334 lines
47 KiB
XML
334 lines
47 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="646C29BCE3ED5982E90BA40F7336F4E8">New data on the Triassic temnospondyls from the Karoo rift basins of Tanzania and Zambia</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03C8B219277B6A7DAD23F915E113D759" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4906873" ID-GBIF-Taxon="182597934" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4906873" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C8B219277B6A7DAD23F915E113D759" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C8B219277B6A7DAD23F915E113D759" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="372" pageId="7" pageNumber="370">
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<taxonomicName id="4C61788C277B6A73AD23F915E702D4E4" box="[302,536,1750,1776]" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="370" rank="genus">Mastodontosauroidea</taxonomicName>
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indet.
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<subSubSection id="C37B5084277B6A73AD9FF934E71AD505" box="[402,512,1782,1809]" pageId="7" pageNumber="370" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BDE030F277B6A73AD9FF934E71AD505" blockId="7.[302,606,1750,1809]" box="[402,512,1782,1809]" pageId="7" pageNumber="370">
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(
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<figureCitation id="135A1F8A277B6A73AD96F935E4C1D505" box="[411,475,1782,1809]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[132,143,1252,1269]" captionTargetBox="[142,1438,217,1211]" captionTargetId="figure-354@8.[132,1455,209,1222]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 5. — Postcranial specimens of Mastodonsauroidea collected in 1963 by A. Charig and colleagues in the Triassic (?Anisian) of Zambia (Luangwa Basin): A, partial interclavicle (NHMUK R10271) in ventral view; B, C, intercentra (NHMUK R10272-R10273) in anterior view; D, partial right scapulocoracoid (NHMUK R10274) in lateral view; E, right ilium (NHMUK R10275) in lateral view. Abbreviations: fsgl, supraglenoid fossa; sab, supracetabular buttress; sct, scapular tubercle. Scale bar: 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4906305" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4906305/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="370">Figs 5</figureCitation>
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;
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<figureCitation id="135A1F8A277B6A73ADE4F935E4EDD504" box="[489,503,1782,1808]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[132,143,623,640]" captionTargetBox="[131,1456,204,585]" captionTargetId="figure-692@9.[131,984,204,585]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIG. 6. — Intercentrum of Mastodonsauroidea (NMT RB537) from the Triassic (?Anisian) of Tanzania (Ruhuhu Basin) in posterior (A) and lateral (B) views; C, μCT- scan radiography. Abbreviations: par, parapophyses. Scale bars: 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4906307" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4906307/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="370">6</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C37B5084277B6A73AC89F8F6E198D5FF" pageId="7" pageNumber="370" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BDE030F277B6A73AC89F8F6E612D5FF" blockId="7.[130,776,1844,2027]" pageId="7" pageNumber="370">
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<materialsCitation id="3B090952277B6A73AC89F8F6E780D588" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3127475309" accessionNumber="R10271" country="Zambia" location="Large" pageId="7" pageNumber="370" specimenCount="1">
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REFERRED MATERIAL. —
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<emphasis id="B915DF1D277B6A73AD67F8F5E4A9D55A" bold="true" box="[362,435,1846,1870]" pageId="7" pageNumber="370">
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<collectingCountry id="F376439F277B6A73AD67F8F5E4A9D55A" box="[362,435,1846,1870]" name="Zambia" pageId="7" pageNumber="370">Zambia</collectingCountry>
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</emphasis>
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.
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<location id="8EBE55D4277B6A73ADB1F8F6E4F5D559" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C8B219277B6A7DAD23F915E113D759:8EBE55D4277B6A73ADB1F8F6E4F5D559" box="[444,495,1845,1869]" country="Zambia" name="Large" pageId="7" pageNumber="370">Large</location>
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postcranial elements studied in 2015 by one of us (BRP) in the historical collections of the NHMUK, and labeled as ‘cf.
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<taxonomicName id="4C61788C277B6A73AD3DF8AAE4BCD595" baseAuthorityName="Damiani" baseAuthorityYear="2001" box="[304,422,1897,1921]" class="Amphibia" family="Metoposauridae" genus="Parotosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Temnospondyli" pageId="7" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B915DF1D277B6A73AD3DF8AAE4BCD595" box="[304,422,1897,1921]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="370">Parotosuchus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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’ (
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<figureCitation id="135A1F8A277B6A73ADB7F8AAE4EBD595" box="[442,497,1897,1921]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[132,143,1252,1269]" captionTargetBox="[142,1438,217,1211]" captionTargetId="figure-354@8.[132,1455,209,1222]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 5. — Postcranial specimens of Mastodonsauroidea collected in 1963 by A. Charig and colleagues in the Triassic (?Anisian) of Zambia (Luangwa Basin): A, partial interclavicle (NHMUK R10271) in ventral view; B, C, intercentra (NHMUK R10272-R10273) in anterior view; D, partial right scapulocoracoid (NHMUK R10274) in lateral view; E, right ilium (NHMUK R10275) in lateral view. Abbreviations: fsgl, supraglenoid fossa; sab, supracetabular buttress; sct, scapular tubercle. Scale bar: 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4906305" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4906305/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="370">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
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): NHMUK R10271, a huge partial interclavicle of nearly ½ meter breadth (
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<figureCitation id="135A1F8A277B6A73AE44F840E789D588" box="[585,659,1923,1948]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[132,143,1252,1269]" captionTargetBox="[142,1438,217,1211]" captionTargetId="figure-354@8.[132,1455,209,1222]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 5. — Postcranial specimens of Mastodonsauroidea collected in 1963 by A. Charig and colleagues in the Triassic (?Anisian) of Zambia (Luangwa Basin): A, partial interclavicle (NHMUK R10271) in ventral view; B, C, intercentra (NHMUK R10272-R10273) in anterior view; D, partial right scapulocoracoid (NHMUK R10274) in lateral view; E, right ilium (NHMUK R10275) in lateral view. Abbreviations: fsgl, supraglenoid fossa; sab, supracetabular buttress; sct, scapular tubercle. Scale bar: 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4906305" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4906305/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="370">Fig. 5A</figureCitation>
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)
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</materialsCitation>
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;
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<materialsCitation id="3B090952277B6A73AEA9F847E41AD5C4" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3127475310" accessionNumber="R10272, R10273" country="Zambia" pageId="7" pageNumber="370" specimenCount="1">
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NHMUK R10272-R10273, two very large intercentra of 130 × 80 ×
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<quantity id="4C99AEEA277B6A73AEB2F85DE61DD5A1" box="[703,775,1950,1974]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="370" unit="mm" value="40.0">40 mm</quantity>
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(
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<figureCitation id="135A1F8A277B6A73AC81F87BE5E3D5C4" box="[140,249,1976,2000]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[132,143,1252,1269]" captionTargetBox="[142,1438,217,1211]" captionTargetId="figure-354@8.[132,1455,209,1222]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 5. — Postcranial specimens of Mastodonsauroidea collected in 1963 by A. Charig and colleagues in the Triassic (?Anisian) of Zambia (Luangwa Basin): A, partial interclavicle (NHMUK R10271) in ventral view; B, C, intercentra (NHMUK R10272-R10273) in anterior view; D, partial right scapulocoracoid (NHMUK R10274) in lateral view; E, right ilium (NHMUK R10275) in lateral view. Abbreviations: fsgl, supraglenoid fossa; sab, supracetabular buttress; sct, scapular tubercle. Scale bar: 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4906305" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4906305/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="370">Fig. 5B, C</figureCitation>
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)
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</materialsCitation>
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;
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<materialsCitation id="3B090952277B6A73AD00F87AE5FAD5FF" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3127475308" accessionNumber="R10274" country="Zambia" pageId="7" pageNumber="370" specimenCount="1">
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NHMUK R10274, a partial right scapulocoracoid (
|
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<figureCitation id="135A1F8A277B6A73AC81F810E5CDD5FF" box="[140,215,2003,2027]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[132,143,1252,1269]" captionTargetBox="[142,1438,217,1211]" captionTargetId="figure-354@8.[132,1455,209,1222]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 5. — Postcranial specimens of Mastodonsauroidea collected in 1963 by A. Charig and colleagues in the Triassic (?Anisian) of Zambia (Luangwa Basin): A, partial interclavicle (NHMUK R10271) in ventral view; B, C, intercentra (NHMUK R10272-R10273) in anterior view; D, partial right scapulocoracoid (NHMUK R10274) in lateral view; E, right ilium (NHMUK R10275) in lateral view. Abbreviations: fsgl, supraglenoid fossa; sab, supracetabular buttress; sct, scapular tubercle. Scale bar: 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4906305" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4906305/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="370">Fig. 5D</figureCitation>
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)
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</materialsCitation>
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;
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<materialsCitation id="3B090952277B6A73ACE4F810E61ED5FF" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3127475303" accessionNumber="R10275" box="[233,772,2003,2027]" country="Zambia" pageId="7" pageNumber="370" specimenCount="1">
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and NHMUK R10275, a right complete ilium (
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<figureCitation id="135A1F8A277B6A73AEB9F810E7E6D5FF" box="[692,764,2003,2027]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[132,143,1252,1269]" captionTargetBox="[142,1438,217,1211]" captionTargetId="figure-354@8.[132,1455,209,1222]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 5. — Postcranial specimens of Mastodonsauroidea collected in 1963 by A. Charig and colleagues in the Triassic (?Anisian) of Zambia (Luangwa Basin): A, partial interclavicle (NHMUK R10271) in ventral view; B, C, intercentra (NHMUK R10272-R10273) in anterior view; D, partial right scapulocoracoid (NHMUK R10274) in lateral view; E, right ilium (NHMUK R10275) in lateral view. Abbreviations: fsgl, supraglenoid fossa; sab, supracetabular buttress; sct, scapular tubercle. Scale bar: 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4906305" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4906305/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="370">Fig. 5E</figureCitation>
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)
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BDE030F277B6A73AF20F9B1E6DDD518" blockId="7.[812,1455,1648,1804]" pageId="7" pageNumber="370">
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<emphasis id="B915DF1D277B6A73AF20F9B1E688D49E" bold="true" box="[813,914,1650,1674]" pageId="7" pageNumber="370">
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<collectingCountry id="F376439F277B6A73AF20F9B1E694D49E" box="[813,910,1650,1674]" name="Tanzania" pageId="7" pageNumber="370">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
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.
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</emphasis>
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NMT RB537 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="135A1F8A277B6A73A838F9B3E16AD49C" box="[1077,1136,1648,1672]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[132,143,623,640]" captionTargetBox="[131,1456,204,585]" captionTargetId="figure-692@9.[131,984,204,585]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIG. 6. — Intercentrum of Mastodonsauroidea (NMT RB537) from the Triassic (?Anisian) of Tanzania (Ruhuhu Basin) in posterior (A) and lateral (B) views; C, μCT- scan radiography. Abbreviations: par, parapophyses. Scale bars: 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4906307" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4906307/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="370">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
), a very large and robust intercentrum (132 × 88 ×
|
||
<quantity id="4C99AEEA277B6A73A808F948E155D4B7" box="[1029,1103,1675,1699]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.3" pageId="7" pageNumber="370" unit="mm" value="43.0">43 mm</quantity>
|
||
) found isolated by one of us (SJN) in 2007 at the locality Z30, near the village of Gingama, in the grey siltstones of the Lifua Member, Manda Beds, Middle-?Late Triassic (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF07EFE277B6A73AFFDF919E1B0D4E6" author="NELSEN O. & HAGEN E. & DYPVIK H." box="[1008,1194,1754,1778]" pageId="7" pageNumber="370" pagination="137 - 150" refId="ref8378" refString="NELSEN O., HAGEN E. & DYPVIK H. 2001. - Sediment provenance and Karoo rift basin evolution in the Kilombero Rift Valley, Tanzania. South African Journal of Geology 104: 137 - 150. https: // doi. org / 10.2113 / 1040137" type="journal article" year="2001">
|
||
Nelsen
|
||
<emphasis id="B915DF1D277B6A73A833F918E175D4E6" box="[1086,1135,1754,1778]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="370">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2001
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF07EFE277B6A73A8BBF919E07CD4E6" author="SMITH R. M. H. & SIDOR C. A. & ANGIELCZYK K. D. & NESBITT S. J. & TABOR N. J." box="[1206,1382,1754,1778]" pageId="7" pageNumber="370" pagination="65 - 79" refId="ref9672" refString="SMITH R. M. H., SIDOR C. A., ANGIELCZYK K. D., NESBITT S. J. & TABOR N. J. 2018. - Taphonomy and paleoenvironments of Middle Triassic bone accumulations in the Lifua Member of the Manda Beds, Songea Group (Ruhuhu Basin), Tanzania, in SIDOR C. A. & NESBITT S. J. (eds.), Vertebrate and climatic evolution in the Triassic rift basins of Tanzania and Zambia. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir 17. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 37 (6): 65 - 79. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02724634.2017.1415915" type="journal article" year="2018">
|
||
Smith
|
||
<emphasis id="B915DF1D277B6A73A8F7F918E031D4E6" box="[1274,1323,1754,1778]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="370">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2018
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) of the Ruhuhu Basin.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDE030F277B6A73AF20F8F6E198D5FF" blockId="7.[811,1456,1844,2027]" pageId="7" pageNumber="370">
|
||
LOCALITY AND HORIZON. — The Zambian specimens were collected in 1963 by a NHMUK and London University expedition which comprised Barry Cox, Alan Charig and colleagues (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF07EFE277B6A73A925F8AAE67AD58F" author="ATTRIDGE J. & BALL H. & CHARIG A. & COX C. B." pageId="7" pageNumber="370" pagination="445 - 449" refId="ref6216" refString="ATTRIDGE J., BALL H., CHARIG A. & COX C. B. 1964. - The BMNH / University of London joint palaeontological expedition to Northern Rhodesia and Tanganyika 1963. Nature 201: 445 - 449. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / 201445 a 0" type="journal article" year="1964">
|
||
Attridge
|
||
<emphasis id="B915DF1D277B6A73A98DF8A9E0AAD595" box="[1408,1456,1897,1921]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="370">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1964
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) at Locality 15 of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF07EFE277B6A73A814F840E035D588" author="DRYSDALL A. R. & KITCHING J. W." box="[1049,1327,1923,1948]" pageId="7" pageNumber="370" pagination="1 - 62" refId="ref7299" refString="DRYSDALL A. R. & KITCHING J. W. 1963. - A re-examination of the Karroo succession and fossil localities of part of the upper Luangwa Valley. Memoirs of the Geological Survey Department of Northern Rhodesia, Lusaka 1: 1 - 62." type="journal article" year="1963">Drysdall & Kitching (1963)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, about
|
||
<quantity id="4C99AEEA277B6A73A976F840E0B5D58F" box="[1403,1455,1923,1947]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="370" unit="km" value="6.0">6 km</quantity>
|
||
west of the village of Sitwe, upper horizon of the Ntawere Formation, Middle-?Late Triassic (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF07EFE277B6A73A84EF87BE01FD5C4" author="PEECOOK B. R. & STEYER J. S. & TABOR N. J. & SMITH R. M. H." box="[1091,1285,1976,2000]" pageId="7" pageNumber="370" pagination="8 - 38" refId="ref8849" refString="PEECOOK B. R., STEYER J. S., TABOR N. J. & SMITH R. M. H. 2018. - Updated geology and vertebrate paleontology of the Triassic Ntawere Formation of northeastern Zambia, with special emphasis on the archosauromorphs, in SIDOR C. A. & NESBITT S. J. (eds), Vertebrate and climatic evolution in the Triassic rift basins of Tanzania and Zambia. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir 17. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 37 (6): 8 - 38. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02724634.2017.1410484" type="journal article" year="2018">
|
||
Peecook
|
||
<emphasis id="B915DF1D277B6A73A897F87AE1D1D5C4" box="[1178,1227,1976,2000]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="370">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2018
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) of the Luangwa Basin (sensu
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF07EFE277B6A73AFA6F810E16ED5FF" author="BARBOLINI N. & BAMFORD M. K. & TOLAN S." box="[939,1140,2003,2027]" pageId="7" pageNumber="370" pagination="18 - 30" refId="ref6271" refString="BARBOLINI N., BAMFORD M. K. & TOLAN S. 2016. - Permo-Triassic palynology and palaeobotany of Zambia; a review. Palaeontologia Africana 50: 18 - 30." type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||
Barbolini
|
||
<emphasis id="B915DF1D277B6A73A800F817E126D5FF" box="[1037,1084,2003,2027]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="370">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2016
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF1E538727746A7CAC89FB27E44CD72D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4906305" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4906305" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4906305/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="371" startId="8.[132,143,1252,1269]" targetBox="[142,1438,217,1211]" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDE030F27746A7CAC89FB27E44CD72D" blockId="8.[132,1457,1252,1337]" pageId="8" pageNumber="371">
|
||
FIG. 5. — Postcranial specimens of Mastodonsauroidea collected in 1963 by A. Charig and colleagues in the Triassic (?Anisian) of Zambia (Luangwa Basin):
|
||
<emphasis id="B915DF1D27746A7CAC89FB38E58BD718" bold="true" box="[132,145,1275,1292]" pageId="8" pageNumber="371">A</emphasis>
|
||
, partial interclavicle (NHMUK R10271) in ventral view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B915DF1D27746A7CAE56FB38E772D718" bold="true" box="[603,616,1275,1292]" pageId="8" pageNumber="371">B</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B915DF1D27746A7CAE7EFB38E79BD718" bold="true" box="[627,641,1275,1292]" pageId="8" pageNumber="371">C</emphasis>
|
||
, intercentra (NHMUK R10272-R10273) in anterior view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B915DF1D27746A7CA855FB38E17CD718" bold="true" box="[1112,1126,1275,1292]" pageId="8" pageNumber="371">D</emphasis>
|
||
, partial right scapulocoracoid (NHMUK R10274) in lateral view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B915DF1D27746A7CAD40FAD1E443D737" bold="true" box="[333,345,1298,1315]" pageId="8" pageNumber="371">E</emphasis>
|
||
, right ilium (NHMUK R10275) in lateral view. Abbreviations:
|
||
<emphasis id="B915DF1D27746A7CAF5FFAD1E668D737" bold="true" box="[850,882,1298,1315]" pageId="8" pageNumber="371">fsgl</emphasis>
|
||
, supraglenoid fossa;
|
||
<emphasis id="B915DF1D27746A7CA82AFAD1E15DD737" bold="true" box="[1063,1095,1298,1315]" pageId="8" pageNumber="371">sab</emphasis>
|
||
, supracetabular buttress;
|
||
<emphasis id="B915DF1D27746A7CA929FAD1E025D737" bold="true" box="[1316,1343,1298,1315]" pageId="8" pageNumber="371">sct</emphasis>
|
||
, scapular tubercle. Scale bar: 10 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C37B508427746A7DAC89FAB7E113D759" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="372" pageId="8" pageNumber="371" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDE030F27746A7CAC89FAB7E40FD798" blockId="8.[131,777,1396,2028]" box="[132,277,1396,1422]" pageId="8" pageNumber="371">DESCRIPTION</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDE030F27746A7CAC89FA50E459D7B9" blockId="8.[131,777,1396,2028]" box="[132,323,1427,1453]" pageId="8" pageNumber="371">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915DF1D27746A7CAC89FA50E459D7B9" box="[132,323,1427,1453]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="371">Zambian material</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDE030F27746A7CAC89FA70E115D498" blockId="8.[131,777,1396,2028]" lastBlockId="8.[811,1457,1395,1676]" pageId="8" pageNumber="371">
|
||
All the elements are fully ossified, robust and very large: they therefore belong to adult individual(s). The partial interclavicle NHMUK R10271 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="135A1F8A27746A7CADF7FA30E74AD419" box="[506,592,1522,1549]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[132,143,1252,1269]" captionTargetBox="[142,1438,217,1211]" captionTargetId="figure-354@8.[132,1455,209,1222]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 5. — Postcranial specimens of Mastodonsauroidea collected in 1963 by A. Charig and colleagues in the Triassic (?Anisian) of Zambia (Luangwa Basin): A, partial interclavicle (NHMUK R10271) in ventral view; B, C, intercentra (NHMUK R10272-R10273) in anterior view; D, partial right scapulocoracoid (NHMUK R10274) in lateral view; E, right ilium (NHMUK R10275) in lateral view. Abbreviations: fsgl, supraglenoid fossa; sab, supracetabular buttress; sct, scapular tubercle. Scale bar: 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4906305" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4906305/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="371">Fig. 5A</figureCitation>
|
||
) bears radiating ridges and deep grooves on its ventral side. Most of the ridges are eroded, which suggests that this bone has been strongly weathered. Unfortunately, the margins of this interclavicle are not preserved, preventing a more precise assignment. The intercentra NHMUK R10272-R10273 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="135A1F8A27746A7CAC80F971E5E7D4D8" box="[141,253,1714,1741]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[132,143,1252,1269]" captionTargetBox="[142,1438,217,1211]" captionTargetId="figure-354@8.[132,1455,209,1222]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 5. — Postcranial specimens of Mastodonsauroidea collected in 1963 by A. Charig and colleagues in the Triassic (?Anisian) of Zambia (Luangwa Basin): A, partial interclavicle (NHMUK R10271) in ventral view; B, C, intercentra (NHMUK R10272-R10273) in anterior view; D, partial right scapulocoracoid (NHMUK R10274) in lateral view; E, right ilium (NHMUK R10275) in lateral view. Abbreviations: fsgl, supraglenoid fossa; sab, supracetabular buttress; sct, scapular tubercle. Scale bar: 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4906305" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4906305/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="371">Fig. 5B, C</figureCitation>
|
||
) are crescentic, but with relatively low and short lateral flanks. The limited lateral flanks suggest a relatively reduced notochordal canal. The bone surfaces are relatively rugose, probably for contact with the cartilaginous intervertebral disks. The parapophyses are not well developed. The partial right scapulocoracoid NHMUK R10274 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="135A1F8A27746A7CAEA5F892E7E4D578" box="[680,766,1873,1900]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[132,143,1252,1269]" captionTargetBox="[142,1438,217,1211]" captionTargetId="figure-354@8.[132,1455,209,1222]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 5. — Postcranial specimens of Mastodonsauroidea collected in 1963 by A. Charig and colleagues in the Triassic (?Anisian) of Zambia (Luangwa Basin): A, partial interclavicle (NHMUK R10271) in ventral view; B, C, intercentra (NHMUK R10272-R10273) in anterior view; D, partial right scapulocoracoid (NHMUK R10274) in lateral view; E, right ilium (NHMUK R10275) in lateral view. Abbreviations: fsgl, supraglenoid fossa; sab, supracetabular buttress; sct, scapular tubercle. Scale bar: 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4906305" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4906305/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="371">Fig. 5D</figureCitation>
|
||
) is also massive and robust. Although only its central part is preserved, the typical fan shape is recognizable, with the supraglenoid fossa visible in lateral view. The supraglenoid fossa is oval in shape and very large compared with the width of the mid-shaft. It turns inside into the supraglenoid foramen. Lateral to the supraglenoid fossa, a small expansion of the bone could correspond to the scapular tubercle but its preservation is not sufficient to confirm this identification. The complete right ilium NHMUK R10275 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="135A1F8A27746A7CA934FA30E097D419" box="[1337,1421,1522,1549]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[132,143,1252,1269]" captionTargetBox="[142,1438,217,1211]" captionTargetId="figure-354@8.[132,1455,209,1222]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 5. — Postcranial specimens of Mastodonsauroidea collected in 1963 by A. Charig and colleagues in the Triassic (?Anisian) of Zambia (Luangwa Basin): A, partial interclavicle (NHMUK R10271) in ventral view; B, C, intercentra (NHMUK R10272-R10273) in anterior view; D, partial right scapulocoracoid (NHMUK R10274) in lateral view; E, right ilium (NHMUK R10275) in lateral view. Abbreviations: fsgl, supraglenoid fossa; sab, supracetabular buttress; sct, scapular tubercle. Scale bar: 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4906305" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4906305/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="371">Fig. 5E</figureCitation>
|
||
) is well preserved. In lateral view, its dorsal iliac process is high and slightly widens dorsally. The supracetabular buttress is well pronounced ventrolaterally, even though its surface is relatively weathered.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<subSection id="E2EE1AE427746A7DAF20F970E680D61A" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="372" pageId="8" pageNumber="371" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDE030F27746A7CAF20F970E6E1D4D8" blockId="8.[813,1019,1714,1740]" box="[813,1019,1714,1740]" pageId="8" pageNumber="371">
|
||
<heading id="D096B46327746A7CAF20F970E6E1D4D8" box="[813,1019,1714,1740]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="371" reason="8">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915DF1D27746A7CAF20F970E6E1D4D8" box="[813,1019,1714,1740]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="371">Tanzanian material</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDE030F27746A7CAF20F911E0B4D5F8" blockId="8.[812,1456,1746,2028]" pageId="8" pageNumber="371">
|
||
NMT RB537 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="135A1F8A27746A7CAFD3F911E14CD4F8" box="[990,1110,1746,1772]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[132,143,623,640]" captionTargetBox="[131,1456,204,585]" captionTargetId="figure-692@9.[131,984,204,585]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIG. 6. — Intercentrum of Mastodonsauroidea (NMT RB537) from the Triassic (?Anisian) of Tanzania (Ruhuhu Basin) in posterior (A) and lateral (B) views; C, μCT- scan radiography. Abbreviations: par, parapophyses. Scale bars: 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4906307" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4906307/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="371">Fig. 6A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
) is crescentic, with a reduced anteroposterior length (
|
||
<quantity id="4C99AEEA27746A7CA84CF931E183D518" box="[1089,1177,1778,1804]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.3" pageId="8" pageNumber="371" unit="mm" value="43.0">43 mm</quantity>
|
||
) compared to its height (
|
||
<quantity id="4C99AEEA27746A7CAF38F8D1E68BD538" box="[821,913,1810,1836]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.8" pageId="8" pageNumber="371" unit="mm" value="88.0">88 mm</quantity>
|
||
). Its parapophyses are located posteriorly suggesting an attribution to a stereospondyl (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF07EFE27746A7CA932F8F1E6BED578" author="WARREN A. A. & SNELL N." pageId="8" pageNumber="371" pagination="43 - 64" refId="ref10033" refString="WARREN A. A. & SNELL N. 1991. - The postcranial skeleton of Mesozoic temnospondyl amphibians: a review. Alcheringa 15: 43 - 64. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03115519108619009" type="journal article" year="1991">Warren & Snell 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF07EFE27746A7CAFB9F892E1FFD57F" author="WITZMANN F. & SCHOCH R. R." box="[948,1253,1873,1900]" pageId="8" pageNumber="371" pagination="1211 - 1235" refId="ref10180" refString="WITZMANN F. & SCHOCH R. R. 2006. - The postcranium of Archegosaurus decheni, and a phylogenetic analysis of temnospondyl postcrania. Paleontology 49: 1211 - 1235. http: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1475 - 4983.2006.00593. x" type="journal article" year="2006">Witzmann & Schoch 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Compared with other stereospondyl taxa, this intercentrum is very robust, with large elevated flanks drawing dorsally the base of the central tube for the notochordal canal. This character is typical of the neorachitomous pattern (e.g., Watson
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF1E538727756A7DAC89FDACE7C2D083" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4906307" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4906307" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4906307/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="372" startId="9.[132,143,623,640]" targetBox="[131,1456,204,585]" targetPageId="9">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDE030F27756A7DAC89FDACE7C2D083" blockId="9.[132,1455,623,663]" pageId="9" pageNumber="372">
|
||
FIG. 6. — Intercentrum of Mastodonsauroidea (NMT RB537) from the Triassic (?Anisian) of Tanzania (Ruhuhu Basin) in posterior (
|
||
<emphasis id="B915DF1D27756A7DA8A5FDACE1AFD094" bold="true" box="[1192,1205,623,640]" pageId="9" pageNumber="372">A</emphasis>
|
||
) and lateral (
|
||
<emphasis id="B915DF1D27756A7DA913FDACE031D094" bold="true" box="[1310,1323,623,640]" pageId="9" pageNumber="372">B</emphasis>
|
||
) views;
|
||
<emphasis id="B915DF1D27756A7DA963FDACE066D094" bold="true" box="[1390,1404,623,640]" pageId="9" pageNumber="372">C</emphasis>
|
||
, μCT- scan radiography. Abbreviations:
|
||
<emphasis id="B915DF1D27756A7DAD91FD45E4A3D083" bold="true" box="[412,441,646,663]" pageId="9" pageNumber="372">par</emphasis>
|
||
, parapophyses. Scale bars: 5 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDE030F27756A7DAC89FD15E4B9D79A" blockId="9.[130,777,725,2028]" pageId="9" pageNumber="372">
|
||
1919). The parapophyses are well separated from the rest of the vertebral element. Together with the strong degree of ossification of the intercentrum, this suggests that this element belongs to an adult individual (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF07EFE27756A7DAE7FFCF6E7EFD15B" author="STEYER J. - S." box="[626,757,821,847]" pageId="9" pageNumber="372" pagination="449 - 467" refId="ref9793" refString="STEYER J. - S. 2000. - Ontogeny and phylogeny in temnospondyls: a new method of analysis. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 130: 449 - 467. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2000. tb 01637. x" type="journal article" year="2000">Steyer 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Its ventral, anterior, and posterior surfaces are very rugose. The latter two surfaces show a subcircular rugose zone for the contact with the cartilaginous intervertebral disks. The subcircular ventral side of the intercentrum, as well as the dorsal position and subtriangular shape of its parapophyses, suggests that this element was originally positioned between the middle and the posterior end of the presacral column. More precisely, the height of the parapophyses relative to the height of the intercentrum in lateral view suggests a rather posterior presacral element, by comparison with the vertebral columns of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61788C27756A7DAD6AFB57E61CD6BB" authority="Watson, 1958" authorityName="Watson" authorityYear="1958" box="[359,774,1172,1199]" class="Amphibia" family="Capitosauridae" genus="Paracyclotosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Temnospondyli" pageId="9" pageNumber="372" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="davidi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915DF1D27756A7DAD6AFB57E772D6BA" box="[359,616,1172,1198]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="372">Paracyclotosaurus davidi</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF07EFE27756A7DAE63FB57E61CD6BB" author="WATSON D. M. S." box="[622,774,1172,1199]" pageId="9" pageNumber="372" pagination="233 - 264" refId="ref10129" refString="WATSON D. M. S. 1958. - A new labyrinthodont (Paracyclotosaurus) from the Upper Triassic of New South Wales. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History 3: 233 - 264. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 2290486" type="journal article" year="1958">Watson, 1958</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61788C27756A7DACBBFB77E76ED6DA" authority="(Jaeger, 1828)" baseAuthorityName="Jaeger" baseAuthorityYear="1828" box="[182,628,1204,1230]" class="Amphibia" family="Mastodonsauridae" genus="Mastodonsaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Temnospondyli" pageId="9" pageNumber="372" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="giganteus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915DF1D27756A7DACBBFB77E4D4D6DA" box="[182,462,1204,1230]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="372">Mastodonsaurus giganteus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF07EFE27756A7DADD3FB77E776D6DA" author="JAEGER G. F." box="[478,620,1204,1230]" pageId="9" pageNumber="372" refId="ref7816" refString="JAEGER G. F. 1828. - Uber die fossile (sic) Reptilien, welche in Wurttemberg aufgefunden worden sind. Metzler, Stuttgart, 48 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4689" type="book" year="1828">Jäeger, 1828</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(respectively
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF07EFE27756A7DAC8BFB17E43AD6FA" author="WATSON D. M. S." box="[134,288,1235,1262]" pageId="9" pageNumber="372" pagination="233 - 264" refId="ref10129" refString="WATSON D. M. S. 1958. - A new labyrinthodont (Paracyclotosaurus) from the Upper Triassic of New South Wales. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History 3: 233 - 264. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 2290486" type="journal article" year="1958">Watson 1958</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF07EFE27756A7DAD3CFB17E4D3D6FA" author="SCHOCH R. R." box="[305,457,1236,1262]" pageId="9" pageNumber="372" pagination="1 - 175" refId="ref9158" refString="SCHOCH R. R. 1999. - Comparative osteology of Mastodonsaurus giganteus (Jaeger, 1828) from the Middle Triassic (Lettenkeuper: Longobardian) of Germany (Baden- Wurttemberg, Bayern, Thuringen). Stuttgarter Beitrage zur Naturkunde Serie B 278: 1 - 175. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 30069417" type="journal article" year="1999">Schoch 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The lateral expansions or “winglets” of the intercentrum suggest a relatively reduced notochordal canal. The ventral side of the intercentrum is wider than long. The parapophyses are entirely dorsally located on the corpus of the bone (not laterally and in between two intercentra).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDE030F27756A7DAC96FA50E75ED5FF" blockId="9.[130,777,725,2028]" pageId="9" pageNumber="372">
|
||
One of us (TA) produced a µCT-scan of NMT RB537 at AST-RX (MNHN) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="135A1F8A27756A7DAD81FA70E4FFD7D9" box="[396,485,1459,1485]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[132,143,623,640]" captionTargetBox="[131,1456,204,585]" captionTargetId="figure-692@9.[131,984,204,585]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIG. 6. — Intercentrum of Mastodonsauroidea (NMT RB537) from the Triassic (?Anisian) of Tanzania (Ruhuhu Basin) in posterior (A) and lateral (B) views; C, μCT- scan radiography. Abbreviations: par, parapophyses. Scale bars: 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4906307" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4906307/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="372">Fig. 6C</figureCitation>
|
||
). The radiographic image shows two inner zones: a large, dense and dark central zone transitioning relatively abruptly into a lighter peripheral zone. The abrupt transition between the two zones may correspond to a volume of decreasing or arrested growth (VAG, i.e., the 3D equivalent of an annulus or a line of arrested growth in 2D). The strong density of the central zone, if of biological origin, suggests osteosclerosis, a common phenomenon observed in giant temnospondyls (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF07EFE27756A7DAEB4F971E5A7D4F8" author="SCHOCH R. R." pageId="9" pageNumber="372" refId="ref9248" refString="SCHOCH R. R. 2012. - How body size and development biased the direction of evolution in early amphibians. Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology, https: // doi. org / 10.108 0 / 08912963.2012.724796" type="book" year="2012">Schoch 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In this case, the central zone limited by the VAG corresponds to the juvenile shape of the intercentrum. If this strong density is of taphonomical origin, the central zone is therefore the medullar zone whose spongiose structure was infilled by dense minerals. In this interpretation, the peripheral zone is the cortical zone composed of endosteal bone. Reduced but localized black patches are also visible in the lateral regions of the intercentrum: they are interpreted as hypermineralized zones or inclusions.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDE030F27756A7DAF20FD15E6C6D0FA" blockId="9.[810,1457,726,1038]" box="[813,988,726,752]" pageId="9" pageNumber="372">IDENTIFICATION</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDE030F27756A7DAF20FD36E6F1D11B" blockId="9.[810,1457,726,1038]" box="[813,1003,757,783]" pageId="9" pageNumber="372">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915DF1D27756A7DAF20FD36E6F1D11B" box="[813,1003,757,783]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="372">Zambian material</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDE030F27756A7DAF20FCD6E680D61A" blockId="9.[810,1457,726,1038]" pageId="9" pageNumber="372">
|
||
These elements were labeled as ‘cf.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61788C27756A7DA872FCD6E1E1D13B" baseAuthorityName="Damiani" baseAuthorityYear="2001" box="[1151,1275,789,815]" class="Amphibia" family="Metoposauridae" genus="Parotosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Temnospondyli" pageId="9" pageNumber="372" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915DF1D27756A7DA872FCD6E1E1D13B" box="[1151,1275,789,815]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="372">Parotosuchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’ in the NHMUK historical collections, probably because they are very large and robust, and only
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61788C27756A7DAFE7FC96E037D17B" authority="(Damiani, 2001)" baseAuthorityName="Damiani" baseAuthorityYear="2001" box="[1002,1325,853,879]" class="Amphibia" family="Metoposauridae" genus="Parotosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Temnospondyli" pageId="9" pageNumber="372" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915DF1D27756A7DAFE7FC96E174D17B" box="[1002,1134,853,879]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="372">Parotosuchus</emphasis>
|
||
(Damiani, 2001)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was known as a unique giant Triassic temnospondyl in the 1960s, when they were discovered. However, no diagnostic
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61788C27756A7DA920FC56E0ABD1BB" baseAuthorityName="Damiani" baseAuthorityYear="2001" box="[1325,1457,917,943]" class="Amphibia" family="Metoposauridae" genus="Parotosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Temnospondyli" pageId="9" pageNumber="372" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915DF1D27756A7DA920FC56E0ABD1BB" box="[1325,1457,917,943]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="372">Parotosuchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
characters have been observed on this postcranial material: we therefore prefer to broaden its assignment to Mastodonsauroidea.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDE030F27756A7DAF20FBF6E6E1D65A" blockId="9.[813,1019,1076,1102]" box="[813,1019,1076,1102]" pageId="9" pageNumber="372">
|
||
<heading id="D096B46327756A7DAF20FBF6E6E1D65A" box="[813,1019,1076,1102]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="372" reason="8">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915DF1D27756A7DAF20FBF6E6E1D65A" box="[813,1019,1076,1102]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="372">Tanzanian material</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDE030F27756A7DAF20FB97E113D759" blockId="9.[811,1457,1108,1357]" pageId="9" pageNumber="372">
|
||
The proportions of the bone and comparisons with other taxa in which intercentra are known (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF07EFE27756A7DA8C7FBB7E048D69A" author="HOWIE A. A." box="[1226,1362,1140,1166]" pageId="9" pageNumber="372" pagination="210 - 253" refId="ref7781" refString="HOWIE A. A. 1970. - A new capitosaurid labyrinthodont from East Africa. Palaeontology 13: 210 - 253. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / part / 173061" type="journal article" year="1970">Howie 1970</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF07EFE27756A7DA96CFBB7E67FD6BA" author="SCHOCH R. R." pageId="9" pageNumber="372" pagination="1 - 175" refId="ref9158" refString="SCHOCH R. R. 1999. - Comparative osteology of Mastodonsaurus giganteus (Jaeger, 1828) from the Middle Triassic (Lettenkeuper: Longobardian) of Germany (Baden- Wurttemberg, Bayern, Thuringen). Stuttgarter Beitrage zur Naturkunde Serie B 278: 1 - 175. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 30069417" type="journal article" year="1999">Schoch 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF07EFE27756A7DAF79FB57E6E5D6BA" author="PAWLEY K." box="[884,1023,1172,1198]" pageId="9" pageNumber="372" refId="ref8817" refString="PAWLEY K. 2006. - The postcranial skeleton in temnospondyls (Tetrapoda: Temnospondyli). Ph. D. dissertation, La Trobe University, Victoria, 442 p." type="book" year="2006">Pawley 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) suggest an individual of about
|
||
<quantity id="4C99AEEA27756A7DA969FB57E08BD6BA" box="[1380,1425,1172,1198]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="372" unit="m" value="4.0">4 m</quantity>
|
||
in total body length. However, because of the lack of diagnostic characters visible on this intercentrum and the high variability of the shape of the intercentra along a single vertebral column (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF07EFE27756A7DAF67FAD0E6E2D73A" author="SCHOCH R. R." box="[874,1016,1299,1326]" pageId="9" pageNumber="372" pagination="1 - 175" refId="ref9158" refString="SCHOCH R. R. 1999. - Comparative osteology of Mastodonsaurus giganteus (Jaeger, 1828) from the Middle Triassic (Lettenkeuper: Longobardian) of Germany (Baden- Wurttemberg, Bayern, Thuringen). Stuttgarter Beitrage zur Naturkunde Serie B 278: 1 - 175. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 30069417" type="journal article" year="1999">Schoch 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), we prefer to broaden its assignment to Mastodonsauroidea.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |