404 lines
47 KiB
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404 lines
47 KiB
XML
<document ID-CLB-Dataset="55433" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339" ID-GBIF-Dataset="8bb856a5-26cb-4abc-8e4a-04d3716144b1" ID-PMC="PMC9010403" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-1093-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="D3A8D50FF61A5B61B8776D63EB0D3F4C" ID-PubMed="35586542" ID-ZooBank="23B7070849A94681AC20494D06F98CCE" ModsDocID="1313-2970-1093-1" checkinTime="1649449468463" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Benda, Daniel, Pohl, Hans, Nakase, Yuta, Beutel, Rolf & Straka, Jakub" docDate="2022" docId="1AC6FE800F7C543185C277A14EFA87BB" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 1093: 1-134" docOrigin="ZooKeys 1093" docPubDate="2022-04-07" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339" docTitle="Tachytixenos Pierce 1911" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" id="D3A8D50FF61A5B61B8776D63EB0D3F4C" lastPageNumber="1" masterDocId="D3A8D50FF61A5B61B8776D63EB0D3F4C" masterDocTitle="A generic classification of Xenidae (Strepsiptera) based on the morphology of the female cephalothorax and male cephalotheca with a preliminary checklist of species" masterLastPageNumber="134" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1732615197594" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo id="DF3DAE99B909E3AE5E87FAD855E5E8AD">
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<mods:title id="8768936AD40578572F9488890BACC707">A generic classification of Xenidae (Strepsiptera) based on the morphology of the female cephalothorax and male cephalotheca with a preliminary checklist of species</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="7AC4AC20C1E3B63340A1989D24A858FC">Benda, Daniel</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="20E845D98F2A6B9BC9B377465184375E">Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic & Department of Entomology, National Museum, Prague, Czech Republic</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="2682F41E43CCF6CAA50B2921CE08BB8B" type="email">benda.daniel@email.cz</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="03C4D788FD5B70D2F75A4EA4DA89EEDF">Pohl, Hans</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="B5DD1BFFBF3AF1AECC556A0C0CC27731" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7090-6612</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="5AF1340A3ED6F63A5281B516243A79F5">Institut fuer Zoologie und Evolutionsforschung, Friedrich-Schiller-Universitaet, Jena, Germany</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="3D37FAC007E84DD5E93127FA2289E514">Nakase, Yuta</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="CD0D7708DBCE80C1E96D7932E3199918">Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="F530B97CDA957CAB22FB123C3BC60B85">Beutel, Rolf</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="41E25392185176EFB5E7D89B1078AD82">Institut fuer Zoologie und Evolutionsforschung, Friedrich-Schiller-Universitaet, Jena, Germany</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="89AFD30CDEABE3AAD78C16AA647096A7">Straka, Jakub</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="85B3ABC79BE1410155CE8757D1E0B223">Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="53E7EA83404E16030ECE786173B24847">ZooKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="72B5DFF57413F4259ABE398DF664CAAB">2022</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="A73C1D413987DF45FE5C07D22465A22A">2022-04-07</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="51654459AFE6C919C8FCCCBA4136E147">1093</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="0AEE9A4618E372333D92E9A700CD6335">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339</mods:url>
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<mods:identifier id="F7C81B3FF78AC3F71F4818559119A41F" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="ACA4AA13128BE2543463504EAB0CF206" type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-1093-1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="1AC6FE800F7C543185C277A14EFA87BB" ID-GBIF-Taxon="194520425" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:1AC6FE800F7C543185C277A14EFA87BB" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/1AC6FE800F7C543185C277A14EFA87BB" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" scope_family="Xenidae" scope_order="Strepsiptera">
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<subSubSection id="4F337F76C9502B982B61AE7106500932" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="60AAE71D4A88D7CBB10999D725EB5CAB" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName id="AFE4C499EE46324A8711EF4DFB34EE81" ID-CoL="BGS5J" LSID="1AC6FE80-0F7C-5431-85C2-77A14EFA87BB" authority="Pierce, 1911, stat. res." authorityName="Pierce" authorityYear="1911" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Tachytixenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tachytixenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Tachytixenos Pierce, 1911, stat. res.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="344A2F9728659E7AF16EB3C449CF1D5A" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="19152F0E24A9962712FAAA2E0B507877" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName id="845A2C5411711FF26F5A45479751FC90" authorityName="Pierce" authorityYear="1911" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Tachytixenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tachytixenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Tachytixenos</taxonomicName>
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Pierce, 1911: 501. Type species:
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<taxonomicName id="29ABE847085F581812671A9C843E2A26" authorityName="Pierce" authorityYear="1911" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Tachytixenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tachytixenos indicus" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="indicus">Tachytixenos indicus</taxonomicName>
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Pierce, 1911, by original designation.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="179065A6612893439BD8AC482E3854CF" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName id="A35A23FB137D888318888696DF5F5ED6" authorityName="Saunders" authorityYear="1872" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Pseudoxenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudoxenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pseudoxenos</taxonomicName>
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Saunders, 1872 (partim!) (synonymy proposed by
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<bibRefCitation id="4F0887CCC6FB2BF2B3CAA0375B8D9C6D" author="Hofeneder, K" journalOrPublisher="Broteria" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="109 - 122" refId="B25" refString="Hofeneder, K, 1949. Ueber einige Strepsipteren. Broteria 18: 109 - 122" title="Ueber einige Strepsipteren." volume="18" year="1949">Hofeneder 1949</bibRefCitation>
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: 148).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="29E10A7975362BBECDBB1465BEDE625C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName id="417195B5A2DBD7B308C32920B42DF2F6" authorityName="Saunders" authorityYear="1872" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Paraxenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraxenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Paraxenos</taxonomicName>
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Saunders, 1872 (partim!) (synonymy proposed by
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<bibRefCitation id="43EAC7A6213DD3591779901F59CD1AA9" author="Kinzelbach, R" journalOrPublisher="Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B54" refString="Kinzelbach, R, 1971b. Morphologische Befunde an Faecherflueglern und ihre phylogenetische Bedeutung (Insecta: Strepsiptera). Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart" title="Morphologische Befunde an Faecherflueglern und ihre phylogenetische Bedeutung (Insecta: Strepsiptera)." year="1971 b">Kinzelbach 1971b</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 162).
|
||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="8F4362C6E202FF0B94E2E480A169914F" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="diagnosis">
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||
<paragraph id="1F158D018DF916AA3C09D4D94BE3A362" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Diagnosis of female cephalothorax.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="929646DA85F9F1C32DBB6AE9F8CC7AE8" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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||
Differing from the other genera by a specific shape of the mandibular tooth, which is very wide basally and reaches the area of mandibular bulge. Tooth with pointed, ventrally directed apex. Base of tooth ventrally covered with small depressions continuous with several rows of spines (Fig.
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<figureCitation id="8F82016605051A2049E4F05392A60DA4" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="F14" captionText="Figure 14. Tachytixenos cf. indicus Pierce, female, cephalothorax, SEM micrographs A anterior part of cephalothorax, ventral side B anterior part of cephalothorax, dorsal side C mouthparts, ventral side D detail of anterior border of cephalothorax, ventral side E right mandible and maxilla, ventral side F left mandible and maxilla, ventral side. Abbreviations: bcm - brood canal membrane, md - mandible, mdt - mandibular tooth, mdts - spine of mandibular tooth." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure14" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669336" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">14E</figureCitation>
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). Prosternal extension undifferentiated (compared to similar genus
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<taxonomicName id="F8FE274F0A1101592BEDAA89226F68CE" authorityName="Saunders" authorityYear="1872" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Paraxenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraxenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="0BDCCF6FFE2AF3CCA819BBCB56C2E184" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Paraxenos</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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), evenly arched, without any swelling or color differentiation. Maxillae distinctly prominent as in
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<taxonomicName id="E02DB00819A9D20C2CB149A55305451E" authorityName="Saunders" authorityYear="1872" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Pseudoxenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudoxenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="C98C43829278847B0A7C4A20919A2B84" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pseudoxenos</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="71FBEFBD9E4C3ECF672489D41E6E5874" authorityName="Benda & Pohl & Nakase & Beutel & Straka" authorityYear="2022" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Tuberoxenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tuberoxenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="8152DC46554A1F54AA83FCB5A9AD4A50" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Tuberoxenos</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, and some
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<taxonomicName id="D7318D734CAFDB850951A7EBD5BA3402" authorityName="Saunders" authorityYear="1872" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Paraxenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraxenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="024D5B54919516E2E5CD8EAB6EFD62EE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Paraxenos</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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species. Mandible not protruding from capsule. In contrast to
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<taxonomicName id="EB7ED795A3ED779415C8C04FFE64D522" authorityName="Ogloblin" authorityYear="1923" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Paragioxenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paragioxenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="7644866484D6D3431B1FD6CB52DC5F35" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Paragioxenos</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, head and prothorax ventrally delimited by birth opening medially and by suture laterally.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="EDD1863736BE595EF0511913ACACCD9C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="D81960AC41F014592C984648F56211FD" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description of female cephalothorax.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F08D919F0ABB9E82B6A55F46EB541F67" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="1662C18397D64E7254EEEAC4F46BA5C8" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Shape and coloration.</emphasis>
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Cephalothorax compact, ca. as long as wide, or slightly wider than long, or vice versa. Size varying strongly within genus, length 0.94-1.82 mm, width 0.88-1.88 mm. Anterior head margin evenly rounded or projecting. Thorax slightly widening posteriorly. Coloration comprising multiple brown shades and distinct patterns (Fig.
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<figureCitation id="9C27F224510C2A0FE2183E8DFC5C84AE" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figure 12. Tachytixenos cf. indicus Pierce, host, female, cephalothorax, photomicrographs A Tachytes sp. stylopized by female of T. cf. indicus, lateral view B detail of host abdomen with adult female inside C ventral side of cephalothorax D dorsal side of cephalothorax." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669334" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">12C, D</figureCitation>
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).
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<caption id="129BCFA6B89E120F6D9D64D496EE5EC5" doi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669334" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 12" startId="F12">
|
||
<paragraph id="A34C4523F05AAD80E47B392A02195455" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="B834CEA24B27C90218377291ABC8D181" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 12.</emphasis>
|
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<taxonomicName id="F5C5E0428DBBB1786DBA21C3655BB799" authorityName="Pierce" authorityYear="1911" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Tachytixenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tachytixenos indicus" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="indicus">Tachytixenos cf. indicus</taxonomicName>
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||
Pierce, host, female, cephalothorax, photomicrographs
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||
<emphasis id="EAB5AE973FB2C525A46230323AD89E48" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="73C01FDE03A5BA970D8331EC280126D9" authorityName="Panzer" authorityYear="1806" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Tachytes" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tachytes" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="B717451FEB5D14A635C3975F69855845" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Tachytes</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
sp. stylopized by female of
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<taxonomicName id="E8404C95085274523F7BBE37D8EA4BE8" lsidName="T. indicus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="indicus">T. cf. indicus</taxonomicName>
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||
, lateral view
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||
<emphasis id="EBF01EEFB74F004EA1D20E836F8A83F5" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
|
||
detail of host abdomen with adult female inside
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||
<emphasis id="57C7EC0679A32AEE80E998ACCFC4D715" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
|
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ventral side of cephalothorax
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||
<emphasis id="4A3FA74D878E4C3BDC3A18E0CB3E3DEE" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
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dorsal side of cephalothorax.
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</paragraph>
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||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="DDDD89539ABA1DE17EACB1FD46617B6D" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="3F90D8727B8151ED11BA9E9D2E7CDC45" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Head capsule.</emphasis>
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Approximately
|
||
<normalizedToken id="5AB2644DA25B534BBC2708C677A73F7C" originalValue="¼">1/4</normalizedToken>
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||
~
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||
<normalizedToken id="E6D3386A01B8351F2A864981D7CC500F" originalValue="½">1/2</normalizedToken>
|
||
as long as entire cephalothorax including lateral extensions. Coloration variable, pale, completely dark brown, or forming specific color pattern. Clypeal area well delimited from labral area, arcuate, or slightly protruding anteriorly forming clypeal lobe. Surface of clypeal area smooth or slightly wrinkled. Sensilla (~ 40-55) regularly dispersed over clypeal surface or mainly concentrated on clypeal lobe. Border between clypeal and frontal region present but indistinct. Frontal region smooth or slightly wrinkled. Dorsal segmental border between head and prothorax distinct or only recognizable.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C3202D45D15AA235CD0AA9E7FADA2840" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="9039B4D3D2CD578F9E2E82996FF8AFEA" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Supra-antennal sensillary field.</emphasis>
|
||
Smooth with dispersed sensilla, delimited by distinct furrow on medial side (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="859B4CE2832E2DB17C17F051A64B8017" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. Tachytixenos cf. indicus Pierce, female, cephalothorax, SEM micrographs A ventral side B dorsal side C left vestigial antenna, dorsal side D right vestigial antenna, dorsal side E left lateral border of abdominal segment I below spiracle, dorsal side F detail of anterior border of cephalothorax, dorsal side. Abbreviations: fssf - furrow of supra-antennal sensillary field, paa - periantennal area." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669335" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">13B</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="1A0BFF9305C32621D912AC3A8F962E5A" doi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669335" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 13" startId="F13">
|
||
<paragraph id="5E32C7E7E4B26BE9AC2A38555249AC0B" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="2B7C9DFC1886DCC6FDB67248FDA917BF" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 13.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EEF3AEC5D4061D9450EE1474D036A276" authorityName="Pierce" authorityYear="1911" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Tachytixenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tachytixenos indicus" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="indicus">Tachytixenos cf. indicus</taxonomicName>
|
||
Pierce, female, cephalothorax, SEM micrographs
|
||
<emphasis id="D3B922603D6E41DBC27A43C2C39160E6" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
|
||
ventral side
|
||
<emphasis id="5C1B95A78BFB1EFFC796F93B6EFD0AFC" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
|
||
dorsal side
|
||
<emphasis id="595F38D6937134DC0ED490562E18A672" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
|
||
left vestigial antenna, dorsal side
|
||
<emphasis id="A733502F969D0A00376A2D483DEB6C7A" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
|
||
right vestigial antenna, dorsal side
|
||
<emphasis id="2538396E20323CEDB83008BCBD539687" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
|
||
left lateral border of abdominal segment I below spiracle, dorsal side
|
||
<emphasis id="72EC3FFA4CD51AE15DF694CFE33CACD5" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F</emphasis>
|
||
detail of anterior border of cephalothorax, dorsal side. Abbreviations: fssf - furrow of supra-antennal sensillary field, paa - periantennal area.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="6F0B236535AFF5437CAF332DFAF3F1A4" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="55BAF73CFD9DC38DE0CF3B1777A76753" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Antenna.</emphasis>
|
||
Preserved as poorly defined area with several minute rounded plates, antennal sensilla, or cavity, in some cases all three combined. Periantennal area smooth, flat, or forming incomplete elliptic wall between antenna and supra-antennal sensillary field (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="BEEC0C98734DEA7018916B40A4A4AF09" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. Tachytixenos cf. indicus Pierce, female, cephalothorax, SEM micrographs A ventral side B dorsal side C left vestigial antenna, dorsal side D right vestigial antenna, dorsal side E left lateral border of abdominal segment I below spiracle, dorsal side F detail of anterior border of cephalothorax, dorsal side. Abbreviations: fssf - furrow of supra-antennal sensillary field, paa - periantennal area." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669335" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">13C, D</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="ACD2870072DA74853EEDA8C4F3E66499" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="5050176E31B7A3D20C7819B1B102ABC2" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Labrum.</emphasis>
|
||
Ventral field wider than long, elliptic. Dorsal field slightly arcuate, at least 3
|
||
<normalizedToken id="6A940838ED1E35E531D9862E621CAC34" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
wider than long in midline. Dorsal field bearing ~ 15-30 setae inserted in cavities.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="27B519A267FF86E894803ED0EA9259FC" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="A247F914DA7B2775BF10ADC2B8938776" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Mandible.</emphasis>
|
||
Anteromedially directed at angle of 40-65°, enclosed in mandibular capsule. Mandibular bulge not distinctly raised, with several sensilla. Cuticle completely smooth to slightly sculptured. Mandibular tooth very wide on its base, reaching area of mandibular bulge. Tooth ventrally directed and pointed apically. Base with small depressions continuous with several rows of spines (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="8153541520EBFB7342B2718CA27658FE" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="F14" captionText="Figure 14. Tachytixenos cf. indicus Pierce, female, cephalothorax, SEM micrographs A anterior part of cephalothorax, ventral side B anterior part of cephalothorax, dorsal side C mouthparts, ventral side D detail of anterior border of cephalothorax, ventral side E right mandible and maxilla, ventral side F left mandible and maxilla, ventral side. Abbreviations: bcm - brood canal membrane, md - mandible, mdt - mandibular tooth, mdts - spine of mandibular tooth." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure14" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669336" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">14E</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="17E1DAFFBA0D33703C3B10BBBA716408" doi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure14" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669336" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 14" startId="F14">
|
||
<paragraph id="C5D4CD14A46D7D6D9B1FE527CBBD83DF" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="3B7333396DCFF7A00AF32F8AFECA7BFC" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 14.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="544398AA0ACD089BF7EF09C0BFD5DD56" authorityName="Pierce" authorityYear="1911" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Tachytixenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tachytixenos indicus" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="indicus">Tachytixenos cf. indicus</taxonomicName>
|
||
Pierce, female, cephalothorax, SEM micrographs
|
||
<emphasis id="79CACF192DF8DBBBA5E5DE9C204AFB9D" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
|
||
anterior part of cephalothorax, ventral side
|
||
<emphasis id="8CD23973AF041A3AAC588CC544D7E632" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
|
||
anterior part of cephalothorax, dorsal side
|
||
<emphasis id="FC347DBBFF7693D08754EE0EBEEAFD32" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
|
||
mouthparts, ventral side
|
||
<emphasis id="310ED83143438AE12B5A4E75F8DA3373" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
|
||
detail of anterior border of cephalothorax, ventral side
|
||
<emphasis id="6361F0875B67F5CD0789E977B070CB82" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
|
||
right mandible and maxilla, ventral side
|
||
<emphasis id="FBFD5770826B0B0D72804A6BC383DB3F" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F</emphasis>
|
||
left mandible and maxilla, ventral side. Abbreviations: bcm - brood canal membrane, md - mandible, mdt - mandibular tooth, mdts - spine of mandibular tooth.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="26D35218D97DB578DBA7B1C65834FAAE" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="643BACD4AD517A9EB57634470B421C89" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Maxilla.</emphasis>
|
||
Well-developed, prominent, and clearly separated from labial area, strongly sclerotized, directed anteriorly or anteromedially. Not or very slightly overlapping with mandible proximally, not projecting beyond mandibular apex anteriorly. Cuticle usually smooth, rarely wrinkled. Vestige of palp distinct, forming small bulge with more or less distinct plates, situated medially on ventral side of maxilla. Submaxillary groove slightly produced posterolaterally.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="75DC5FB6126DF0703FAA2E40EB22166C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A4CC8C618B39A839278F2706AD78D8C" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Labium.</emphasis>
|
||
Labial area between maxillae distinct, delimited anteriorly by mouth opening and posteriorly by birth opening. Wider than long in midline and flat or convex. Cuticular surface smooth or slightly reticulated.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A89521153E2EEABC8E2F513D23B3D45B" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="C3399AF3F9822C299CE5B22E3173C498" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Mouth opening.</emphasis>
|
||
Mouth opening arcuate, sclerotized along margin.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="086548E42C8652518610FEF33072C88D" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB5786300FE80255EE328C6869D81599" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Thorax and abdominal segment I.</emphasis>
|
||
Pro-mesothoracic and meso-metathoracic borders more or less distinct, usually separated by mesal furrows, often combined with pigmented stripes or spots on dorsal side. Border between metathorax and abdomen usually formed by ridge. Cuticle of thoracic segments on ventral side reticulate, with small scattered pigmented papillae. Dorsal side of thorax smooth or slightly reticulated. Prosternal extension undifferentiated, evenly arched. Shape of meso- and metathorax unmodified, transverse. Setae present on lateral region of abdominal segment I. Cuticular surface distinctly sculptured in cases with sparse setation (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="21411B31B0D7AE8A7EF0835785FF9142" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. Tachytixenos cf. indicus Pierce, female, cephalothorax, SEM micrographs A ventral side B dorsal side C left vestigial antenna, dorsal side D right vestigial antenna, dorsal side E left lateral border of abdominal segment I below spiracle, dorsal side F detail of anterior border of cephalothorax, dorsal side. Abbreviations: fssf - furrow of supra-antennal sensillary field, paa - periantennal area." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669335" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">13E</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="122AC0A16A1C487F1E4507ED3181F952" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="0C80F6A3DA2AE0970DA284177D9AAEE2" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Spiracles.</emphasis>
|
||
Located on posterior ~ ⅓ of cephalothorax, slightly elevated, with lateral, anterolateral, or dorsal orientation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="B0775D40B7F08595442F065568D2F343" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="665BDD89908CD9DCD97B9B9EE92F7D1D" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Diagnosis of male cephalotheca.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D970FBB1E8291F33E051E87405430B4D" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
Genus characterized by combination of distinct paired furrow of supra-antennal sensillary field (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="DF0E9BB5709DED49A3840A3805EB0246" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="F15" captionText="Figure 15. Tachytixenos cf. indicus Pierce, male, cephalotheca, photomicrographs, SEM micrographs A frontal view B lateral view C vestigial antenna D frontal view E mouthparts. Abbreviations: fssf - furrow of supra-antennal sensillary field, gn - gena, mdt - mandibular tooth." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669337" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">15A, D</figureCitation>
|
||
) and shape of mandibular tooth. Mandibular tooth very wide on its base and reaching area of mandibular bulge. Tooth base with small depressions continuous with several rows of spines (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="B80A5B700899625AD0DEF7638E943007" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="F15" captionText="Figure 15. Tachytixenos cf. indicus Pierce, male, cephalotheca, photomicrographs, SEM micrographs A frontal view B lateral view C vestigial antenna D frontal view E mouthparts. Abbreviations: fssf - furrow of supra-antennal sensillary field, gn - gena, mdt - mandibular tooth." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669337" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">15E</figureCitation>
|
||
, see also 14E). Diameter of genae between maxillary base and compound eye at least 2
|
||
<normalizedToken id="AEC24C4DE24383A39D8681DFADC2530F" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
as large as diameter of vestigial antenna.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="E9754F4FA200568EB1C65F1B900616C5" doi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669337" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 15" startId="F15">
|
||
<paragraph id="98A16637FE7660A3C0912A3D764C89E5" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="C24F11E388C222BF873B945D2CC23F76" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 15.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B5B7CE4608ACE06D490047A406986E54" authorityName="Pierce" authorityYear="1911" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Tachytixenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tachytixenos indicus" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="indicus">Tachytixenos cf. indicus</taxonomicName>
|
||
Pierce, male, cephalotheca, photomicrographs, SEM micrographs
|
||
<emphasis id="53AA58662600FCEEAD093CC8883D65CF" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
|
||
frontal view
|
||
<emphasis id="1FF45506B0E9EFAE6816FD2AACDFB1A0" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
|
||
lateral view
|
||
<emphasis id="630DBC4BEB7E5E02A823D88AF048F52D" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
|
||
vestigial antenna
|
||
<emphasis id="B9CA4800E3B39A4311EBA32B5662E8DE" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
|
||
frontal view
|
||
<emphasis id="2CDD9BB0FE8D330075806BD65EF54CA3" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
|
||
mouthparts. Abbreviations: fssf - furrow of supra-antennal sensillary field, gn - gena, mdt - mandibular tooth.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="AE45196E091560E5E8A876BBB624139A" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="F562CF2E739773CD3D76C1100CF60002" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description of male cephalotheca.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="556D1A562DC4E7372B04AAA4279F705E" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="2057F8591A7AE17598670FE97376ADC4" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Shape and coloration.</emphasis>
|
||
Shape of cephalotheca rounded laterally in frontal view, widely elliptic. Anteriorly pointed in lateral view. Coloration forming pattern of pale and dark shades.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A6513C705A60244E9C4A341F02DC42A8" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="E8800BE1BC84E0F6EDCA58A6A16AC0B1" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Cephalothecal capsule.</emphasis>
|
||
Compound eyes with darker individual ommatidia well visible on pale background. Clypeal lobe straight in frontal view, distinctly prominent in lateral view. Sensilla mainly concentrated on clypeal lobe. Frontal region with paired furrow of supra-antennal sensillary field, lacking frontal impression. Diameter of genae between maxillary base and compound eye large, ~ 3
|
||
<normalizedToken id="727D627B4726E90CC6C5550F45637D3C" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
as large as diameter of vestigial antenna. Occipital bulge absent.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A398134E7CB1748AB575C3B7CF31E34F" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="6D6BE1051734CD74E79645E7D5F12C3D" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Supra-antennal sensillary field.</emphasis>
|
||
Kidney-shaped and bulging, delimited medially by distinct furrow. Furrows relatively wide and not interconnected anteriorly (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="3EA8B157622F1D68932A0348D77AEE15" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="F15" captionText="Figure 15. Tachytixenos cf. indicus Pierce, male, cephalotheca, photomicrographs, SEM micrographs A frontal view B lateral view C vestigial antenna D frontal view E mouthparts. Abbreviations: fssf - furrow of supra-antennal sensillary field, gn - gena, mdt - mandibular tooth." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669337" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">15A, D</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E84BC3594CC786E2DB186210A8B1389B" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="A280FD9F9CC7A848A1A3860888DD4177" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Antenna.</emphasis>
|
||
Of standard shape, small, with complete torulus. Periantennal area not distinctly delimited. Sensilla present (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="190043E1C37B42264822AD3E493DB37B" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="F15" captionText="Figure 15. Tachytixenos cf. indicus Pierce, male, cephalotheca, photomicrographs, SEM micrographs A frontal view B lateral view C vestigial antenna D frontal view E mouthparts. Abbreviations: fssf - furrow of supra-antennal sensillary field, gn - gena, mdt - mandibular tooth." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669337" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">15C</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="17255F846AEAB925477017AA450FC5A7" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="3C3BC681ACA4DFA9CFA8E0D39E7C1A89" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Labrum.</emphasis>
|
||
Labral area distinct. Setae on dorsal field present.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="EEC5DD2AFBDC464410235795911E2FBE" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BCE88BDAC794D6042BCED994F119495" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Mandible.</emphasis>
|
||
Mandible anteromedially directed. Mandibular tooth very wide on its base and reaches area of mandibular bulge. Tooth base with small depressions continuing in several rows of spines (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="2D6E09C9A94C55D517E1CD2CC9BD3627" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="F15" captionText="Figure 15. Tachytixenos cf. indicus Pierce, male, cephalotheca, photomicrographs, SEM micrographs A frontal view B lateral view C vestigial antenna D frontal view E mouthparts. Abbreviations: fssf - furrow of supra-antennal sensillary field, gn - gena, mdt - mandibular tooth." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669337" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">15E</figureCitation>
|
||
). Mandibular bulge bears several sensilla.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0A1A1ED45BAFB946AAEF8172FBD0CE73" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC7460CCFF26A685B8D5E22FC618EB35" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Maxilla.</emphasis>
|
||
Maxilla distinct, prominent, completely dark. Vestige of maxillary palp distinct.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D9A3A4279BD0994C6D15A1A2352E1094" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="3A75EAC6AAB7E80EBB847028122732F1" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Labium and hypopharynx.</emphasis>
|
||
Well-developed between and below maxillae, completely dark. Praementum and postmentum slightly separated by furrow. Hypopharyngeal protuberance absent.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="21C91BFAF75CCDBDE770A6A8F4BA224A" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="3906493CAA0768AE8B0CCDF5A98B891F" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Mouth opening.</emphasis>
|
||
Mouth opening well visible, not covered by ventral labral field, slightly arcuate.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="61A4BF8486AD63132C3E26B3A397CFC4" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="phylogenetic relationships">
|
||
<paragraph id="F8FE863F54845C9C2E3F8A615BE68C75" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Phylogenetic relationships.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D201365A1297B845B9A49BA0F6FE27C2" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
One of the earliest diverging lineages of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="366744E215E4246906AC40CF43C30401" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Xenidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Forming a clade of Palearctic origin with its sister genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="461446BD3E51C77647D56B3169CCBF1C" authorityName="Saunders" authorityYear="1872" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Paraxenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraxenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D51B2F78F4573761967E3500F8F853CB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Paraxenos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="65F6A774AED7D6CB0778084058C003CC" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2019.02.023" author="Benda, D" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="67 - 77" refId="B3" refString="Benda, D, Nakase, Y, Straka, J, 2019. Frozen Antarctic path for dispersal initiated parallel host-parasite evolution on different continents. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 135: 67 - 77, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2019.02.023" title="Frozen Antarctic path for dispersal initiated parallel host-parasite evolution on different continents." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2019.02.023" volume="135" year="2019">Benda et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="84B4C48DE16FEF4AA3D2EF8E7433CB35" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="ECB192E3C3122C6D7B04DC192E714EF3" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Diversity and distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="727F2E0B8A13CCD9F266281ED728DE28" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Monotypic, restricted to the Old World.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="9996DDEE45DC1C04AE05C083C085F50A" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="host">
|
||
<paragraph id="09061ED12EFB8730E6917BEAD6B863AB" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Hosts.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="67A32F1E8B8E06FCE8CC123262072901" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="057F4B5A80FACDFBF21CE3D296048BD7" authorityName="Panzer" authorityYear="1806" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Tachytes" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tachytes" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8C503D88D795CABE75589E93CA315803" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Tachytes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="849834ECC036CED0563E54B1E02B1BED" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Crabronidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="506759D7A42673CCD47317F43C6ED909" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Crabroninae">Crabroninae</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="BEDD4E9093C9999B53CD796006ACB211" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="comments">
|
||
<paragraph id="2C3E55BD684C5AD4031C54842EB4E0A9" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Comments.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="CAE6D1F5FE4E508B006C6CC05B5C9173" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
The monotypic genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CA2317AFC0E7BE42722474D43A3C9D4A" authorityName="Pierce" authorityYear="1911" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Tachytixenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tachytixenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A45A054099C215962AC9194F7A005226" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Tachytixenos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2EB895D2EF6724F4FD796EDAF406002C" DOI="https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.1834.487" author="Pierce, WD" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the United States National Museum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="487 - 511" refId="B90" refString="Pierce, WD, 1911. Notes on insects of the order Strepsiptera, with descriptions of new species. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 40: 487 - 511, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.1834.487" title="Notes on insects of the order Strepsiptera, with descriptions of new species." url="https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.1834.487" volume="40" year="1911">Pierce (1911)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
but only superficial descriptions of the female and male without illustrations were provided.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="976085BAF0B078B0E96AD9C9695900B9" author="Hofeneder, K" journalOrPublisher="Broteria" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="109 - 122" refId="B25" refString="Hofeneder, K, 1949. Ueber einige Strepsipteren. Broteria 18: 109 - 122" title="Ueber einige Strepsipteren." volume="18" year="1949">Hofeneder (1949)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
synonymized it with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="998C869F1F2E56FD1658E2DF3ECA3F09" authorityName="Saunders" authorityYear="1872" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Pseudoxenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudoxenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A644D2E738A0550290128FAAAC27CFBB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pseudoxenos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but it was later classified as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BBFEF46A820C149CC167C0C0E0FEC19E" authorityName="Saunders" authorityYear="1872" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Paraxenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraxenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="BA149C4B121C9315EC0A89D55891F9CF" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Paraxenos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="218CFE9F26E400E9EC2D50CBDDB7C4F7" author="Kinzelbach, R" journalOrPublisher="Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B54" refString="Kinzelbach, R, 1971b. Morphologische Befunde an Faecherflueglern und ihre phylogenetische Bedeutung (Insecta: Strepsiptera). Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart" title="Morphologische Befunde an Faecherflueglern und ihre phylogenetische Bedeutung (Insecta: Strepsiptera)." year="1971 b">Kinzelbach (1971b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. We restored
|
||
<taxonomicName id="82BC019A4AD80C824ED8AC7078516406" authorityName="Pierce" authorityYear="1911" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Tachytixenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tachytixenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E95ED4DAD182926FAFF89CED30DF6AFD" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Tachytixenos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from synonymy and classify it as a valid genus based on monophyly revealed by the molecular phylogeny (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E912A176E707631ED376E866BE041B27" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2019.02.023" author="Benda, D" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="67 - 77" refId="B3" refString="Benda, D, Nakase, Y, Straka, J, 2019. Frozen Antarctic path for dispersal initiated parallel host-parasite evolution on different continents. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 135: 67 - 77, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2019.02.023" title="Frozen Antarctic path for dispersal initiated parallel host-parasite evolution on different continents." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2019.02.023" volume="135" year="2019">Benda et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D40894FB7A8B0ABE34B958B5DBE50B55" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12460" author="Benda, D" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="252 - 265" refId="B4" refString="Benda, D, Votypkova, K, Nakase, Y, Straka, J, 2021. Unexpected cryptic species diversity of parasites of the family Xenidae (Strepsiptera) with a constant diversification rate over time. Systematic Entomology 46: 252 - 265, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12460" title="Unexpected cryptic species diversity of parasites of the family Xenidae (Strepsiptera) with a constant diversification rate over time." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12460" volume="46" year="2021">2021</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and based on morphological characters newly reported here
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="2F53459EA8D9BBFA4EDEC8C9B55A40B2" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="notes">
|
||
<paragraph id="7F04BD9B2EDE1EA7E3BB0B69329DB7A7" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Note.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8877950FD4BC40A7C8D8854568030774" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
Cook (1919) noted that Bohart synonymized
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EBC6DB008C9F0650579D26CA48B146D0" authorityName="Pierce" authorityYear="1911" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Tachytixenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tachytixenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="444234420B5D77431BABD8FE911D80F0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Tachytixenos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="522249A3FFEB786640A698B9C44F537A" authorityName="Saunders" authorityYear="1872" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Pseudoxenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudoxenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F70E10CFF3389E6F2FCF0BE5FDEFDDA2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pseudoxenos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but it was done laterally by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8554C0EAA60C256D93C223D6046191F9" author="Hofeneder, K" journalOrPublisher="Broteria" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="109 - 122" refId="B25" refString="Hofeneder, K, 1949. Ueber einige Strepsipteren. Broteria 18: 109 - 122" title="Ueber einige Strepsipteren." volume="18" year="1949">Hofeneder (1949)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |