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<document id="C52678C2C830CFE145027CC75E884277" ID-DOI="10.4467/16890027AP.19.005.10836" ID-ISSN="1689-0027" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10994422" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="julia" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="julia" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_approvedBy="julia" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="julia" checkinTime="1713467474630" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Kim, Kang-San, Chae, Kyu-Seok &amp; Min, Gi-Sik" docDate="2019" docId="038D87C6FFA2226C6F102BDF6FD8A2A0" docLanguage="en" docName="ActaProtozool.58.2.43-51.pdf" docOrigin="Acta Protozoologica 58 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/16890027ap.19.005.10836" docStyle="DocumentStyle:64ABA4BEA387EE5C24A0DDEB32CC92E7.3:ActaProtozool.2014-.journal_article" docStyleId="64ABA4BEA387EE5C24A0DDEB32CC92E7" docStyleName="ActaProtozool.2014-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Arcuseries minima Kim &amp; Chae &amp; Min 2019, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="45" masterDocId="FFB4FFBEFFA3226F6C392A696D21A706" masterDocTitle="Morphology and Molecular Analyses of a New Marine Ciliate, Arcuseries minima sp. nov. (Ciliophora: Urostylidae)" masterLastPageNumber="51" masterPageNumber="43" pageNumber="44" updateTime="1714502153207" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="8DA227C54FB4AE5FE6FBCB53947702DF">Morphology and Molecular Analyses of a New Marine Ciliate, Arcuseries minima sp. nov. (Ciliophora: Urostylidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="E4408D28356131190495AD78C912BA38">Kim, Kang-San</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="7B0DE80E475C03E105EFBAFDD734CFF0">Chae, Kyu-Seok</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="B0151212D1E704093BFE44C3FAF12961">Min, Gi-Sik</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="368433D8CCDA422ABC340352781945D2">Acta Protozoologica</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="A7A6F1545EFAB1202773A2256060A949">2019</mods:date>
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<mods:classification id="4E64893DF0058C5421DE47D655AF167A">journal article</mods:classification>
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<treatment id="038D87C6FFA2226C6F102BDF6FD8A2A0" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11094689" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11094689" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038D87C6FFA2226C6F102BDF6FD8A2A0" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038D87C6FFA2226C6F102BDF6FD8A2A0" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="45" pageId="1" pageNumber="44">
<subSubSection id="C33E655BFFA2226E6F102BDF6EF3A51F" pageId="1" pageNumber="44" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B9B36D0FFA2226E6F102BDF6952A6D6" blockId="1.[809,1139,438,464]" box="[809,1139,438,464]" pageId="1" pageNumber="44">
<heading id="D0D381BCFFA2226E6F102BDF6952A6D6" box="[809,1139,438,464]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="1" pageNumber="44" reason="5">
<emphasis id="B950EAC2FFA2226E6F102BDF6952A6D6" bold="true" box="[809,1139,438,464]" pageId="1" pageNumber="44">
<taxonomicName id="4C244D53FFA2226E6F102BDF692FA6D6" authority="Kim &amp; Chae &amp; Min, 2019" authorityName="Kim &amp; Chae &amp; Min" authorityYear="2019" box="[809,1038,438,464]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Urostylidae" genus="Arcuseries" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Urostylida" pageId="1" pageNumber="44" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="minima" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B950EAC2FFA2226E6F102BDF692FA6D6" bold="true" box="[809,1038,438,464]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="44">Arcuseries minima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26357B9FFA2226E682C2BDF6952A6D6" box="[1045,1139,438,464]" pageId="1" pageNumber="44" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9B36D0FFA2226E6F102B8F6EF3A51F" blockId="1.[809,1456,486,537]" pageId="1" pageNumber="44">
<emphasis id="B950EAC2FFA2226E6F102B8F6EAEA6FD" bold="true" box="[809,911,486,507]" pageId="1" pageNumber="44">ZooBank:</emphasis>
<uri id="FFB53AD2FFA2226E6F992B8F6EF3A51F" pageId="1" pageNumber="44">
urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:
<uuid id="FF820C05FFA2226E68B62B8F6EF3A51F" pageId="1" pageNumber="44">F17B7069-8B86-4A70-9654- 42F85CDA0AC7</uuid>
</uri>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33E655BFFA2226E6F76282C690AA4B9" pageId="1" pageNumber="44" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8B9B36D0FFA2226E6F76282C690AA4B9" blockId="1.[809,1456,581,1946]" pageId="1" pageNumber="44">
<emphasis id="B950EAC2FFA2226E6F76282C6EECA559" bold="true" box="[847,973,581,607]" pageId="1" pageNumber="44">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Size
<emphasis id="B950EAC2FFA2226E6835282F6978A559" box="[1036,1113,582,607]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="44">in vivo</emphasis>
4055 × 2030 μm; elliptical in shape, highly flexible, and contractile; 2027 macro-nuclear nodules and 13 micronuclei; contractile vacuole lacking.
<specimenCount id="9D22FD59FFA2226E6F8428C6691CA5CF" box="[957,1085,687,713]" count="3" pageId="1" pageNumber="44" type="generic" typeStatus="type">Three type</specimenCount>
of cortical granules: (1) colorless, spherical shape, scattered, ca. 3 μm; (2) yellowish, clustered around cirri and dorsal bristles, ca. 1 μm; (3) colorless, scattered, ca. 0.5 μm. About 14 adoral membranelles; 3 frontal, 1 buccal, 2 frontoterminal, 510 midventral, 2 pretransverse, and 5 or 6 transverse cirri; 1 left (913 cirri) and 1 right (914 cirri) marginal row; 3 dorsal kineties.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33E655BFFA2226E6F7629A16910A3FA" pageId="1" pageNumber="44" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8B9B36D0FFA2226E6F7629A168BEA32F" blockId="1.[809,1456,581,1946]" pageId="1" pageNumber="44">
<emphasis id="B950EAC2FFA2226E6F7629A16ED7A4E4" bold="true" box="[847,1014,968,994]" pageId="1" pageNumber="44">
<typeStatus id="549F8872FFA2226E6F7629A16EADA4E4" box="[847,908,968,994]" pageId="1" pageNumber="44">Type</typeStatus>
locality.
</emphasis>
<collectingMunicipality id="6BFFACAAFFA2226E6FC629A1694AA4E4" box="[1023,1131,968,994]" pageId="1" pageNumber="44">Seawater</collectingMunicipality>
(salinity, 33‰; water temperature, 27.1℃) taken from
<collectingRegion id="49E0F832FFA2226E68BF29826809A303" box="[1158,1320,1003,1029]" country="South Korea" name="Jeju" pageId="1" pageNumber="44">Jeju province</collectingRegion>
,
<location id="8EFB600BFFA2226E690D29826859A303" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038D87C6FFA2226C6F102BDF6FD8A2A0:8EFB600BFFA2226E690D29826859A303" box="[1332,1400,1003,1029]" latitude="33.235893" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="126.59872" municipality="Seawater" name="South" pageId="1" pageNumber="44" stateProvince="Jeju">South</location>
Korea (
<geoCoordinate id="EE105017FFA2226E6F642E666926A32F" box="[861,1031,1039,1065]" degrees="33" direction="north" minutes="14" orientation="latitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="44" precision="1" seconds="9.21" value="33.235893">33°149.21”N</geoCoordinate>
;
<geoCoordinate id="EE105017FFA2226E682A2E6669F5A32C" box="[1043,1236,1039,1066]" degrees="126" direction="east" minutes="35" orientation="longitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="44" precision="1" seconds="55.38" value="126.59872">126°3555.38”E</geoCoordinate>
) in
<date id="FF9A1010FFA2226E69392E6668BBA32F" box="[1280,1434,1039,1065]" pageId="1" pageNumber="44" value="2017-08">
<collectingDate id="EFDEE9F8FFA2226E69392E6668BBA32F" box="[1280,1434,1039,1065]" pageId="1" pageNumber="44" value="2017-08">August 2017</collectingDate>
</date>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9B36D0FFA2226E6F762E5B6910A3FA" blockId="1.[809,1456,581,1946]" pageId="1" pageNumber="44">
<emphasis id="B950EAC2FFA2226E6F762E5B693DA34A" bold="true" box="[847,1052,1074,1100]" pageId="1" pageNumber="44">Type specimens.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="3B4C3C8DFFA2226E681F2E5B699DA369" collectionCode="NIBR" country="South Korea" location="National Institute of Biological Resources" pageId="1" pageNumber="44" specimenCode="NIBRPR0000109740, NIBRPR0000109741, NIBRPR0000109742" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Incheon" typeStatus="holotype">
The slide (
<specimenCode id="DB829EABFFA2226E689E2E5B6886A34A" box="[1191,1447,1074,1100]" collectionCode="NIBRPR" pageId="1" pageNumber="44">NIBRPR0000109740</specimenCode>
) containing the
<typeStatus id="549F8872FFA2226E6FE52E3C6962A369" box="[988,1091,1109,1135]" pageId="1" pageNumber="44" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
specimen
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B4C3C8DFFA2226E68FF2E3C692FA394" collectionCode="NIBR" country="South Korea" location="National Institute of Biological Resources" pageId="1" pageNumber="44" specimenCode="NIBRPR0000109740, NIBRPR0000109741, NIBRPR0000109742" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Incheon" typeStatus="holotype">
and two slides (
<specimenCode id="DB829EABFFA2226E69BC2E3C6928A394" collectionCode="NIBRPR" pageId="1" pageNumber="44">NIBRPR0000109741</specimenCode>
,
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B4C3C8DFFA2226E681D2E11690FA3FA" collectionCode="NIBR" country="South Korea" location="National Institute of Biological Resources" pageId="1" pageNumber="44" specimenCode="NIBRPR0000109740, NIBRPR0000109741, NIBRPR0000109742" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Incheon" typeStatus="holotype">
<specimenCode id="DB829EABFFA2226E681D2E116802A394" box="[1060,1315,1144,1170]" collectionCode="NIBRPR" pageId="1" pageNumber="44">NIBRPR0000109742</specimenCode>
) including protargol-stained specimens have been deposited in the
<location id="8EFB600BFFA2226E6F6C2ED66867A3DF" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038D87C6FFA2226C6F102BDF6FD8A2A0:8EFB600BFFA2226E6F6C2ED66867A3DF" box="[853,1350,1215,1241]" country="South Korea" name="National Institute of Biological Resources" pageId="1" pageNumber="44" stateProvince="Incheon">National Institute of Biological Resources</location>
(
<collectionCode id="ED35AE15FFA2226E696F2ED66883A3DF" box="[1366,1442,1215,1241]" country="South Korea" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/r4iq-k5jx" name="National Institute of Biological Resources" pageId="1" pageNumber="44">NIBR</collectionCode>
),
<collectingRegion id="49E0F832FFA2226E6F102E8B6EAAA3FA" box="[809,907,1250,1276]" country="South Korea" name="Incheon" pageId="1" pageNumber="44">Incheon</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="F3337640FFA2226E6FAF2E8B690FA3FA" box="[918,1070,1250,1276]" name="South Korea" pageId="1" pageNumber="44">South Korea</collectingCountry>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33E655BFFA2226E6F762F6C6887A263" pageId="1" pageNumber="44" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8B9B36D0FFA2226E6F762F6C6887A263" blockId="1.[809,1456,581,1946]" pageId="1" pageNumber="44">
<emphasis id="B950EAC2FFA2226E6F762F6C6EFAA219" bold="true" box="[847,987,1285,1311]" pageId="1" pageNumber="44">Etymology.</emphasis>
The species-group name,
<taxonomicName id="4C244D53FFA2226E69352F6F6845A219" authorityName="Kim &amp; Chae &amp; Min" authorityYear="2019" box="[1292,1380,1286,1311]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Urostylidae" genus="Arcuseries" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Urostylida" pageId="1" pageNumber="44" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="minima">
<emphasis id="B950EAC2FFA2226E69352F6F6845A219" box="[1292,1380,1286,1311]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="44">minima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, is the feminine version of the Latin adjective
<emphasis id="B950EAC2FFA2226E68CB2F406874A244" box="[1266,1365,1321,1346]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="44">minimus</emphasis>
(smallest) to indicate the small body size of the new species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33E655BFFA2226C6F762F076FD8A2A0" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="1" pageNumber="44" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B9B36D0FFA2226D6F762F076F2DA222" blockId="1.[809,1456,581,1946]" lastBlockId="2.[132,779,1255,1946]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="45" pageId="1" pageNumber="44">
<emphasis id="B950EAC2FFA2226E6F762F076EC8A28E" bold="true" box="[847,1001,1390,1416]" pageId="1" pageNumber="44">Description:</emphasis>
Size
<emphasis id="B950EAC2FFA2226E681F2F196955A28F" box="[1062,1140,1392,1417]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="44">in vivo</emphasis>
4055 × 2030 μm (n=15), about 34 × 11 μm in protargol preparations; body highly flexible, contractile, oval to elongated elliptical, left and right cell margins slightly convex, both ends rounded, and cell color yellowish to grayish at low magnification (
<figureCitation id="131F2A55FFA2226E6F5F2C766ECBA13F" box="[870,1002,1567,1593]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[132,167,965,987]" captionTargetBox="[160,1455,229,953]" captionTargetId="figure-5@2.[136,1467,223,960]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. Arcuseries minima sp. nov. in vivo (AE) and after protargol impregnation (F, G). (A) Ventral view of a representative specimen. (B, C) Cortical granulation in ventral surface. (D, E) Cortical granulation in dorsal surface, three types of cortical granules: the large (arrow), medium-sized (arrowhead), small (double arrowhead). (F) Ventral view of holotype specimen. (G) Dorsal view of a paratype specimen, arrow indicates a basal body. AZM = adoral zone of membranelles; BC = buccal cirrus; E = endoral; FC = frontal cirri; FTC = frontoterminal cirri; LMC = left marginal cirri; Ma = macronuclear nodules; MC = midventral cirri; Mi = micronuclei; P = paroral; PTC = pretransverse cirri; RMC = right marginal cirri; TC = transverse cirri; 13 = dorsal kineties 13. Scale bars: 20 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10994424" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10994424/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="44">Figs. 1A, F</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="131F2A55FFA2226E6FCC2C766943A13F" box="[1013,1122,1567,1593]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[132,167,1232,1254]" captionTargetBox="[132,1463,223,1202]" captionTargetId="figure-5@4.[132,1463,223,1202]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 2. Arcuseries minima sp. nov. in vivo. (AG) and after protargol impregnation (HK). (AC) Ventral views showing body outline. (D) Cortical granulation in ventral surface, arrows indicate medium-sized cortical granules. (E) Cortical granulation in dorsal surface, arrows mark medium-sized cortical granules. (F) Arrows mark large cortical granules, arrowheads indicate small cortical granules. (G) Ar- rows indicate dorsal cilia. (H) Ventral view of the holotype specimen. (I) Ventral view of buccal field. (J) Arrows indicate macronuclear nod- ules, arrowheads mark micronuclei. (K) Dorsal view of a specimen, arrow indicates basal body pairs. AZM = adoral zone of membranelles; BC = buccal cirrus; DK = dorsal kineties; E = endoral; FC = frontal cirri; FTC = frontoterminal cirri; MC = midventral cirri; P = paroral. Scale bars: 20 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10994426" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10994426/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="44">2AC, H</figureCitation>
). Macronuclear nodules size about 3.3 × 1.9 μm in protargol impregnation,
<quantity id="4CDC9B35FFA2226E69712C2B688EA15A" box="[1352,1455,1602,1628]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.968999999999999" metricValueMax="6.858" metricValueMin="5.08" pageId="1" pageNumber="44" unit="in" value="23.5" valueMax="27.0" valueMin="20.0">2027 in</quantity>
number; one to three micronuclei of size about 1.6 × 1.4 μm in protargol impregnation (
<figureCitation id="131F2A55FFA2226E68A22CE16827A1A4" box="[1179,1286,1672,1698]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[132,167,965,987]" captionTargetBox="[160,1455,229,953]" captionTargetId="figure-5@2.[136,1467,223,960]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. Arcuseries minima sp. nov. in vivo (AE) and after protargol impregnation (F, G). (A) Ventral view of a representative specimen. (B, C) Cortical granulation in ventral surface. (D, E) Cortical granulation in dorsal surface, three types of cortical granules: the large (arrow), medium-sized (arrowhead), small (double arrowhead). (F) Ventral view of holotype specimen. (G) Dorsal view of a paratype specimen, arrow indicates a basal body. AZM = adoral zone of membranelles; BC = buccal cirrus; E = endoral; FC = frontal cirri; FTC = frontoterminal cirri; LMC = left marginal cirri; Ma = macronuclear nodules; MC = midventral cirri; Mi = micronuclei; P = paroral; PTC = pretransverse cirri; RMC = right marginal cirri; TC = transverse cirri; 13 = dorsal kineties 13. Scale bars: 20 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10994424" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10994424/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="44">Figs. 1G</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="131F2A55FFA2226E692D2CE16810A1A4" box="[1300,1329,1672,1698]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[132,167,1232,1254]" captionTargetBox="[132,1463,223,1202]" captionTargetId="figure-5@4.[132,1463,223,1202]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 2. Arcuseries minima sp. nov. in vivo. (AG) and after protargol impregnation (HK). (AC) Ventral views showing body outline. (D) Cortical granulation in ventral surface, arrows indicate medium-sized cortical granules. (E) Cortical granulation in dorsal surface, arrows mark medium-sized cortical granules. (F) Arrows mark large cortical granules, arrowheads indicate small cortical granules. (G) Ar- rows indicate dorsal cilia. (H) Ventral view of the holotype specimen. (I) Ventral view of buccal field. (J) Arrows indicate macronuclear nod- ules, arrowheads mark micronuclei. (K) Dorsal view of a specimen, arrow indicates basal body pairs. AZM = adoral zone of membranelles; BC = buccal cirrus; DK = dorsal kineties; E = endoral; FC = frontal cirri; FTC = frontoterminal cirri; MC = midventral cirri; P = paroral. Scale bars: 20 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10994426" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10994426/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="44">2J</figureCitation>
). Contractile vacuole lacking.
<specimenCount id="9D22FD59FFA2226E681F2CC26992A1C0" box="[1062,1203,1707,1734]" count="3" pageId="1" pageNumber="44" type="generic" typeStatus="types">Three types</specimenCount>
of cortical granules:
<typeStatus id="549F8872FFA2226E6F102CA66E7DA1EF" box="[809,860,1743,1769]" pageId="1" pageNumber="44">type</typeStatus>
I (large-sized), colorless, spherical, about 3 μm in size, irregularly distributed on dorsal surfaces;
<typeStatus id="549F8872FFA2226E69442C9B6891A00A" box="[1405,1456,1778,1804]" pageId="1" pageNumber="44">type</typeStatus>
II (medium-sized), yellowish, spherical, about 1 μm in diameter, clustered around cirri and dorsal bristles;
<typeStatus id="549F8872FFA2226E6F102D356E7DA070" box="[809,860,1884,1910]" pageId="1" pageNumber="44">type</typeStatus>
III (small-sized), colorless, irregularly distributed on dorsal surfaces, less than 0.5 μm in diameter (
<figureCitation id="131F2A55FFA2226D694D2D166DEBA207" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[132,167,965,987]" captionTargetBox="[160,1455,229,953]" captionTargetId="figure-5@2.[136,1467,223,960]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. Arcuseries minima sp. nov. in vivo (AE) and after protargol impregnation (F, G). (A) Ventral view of a representative specimen. (B, C) Cortical granulation in ventral surface. (D, E) Cortical granulation in dorsal surface, three types of cortical granules: the large (arrow), medium-sized (arrowhead), small (double arrowhead). (F) Ventral view of holotype specimen. (G) Dorsal view of a paratype specimen, arrow indicates a basal body. AZM = adoral zone of membranelles; BC = buccal cirrus; E = endoral; FC = frontal cirri; FTC = frontoterminal cirri; LMC = left marginal cirri; Ma = macronuclear nodules; MC = midventral cirri; Mi = micronuclei; P = paroral; PTC = pretransverse cirri; RMC = right marginal cirri; TC = transverse cirri; 13 = dorsal kineties 13. Scale bars: 20 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10994424" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10994424/files/figure.png" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="45" pageId="1" pageNumber="44">Figs. 1BE</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="131F2A55FFA1226D6CEF2E8E6C03A207" box="[214,290,1255,1281]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[132,167,1232,1254]" captionTargetBox="[132,1463,223,1202]" captionTargetId="figure-5@4.[132,1463,223,1202]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 2. Arcuseries minima sp. nov. in vivo. (AG) and after protargol impregnation (HK). (AC) Ventral views showing body outline. (D) Cortical granulation in ventral surface, arrows indicate medium-sized cortical granules. (E) Cortical granulation in dorsal surface, arrows mark medium-sized cortical granules. (F) Arrows mark large cortical granules, arrowheads indicate small cortical granules. (G) Ar- rows indicate dorsal cilia. (H) Ventral view of the holotype specimen. (I) Ventral view of buccal field. (J) Arrows indicate macronuclear nod- ules, arrowheads mark micronuclei. (K) Dorsal view of a specimen, arrow indicates basal body pairs. AZM = adoral zone of membranelles; BC = buccal cirrus; DK = dorsal kineties; E = endoral; FC = frontal cirri; FTC = frontoterminal cirri; MC = midventral cirri; P = paroral. Scale bars: 20 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10994426" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10994426/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">2DG</figureCitation>
). Cytoplasm colorless, with 35 μm sized food vacuoles. Feeds on bacteria.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF5B6658FFA1226D6CBD29AC69C4A361" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10994424" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10994424" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10994424/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" startId="2.[132,167,965,987]" targetBox="[160,1455,229,953]" targetPageId="2" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8B9B36D0FFA1226D6CBD29AC69C4A361" blockId="2.[132,1464,965,1128]" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">
<emphasis id="B950EAC2FFA1226D6CBD29AC6DE4A4DC" bold="true" box="[132,197,965,987]" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">Fig. 1.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C244D53FFA1226D6CF229AF6CA3A4DD" authority="Kim &amp; Chae &amp; Min, 2019" authorityName="Kim &amp; Chae &amp; Min" authorityYear="2019" box="[203,386,966,987]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Urostylidae" genus="Arcuseries" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Urostylida" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="minima" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B950EAC2FFA1226D6CF229AF6CA3A4DD" box="[203,386,966,987]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">Arcuseries minima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26357B9FFA1226D6DB129AF6CF5A4DD" box="[392,468,966,987]" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
<emphasis id="B950EAC2FFA1226D6DE329AF6F3AA4DD" box="[474,539,966,987]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">in vivo</emphasis>
(AE) and after protargol impregnation (F, G). (A) Ventral view of a representative specimen. (B, C) Cortical granulation in ventral surface. (D, E) Cortical granulation in dorsal surface, three types of cortical granules: the large (arrow), medium-sized (arrowhead), small (double arrowhead). (F) Ventral view of holotype specimen. (G) Dorsal view of a paratype specimen, arrow indicates a basal body. AZM = adoral zone of membranelles; BC = buccal cirrus; E = endoral; FC = frontal cirri; FTC = frontoterminal cirri; LMC = left marginal cirri; Ma = macronuclear nodules; MC = midventral cirri; Mi = micronuclei; P = paroral; PTC = pretransverse cirri; RMC = right marginal cirri; TC = transverse cirri; 13 = dorsal kineties 13. Scale bars: 20 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B9B36D0FFA1226D6C932F446869A24E" blockId="2.[132,779,1255,1946]" lastBlockId="2.[816,1464,1255,1946]" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">
Adoral zone of membranelles occupies about 31.5% of cell length in protargol preparations, base of the largest membranelles is about 3.5 μm long, composed of 1316 membranelles. Paroral and endoral membranes side by side, endoral membrane longer than paroral membrane (
<figureCitation id="131F2A55FFA1226D6D292FB56C50A2F0" box="[272,369,1500,1526]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[132,167,965,987]" captionTargetBox="[160,1455,229,953]" captionTargetId="figure-5@2.[136,1467,223,960]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. Arcuseries minima sp. nov. in vivo (AE) and after protargol impregnation (F, G). (A) Ventral view of a representative specimen. (B, C) Cortical granulation in ventral surface. (D, E) Cortical granulation in dorsal surface, three types of cortical granules: the large (arrow), medium-sized (arrowhead), small (double arrowhead). (F) Ventral view of holotype specimen. (G) Dorsal view of a paratype specimen, arrow indicates a basal body. AZM = adoral zone of membranelles; BC = buccal cirrus; E = endoral; FC = frontal cirri; FTC = frontoterminal cirri; LMC = left marginal cirri; Ma = macronuclear nodules; MC = midventral cirri; Mi = micronuclei; P = paroral; PTC = pretransverse cirri; RMC = right marginal cirri; TC = transverse cirri; 13 = dorsal kineties 13. Scale bars: 20 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10994424" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10994424/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">Figs. 1F</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="131F2A55FFA1226D6D472FB56C9DA2F0" box="[382,444,1500,1526]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[132,167,1232,1254]" captionTargetBox="[132,1463,223,1202]" captionTargetId="figure-5@4.[132,1463,223,1202]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 2. Arcuseries minima sp. nov. in vivo. (AG) and after protargol impregnation (HK). (AC) Ventral views showing body outline. (D) Cortical granulation in ventral surface, arrows indicate medium-sized cortical granules. (E) Cortical granulation in dorsal surface, arrows mark medium-sized cortical granules. (F) Arrows mark large cortical granules, arrowheads indicate small cortical granules. (G) Ar- rows indicate dorsal cilia. (H) Ventral view of the holotype specimen. (I) Ventral view of buccal field. (J) Arrows indicate macronuclear nod- ules, arrowheads mark micronuclei. (K) Dorsal view of a specimen, arrow indicates basal body pairs. AZM = adoral zone of membranelles; BC = buccal cirrus; DK = dorsal kineties; E = endoral; FC = frontal cirri; FTC = frontoterminal cirri; MC = midventral cirri; P = paroral. Scale bars: 20 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10994426" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10994426/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">2H, I</figureCitation>
). All cirri are relatively fine, generally 68 μm long
<emphasis id="B950EAC2FFA1226D6DAF2F966CC4A11E" box="[406,485,1535,1560]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">in vivo</emphasis>
except frontal and transverse cirri. Three slightly enlarged frontal cirri about 10 μm in length, the rightmost cirrus located behind distal end of the adoral zone of membranelles. Two frontoterminal cirri behind the rightmost frontal cirrus, buccal cirrus on the anterior of endoral membrane, and two pretransverse cirri located ahead the transverse cirri. Five or six slightly enlarged transverse cirri, 1012 μm in length. Midventral complex consists of two to five midventral pairs (five to ten cirri), arranged in a zigzag pattern, commencing near buccal cirrus and terminating on or above midbody. Two marginal rows, one left (913 cirri) and one right (914 cirri) commencing behind the posterior end of the buccal field, and both rows non-confluent posteriorly (
<figureCitation id="131F2A55FFA1226D68532F4469D1A24E" box="[1130,1264,1325,1352]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[132,167,965,987]" captionTargetBox="[160,1455,229,953]" captionTargetId="figure-5@2.[136,1467,223,960]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. Arcuseries minima sp. nov. in vivo (AE) and after protargol impregnation (F, G). (A) Ventral view of a representative specimen. (B, C) Cortical granulation in ventral surface. (D, E) Cortical granulation in dorsal surface, three types of cortical granules: the large (arrow), medium-sized (arrowhead), small (double arrowhead). (F) Ventral view of holotype specimen. (G) Dorsal view of a paratype specimen, arrow indicates a basal body. AZM = adoral zone of membranelles; BC = buccal cirrus; E = endoral; FC = frontal cirri; FTC = frontoterminal cirri; LMC = left marginal cirri; Ma = macronuclear nodules; MC = midventral cirri; Mi = micronuclei; P = paroral; PTC = pretransverse cirri; RMC = right marginal cirri; TC = transverse cirri; 13 = dorsal kineties 13. Scale bars: 20 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10994424" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10994424/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">Figs. 1A, F</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="131F2A55FFA1226D68C22F44681BA24E" box="[1275,1338,1325,1352]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[132,167,1232,1254]" captionTargetBox="[132,1463,223,1202]" captionTargetId="figure-5@4.[132,1463,223,1202]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 2. Arcuseries minima sp. nov. in vivo. (AG) and after protargol impregnation (HK). (AC) Ventral views showing body outline. (D) Cortical granulation in ventral surface, arrows indicate medium-sized cortical granules. (E) Cortical granulation in dorsal surface, arrows mark medium-sized cortical granules. (F) Arrows mark large cortical granules, arrowheads indicate small cortical granules. (G) Ar- rows indicate dorsal cilia. (H) Ventral view of the holotype specimen. (I) Ventral view of buccal field. (J) Arrows indicate macronuclear nod- ules, arrowheads mark micronuclei. (K) Dorsal view of a specimen, arrow indicates basal body pairs. AZM = adoral zone of membranelles; BC = buccal cirrus; DK = dorsal kineties; E = endoral; FC = frontal cirri; FTC = frontoterminal cirri; MC = midventral cirri; P = paroral. Scale bars: 20 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10994426" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10994426/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">2H, I</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9B36D0FFA1226D6F6F2F396EC2A11F" blockId="2.[816,1464,1255,1946]" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">
Invariably three dorsal kineties, cilia about 3 μm long
<emphasis id="B950EAC2FFA1226D6F572F1D6E9EA28B" box="[878,959,1396,1421]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">in vivo</emphasis>
: kineties 1 and 2 composed of four to six bristles, anteriorly shortened; almost bipolar kinety 3 composed of five to seven bristles. One pair of basal bodies located ahead of the right marginal cirral row (
<figureCitation id="131F2A55FFA1226D6F002F966E80A11F" box="[825,929,1535,1561]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[132,167,965,987]" captionTargetBox="[160,1455,229,953]" captionTargetId="figure-5@2.[136,1467,223,960]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. Arcuseries minima sp. nov. in vivo (AE) and after protargol impregnation (F, G). (A) Ventral view of a representative specimen. (B, C) Cortical granulation in ventral surface. (D, E) Cortical granulation in dorsal surface, three types of cortical granules: the large (arrow), medium-sized (arrowhead), small (double arrowhead). (F) Ventral view of holotype specimen. (G) Dorsal view of a paratype specimen, arrow indicates a basal body. AZM = adoral zone of membranelles; BC = buccal cirrus; E = endoral; FC = frontal cirri; FTC = frontoterminal cirri; LMC = left marginal cirri; Ma = macronuclear nodules; MC = midventral cirri; Mi = micronuclei; P = paroral; PTC = pretransverse cirri; RMC = right marginal cirri; TC = transverse cirri; 13 = dorsal kineties 13. Scale bars: 20 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10994424" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10994424/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">Figs. 1G</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="131F2A55FFA1226D6F972F966EF7A11F" box="[942,982,1535,1561]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[132,167,1232,1254]" captionTargetBox="[132,1463,223,1202]" captionTargetId="figure-5@4.[132,1463,223,1202]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 2. Arcuseries minima sp. nov. in vivo. (AG) and after protargol impregnation (HK). (AC) Ventral views showing body outline. (D) Cortical granulation in ventral surface, arrows indicate medium-sized cortical granules. (E) Cortical granulation in dorsal surface, arrows mark medium-sized cortical granules. (F) Arrows mark large cortical granules, arrowheads indicate small cortical granules. (G) Ar- rows indicate dorsal cilia. (H) Ventral view of the holotype specimen. (I) Ventral view of buccal field. (J) Arrows indicate macronuclear nod- ules, arrowheads mark micronuclei. (K) Dorsal view of a specimen, arrow indicates basal body pairs. AZM = adoral zone of membranelles; BC = buccal cirrus; DK = dorsal kineties; E = endoral; FC = frontal cirri; FTC = frontoterminal cirri; MC = midventral cirri; P = paroral. Scale bars: 20 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10994426" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10994426/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">2K</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9B36D0FFA1226C6F6F2C4B6FD8A2A0" blockId="2.[816,1464,1255,1946]" lastBlockId="3.[125,771,1382,1447]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">
<emphasis id="B950EAC2FFA1226D6F6F2C4B696BA13A" bold="true" box="[854,1098,1570,1596]" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">Molecular analyses:</emphasis>
The 18S rDNA sequence of
<taxonomicName id="4C244D53FFA1226D69A82C4B6ECCA158" authority="Kim &amp; Chae &amp; Min, 2019" authorityName="Kim &amp; Chae &amp; Min" authorityYear="2019" class="Hypotrichea" family="Urostylidae" genus="Arcuseries" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Urostylida" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="minima" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B950EAC2FFA1226D69A82C4B6ECCA158" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">Arcuseries minima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26357B9FFA1226D6FCD2C2C696FA159" box="[1012,1102,1605,1631]" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
is 1,598 bp in length and has a
<collectionCode id="ED35AE15FFA1226D6F092C016E79A184" box="[816,856,1640,1666]" country="0" name="Goucher College" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">GC</collectionCode>
content of 46.9%. The sequence of
<taxonomicName id="4C244D53FFA1226D68DE2C01687DA187" authorityName="Kim &amp; Chae &amp; Min" authorityYear="2019" box="[1255,1372,1640,1666]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Urostylidae" genus="Arcuseries" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Urostylida" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="minima">
<emphasis id="B950EAC2FFA1226D68DE2C01687DA187" box="[1255,1372,1640,1666]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">A. minima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was deposited in GenBank with accession number
<collectionCode id="ED35AE15FFA1226D69132CE3687BA1A3" box="[1322,1370,1674,1701]" country="Kenya" name="National Museum of Kenya" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">MK</collectionCode>
889350. BI and
<collectionCode id="ED35AE15FFA1226D6FB32CC76E94A1CE" box="[906,949,1710,1736]" country="France" name="Musee de Lectoure" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">ML</collectionCode>
analyses produced similar topologies; thus, the
<collectionCode id="ED35AE15FFA1226D6F642CB86EA9A1ED" box="[861,904,1745,1771]" country="France" name="Musee de Lectoure" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">ML</collectionCode>
tree was presented as our phylogenetic tree. In the gene tree,
<taxonomicName id="4C244D53FFA1226D6FED2C9D696DA00B" authorityName="Kim &amp; Chae &amp; Min" authorityYear="2019" box="[980,1100,1780,1806]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Urostylidae" genus="Arcuseries" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Urostylida" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="minima">
<emphasis id="B950EAC2FFA1226D6FED2C9D696DA00B" box="[980,1100,1780,1806]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">A. minima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
clusters with
<taxonomicName id="4C244D53FFA1226D68D62C9D685FA00B" authorityName="Huang et al." authorityYear="2014" baseAuthorityName="Cohn" baseAuthorityYear="1866" box="[1263,1406,1779,1806]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Urostylidae" genus="Arcuseries" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Urostylida" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="scutellum">
<emphasis id="B950EAC2FFA1226D68D62C9D685FA00B" box="[1263,1406,1779,1806]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">A. scutellum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and is a sister species to
<taxonomicName id="4C244D53FFA1226D68182D7E6959A036" box="[1057,1144,1815,1841]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Urostylidae" genus="Arcuseries" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Urostylida" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="petzi">
<emphasis id="B950EAC2FFA1226D68182D7E6959A036" box="[1057,1144,1815,1841]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">A. petzi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C244D53FFA1226D688A2D7E680EA036" authorityName="Huang et al." authorityYear="2014" baseAuthorityName="Song and Wilbert" baseAuthorityYear="1997" box="[1203,1327,1815,1841]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Urostylidae" genus="Arcuseries" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Urostylida" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="warreni">
<emphasis id="B950EAC2FFA1226D688A2D7E680EA036" box="[1203,1327,1815,1841]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">A. warreni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="131F2A55FFA1226D69792D7F68A6A036" box="[1344,1415,1814,1840]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[132,167,1835,1857]" captionTargetBox="[263,1288,238,1775]" captionTargetId="figure-6@6.[250,1338,224,1788]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 3. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference analyses based on 18S rDNA sequences. The new sequence provided in the present work is indicated in bold and by a white arrow. Numbers at nodes indicate the bootstrap values of ML out of 1,000 replicates and the pos- terior probability of BI. Fully supported (100/1.00) branches are marked with solid circles. The scale bar corresponds to 2 substitutions per 100 nucleotide positions." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10994428" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10994428/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
). In addition,
<taxonomicName id="4C244D53FFA1226D6F982D50693DA055" authorityName="Kim &amp; Chae &amp; Min" authorityYear="2019" box="[929,1052,1849,1875]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Urostylidae" genus="Arcuseries" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Urostylida" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="minima">
<emphasis id="B950EAC2FFA1226D6F982D50693DA055" box="[929,1052,1849,1875]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">A. minima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shows a shorter pairwise distance with
<taxonomicName id="4C244D53FFA1226D6F542D356EDCA070" authorityName="Huang et al." authorityYear="2014" baseAuthorityName="Cohn" baseAuthorityYear="1866" box="[877,1021,1884,1910]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Urostylidae" genus="Arcuseries" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Urostylida" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="scutellum">
<emphasis id="B950EAC2FFA1226D6F542D356EDCA070" box="[877,1021,1884,1910]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">A. scutellum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(0.009, 14 or 15 differences in 1,598 nt) than with
<emphasis id="B950EAC2FFA1226D6FE82D166EC2A09F" box="[977,995,1919,1945]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">A</emphasis>
. sp. (0.018, 29 differences in 1,598 nt),
<taxonomicName id="4C244D53FFA0226C6C442F0F6DF0A286" box="[125,209,1382,1408]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Urostylidae" genus="Arcuseries" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Urostylida" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="petzi">
<emphasis id="B950EAC2FFA0226C6C442F0F6DF0A286" box="[125,209,1382,1408]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">A. petzi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<geoCoordinate id="EE105017FFA0226C6CE72F0F6C00A286" box="[222,289,1382,1408]" degrees="0.024" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" precision="55" value="0.024">0.024</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE105017FFA0226C6D182F0F6C53A286" box="[289,370,1382,1408]" degrees="0.027" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" precision="55" value="-0.027">0.027</geoCoordinate>
, 3843 differences in 1,600 nt), and
<taxonomicName id="4C244D53FFA0226C6C442FE46DD7A2A0" authorityName="Huang et al." authorityYear="2014" baseAuthorityName="Song and Wilbert" baseAuthorityYear="1997" box="[125,246,1421,1447]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Urostylidae" genus="Arcuseries" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Urostylida" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="warreni">
<emphasis id="B950EAC2FFA0226C6C442FE46DD7A2A0" box="[125,246,1421,1447]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">A. warreni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(0.026, 42 differences in 1,600 nt) (Table 3).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>