidae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, none of these other gall occupants was as consistently present in all samples as was
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1280C9F335BE22FC6B65FA77AD6A6A" authorityName="Marsh and Shaw" authorityYear="2009" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Allorhogas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="2682" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="conostegia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F335BE22FC6B65FA77AD6A6A" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="2682">A. conostegia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which strongly suggests that the latter is the gall inducer. In none of the fruit dissections were mature larvae or pupae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1280C9F335BE22FD01623A744E6A4A" authorityName="Marsh and Shaw" authorityYear="2009" box="[653,805,1063,1087]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Allorhogas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="2682" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="conostegia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F335BE22FD01623A744E6A4A" box="[653,805,1063,1087]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="2682">A. conostegia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
found together with host remains, which one would expect if it were a parasitoid (although this is not always the case). To the contrary, ectoparasitic larvae were often found on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1280C9F335BE22FC3C627A73236A0A" authorityName="Marsh and Shaw" authorityYear="2009" box="[944,1096,1127,1151]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Allorhogas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="2682" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="conostegia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F335BE22FC3C627A73236A0A" box="[944,1096,1127,1151]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="2682">A. conostegia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, although these were not individually reared to determine their identities. We therefore conclude that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1280C9F335BE22FEE062BA75686ACA" authorityName="Marsh and Shaw" authorityYear="2009" box="[364,515,1191,1215]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Allorhogas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="2682" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="conostegia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F335BE22FEE062BA75686ACA" box="[364,515,1191,1215]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="2682">A. conostegia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the gall inducer and that the six chalcidoids are parasitoids and/or inquilines. Total parasitism by the six chalcidoids at Zurquí was 44%, while at Escazú it was 55%.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BADFB4AF335BE22FF36631A762A68EA" blockId="7.[144,1104,871,1695]" pageId="7" pageNumber="2682">
|
||
The galls are located inside the fruits of
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F335BE22FD0F631A747C6B6A" box="[643,791,1287,1311]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="2682">C. xalapensis</emphasis>
|
||
and are not visible without dissection. The exact tissue (seed versus fruit) in which the galls are located is still uncertain. Fruits contained 1–14 galls, but the average was two or three (see below). Uninfected fruits ranged from
|
||
<quantity id="4CEA56AFF335BE22FE63637A75236B0A" box="[495,584,1383,1407]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="7" pageNumber="2682" unit="cm" value="0.17">0.17 cm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter when immature to
|
||
<quantity id="4CEA56AFF335BE22FC3F637A73676B0A" box="[947,1036,1383,1407]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.92" pageId="7" pageNumber="2682" unit="cm" value="2.92">2.92 cm</quantity>
|
||
when mature, while galled fruits had a maximum diameter of
|
||
<quantity id="4CEA56AFF335BE22FC98639A740F6BEA" box="[788,868,1415,1439]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6" pageId="7" pageNumber="2682" unit="cm" value="2.6">2.6 cm</quantity>
|
||
. The galls contained only one
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1280C9F335BE22FF7563B576E56BB5" authorityName="Marsh and Shaw" authorityYear="2009" box="[249,398,1448,1472]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Allorhogas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="2682" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="conostegia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F335BE22FF7563B576E56BB5" box="[249,398,1448,1472]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="2682">A. conostegia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
per gall. When the galls were larger, they occupied from 50 to 85% of the fruit, pressing against the carpels and making the latter difficult to distinguish. In 9% of all infested fruits, different galls contained different developmental stages (larva, pupa or adult) of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1280C9F335BE22FD80601575CE6855" authorityName="Marsh and Shaw" authorityYear="2009" box="[524,677,1544,1568]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Allorhogas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="2682" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="conostegia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F335BE22FD80601575CE6855" box="[524,677,1544,1568]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="2682">A. conostegia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In the carpel where the gall(s) was found, the seeds were displaced toward the edges of the fruit, and these seeds were about 75% smaller and much softer than the seeds of healthy fruits. In addition, the mesocarp/endocarp was much harder, whereas in uninfected fruits this tissue becomes fleshy.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BADFB4AF33ABE2DFF5866BA75366ECA" blockId="8.[212,605,167,191]" box="[212,605,167,191]" pageId="8" pageNumber="2683">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F33ABE2DFF5866BA75366ECA" bold="true" box="[212,605,167,191]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="2683">Phenology of the plant and the galls</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BADFB4AF33ABE2DFF5866CD740B6CF2" blockId="8.[212,1172,207,935]" pageId="8" pageNumber="2683">
|
||
Trees at Zurquí had fruits during the entire year, but there were more trees with fruits between May and August, and a reduction between December and March (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F33ABE2DFBD366EC73076F7D" bold="true" box="[1119,1132,241,264]" pageId="8" pageNumber="2683">c</emphasis>
|
||
<superScript id="7C675602F33ABE2DFBE066F4731D6E8E" attach="left" box="[1132,1142,233,251]" fontSize="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="2683">2</superScript>
|
||
= 21.69, 11 df,
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F33ABE2DFEE9671276196F52" box="[357,370,271,295]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="2683">p</emphasis>
|
||
<0.05). Flower production varied during the year (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F33ABE2DFC32670C74A06F5D" bold="true" box="[958,971,273,296]" pageId="8" pageNumber="2683">c</emphasis>
|
||
<superScript id="7C675602F33ABE2DFC47671474BE6F6E" attach="left" box="[971,981,265,283]" fontSize="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="2683">2</superScript>
|
||
= 51.62, 11 df,
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F33ABE2DFB0A671273F86F52" box="[1158,1171,271,295]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="2683">p</emphasis>
|
||
<0.001), with trees producing more flowers from April to August. In Escazú most trees produced fruits just once during the year, and only three individuals had fruits most of the year. The number of trees with flowers (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F33ABE2DFC91676C74416FFD" bold="true" box="[797,810,369,392]" pageId="8" pageNumber="2683">c</emphasis>
|
||
<superScript id="7C675602F33ABE2DFCA66774745F6F0E" attach="left" box="[810,820,361,379]" fontSize="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="2683">2</superScript>
|
||
= 151.51, 14 df,
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F33ABE2DFC7D677274956FF2" box="[1009,1022,367,391]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="2683">p</emphasis>
|
||
<0.001) and fruits (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F33ABE2DFEAE678C76446FDD" bold="true" box="[290,303,401,424]" pageId="8" pageNumber="2683">c</emphasis>
|
||
<superScript id="7C675602F33ABE2DFEA3679476526FEE" attach="left" box="[303,313,393,411]" fontSize="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="2683">2</superScript>
|
||
= 72.58, 14 df,
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F33ABE2DFE786792756A6FD2" box="[500,513,399,423]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="2683">p</emphasis>
|
||
<0.001) varied between months of the year. There were more trees with flowers from February to March, while in September there were none; fruiting began in April and May and finished in December. The number of trees with and without galls varied throughout the year (Kolmogorv–Smirnov:
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F33ABE2DFBC367F273FF6C72" box="[1103,1172,495,519]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="2683">Dmax</emphasis>
|
||
= 0.54,
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F33ABE2DFEA3641276576C52" box="[303,316,527,551]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="2683">p</emphasis>
|
||
<0.05). At both sites there were more trees with galled fruits during the rainy season (August to November) than during the dry season (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F33ABE2DFC20643274DE6C32" box="[940,949,559,583]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="2683">t</emphasis>
|
||
= − 3,22, 22 df,
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F33ABE2DFBE2643273106C32" box="[1134,1147,559,583]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="2683">p</emphasis>
|
||
= 0.004) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1329E7CFF33ABE2DFEA2645276F36C12" box="[302,408,591,615]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="8.[212,279,1673,1695]" captionTargetBox="[212,1172,1011,1643]" captionTargetId="figure-369@8.[212,1172,1011,1643]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 2. Number of trees with galled fruits during the sampling period." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5218006" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5218006/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="2683">Figure 2</figureCitation>
|
||
). Trees at Zurquí had galls throughout the year, although the number of galls diminished between December and April.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BADFB4AF33ABE2CFF72649275756F6A" blockId="8.[212,1172,207,935]" lastBlockId="9.[144,1104,167,287]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="2684" pageId="8" pageNumber="2683">
|
||
At Zurquí there was temporal variation in the number of larvae and adults (Kolmogorov–Smirnov:
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F33ABE2DFE6164B275596CB2" box="[493,562,687,711]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="2683">Dmax</emphasis>
|
||
= 0.70,
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F33ABE2DFD1F64B275CB6CB2" box="[659,672,687,711]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="2683">p</emphasis>
|
||
<0.025), but when pupae were included in the analysis there was no variation (Kolmogorov–Smirnov:
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F33ABE2DFCF564D274D56C92" box="[889,958,719,743]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="2683">Dmax</emphasis>
|
||
= 0.60,
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F33ABE2DFB9664D2734C6C92" box="[1050,1063,719,743]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="2683">p</emphasis>
|
||
> 0.100). Larvae occurred twice during the year, from January to April and from July to August. Young larvae were more abundant in January and July, middle-aged larvae in February and August, and mature larvae in March and August. Most pupae were found from March to April, and in August. There were more adults in April (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F33ABE2DFBBD655273556D12" box="[1073,1086,847,871]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="2683">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 203), and from September to November (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F33ABE2DFDE86572751A6DF2" box="[612,625,879,903]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="2683">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 467). There was also temporal variation in the number of larvae, pupae and adults at Escazú (Kolmogorov–Smirnov:
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F33ABE2DFC75659273556DD2" box="[1017,1086,911,935]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="2683">Dmax</emphasis>
|
||
= 0.54,
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F33BBE2CFF1C66BA77F66ECA" box="[144,157,167,191]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="2684">p</emphasis>
|
||
<0.05). At this site larvae were most abundant from August to November and all larval stages had a peak of abundance in October. Although the sample of pupae was very small, they showed the same temporal pattern in abundance. Adults were most abundant from August to October.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF6DABC2F33ABE2DFF58609474DF68EA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5218006" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5218006" box="[212,948,1673,1695]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5218006/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="2683" startId="8.[212,279,1673,1695]" targetBox="[212,1172,1011,1643]" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BADFB4AF33ABE2DFF58609474DF68EA" blockId="8.[212,948,1673,1695]" box="[212,948,1673,1695]" pageId="8" pageNumber="2683">Figure 2. Number of trees with galled fruits during the sampling period.</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BADFB4AF33BBE2CFF1C674276996F02" blockId="9.[144,498,351,375]" box="[144,498,351,375]" pageId="9" pageNumber="2684">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F33BBE2CFF1C674276996F02" bold="true" box="[144,498,351,375]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="2684">Effects of galls on the host plant</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BADFB4AF33BBE2CFF1C679A76C36C4A" blockId="9.[144,1104,391,832]" pageId="9" pageNumber="2684">
|
||
A total of 7791 fruits were examined, 4421 from Zurquí and 3370 from Escazú. Of the total number of fruits examined from Escazú only 15% had galls, whereas at Zurquí 58% had galls (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F33BBE2CFE2E67D476C46F95" bold="true" box="[418,431,457,480]" pageId="9" pageNumber="2684">c</emphasis>
|
||
<superScript id="7C675602F33BBE2CFE3C67DC76D16FA6" attach="left" box="[432,442,449,467]" fontSize="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="2684">2</superScript>
|
||
= 1448.21, 1 df,
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F33BBE2CFD0167DA75F16FAA" box="[653,666,455,479]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="2684">p</emphasis>
|
||
<0.001). At the latter site a greater number of trees with fruits had galls (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F33BBE2CFDC567FA75396F8A" box="[585,594,487,511]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="2684">t</emphasis>
|
||
= 5.31,
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F33BBE2CFD3967FA75A96F8A" box="[693,706,487,511]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="2684">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 20,
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F33BBE2CFC9D67FA74756F8A" box="[785,798,487,511]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="2684">p</emphasis>
|
||
<0.001), but the fruits at Escazú had more galls per fruit (2.85 ± 1.94) than those at Zurquí (2.41 ± 1.65) (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F33BBE2CFBA1641A735D6C6A" box="[1069,1078,519,543]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="2684">t</emphasis>
|
||
= 5.74, 3079 df,
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F33BBE2CFEA2643A76506C4A" box="[302,315,551,575]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="2684">p</emphasis>
|
||
<0.001).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BADFB4AF33BBE2FFF36645A75F36AB1" blockId="9.[144,1104,391,832]" lastBlockId="10.[212,1172,1164,1701]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="2685" pageId="9" pageNumber="2684">
|
||
At both sites fruits in development stages 1 and 2 had more galls: 98% of the total fruits examined with galls at Zurquí and 97% at Escazú; only 1.75% of the galled fruits at Zurquí and 2.5% at Escazú were in stagese 3 and 4 (Zurquí
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F33BBE2CFC03649474F76CD5" bold="true" box="[911,924,649,672]" pageId="9" pageNumber="2684">c</emphasis>
|
||
<superScript id="7C675602F33BBE2CFC10649C74CD6CE6" attach="left" box="[924,934,641,659]" fontSize="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="2684">2</superScript>
|
||
= 112.31, 3 df,
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F33BBE2CFF1C64BA77F66CCA" box="[144,157,679,703]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="2684">p</emphasis>
|
||
<0.001; Escazú
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F33BBE2CFEEB64B4761F6CB5" bold="true" box="[359,372,681,704]" pageId="9" pageNumber="2684">c</emphasis>
|
||
<superScript id="7C675602F33BBE2CFEF864BC76156CC6" attach="left" box="[372,382,673,691]" fontSize="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="2684">2</superScript>
|
||
= 194.31, 3 df,
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F33BBE2CFDB764BA75236CCA" box="[571,584,679,703]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="2684">p</emphasis>
|
||
<0.001). Fruits in stages 1 and
|
||
<quantity id="4CEA56AFF33BBE2CFC4464BA749F6CCA" box="[968,1012,679,703]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" pageId="9" pageNumber="2684" unit="in" value="2.0">2 in</quantity>
|
||
general (galled and ungalled) were more abundant than those in stages 3 and 4 (Zurquí
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F33BBE2CFB9364D473476C95" bold="true" box="[1055,1068,713,736]" pageId="9" pageNumber="2684">c</emphasis>
|
||
<superScript id="7C675602F33BBE2CFBA064DC735D6CA6" attach="left" box="[1068,1078,705,723]" fontSize="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="2684">2</superScript>
|
||
= 3745.10, 3 df,
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F33BBE2CFEA264FA76506C8A" box="[302,315,743,767]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="2684">p</emphasis>
|
||
<0.001; Escazú
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F33BBE2CFE7764F475636D75" bold="true" box="[507,520,745,768]" pageId="9" pageNumber="2684">c</emphasis>
|
||
<superScript id="7C675602F33BBE2CFD8464FC75796C86" attach="left" box="[520,530,737,755]" fontSize="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="2684">2</superScript>
|
||
= 2854.94, 3 df,
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F33BBE2CFD4364FA75B76C8A" box="[719,732,743,767]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="2684">p</emphasis>
|
||
<0.001) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1329E7CFF33BBE2CFCC364FA74DA6C8A" box="[847,945,743,767]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="9.[144,211,1677,1699]" captionTargetBox="[144,1104,903,1647]" captionTargetId="figure-323@9.[144,1104,903,1647]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 3. Total fruits collected from both study sites in different stages of fruit development." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5218010" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5218010/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="2684">Figure 3</figureCitation>
|
||
). The average number of galls per fruit was greatest in stage 2, and these were also the fruits that had the greatest maximum number of galls per fruit (14 galls) (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F33BBE2CFCF9653474E96D35" bold="true" box="[885,898,809,832]" pageId="9" pageNumber="2684">c</emphasis>
|
||
<superScript id="7C675602F33BBE2CFC0F653C74E66D46" attach="left" box="[899,909,801,819]" fontSize="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="2684">2</superScript>
|
||
= 931.11, 12 df,
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F338BE2FFF586291778A6AD1" box="[212,225,1164,1188]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="2685">p</emphasis>
|
||
<0.001). Maximum numbers of galls per fruit were seven galls for stage 1, eight galls for stage 3 and six galls for stage 4.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF6DABC2F33BBE2CFF1C6090732B68D6" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5218010" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5218010" box="[144,1088,1677,1699]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5218010/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="2684" startId="9.[144,211,1677,1699]" targetBox="[144,1104,903,1647]" targetPageId="9">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BADFB4AF33BBE2CFF1C6090732B68D6" blockId="9.[144,1088,1677,1699]" box="[144,1088,1677,1699]" pageId="9" pageNumber="2684">Figure 3. Total fruits collected from both study sites in different stages of fruit development.</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF6DABC2F338BE2FFF58623E753E6A23" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5218012" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5218012" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5218012/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="2685" startId="10.[212,280,1059,1081]" targetBox="[212,1172,168,995]" targetPageId="10">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BADFB4AF338BE2FFF58623E753E6A23" blockId="10.[212,1171,1059,1110]" pageId="10" pageNumber="2685">Figure 4. Volume of fruits with and without galls for the four development stages (A = stage 1, B = stage 2, C = stage 3, D = stage 4).</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BADFB4AF338BE2FFF7262D173E868D1" blockId="10.[212,1172,1164,1701]" pageId="10" pageNumber="2685">
|
||
The nested analysis of variance showed that the number of galls per fruit affected the volume of fruits in all developmental stages (stage 1
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F338BE2FFCD462F174036B71" box="[856,872,1260,1284]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="2685">F</emphasis>
|
||
= 174.81, 1 df,
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F338BE2FFBAD62F173456B71" box="[1057,1070,1260,1284]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="2685">p</emphasis>
|
||
<0.001, stage 2
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F338BE2FFEA6631176516B51" box="[298,314,1292,1316]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="2685">F</emphasis>
|
||
= 434.53, 1 df,
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F338BE2FFE7C631176966B51" box="[496,509,1292,1316]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="2685">p</emphasis>
|
||
<0.001, stages 3 + 4
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F338BE2FFD74631174636B51" box="[760,776,1292,1316]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="2685">F</emphasis>
|
||
= 14.40, 1 df,
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F338BE2FFC3D631174D56B51" box="[945,958,1292,1316]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="2685">p</emphasis>
|
||
= 0.001). The volume of the fruits was significantly greater when they had galls than when they lacked galls (stage
|
||
<quantity id="4CEA56AFF338BE2FFED6635176126B11" box="[346,377,1356,1380]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="2685" unit="t" value="1.0">
|
||
1
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F338BE2FFEFC635176126B11" box="[368,377,1356,1380]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="2685">t</emphasis>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
= − 17.79, 2438 df,
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F338BE2FFDE86351751A6B11" box="[612,625,1356,1380]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="2685">p</emphasis>
|
||
<0.001, stage
|
||
<quantity id="4CEA56AFF338BE2FFCAF635174296B11" box="[803,834,1356,1380]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="2685" unit="t" value="2.0">
|
||
2
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F338BE2FFCB5635174296B11" box="[825,834,1356,1380]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="2685">t</emphasis>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
= − 5.01, 4648 df,
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F338BE2FFBAC635173466B11" box="[1056,1069,1356,1380]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="2685">p</emphasis>
|
||
<0.001, stage
|
||
<quantity id="4CEA56AFF338BE2FFE9F6371765B6BF1" box="[275,304,1388,1412]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="3.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="2685" unit="t" value="3.0">
|
||
3
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F338BE2FFEAB6371765B6BF1" box="[295,304,1388,1412]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="2685">t</emphasis>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
= − 5.13, 257 df,
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F338BE2FFE7E637176946BF1" box="[498,511,1388,1412]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="2685">p</emphasis>
|
||
<0.001), except in stage 4 fruits (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F338BE2FFCF5637174E96BF1" box="[889,898,1388,1412]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="2685">t</emphasis>
|
||
= 1.44, 440 df,
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F338BE2FFBBC637173566BF1" box="[1072,1085,1388,1412]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="2685">p</emphasis>
|
||
= 0.15) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1329E7CFF338BE2FFF57639176556BD1" box="[219,318,1420,1444]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="10.[212,280,1059,1081]" captionTargetBox="[212,1172,168,995]" captionTargetId="figure-368@10.[212,1172,167,1029]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 4. Volume of fruits with and without galls for the four development stages (A = stage 1, B = stage 2, C = stage 3, D = stage 4)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5218012" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5218012/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="2685">Figure 4</figureCitation>
|
||
). The volume of stage 1 galled fruits did not vary between the two sites (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F338BE2FFBE7639173106BD1" box="[1131,1147,1420,1444]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="2685">F</emphasis>
|
||
= 0.86, 1 df,
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F338BE2FFEC463B1763E6BB1" box="[328,341,1452,1476]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="2685">p</emphasis>
|
||
= 0.355), but did vary among the individuals within each site (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F338BE2FFB8363B173746BB1" box="[1039,1055,1452,1476]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="2685">F</emphasis>
|
||
= 6.68, 36 df,
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F338BE2FFF7463D1766E6B91" box="[248,261,1484,1508]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="2685">p</emphasis>
|
||
<0.001). The volume of the stage 1 galled fruits varied from
|
||
<quantity id="4CEA56AFF338BE2FFC3C63D173366B91" box="[944,1117,1484,1508]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.550000000000001" metricValueMax="13.700000000000001" metricValueMin="1.4000000000000001" pageId="10" pageNumber="2685" unit="cm" value="0.755" valueMax="1.37" valueMin="0.14">0.14 to 1.37 cm</quantity>
|
||
. The volume of galled fruits in stages 2, 3 and 4 varied within individual trees at each site (stage 2
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F338BE2FFEBD6011762A6851" box="[305,321,1548,1572]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="2685">F</emphasis>
|
||
= 13.12, 49 df,
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F338BE2FFE7E601176946851" box="[498,511,1548,1572]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="2685">p</emphasis>
|
||
<0.001, stages 3 and 4
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F338BE2FFC82601174756851" box="[782,798,1548,1572]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="2685">F</emphasis>
|
||
= 4.02, 17 df,
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F338BE2FFC4E601174A46851" box="[962,975,1548,1572]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="2685">p</emphasis>
|
||
<0.001). Stage 2 fruits varied from
|
||
<quantity id="4CEA56AFF338BE2FFE2F6031753F6831" box="[419,596,1580,1604]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.19" metricValueMax="6.09" metricValueMin="0.29" pageId="10" pageNumber="2685" unit="cm" value="3.19" valueMax="6.09" valueMin="0.29">0.29 to 6.09 cm</quantity>
|
||
, and those in stages 3 + 4 varied from
|
||
<quantity id="4CEA56AFF338BE2FFB83603177926811" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.415" metricValueMax="2.39" metricValueMin="0.44" pageId="10" pageNumber="2685" unit="cm" value="1.415" valueMax="2.39" valueMin="0.44">0.44 to 2.39 cm</quantity>
|
||
. Average fruit volume was greater at Escazú (stage 2 1.21 ± 0.55, stage 3 1.61 ± 0.42, stage 4 1.27 ± 0.2) than at Zurquí (stage 2 0.89 ± 0.31, stage 3 1.02 ± 0.38, stage 4 1.03 ± 0.36) (stage 2
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F338BE2FFE34609176A368D1" box="[440,456,1676,1700]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="2685">F</emphasis>
|
||
= 11.91, 1 df,
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F338BE2FFDE46091751E68D1" box="[616,629,1676,1700]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="2685">p</emphasis>
|
||
<0.001, stages 3 + 4
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F338BE2FFCEB6091741C68D1" box="[871,887,1676,1700]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="2685">F</emphasis>
|
||
= 6.32, 1 df,
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F338BE2FFB876091737368D1" box="[1035,1048,1676,1700]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="2685">p</emphasis>
|
||
= 0.016).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF6DABC2F339BE2EFF1C658E74E86DB3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5218016" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5218016" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5218016/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="2686" startId="11.[144,211,915,937]" targetBox="[144,1104,169,886]" targetPageId="11">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BADFB4AF339BE2EFF1C658E74E86DB3" blockId="11.[144,1104,915,966]" pageId="11" pageNumber="2686">Figure 5. Mean number of seeds for all fruits, with and without galls, at both sites of study. Data are mean ± standard deviation (SD), or ± 1.96 × standard error (SE).</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BADFB4AF339BE2EFF3665E775816AA7" blockId="11.[144,1104,1018,1490]" pageId="11" pageNumber="2686">
|
||
Ungalled stage 1 fruits at Escazú had a greater average volume than did those at Zurquí (site
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F339BE2EFE93620676446A46" box="[287,303,1051,1075]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="2686">F</emphasis>
|
||
= 11.66, 1 df,
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F339BE2EFE566206768C6A46" box="[474,487,1051,1075]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="2686">p</emphasis>
|
||
= 0.01). There was little variation among trees in the two populations (trees:
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F339BE2EFE15622676C26A26" box="[409,425,1083,1107]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="2686">F</emphasis>
|
||
= 2.4, 51 df,
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F339BE2EFDB1622675216A26" box="[573,586,1083,1107]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="2686">p</emphasis>
|
||
<0.001) [Zurquí coefficient of variation (CV) = 0.27, Escazú CV = 0.22]. Ungalled fruits in stages 2, 3 and 4 showed differences in volume among trees at each site (stage 2
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F339BE2EFDE86266751F6AE6" box="[612,628,1147,1171]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="2686">F</emphasis>
|
||
= 2.29, 48 df,
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F339BE2EFC90626674426AE6" box="[796,809,1147,1171]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="2686">p</emphasis>
|
||
<0.001, stages 3 + 4
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F339BE2EFBAA6266735D6AE6" box="[1062,1078,1147,1171]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="2686">F</emphasis>
|
||
= 2.66, 43 df,
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F339BE2EFE99628676496AC6" box="[277,290,1179,1203]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="2686">p</emphasis>
|
||
<0.001), but no differences were found between sites (stage 2
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F339BE2EFC65628674926AC6" box="[1001,1017,1179,1203]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="2686">F</emphasis>
|
||
= 1.14, 1 df,
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F339BE2EFF4562A677BD6AA6" box="[201,214,1211,1235]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="2686">p</emphasis>
|
||
= 0.286, stages 3 + 4
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F339BE2EFE4762A676B06AA6" box="[459,475,1211,1235]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="2686">F</emphasis>
|
||
= 1.42, 1 df,
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F339BE2EFDFC62A675166AA6" box="[624,637,1211,1235]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="2686">p</emphasis>
|
||
= 0.283).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BADFB4AF339BE2EFF3662C7768B6BA7" blockId="11.[144,1104,1018,1490]" pageId="11" pageNumber="2686">
|
||
The average number of seeds per fruit diminishes significantly when fruits (of all stages) have galls (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F339BE2EFEEB62E6761B6B66" box="[359,368,1275,1299]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="2686">t</emphasis>
|
||
= − 7.73, 476 df,
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F339BE2EFDCE62E675246B66" box="[578,591,1275,1299]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="2686">p</emphasis>
|
||
<0.001) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1329E7CFF339BE2EFD4462E774476B67" box="[712,812,1274,1298]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="11.[144,211,915,937]" captionTargetBox="[144,1104,169,886]" captionTargetId="figure-327@11.[144,1104,169,886]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 5. Mean number of seeds for all fruits, with and without galls, at both sites of study. Data are mean ± standard deviation (SD), or ± 1.96 × standard error (SE)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5218016" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5218016/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="2686">Figure 5</figureCitation>
|
||
). The average number of seeds in galled fruits in stages 1 and 2 was similar between the two sites (stage 1
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F339BE2EFBAA6306735D6B46" box="[1062,1078,1307,1331]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="2686">F</emphasis>
|
||
= 2.51, 1 df,
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F339BE2EFE8A632676786B26" box="[262,275,1339,1363]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="2686">p</emphasis>
|
||
= 0.117, stage 2
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F339BE2EFE5C6326768B6B26" box="[464,480,1339,1363]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="2686">F</emphasis>
|
||
= 4.04, 1 df,
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F339BE2EFDF9632675E96B26" box="[629,642,1339,1363]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="2686">p</emphasis>
|
||
= 0.05), but not among trees (stage1
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F339BE2EFBAB6326735C6B26" box="[1063,1079,1339,1363]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="2686">F</emphasis>
|
||
= 2.96, 15 df
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F339BE2EFE83634676776B06" box="[271,284,1371,1395]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="2686">p</emphasis>
|
||
<0.001, stage 2
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F339BE2EFE51634676866B06" box="[477,493,1371,1395]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="2686">F</emphasis>
|
||
= 4.24, 34 df,
|
||
<emphasis id="B9662758F339BE2EFD18634675CA6B06" box="[660,673,1371,1395]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="2686">p</emphasis>
|
||
<0.001). There was greater variation in seed number in stage 1 fruits within trees at Zurquí (Zurquí: CV = 0.58, Escazú: CV = 0.34). For stages 3 and 4, the sample size was insufficient to examine differences between sites and individuals.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |