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<mods:title id="DDF81ED0917C4EA8723B7EB478A77740">Resolving taxonomic and nomenclatural problems in the genus Caligus O. F. Müller, 1785 (Copepoda: Caligidae)</mods:title>
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<heading id="D0F1A50DFFBDFFE1FF7A950AF2AFF9F6" bold="true" box="[151,1001,1554,1581]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="557" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B972CE73FFBDFFE1FF7A950AF2AFF9F6" bold="true" box="[151,1001,1554,1581]" pageId="12" pageNumber="557">
<subSubSection id="C31C41EAFFBDFFE1FF7A950AF332F9F7" box="[151,628,1554,1581]" pageId="12" pageNumber="557" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BB91261FFBDFFE1FF7A950AF332F9F7" blockId="12.[151,1001,1554,1581]" box="[151,628,1554,1581]" pageId="12" pageNumber="557">
<taxonomicName id="4C0669E2FFBDFFE1FF7A950AF378F9F6" ID-CoL="5X5YX" authority="Kirtisinghe, 1964" authorityName="Kirtisinghe" authorityYear="1964" box="[151,574,1554,1581]" class="Copepoda" family="Caligidae" genus="Caligus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonostomatoida" pageId="12" pageNumber="557" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="clavatus">
<emphasis id="B972CE73FFBDFFE1FF7A950AF018F9F7" bold="true" box="[151,350,1554,1581]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="557">Caligus clavatus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF976F90FFBDFFE1FE8B950AF378F9F6" author="Kirtisinghe, P." box="[358,574,1554,1580]" pageId="12" pageNumber="557" pagination="45 - 132" refId="ref14890" refString="Kirtisinghe, P. (1964) A review of the parasitic copepods of fish recorded from Ceylon, with descriptions of additional forms. Bulletin Fisheries Research Station, Department of Fisheries, Ceylon, 17 (1), 45 - 132, figs 1 - 191." type="journal article" year="1964">Kirtisinghe, 1964</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB91261FFBDFFE1FD96950AF2AFF9F6" blockId="12.[151,1001,1554,1581]" box="[635,1001,1554,1581]" pageId="12" pageNumber="557">
<taxonomicName id="4C0669E2FFBDFFE1FD96950AF2AFF9F6" ID-CoL="7ZG42" authority="Pillai, 1963" authorityName="Pillai" authorityYear="1963" box="[635,1001,1554,1581]" class="Copepoda" family="Caligidae" genus="Caligus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonostomatoida" pageId="12" pageNumber="557" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sphyraeni">
<emphasis id="B972CE73FFBDFFE1FD96950AF211F9F7" bold="true" box="[635,855,1554,1581]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="557">Caligus sphyraeni</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF976F90FFBDFFE1FCB3950AF2AFF9F6" author="Pillai, N. K." box="[862,1001,1554,1580]" pageId="12" pageNumber="557" pagination="68 - 96" refId="ref16064" refString="Pillai, N. K. (1963) Copepods parasitic on South Indian fishes - family Caligidae. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India, 5, 68 - 96." type="journal article" year="1963">Pillai, 1963</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
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<subSubSection id="C31C41EAFFBDFFE1FF7A954DF01DF821" pageId="12" pageNumber="557" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BB91261FFBDFFE1FF7A954DF5E7F89C" blockId="12.[151,1436,1620,2043]" pageId="12" pageNumber="557">
In 1963 Pillai described
<taxonomicName id="4C0669E2FFBDFFE1FE5D954CF307F9B4" authorityName="Pillai" authorityYear="1963" box="[432,577,1620,1646]" class="Copepoda" family="Caligidae" genus="Caligus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonostomatoida" pageId="12" pageNumber="557" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sphyraeni">
<emphasis id="B972CE73FFBDFFE1FE5D954CF307F9B4" box="[432,577,1620,1646]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="557">C. sphyraeni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from
<taxonomicName id="4C0669E2FFBDFFE1FD64954CF545F9B4" authority="Day, 1876" authorityName="Day" authorityYear="1876" box="[649,1027,1620,1647]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyraenidae" genus="Sphyraena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="557" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acutipinnis">
<emphasis id="B972CE73FFBDFFE1FD64954CF2C0F9B4" box="[649,902,1620,1646]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="557">Sphyraena acutipinnis</emphasis>
Day, 1876
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C0669E2FFBDFFE1FBD0954CF46FF9B4" authority="Cuvier, 1829" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1829" box="[1085,1321,1620,1646]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyraenidae" genus="Sphyraena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="557" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jello">
<emphasis id="B972CE73FFBDFFE1FBD0954CF5CBF9B4" box="[1085,1165,1620,1646]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="557">S. Jello</emphasis>
Cuvier, 1829
</taxonomicName>
caught In Indian waters off Trivandrum (
<bibRefCitation id="EF976F90FFBDFFE1FE009560F336F948" author="Pillai, N. K." box="[493,624,1656,1682]" pageId="12" pageNumber="557" pagination="68 - 96" refId="ref16064" refString="Pillai, N. K. (1963) Copepods parasitic on South Indian fishes - family Caligidae. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India, 5, 68 - 96." type="journal article" year="1963">Pillai, 1963</bibRefCitation>
) and the following year
<bibRefCitation id="EF976F90FFBDFFE1FC6D9560F509F948" author="Kirtisinghe, P." box="[896,1103,1656,1682]" pageId="12" pageNumber="557" pagination="45 - 132" refId="ref14890" refString="Kirtisinghe, P. (1964) A review of the parasitic copepods of fish recorded from Ceylon, with descriptions of additional forms. Bulletin Fisheries Research Station, Department of Fisheries, Ceylon, 17 (1), 45 - 132, figs 1 - 191." type="journal article" year="1964">Kirtisinghe (1964)</bibRefCitation>
described
<taxonomicName id="4C0669E2FFBDFFE1FB2A9560F402F948" authorityName="Kirtisinghe" authorityYear="1964" box="[1223,1348,1656,1682]" class="Copepoda" family="Caligidae" genus="Caligus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonostomatoida" pageId="12" pageNumber="557" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="clavatus">
<emphasis id="B972CE73FFBDFFE1FB2A9560F402F948" box="[1223,1348,1656,1682]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="557">C. clavatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from
<taxonomicName id="4C0669E2FFBDFFE1FA6A9560F0D7F96C" authority="Cuvier, 1829" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1829" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyraenidae" genus="Sphyraena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="557" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obtusata">
<emphasis id="B972CE73FFBDFFE1FA6A9560F1B1F96C" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="557">S. obtusata</emphasis>
Cuvier, 1829
</taxonomicName>
caught in waters off Colombo,
<collectingCountry id="F31152F1FFBDFFE1FD159584F22CF96C" box="[760,874,1692,1718]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="12" pageNumber="557">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EF976F90FFBDFFE1FC989584F2BAF96C" author="Pillai, N. K." box="[885,1020,1692,1718]" pageId="12" pageNumber="557" pagination="1556 - 1680" refId="ref16132" refString="Pillai, N. K. (1967) Copepods parasitic on Indian marine fishes. A review. Proceedings of Symposium on Crustacea. Cochin, 5, 1556 - 1680." type="journal article" year="1967">Pillai (1967</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF976F90FFBDFFE1FBE59584F507F96D" author="Pillai, N. K." box="[1032,1089,1692,1719]" pageId="12" pageNumber="557" refId="ref16165" refString="Pillai, N. K. (1985) Fauna of India. Parasitic copepods of marine fishes. Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta, 900 pp." type="book" year="1985">1985</bibRefCitation>
) recognised that these
<taxonomicName id="4C0669E2FFBDFFE1FAA89584F1AEF900" pageId="12" pageNumber="557">
<emphasis id="B972CE73FFBDFFE1FAA89584F4DAF96C" box="[1349,1436,1692,1718]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="557">Caligus</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
were synonymous but opted to use
<taxonomicName id="4C0669E2FFBDFFE1FD6495D8F29EF900" authority="Kirtisinghe, 1964" authorityName="Kirtisinghe" authorityYear="1964" box="[649,984,1728,1754]" class="Copepoda" family="Caligidae" genus="Caligus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonostomatoida" pageId="12" pageNumber="557" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="clavatus">
<emphasis id="B972CE73FFBDFFE1FD6495D8F24EF900" box="[649,776,1728,1754]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="557">C. clavatus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF976F90FFBDFFE1FCFF95D8F29EF900" author="Kirtisinghe, P." box="[786,984,1728,1754]" pageId="12" pageNumber="557" pagination="45 - 132" refId="ref14890" refString="Kirtisinghe, P. (1964) A review of the parasitic copepods of fish recorded from Ceylon, with descriptions of additional forms. Bulletin Fisheries Research Station, Department of Fisheries, Ceylon, 17 (1), 45 - 132, figs 1 - 191." type="journal article" year="1964">Kirtisinghe, 1964</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
for this taxon because of the similarity between his original name and the name of an unrelated congeneric species,
<taxonomicName id="4C0669E2FFBDFFE1FBF795FCF0C2F8F9" authority="Nunes-Ruivo &amp; Fourmanoir, 1956" authorityName="Nunes-Ruivo &amp; Fourmanoir" authorityYear="1956" class="Copepoda" family="Caligidae" genus="Caligus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonostomatoida" pageId="12" pageNumber="557" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sphyraenae">
<emphasis id="B972CE73FFBDFFE1FBF795FCF5BAF924" box="[1050,1276,1764,1790]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="557">Caligus sphyraenae</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF976F90FFBDFFE1FAEA95FCF0C2F8F9" author="Nunes-Ruivo, L. &amp; Fourmanoir, P." pageId="12" pageNumber="557" pagination="69 - 80" refId="ref15555" refString="Nunes-Ruivo, L. &amp; Fourmanoir, P. (1956) Copepodes parasites de poissons de Madagascar. I. Memoires de l'Institut Scientifique de Madagascar, Series A, 10, 69 - 80, figs. 1 - 8." type="journal article" year="1956">Nuñes-Ruivo &amp; Fourmanoir, 1956</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. This action was followed by
<bibRefCitation id="EF976F90FFBDFFE1FD339411F2E5F8F8" author="Ho, J. &amp; Lin, C. - L." box="[734,931,1800,1827]" pageId="12" pageNumber="557" refId="ref14546" refString="Ho, J. - s. &amp; Lin, C. - L. (2004) Sea Lice of Taiwan (Copepoda: Siphonostomatoida: Caligidae). The Sueichan Press, Keelung, 388 pp." type="book" year="2004">Ho &amp; Lin (2004)</bibRefCitation>
but both
<taxonomicName id="4C0669E2FFBDFFE1FBFE9410F5E2F8F8" authorityName="Pillai" authorityYear="1963" box="[1043,1188,1800,1826]" class="Copepoda" family="Caligidae" genus="Caligus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonostomatoida" pageId="12" pageNumber="557" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sphyraeni">
<emphasis id="B972CE73FFBDFFE1FBFE9410F5E2F8F8" box="[1043,1188,1800,1826]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="557">C. sphyraeni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C0669E2FFBDFFE1FB339410F418F8F8" authorityName="Kirtisinghe" authorityYear="1964" box="[1246,1374,1800,1826]" class="Copepoda" family="Caligidae" genus="Caligus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonostomatoida" pageId="12" pageNumber="557" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="clavatus">
<emphasis id="B972CE73FFBDFFE1FB339410F418F8F8" box="[1246,1374,1800,1826]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="557">C. clavatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have continued to be listed as valid in the World of Copepods website (
<bibRefCitation id="EF976F90FFBDFFE1FC9A9434F5D3F89C" author="Walter, T. C. &amp; Boxshall, G. A." box="[887,1173,1836,1862]" pageId="12" pageNumber="557" refId="ref16994" refString="Walter, T. C. &amp; Boxshall, G. A. (2023) World of Copepods database. Caligidae Burmeister, 1835. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species. Available from: https: // www. marinespecies. org / aphia. php? p = taxdetails &amp; id = 135513 (accessed 16 June 2023)" type="url" year="2023">Walter &amp; Boxshall, 2023</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB91261FFBDFFE1FF2A9448F01DF821" blockId="12.[151,1436,1620,2043]" pageId="12" pageNumber="557">
<taxonomicName id="4C0669E2FFBDFFE1FF2A9448F358F8B0" ID-CoL="7ZG42" authority="Pillai, 1963" authorityName="Pillai" authorityYear="1963" box="[199,542,1872,1898]" class="Copepoda" family="Caligidae" genus="Caligus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonostomatoida" pageId="12" pageNumber="557" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sphyraeni">
<emphasis id="B972CE73FFBDFFE1FF2A9448F0D2F8B0" box="[199,404,1872,1898]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="557">Caligus sphyraeni</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF976F90FFBDFFE1FE719448F358F8B0" author="Pillai, N. K." box="[412,542,1872,1898]" pageId="12" pageNumber="557" pagination="68 - 96" refId="ref16064" refString="Pillai, N. K. (1963) Copepods parasitic on South Indian fishes - family Caligidae. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India, 5, 68 - 96." type="journal article" year="1963">Pillai, 1963</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
is not strictly a homonym of
<bibRefCitation id="EF976F90FFBDFFE1FC839448F455F8B1" author="Nunes-Ruivo, L. &amp; Fourmanoir, P." box="[878,1299,1872,1899]" pageId="12" pageNumber="557" pagination="69 - 80" refId="ref15555" refString="Nunes-Ruivo, L. &amp; Fourmanoir, P. (1956) Copepodes parasites de poissons de Madagascar. I. Memoires de l'Institut Scientifique de Madagascar, Series A, 10, 69 - 80, figs. 1 - 8." type="journal article" year="1956">Nuñes-Ruivo &amp; Fourmanoirs (1956)</bibRefCitation>
species and there is no necessity to suppress Pillais name, which has priority. We therefore treat
<taxonomicName id="4C0669E2FFBDFFE1FBB9946CF189F868" ID-CoL="5X5YX" authority="Kirtisinghe, 1964" authorityName="Kirtisinghe" authorityYear="1964" class="Copepoda" family="Caligidae" genus="Caligus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonostomatoida" pageId="12" pageNumber="557" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="clavatus">
<emphasis id="B972CE73FFBDFFE1FBB9946CF449F854" box="[1108,1295,1908,1934]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="557">Caligus clavatus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF976F90FFBDFFE1FAFA946CF189F868" author="Kirtisinghe, P." pageId="12" pageNumber="557" pagination="45 - 132" refId="ref14890" refString="Kirtisinghe, P. (1964) A review of the parasitic copepods of fish recorded from Ceylon, with descriptions of additional forms. Bulletin Fisheries Research Station, Department of Fisheries, Ceylon, 17 (1), 45 - 132, figs 1 - 191." type="journal article" year="1964">Kirtisinghe, 1964</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
as a junior subjective synonym of
<taxonomicName id="4C0669E2FFBDFFE1FDBF9480F22CF868" ID-CoL="7ZG42" authority="Pillai, 1963" authorityName="Pillai" authorityYear="1963" box="[594,874,1944,1970]" class="Copepoda" family="Caligidae" genus="Caligus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonostomatoida" pageId="12" pageNumber="557" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sphyraeni">
<emphasis id="B972CE73FFBDFFE1FDBF9480F3A6F868" box="[594,736,1944,1970]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="557">C. sphyraeni</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF976F90FFBDFFE1FD0A9480F22CF868" author="Pillai, N. K." box="[743,874,1944,1970]" pageId="12" pageNumber="557" pagination="68 - 96" refId="ref16064" refString="Pillai, N. K. (1963) Copepods parasitic on South Indian fishes - family Caligidae. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India, 5, 68 - 96." type="journal article" year="1963">Pillai, 1963</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. We note that
<taxonomicName id="4C0669E2FFBDFFE1FBEB9480F026F80D" ID-CoL="PKKJ" authority="Nunes-Ruivo &amp; Fourmanoir, 1956" authorityName="Nunes-Ruivo &amp; Fourmanoir" authorityYear="1956" class="Copepoda" family="Caligidae" genus="Caligus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonostomatoida" pageId="12" pageNumber="557" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sphyraenae">
<emphasis id="B972CE73FFBDFFE1FBEB9480F5A2F868" box="[1030,1252,1944,1970]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="557">Caligus sphyraenae</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF976F90FFBDFFE1FB069480F026F80D" author="Nunes-Ruivo, L. &amp; Fourmanoir, P." pageId="12" pageNumber="557" pagination="69 - 80" refId="ref15555" refString="Nunes-Ruivo, L. &amp; Fourmanoir, P. (1956) Copepodes parasites de poissons de Madagascar. I. Memoires de l'Institut Scientifique de Madagascar, Series A, 10, 69 - 80, figs. 1 - 8." type="journal article" year="1956">Nuñes-Ruivo &amp; Fourmanoir, 1956</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
was considered to be a junior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="4C0669E2FFBDFFE1FCD694A4F509F80D" ID-CoL="PKDN" authority="Heller, 1865" authorityName="Heller" authorityYear="1865" box="[827,1103,1980,2007]" class="Copepoda" family="Caligidae" genus="Caligus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonostomatoida" pageId="12" pageNumber="557" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="infestans">
<emphasis id="B972CE73FFBDFFE1FCD694A4F2F9F80C" box="[827,959,1980,2006]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="557">C. infestans</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF976F90FFBDFFE1FC2894A4F509F80D" author="Heller, C." box="[965,1103,1980,2007]" pageId="12" pageNumber="557" pagination="1 - 280" refId="ref14502" refString="Heller, C. (1865) Crustaceen. In: Reise der Osterreichischen Fregatte Novara um die Erde in den Jahren 1857, 1858, 1859, Zoologie, 2, pp. 1 - 280, pls. 1 - 25." type="journal article" year="1865">Heller, 1865</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="EF976F90FFBDFFE1FB9594A4F4DAF80C" author="Cressey, R. F. &amp; Cressey, H. B." box="[1144,1436,1980,2006]" pageId="12" pageNumber="557" pagination="1 - 86" refId="ref13825" refString="Cressey, R. F. &amp; Cressey, H. B. (1980) Parasitic copepods of mackerel- and tuna-like fishes (Scombridae) of the world. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 311, 1 - 86. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00810282.311. i" type="journal article" year="1980">Cressey &amp; Cressey (1980)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EF976F90FFBDFFE1FF2A94F8F011F821" author="Pillai, N. K." box="[199,343,2016,2043]" pageId="12" pageNumber="557" refId="ref16165" refString="Pillai, N. K. (1985) Fauna of India. Parasitic copepods of marine fishes. Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta, 900 pp." type="book" year="1985">Pillai (1985)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>