treatments-xml/data/03/85/87/038587C97429AA6C46D2FBBEFE46036D.xml
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<document id="256EC97BB059615F633F09A67E417006" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.1868.1.1" ID-ISSN="1175­5334" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5133591" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1627158332512" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Dennis, D. Steve, Barnes, Jeffrey K. &amp; Knutson, Lloyd" docDate="2008" docId="038587C97429AA6C46D2FBBEFE46036D" docLanguage="en" docName="zt01868p098.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1868 (1)" docSource="https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1868.1.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:C4791ACFF01C5C140D2C1A203DB3C9B0.4:Zootaxa.2007-2008.monograph" docStyleId="C4791ACFF01C5C140D2C1A203DB3C9B0" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2007-2008.monograph" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Efferia aestuans" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="73" masterDocId="FFBCFFB1746FAA244645FFF3FFED074F" masterDocTitle="Pupal cases of Nearctic robber flies (Diptera: Asilidae)" masterLastPageNumber="98" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="71" updateTime="1699021410005" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="E731B2077C9988AF0DAB892A46FC4311">Pupal cases of Nearctic robber flies (Diptera: Asilidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="53DBDF12928D7EDA98F6CED1BDF92368">Dennis, D. Steve</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="DD55C7E18B9985C7CC502F30AA82F6C8">Barnes, Jeffrey K.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="0118B48BDA31EE1A0E82A4D528E2F76D">Knutson, Lloyd</mods:namePart>
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<mods:number id="EC7851EC3549568096465258C254650E">1868</mods:number>
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<paragraph id="8B9336DF7429AA6246D2FBBEFE010328" blockId="70.[151,492,1101,1162]" box="[151,492,1101,1127]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">
<heading id="D0DB81B37429AA6246D2FBBEFE010328" bold="true" box="[151,492,1101,1127]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D5C7429AA6246D2FBBEFE010328" ID-CoL="38TQH" authority="(Linnaeus)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1763" box="[151,492,1101,1127]" class="Insecta" family="Asilidae" genus="Efferia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aestuans">
<emphasis id="B958EACD7429AA6246D2FBBEFE010328" bold="true" box="[151,492,1101,1127]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">
<emphasis id="B958EACD7429AA6246D2FBBEFEB30328" bold="true" box="[151,350,1101,1127]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Efferia aestuans</emphasis>
(Linnaeus)
</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9336DF7429AA6246D2FB83FF1003C5" blockId="70.[151,492,1101,1162]" box="[151,253,1136,1162]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">
(
<figureCitation id="13172A5A7429AA6246DAFB83FF1803C5" box="[159,245,1136,1162]" captionStart="FIGURE 44" captionStartId="71.[151,255,1761,1785]" captionText="FIGURE 44. Efferia aestuans (Linnaeus), lateral view." pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Fig. 44</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9336DF7429AA6246D2FB33FDDD021D" blockId="70.[151,1436,1216,2002]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">
Descriptions of the pupae of
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<emphasis id="B958EACD7429AA6247B4FB33FD5C0396" box="[497,689,1216,1241]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Efferia aestuans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were given in
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B2E7429AA624523FB33FBDE0395" author="Bromley, S. W." box="[870,1075,1216,1242]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" pagination="1 - 48" refId="ref52059" refString="Bromley, S. W. (1946) Guide to the insects of Connecticut. Part VI. The Diptera or true flies of Connecticut. Third Fascicle. Asilidae. Bulletin of the Connecticut State Geological and Natural History Survey Bulletin, 69, 1 - 48." type="journal article" year="1946">Bromley's (1946)</bibRefCitation>
key to
<collectingRegion id="49E8F83D7429AA6242CAFB33FAF10395" box="[1167,1308,1216,1242]" country="United States of America" name="Connecticut" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Connecticut</collectingRegion>
robber fly pupal cases and by
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B2E7429AA624738FB1BFDD9024D" author="Malloch, J. R." box="[381,564,1256,1282]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" pagination="161 - 409" refId="ref55167" refString="Malloch, J. R. (1917) A preliminary classification of Diptera, exclusive of Pupipara, based upon larval and pupal characters, with keys to imagines in certain families. Part 1. Bulletin of the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History, 12, 161 - 409." type="journal article" year="1917">Malloch (1917)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B2E7429AA62442BFB1BFCE5024D" author="Riley, C. V." box="[622,776,1256,1282]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" refId="ref55999" refString="Riley, C. V. (1870) Second Annual Report on the Noxious, Beneficial and Other Insects of the State of Missouri. Missouri State Board of Agriculture, Jefferson City, Missouri, 135 pp." type="book" year="1870">Riley (1870)</bibRefCitation>
. Although
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B2E7429AA6245CFFB1BFBBC024D" author="Malloch, J. R." box="[906,1105,1256,1282]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" pagination="161 - 409" refId="ref55167" refString="Malloch, J. R. (1917) A preliminary classification of Diptera, exclusive of Pupipara, based upon larval and pupal characters, with keys to imagines in certain families. Part 1. Bulletin of the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History, 12, 161 - 409." type="journal article" year="1917">Malloch's (1917)</bibRefCitation>
description of a male pupal case is fairly complete, it is not presented in a style parallel to ours. We therefore redescribe this species utilizing both male and female material.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9336DF7429AA624680FA93FB9D0125" blockId="70.[151,1436,1216,2002]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">
This description is based on five pupal cases with associated, pinned adults from the
<collectingCountry id="F33B764F7429AA6242B2FA93FA740235" box="[1271,1433,1376,1402]" name="United States of America" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">United States</collectingCountry>
National Museum;
<specimenCount id="9D2AFD567429AA624739FA7BFE0402ED" box="[380,489,1416,1442]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" type="male">two male</specimenCount>
cases are labeled &quot;Lockport, N.Y.;
<date id="FF92101F7429AA6245CBFA7BFBC602ED" box="[910,1067,1416,1442]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" value="1945-07-12">12 July 1945</date>
; L.L. Pechuman; from larva in garden soil; S.W. Bromley Collection 1955,&quot; and &quot;E. Baton Rouge Par.; Hylandia Road;
<date id="FF92101F7429AA6242FEFA43FAB40285" box="[1211,1369,1456,1482]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" value="1969-07-18">18 July 1969</date>
; Mac Tidwell; reared from pupae, emerged
<date id="FF92101F7429AA624411FA2BFD1F02BD" box="[596,754,1496,1522]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" value="1969-07-28">28 July 1969</date>
.&quot; Three female cases are labeled &quot;Lockport, N.Y.;
<date id="FF92101F7429AA624301FA2BFF380155" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" value="1945-07-24">24 July 1945</date>
; L.L. Pechuman; from larva found in garden soil; S.W. Bromley Collection 1955,&quot; &quot;Acc. 15.4; Tidwell; Idlewild Ex. Farm; E. Feliciana Par.;
<date id="FF92101F7429AA624418F9DBFD11010D" box="[605,764,1576,1602]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" value="1965-04-07">7 April 1965</date>
; reared from larvae, pupated 8 July, emer. 6 Aug,&quot; and &quot;Stamford, Conn.;
<date id="FF92101F7429AA624731F9A3FDFB0125" box="[372,534,1616,1642]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" value="1929-07-15">July 15, 1929</date>
; B.T.R. Lab.; Col. S.W. Bromley Collection 1955.&quot;
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9336DF7429AA624680F98BFA91007D" blockId="70.[151,1436,1216,2002]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">
Description: Greatest length, including anterior antennal processes,
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<quantity id="4CD49B3A7429AA624248F98BFB5101DD" box="[1037,1212,1656,1682]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.65" metricValueMax="1.85" metricValueMin="1.45" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" unit="mm" value="16.5" valueMax="18.5" valueMin="14.5">14.518.5 mm</quantity>
,
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<quantity id="4CD49B3A7429AA6242A2F98BFA7A01DD" box="[1255,1431,1656,1682]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" metricValueMax="1.75" metricValueMin="1.65" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" unit="mm" value="17.0" valueMax="17.5" valueMin="16.5">16.517.5 mm</quantity>
; greatest width of thorax,
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4.0 mm,
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4.0
<quantity id="4CD49B3A7429AA6244C9F953FD0501F5" box="[652,744,1696,1722]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" unit="mm" value="4.5">4.5 mm</quantity>
; greatest width of abdomen,
<specimenCount id="9D2AFD567429AA62427DF96CFBA101FC" box="[1080,1100,1695,1715]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" type="male"></specimenCount>
3.0
<quantity id="4CD49B3A7429AA6242C2F953FB0E01F5" box="[1159,1251,1696,1722]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.3" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" unit="mm" value="3.3">3.3 mm</quantity>
,
<specimenCount id="9D2AFD567429AA6242A8F96CFAEC01FC" box="[1261,1281,1695,1715]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" type="female"></specimenCount>
<quantity id="4CD49B3A7429AA62434DF953FA7A01F5" box="[1288,1431,1696,1722]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.9" metricValueMax="4.3" metricValueMin="3.5" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" unit="mm" value="3.9" valueMax="4.3" valueMin="3.5">3.54.3 mm</quantity>
, tapering to
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<quantity id="4CD49B3A7429AA62477BF93BFE7701AD" box="[318,410,1736,1762]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" unit="mm" value="1.3">1.3 mm</quantity>
and
<specimenCount id="9D2AFD567429AA62479CF934FE000194" box="[473,493,1735,1755]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" type="female"></specimenCount>
1.0
<quantity id="4CD49B3A7429AA62446CF93BFD6E01AD" box="[553,643,1736,1762]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" unit="mm" value="1.5">1.5 mm</quantity>
at greatest width of abdominal segment 8. Integument subshining golden brown, wing sheath darker apically; spines and other processes glistening reddish brown, darker apically, except for uniformly colored dorsal abdominal spines; bristle­like spines yellowish to reddish brown.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9336DF7429AA634680F8B3FE670635" blockId="70.[151,1436,1216,2002]" lastBlockId="71.[151,1433,152,378]" lastPageId="71" lastPageNumber="72" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Head with pair of dorsally flattened, ventrally wedge­shaped anterior antennal processes not joined at base and group of 3 basally fused posterior antennal processes located ventrolaterally on each side; middle and outer posterior processes closer together and fused for greater distance, appearing shorter than inner posterior process; outer posterior process usually broad, with outer flattened area basally; inner and middle posterior processes narrow, acute to slightly rounded apically, with middle posterior process sometimes smaller than inner process. Labral sheath smooth to rugose, usually with a slight apical keel. Proboscial sheath smooth to rugose on each side of midline, with small, rugose, ridge­like tubercle on each side of midline and small, ventrally concave, median tubercle posteriorly. Maxillary sheath rugose on inner margin, with small posterior tubercle; sometimes with minute, yellowish tubercle just above anterior margin of proboscial sheath on each side of labral sheath.</paragraph>
<caption id="DF5366577428AA6346D2F912FD0801B6" box="[151,741,1761,1785]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" startId="71.[151,255,1761,1785]">
<paragraph id="8B9336DF7428AA6346D2F912FD0801B6" blockId="71.[151,741,1761,1785]" box="[151,741,1761,1785]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
<emphasis id="B958EACD7428AA6346D2F912FECB01B6" bold="true" box="[151,294,1761,1785]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">FIGURE 44.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D5C7428AA634768F911FDBA01B6" authority="(Linnaeus)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1763" box="[301,599,1762,1785]" class="Insecta" family="Asilidae" genus="Efferia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aestuans">
<emphasis id="B958EACD7428AA634768F911FE3601B6" box="[301,475,1762,1785]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Efferia aestuans</emphasis>
(Linnaeus)
</taxonomicName>
, lateral view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B9336DF7428AA6C4680F8A7FC560665" blockId="71.[151,1436,1876,2022]" lastBlockId="72.[151,1438,152,1058]" lastPageId="72" lastPageNumber="73" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Anterior coxal sheath irregularly rugulose, with anterior, median, longitudinal split; sometimes with minute anterior tubercle on each side of midline directly posterior to small lateral tubercles of proboscial sheath. Prothoracic spiracles elongate­oval, slightly upraised, situated midlaterally at anterior margin of thorax. Anterior mesothoracic spines consisting of pair of long, posteriorly curved, pointed spines above base of sheath of mid legs; posterior spine wider basally than anterior spine. Posterior mesothoracic callosity medium sized, smooth to slightly rugulose, with small, apically rounded posterior mesothoracic spine. Wing sheath irregularly rugose, lacking basal tubercles. Thoracic area above wing sheath smooth to irregularly rugose. Apex of hind leg sheath reaching to middle of abdominal segment 3.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9336DF7427AA6C4680FECBFBC9061D" blockId="72.[151,1438,152,1058]" box="[197,1060,312,338]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Abdominal spiracles semi­oval, upraised, situated along midline laterally.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9336DF7427AA6C4680FE93FD2F0685" blockId="72.[151,1438,152,1058]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Abdominal segment 1 with dorsal transverse row of 1213 long, apically recurved spurs, outermost spur on each side sometime very short; dorsolateral bristle­like spines absent; 3 bristle­like spines behind each spiracle; venter obscured by wing and leg sheaths.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9336DF7427AA6C4680FE2BFAEE0525" blockId="72.[151,1438,152,1058]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Segments 27 with dorsomedian transverse row of 6 long spurs alternating with 814 short spines; spines broad, slightly in front of long spurs, sometimes bifurcate apically; 48 long dorsolateral bristle­like spines and 58 lateral bristle­like spines behind each spiracle; some dorsolateral spines bifurcate or trifurcate; lateral spine toward dorsum and some other lateral spines about one­half as long as surrounding spines.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9336DF7427AA6C4680FD8BFDD805AD" blockId="72.[151,1438,152,1058]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Segment 2 with 711 long, apically recurved ventral bristle­like spines on each side of and extending under hind leg sheaths; segments 37 with complete transverse row of 2031 long, straight to apically recurved ventral bristle­like spines.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9336DF7427AA6C4680FD03FE2104CD" blockId="72.[151,1438,152,1058]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Segment 8 with 2 dorsal spurs on each side of dorsal midline; small dark­brown spiracle at lateral midline; and 56 lateral bristle­like spines on each side; venter of female with 3 long bristle­like spines on each side of and curved toward ventral midline; male cases with 46 bristle­like spines on each side of midline and 12 median bristle­like spines.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9336DF7427AA6C4680FC63FE46036D" blockId="72.[151,1438,152,1058]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Segment 9 with pair of long, straight to slightly apically recurved dorsal posterolateral processes; pair of short ventral posterolateral processes not fused to but curved toward dorsal posterolateral processes; and pair of small posteroventral and posteromedain tubercles; males with pair of large, widely separated, acuminate anteroventral tubercles.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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