752 lines
97 KiB
XML
752 lines
97 KiB
XML
<document id="B5D811261FBE013A42B931321DBF35EA" ID="10.11646/zootaxa.4184.2.5" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4184.2.5" ID-GBIF-Dataset="672b6fe2-87e2-4cdc-827a-c78a4cd13424" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="164769" ID-ZooBank="26A16620-CAAE-4B1C-AB63-61CB2611C5BF" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1478246411808" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Kubicki, Brian & Arias, Erick" docDate="2016" docId="03F687D7FFADC24BF5D8F57DFDB9CB0C" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4184.2.5.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4184 (2)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Bolitoglossa aurae Kubicki & Arias, 2016, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="344" masterDocId="FFCFFFAFFFABC244F54FF763FF8ECD04" masterDocTitle="A beautiful new yellow salamander, genus Bolitoglossa (Caudata: Plethodontidae), from the northeastern slopes of the Cordillera de Talamanca, Costa Rica" masterLastPageNumber="346" masterPageNumber="329" pageNumber="335" updateTime="1698392057228" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:mods id="29DDE3F26F602C7EE7446AB861EA3667" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="7E66467DD46050209C5A400761A0449A">
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<mods:title id="FEB90D8C922AA4D46F95FFAFDCFA4F51">A beautiful new yellow salamander, genus Bolitoglossa (Caudata: Plethodontidae), from the northeastern slopes of the Cordillera de Talamanca, Costa Rica</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="DA3D3B5A95B9093A19AEE856296FEF86" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="13B04DD6D097BF8D9AEFB918F07AC73D">
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<mods:roleTerm id="2BDB52D3E51E82A93539CEDFAC4CFA7F">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="63508266B01E32218CA6C862B811D7BB">Kubicki, Brian</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="F69256624107D2A8CFDAE4C64B6CBEF2" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="ED7C421A28CD464812520141440A214E">
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<mods:roleTerm id="B3CCA1E107204E31345C9246538A4509">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="B6183600E4B41E1DCD88351A031253C0">Arias, Erick</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="ABA4810838B007908FAF7ED701401B99">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo id="631434F960B45E9E440EFDA48E5337EA">
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<mods:title id="FCE158688463FD0B448EF3A4F19D0D92">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="2CADAAC670A653A273E0B73B6CF49E65">
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<mods:date id="3C154B1103EC7D8989AD7F0C767E2967">2016</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="A8F42C07A9018DCD6180698815F9D52B" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="BFB3BD9C24748DC74DB4CD0EDED48C6B">4184</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail id="4345926AE275466480D1D7100EFF6187" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="EA952740F46C72DBD6A0918E6C4D3D7B">2</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent id="F84FC749CCCF898C57A33E740D92D14D" unit="page">
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<mods:start id="174FA37E4F0D5E0ECAB398B7F7FCFAEF">329</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="F323984AF8937DB389F6F3345C331119">346</mods:end>
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<mods:classification id="B966C8A3BF2A4DF799785DBB4A41D3A8">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="CDDD29FBC050A2A7AF05F0B7E664106E" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4184.2.5</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="80A358C5043BB7C0741F2066842D668B" type="GBIF-Dataset">672b6fe2-87e2-4cdc-827a-c78a4cd13424</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="82D4917766A33946CC2C809990A3F4C2" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="2B6E76482E9A4992522DB264DF4D2956" type="Zenodo-Dep">164769</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="5B6C5E0DFDEE44E092A44D39C14F5C66" type="ZooBank">26A16620-CAAE-4B1C-AB63-61CB2611C5BF</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="03F687D7FFADC24BF5D8F57DFDB9CB0C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6063808" ID-GBIF-Taxon="124562948" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6063808" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F687D7FFADC24BF5D8F57DFDB9CB0C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F687D7FFADC24BF5D8F57DFDB9CB0C" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="344" pageId="6" pageNumber="335">
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<subSubSection id="C345654AFFADC242F5D8F57DFEA0CF7A" pageId="6" pageNumber="335" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BE036C1FFADC242F5D8F57DFE53CF3C" blockId="6.[151,477,542,638]" box="[151,477,542,568]" pageId="6" pageNumber="335">
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<heading id="D0A881ADFFADC242F5D8F57DFE53CF3C" bold="true" box="[151,477,542,568]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="335" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFADC242F5D8F57DFE53CF3C" bold="true" box="[151,477,542,568]" pageId="6" pageNumber="335">
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<taxonomicName id="4C5F4D42FFADC242F5D8F57DFEF6CF3C" ID-CoL="MDN6" box="[151,376,542,568]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Bolitoglossa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="6" pageNumber="335" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aurae" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFADC242F5D8F57DFEF6CF3C" bold="true" box="[151,376,542,568]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="335">Bolitoglossa aurae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21857A8FFADC242F4CFF57DFE53CF3C" box="[384,477,542,568]" pageId="6" pageNumber="335" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE036C1FFADC242F5D8F522FEA0CF7A" blockId="6.[151,477,542,638]" pageId="6" pageNumber="335">
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Aura’s golden salamander (
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<figureCitation id="13642A44FFADC242F5D1F506FEA8CF7A" box="[158,294,613,638]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 3" captionStart-1="FIGURE 4" captionStart-2="FIGURE 5" captionStart-3="FIGURE 6" captionStart-4="FIGURE 7" captionStart-5="FIGURE 8" captionStart-6="FIGURE 9" captionStartId-0="6.[151,250,1444,1466]" captionStartId-1="7.[151,250,1967,1989]" captionStartId-2="8.[151,250,1938,1960]" captionStartId-3="10.[151,250,905,927]" captionStartId-4="10.[151,250,1556,1578]" captionStartId-5="11.[151,250,1888,1910]" captionStartId-6="12.[151,250,1913,1935]" captionTargetBox-0="[161,1418,1221,1400]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1435,1005,1945]" captionTargetBox-2="[151,1434,193,1916]" captionTargetBox-3="[167,1425,322,869]" captionTargetBox-4="[164,1415,1013,1524]" captionTargetBox-5="[372,1215,733,1866]" captionTargetBox-6="[253,1332,196,1890]" captionTargetId-0="figure@6.[150,1436,1194,1423]" captionTargetId-1="figure@7.[151,1435,983,1946]" captionTargetId-2="figure@8.[151,1435,193,1917]" captionTargetId-3="figure@10.[151,1436,303,883]" captionTargetId-4="figure@10.[151,1436,1007,1535]" captionTargetId-5="figure@11.[372,1216,733,1867]" captionTargetId-6="figure@12.[253,1333,193,1892]" captionTargetPageId-0="6" captionTargetPageId-1="7" captionTargetPageId-2="8" captionTargetPageId-3="10" captionTargetPageId-4="10" captionTargetPageId-5="11" captionTargetPageId-6="12" captionText-0="FIGURE 3. Bolitoglossa aurae sp. nov. Photograph taken by BK." captionText-1="FIGURE 4. Images demonstrating the different aspects of the head of the holotype of Bolitoglossa aurae sp. nov. Photographs taken by BK." captionText-2="FIGURE 5. Dorsal and ventral views of the right foot (A) and right hand (B) of the holotype of Bolitoglossa aurae sp. nov. Photographs taken by BK." captionText-3="FIGURE 6. Dorsal (A) and ventral (B) color in life views of the holotype of Bolitoglossa aurae sp. nov. Photographs taken by BK." captionText-4="FIGURE 7. Images demonstrating the range of metachrosis that was observed in the holotype of Bolitoglossa aurae sp. nov. Photographs taken by BK." captionText-5="FIGURE 8. Images showing the iridescent green chromatophores in the skin above the eyes and lower eyelids of the holotype of Bolitoglossa aurae sp. nov. Photographs taken by BK." captionText-6="FIGURE 9. Images showing the light iridescent green chromatophores after three years of storage in 70 % ethanol in the skin above the eyes and lower eyelids of the holotype. a) Natural colors and b) highlighting the presence of the chromatophores through hue modification. Photographs taken by BK." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/164772/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/164773/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/164774/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/164775/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/164776/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/164777/files/figure.png" httpUri-6="https://zenodo.org/record/164778/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="335">Figures 3–9</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C345654AFFADC242F5D8F5CEFA93CE52" pageId="6" pageNumber="335" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BE036C1FFADC242F5D8F5CEFD57CE0A" blockId="6.[151,1436,685,1142]" pageId="6" pageNumber="335">
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<materialsCitation id="3B373C9CFFADC242F5D8F5CEFD51CFED" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1324639591" collectionCode="UCR" collectorName="Canton de Turrialba & Distrito de Chirripo & Moravia de Chirripo" country="Costa Rica" location="Provincia de Limon" pageId="6" pageNumber="335" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Provincia de Limon" typeStatus="holotype">
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<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFADC242F5D8F5CEFE85CFC2" bold="true" box="[151,267,685,710]" pageId="6" pageNumber="335">
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<typeStatus id="54E48863FFADC242F5D8F5CEFE88CFC2" box="[151,262,685,710]" pageId="6" pageNumber="335" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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.
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</emphasis>
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<collectionCode id="ED4EAE04FFADC242F45BF5CDFEC0CFC2" box="[276,334,686,710]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15736" name="University of California" pageId="6" pageNumber="335">UCR</collectionCode>
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22842, an adult female from
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<collectingCountry id="F3487651FFADC242F7E6F5CDFCA7CFC2" box="[681,809,685,710]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="6" pageNumber="335">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
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:
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<collectingRegion id="499BF823FFADC242F678F5CEFB91CFC2" box="[823,1055,685,710]" country="Costa Rica" name="Limon" pageId="6" pageNumber="335">Provincia de Limón</collectingRegion>
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:
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<collectorName id="26AA5317FFADC242F163F5CDFA98CFC2" box="[1068,1302,685,710]" pageId="6" pageNumber="335">Cantón de Turrialba</collectorName>
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:
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<collectorName id="26AA5317FFADC242F06DF5CEFF74CFEE" pageId="6" pageNumber="335">Distrito de Chirripó</collectorName>
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: in the vicinity of
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<collectorName id="26AA5317FFADC242F484F5B2FD39CFEE" box="[459,695,721,746]" pageId="6" pageNumber="335">Moravia de Chirripó</collectorName>
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, ca
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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<materialsCitation id="3B373C9CFFADC242F7A4F5B1FD57CE0A" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1324639592" collectingDate="2013-03-22" collectorName="Brian Kubicki" country="Indonesia" elevation="1300" location="Aura Reyes" pageId="6" pageNumber="335" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
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<elevation id="0072D1F2FFADC242F7A4F5B1FCF1CFEE" box="[747,895,721,746]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="6" pageNumber="335" unit="m" value="1300.0">
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||
<quantity id="4CA79B24FFADC242F7A4F5B1FCCFCFED" box="[747,833,722,746]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="6" pageNumber="335" unit="m" value="1300.0">1300 m</quantity>
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a.s.l.
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</elevation>
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, collected by
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<collectorName id="26AA5317FFADC242F151F5B2FB4FCFEE" box="[1054,1217,721,746]" pageId="6" pageNumber="335">Brian Kubicki</collectorName>
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, in the company of Maximo
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<collectingCountry id="F3487651FFADC242F5B2F596FECDCE0A" box="[253,323,757,782]" name="Indonesia" pageId="6" pageNumber="335">Flores</collectingCountry>
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and
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<location id="8E80601AFFADC242F436F595FE72CE0A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F687D7FFADC24BF5D8F57DFDB9CB0C:8E80601AFFADC242F436F595FE72CE0A" box="[377,508,758,782]" country="Indonesia" name="Aura Reyes" pageId="6" pageNumber="335">Aura Reyes</location>
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on
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<date id="FFE11001FFADC242F768F595FD58CE0A" box="[551,726,757,782]" pageId="6" pageNumber="335" value="2013-03-22">
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<collectingDate id="EFA5E9E9FFADC242F768F595FD58CE0A" box="[551,726,757,782]" pageId="6" pageNumber="335" value="2013-03-22">22 March 2013</collectingDate>
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</date>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE036C1FFADC242F588F47AFA93CE52" blockId="6.[151,1436,685,1142]" pageId="6" pageNumber="335">
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<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFADC242F588F47AFE23CE36" bold="true" box="[199,429,793,818]" pageId="6" pageNumber="335">Generic Placement</emphasis>
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. Assigned to the genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C5F4D42FFADC242F79FF47AFCD2CE36" box="[720,860,793,818]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Bolitoglossa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="6" pageNumber="335" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFADC242F79FF47AFCD2CE36" box="[720,860,793,818]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="335">Bolitoglossa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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due to having fewer than 14 costal grooves and lacking a sublingual fold, and to the subgenus
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<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFADC242F7D0F45EFC8ACE52" box="[671,772,829,854]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="335">Eladinea</emphasis>
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based the molecular evidence presented herein.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C345654AFFADC243F588F402FA09CECC" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="336" pageId="6" pageNumber="335" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8BE036C1FFADC242F588F402FC5EC972" blockId="6.[151,1436,685,1142]" pageId="6" pageNumber="335">
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<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFADC242F588F402FECFCE7E" bold="true" box="[199,321,865,890]" pageId="6" pageNumber="335">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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The combination of the following characteristics can be used to distinguish
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<taxonomicName id="4C5F4D42FFADC242F18BF402FA12CE7D" box="[1220,1436,865,890]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Bolitoglossa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="6" pageNumber="335" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aurae">
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<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFADC242F18BF402FA12CE7D" box="[1220,1436,865,890]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="335">Bolitoglossa aurae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from other described species in the genus: (1) unique coloration consisting of a light yellow ground color of the body, limbs, and tail, and having a dark brown middorsal stripe on the head and body and a pair of thin dark brown lateral stripes running from behind the eye posteriorly onto the tail (
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<figureCitation id="13642A44FFADC242F6ECF4AEFC67CEE2" box="[931,1001,973,998]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1444,1466]" captionTargetBox="[161,1418,1221,1400]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[150,1436,1194,1423]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Bolitoglossa aurae sp. nov. Photograph taken by BK." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/164772/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="335">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
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); (2) iridescent green chromatophores scattered throughout the dorsal surfaces of the head, body, and tail, at times resulting in an evident greenish hue; (3) relatively long prehensile tail, 57.9 % of total length, or 137 % of SL; (4) few premaxillary teeth, [3 total] in relation to SL; (5) numerous vomerine teeth [32] and maxillary teeth [60] in relation to SL; (6) relatively short truncate digits with moderate to extensive webbing on the hands and feet.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="DF206649FFADC242F5D8F2C7FCB6C8BE" box="[151,824,1444,1467]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/164772/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="335" targetBox="[161,1418,1221,1400]" targetPageId="6">
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||
<paragraph id="8BE036C1FFADC242F5D8F2C7FCB6C8BE" blockId="6.[151,824,1444,1467]" box="[151,824,1444,1467]" pageId="6" pageNumber="335">
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||
<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFADC242F5D8F2C7FE9CC8BE" bold="true" box="[151,274,1444,1466]" pageId="6" pageNumber="335">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C5F4D42FFADC242F456F2C7FE57C8BF" box="[281,473,1444,1467]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Bolitoglossa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="6" pageNumber="335" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aurae" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFADC242F456F2C7FE57C8BF" box="[281,473,1444,1467]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="335">Bolitoglossa aurae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFADC242F490F2C7FDBEC8BE" bold="true" box="[479,560,1444,1466]" pageId="6" pageNumber="335">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21857A8FFADC242F490F2C7FDBEC8BE" box="[479,560,1444,1466]" pageId="6" pageNumber="335" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
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||
Photograph taken by BK.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
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||
<paragraph id="8BE036C1FFADC242F588F281FC45CB8E" blockId="6.[151,1436,1506,2035]" pageId="6" pageNumber="335">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B373C9CFFADC242F588F281FC49CB8E" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1324639593" country="Costa Rica" location="southeastern Costa Rica" pageId="6" pageNumber="335" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Panama">
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||
<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFADC242F588F281FEE2C8FF" bold="true" box="[199,364,1506,1531]" pageId="6" pageNumber="335">Comparisons.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5F4D42FFADC242F43BF281FDC9C8FE" box="[372,583,1506,1531]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Bolitoglossa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="6" pageNumber="335" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aurae">
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||
<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFADC242F43BF281FDC9C8FE" box="[372,583,1506,1531]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="335">Bolitoglossa aurae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
is differentiated from members of the subgenus
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<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFADC242F128F281FB42C8FF" box="[1127,1228,1506,1531]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="335">Eladinea</emphasis>
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by its 16S and cyt
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<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFADC242F5D8F165FF2BCB1B" box="[151,165,1542,1567]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="335">b</emphasis>
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mtDNA distances. Since
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<taxonomicName id="4C5F4D42FFADC242F48BF164FDABCB1A" box="[452,549,1543,1566]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Bolitoglossa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="6" pageNumber="335" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aurae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFADC242F48BF164FDABCB1A" box="[452,549,1543,1566]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="335">B. aurae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is only known to occur in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3487651FFADC242F603F164FC4BCB1B" box="[844,965,1542,1567]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="6" pageNumber="335">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
||
and molecular evidence strongly supports it forming part of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5F4D42FFADC242F4D2F149FD10CB47" box="[413,670,1578,1603]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Bolitoglossa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="6" pageNumber="335" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robinsoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFADC242F4D2F149FD10CB47" box="[413,670,1578,1603]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="335">Bolitoglossa robinsoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
clade within the subgenus
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFADC242F6ACF149FBC6CB47" box="[995,1096,1578,1603]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="335">Eladinea</emphasis>
|
||
, phenotypic comparisons are presented here only with respect to members of that clade (i.e.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5F4D42FFADC242F627F12CFB96CB63" box="[872,1048,1614,1639]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Bolitoglossa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="6" pageNumber="335" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureogularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFADC242F627F12CFB96CB63" box="[872,1048,1614,1639]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="335">B. aureogularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5F4D42FFADC242F168F12CFB4CCB62" box="[1063,1218,1615,1638]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Bolitoglossa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="6" pageNumber="335" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jugivagans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFADC242F168F12CFB4CCB62" box="[1063,1218,1615,1638]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="335">B. jugivagans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5F4D42FFADC242F04EF12CFA05CB63" box="[1281,1419,1614,1639]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Bolitoglossa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="6" pageNumber="335" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robinsoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFADC242F04EF12CFA05CB63" box="[1281,1419,1614,1639]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="335">B. robinsoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), which are endemic to
|
||
<location id="8E80601AFFADC242F4C1F111FD12CB8F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F687D7FFADC24BF5D8F57DFDB9CB0C:8E80601AFFADC242F4C1F111FD12CB8F" box="[398,668,1650,1675]" country="Costa Rica" name="southeastern Costa Rica" pageId="6" pageNumber="335" stateProvince="Panama">southeastern Costa Rica</location>
|
||
and northwestern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499BF823FFADC242F624F110FC49CB8E" box="[875,967,1651,1674]" country="Panama" name="Panama" pageId="6" pageNumber="335">Panama</collectingRegion>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE036C1FFADC243F588F1F5FA09CECC" blockId="6.[151,1436,1506,2035]" lastBlockId="7.[151,1436,151,968]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="336" pageId="6" pageNumber="335">
|
||
Contrasting characteristics for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5F4D42FFADC242F760F1F5FC84CBAA" box="[559,778,1686,1711]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Bolitoglossa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="6" pageNumber="335" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aurae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFADC242F760F1F5FC84CBAA" box="[559,778,1686,1711]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="335">Bolitoglossa aurae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are presented in parentheses.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5F4D42FFADC242F13BF1F5FE30CBD6" authority="Boza-Oviedo et al., 2012" authorityName="Boza-Oviedo et al." authorityYear="2012" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Bolitoglossa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="6" pageNumber="335" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureogularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFADC242F13BF1F5FA12CBAB" box="[1140,1436,1686,1711]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="335">Bolitoglossa aureogularis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCE4B30FFADC242F5D8F1D9FE30CBD6" author="Boza-Oviedo" box="[151,446,1722,1747]" pageId="6" pageNumber="335" refString="Boza-Oviedo, E., Rovito, S. M., Chaves, G., Garcia-Rodriguez, A., Artavia, L. G., Bolanos, F. & Wake, D. B. (2012) Salamanders from the eastern Cordillera de Talamanca, Costa Rica, with descriptions of five new species (Plethodontidae: Bolitoglossa, Nototriton, and Oedipina) and natural history notes from recent expeditions. Zootaxa, 3309, 36 - 61." type="journal article" year="2012">
|
||
Boza-Oviedo
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFADC242F477F1D8FEF5CBD7" box="[312,379,1722,1747]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="335">et al.,</emphasis>
|
||
2012
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5F4D42FFADC242F64AF1D8FCE5CBD6" box="[773,875,1723,1746]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Bolitoglossa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="6" pageNumber="335" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aurae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFADC242F64AF1D8FCE5CBD6" box="[773,875,1723,1746]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="335">B. aurae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by having a tan to reddish-brown dorsum with numerous dark brown streaks, black flanks and a pair of dirty white patches along the ventrolateral surface of the ventrum, and a dark midventral stripe (dorsum uniform light yellow with a thin dark brown middorsal stripe on the trunk, flanks light yellow to light brown [subject to metachrosis], ventrum uniform translucent yellow and lacking any evident or contrasting light or dark dermal pigmentation or midventral stripe); 6.5 costal folds between adpressed limbs [accuracy of costal folds count confirmed in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCE4B30FFADC242F60AF00CFB8DCA83" author="Hertz" box="[837,1027,1902,1927]" pageId="6" pageNumber="335" refString="Hertz, A., Lotzkat, S. & Kohler, G. (2013) A new species of Bolitoglossa (Caudata, Plethodontidae) from the continental divide of western Panama. Zootaxa, 3636 (3), 463 - 475. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3636.3.5" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Hertz
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFADC242F6C6F00CFC34CA83" box="[905,954,1902,1927]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="335">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2013
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
] (4.5 costal folds between adpressed limbs); relatively short broadly rounded snout, SnL = 27.9 % of HeW (relatively longer and narrow truncate snout, SnL = 31.0 % of HeW); relatively fewer maxillary teeth, MT/SL = 1.2 (MT/SL = 1.5); more premaxillary teeth, 6 PMT (fewer premaxillary teeth, 3 PMT); and longer digits, LT3 = 32.6 % of FoW (shorter digits, LT3 = 24.4 % of FoW).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5F4D42FFACC243F5A8F7F4FD48CDB4" authority="Hertz et al., 2013" authorityName="Hertz et al." authorityYear="2013" box="[231,710,151,176]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Bolitoglossa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="7" pageNumber="336" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jugivagans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFACC243F5A8F7F4FE79CDB4" box="[231,503,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="336">Bolitoglossa jugivagans</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCE4B30FFACC243F4B0F7FBFD48CDB4" author="Hertz" box="[511,710,151,176]" pageId="7" pageNumber="336" refString="Hertz, A., Lotzkat, S. & Kohler, G. (2013) A new species of Bolitoglossa (Caudata, Plethodontidae) from the continental divide of western Panama. Zootaxa, 3636 (3), 463 - 475. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3636.3.5" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Hertz
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFACC243F70AF7FAFDF9CDB4" box="[581,631,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="336">et al</emphasis>
|
||
., 2013
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a heavy concentration of darker pigmentation on the dorsal surfaces of the head, body, tail, and limbs that is reddish-brown with lighter streaks (dorsal surfaces of the head, body, tail, and limbs having a uniform light yellow coloration lacking any contrasting darker dermal pigmentation with the exception of a thin broken dark brown middorsal stripe on the body, which forms two thin separating lines between the base of the neck and the posterior/inner margins of the orbits); tips of the digits on the hands and feet are rounded (tips of the digits on the hands and feet truncate); relatively shorter tail, TaL = 124 % of SL (TaL = 137 % of SL); narrower internarial distance, IND = 23.3 % of HeW (wider internarial distance, IND = 27.6 % of HeW); longer snout, SnL = 41.9 % of HeW (shorter snout, SnL = 31 % of HeW); relatively shorter front limbs, FLL = 15.4 % of SL (relatively longer limbs, FLL = 20.5 % of SL); narrower feet, FoW = 65.1 % of HeW (slightly wider feet, FoW = 70.7 % of HeW); longer digits, LT3 = 46.4 % of FoW (shorter digits, LT3 = 24.4 % of FoW); relatively smaller eyes, EW = 72.2 % of SnL (relatively larger eyes, EW = 116.7 % of SnL).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5F4D42FFACC243F174F69CFEC3CF38" authority="Bolanos" authorityName="Bolanos" authorityYear="2009" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Bolitoglossa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="7" pageNumber="336" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robinsoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFACC243F174F69CFAB6CF1C" box="[1083,1336,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="336">Bolitoglossa robinsoni</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCE4B30FFACC243F00FF69CFEC3CF38" author="Bolanos" pageId="7" pageNumber="336" refString="Bolanos, F. & Wake, D. B. (2009) Two new species of montane web-footed salamanders (Plethodontidae: Bolitoglossa) from the Costa Rica-Panama border region. Zootaxa, 1981, 57 - 68." type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Bolaños and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3487651FFACC243F588F547FE87CF39" box="[199,265,548,573]" name="Wake Island" pageId="7" pageNumber="336">Wake</collectingCountry>
|
||
, 2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a heavy concentration of dark pigmentation on the dorsal surfaces of the head, body, tail, and limbs (dorsal surfaces of the head, body, tail, and limbs having a uniform light yellow coloration lacking any contrasting darker dermal pigmentation, with the exception of a thin broken dark brown middorsal stripe on the body, which forms two thin separating lines between the base of the neck and the posterior/inner margin of the orbits); large robust species with a tail shorter than SL, TaL = 94 % of SL (slender species with a longer tail, TaL = 137 % of SL); relatively fewer maxillary and vomerine teeth, MT/SL = 1.0, VT/SL = 0.3 (MT/SL = 1.5, VT/SL = 0.8); shorter trunk, AGL = 53.5 % of SL, with 2 costal folds between adpressed limbs (relatively longer trunk, AGL = 58 % of SL, with 4.5 costal folds between adpressed limbs); wide head, HeW = 30 % of AGL (narrower head, HeW = 24.7 % of AGL); longer limbs, HLL = 26.1 % of SL and FLL = 25.4 % of SL (relatively shorter limbs, HLL = 21.5 % of SL and FLL = 20.5 % of SL); wider hands and longer digits on the feet, HaW = 58.8 % of HeW and LT3 = 36.5 % of FoW (relatively narrower hands and shorter digits, Haw = 51.7 % of HeW and LT3 = 24.4 % of FoW); and relatively smaller eyes, EW = 82.3% of SnL (relatively larger eyes, EW = 116.7% of SnL).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF206649FFACC243F5D8F0CCFE90CAE0" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/164773/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="336" targetBox="[151,1435,1005,1945]" targetPageId="7">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE036C1FFACC243F5D8F0CCFE90CAE0" blockId="7.[151,1435,1967,2020]" pageId="7" pageNumber="336">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFACC243F5D8F0CCFE9CCAC1" bold="true" box="[151,274,1967,1989]" pageId="7" pageNumber="336">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
|
||
Images demonstrating the different aspects of the head of the holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5F4D42FFACC243F14FF0CCFB4ECAC1" box="[1024,1216,1967,1989]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Bolitoglossa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="7" pageNumber="336" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aurae" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFACC243F14FF0CCFB4ECAC1" box="[1024,1216,1967,1989]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="336">Bolitoglossa aurae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFACC243F189F0CCFA99CAC1" bold="true" box="[1222,1303,1967,1989]" pageId="7" pageNumber="336">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21857A8FFACC243F189F0CCFA99CAC1" box="[1222,1303,1967,1989]" pageId="7" pageNumber="336" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Photographs taken by BK.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF206649FFA3C24CF5D8F0F1FE2DCAC3" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/164774/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="337" targetBox="[151,1434,193,1916]" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE036C1FFA3C24CF5D8F0F1FE2DCAC3" blockId="8.[151,1435,1938,1991]" pageId="8" pageNumber="337">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFA3C24CF5D8F0F1FE9ACAAC" bold="true" box="[151,276,1938,1960]" pageId="8" pageNumber="337">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
|
||
Dorsal and ventral views of the right foot (
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFA3C24CF797F0F1FD64CAAC" bold="true" box="[728,746,1938,1960]" pageId="8" pageNumber="337">A</emphasis>
|
||
) and right hand (
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFA3C24CF6D0F0F1FC3ECAAC" bold="true" box="[927,944,1938,1960]" pageId="8" pageNumber="337">B</emphasis>
|
||
) of the holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5F4D42FFA3C24CF1CEF0F1FACCCAAC" box="[1153,1346,1938,1960]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Bolitoglossa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="337" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aurae" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFA3C24CF1CEF0F1FACCCAAC" box="[1153,1346,1938,1960]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="337">Bolitoglossa aurae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFA3C24CF005F0F1FA15CAAC" bold="true" box="[1354,1435,1938,1960]" pageId="8" pageNumber="337">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21857A8FFA3C24CF005F0F1FA15CAAC" box="[1354,1435,1938,1960]" pageId="8" pageNumber="337" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Photographs taken by BK.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C345654AFFA2C24AF588F7F4FCB3CE58" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="343" pageId="9" pageNumber="338" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE036C1FFA2C24DF588F7F4FEB9CFF4" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,2021]" pageId="9" pageNumber="338">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFA2C24DF588F7F4FE6BCDB4" bold="true" box="[199,485,151,176]" pageId="9" pageNumber="338">
|
||
Description of
|
||
<typeStatus id="54E48863FFA2C24DF438F7F4FE6ECDB4" box="[375,480,151,176]" pageId="9" pageNumber="338" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Adult female having a SL of
|
||
<quantity id="4CA79B24FFA2C24DF679F7F4FC13CDAB" box="[822,925,151,176]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.05" pageId="9" pageNumber="338" unit="mm" value="40.5">40.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
. Head slightly wider than neck and shoulders (Hew
|
||
<quantity id="4CA79B24FFA2C24DF591F7DFFEB6CDD0" box="[222,312,188,213]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.8" pageId="9" pageNumber="338" unit="mm" value="5.8">5.8 mm</quantity>
|
||
, NeW
|
||
<quantity id="4CA79B24FFA2C24DF4C4F7DFFE6BCDD0" box="[395,485,188,213]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.2" pageId="9" pageNumber="338" unit="mm" value="5.2">5.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
, ShW
|
||
<quantity id="4CA79B24FFA2C24DF77BF7DFFD1ECDD0" box="[564,656,188,213]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.6" pageId="9" pageNumber="338" unit="mm" value="5.6">5.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
), with greatest width of head just posterior to the articulation of the jaws; snout raised anterodorsally, truncate in dorsal outline, but rounded in profile; snout relatively long (SnL
|
||
<quantity id="4CA79B24FFA2C24DF036F783FF4BCC18" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="9" pageNumber="338" unit="mm" value="1.8">1.8 mm</quantity>
|
||
, 4.4 % of SL), with nearly terminal non-protruding tiny nostrils (LNH
|
||
<quantity id="4CA79B24FFA2C24DF14AF667FBE0CC18" box="[1029,1134,260,284]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="338" unit="mm" value="0.09">0.09 mm</quantity>
|
||
, RNW
|
||
<quantity id="4CA79B24FFA2C24DF187F667FABECC18" box="[1224,1328,260,284]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="338" unit="mm" value="0.03">0.03 mm</quantity>
|
||
) directed laterally; internarial area slightly convex. Eyes relatively large (EW = 116 % of SnL), protruding beyond dorsal and ventral outline of head, directed anterolaterally, with a distinct suborbital groove. Top of head flat and smooth, lacking any contrasting interorbital dermal structure;
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFA2C24DF643F60CFC43CC8C" box="[780,973,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="338">canthus rostralis</emphasis>
|
||
distinct and rounded; intercanthal area slightly convex, loreal region slightly concave. Poorly developed, but discernible rounded cirri (nasolabial protuberances) present on the tip of the snout, protruding slightly beyond the margin of the upper lip. Gular fold well-defined, starting on the lateral portion of the neck, below the dark lateral stripe, curving slightly posteriorly initially and continuing down onto the ventrum, crossing as an overall straight crease but with slight anterior curve in midventral region. In life a red heart was visible beneath the skin at the midventral gular fold, lying mostly posterior to gular fold. In ventral view, tip of snout protruding markedly beyond edge of lower lip. No mental gland visible under skin of anterior intermandibular region. Nuchal groove well defined, starting just posterior to jaw articulation, about level with lower margin of eye; groove has very slight posterior orientation on side of head, extending onto ventrum just medial to posterior edge of mandibular bones, terminating as an anteriorly oriented curve (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13642A44FFA2C24DF5ABF5B4FEA4CFF4" box="[228,298,727,752]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1967,1989]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,1005,1945]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1435,983,1946]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Images demonstrating the different aspects of the head of the holotype of Bolitoglossa aurae sp. nov. Photographs taken by BK." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/164773/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="338">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE036C1FFA2C24DF588F59FFD0BC90B" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,2021]" pageId="9" pageNumber="338">Sublingual fold absent; tongue circular in shape, lacking distinct notches. Vomerine teeth numerous (14/18), present in two arching rows, starting just posterior to choanae, curving postero-medially towards center of roof of mouth; rows of vomerine teeth not in contact medially; maxillary teeth numerous (29/31), present in two long arching single rows on the opposite/outer margins of the upper mouth, out of maxillary bones; premaxillary teeth relatively few (3), present as a short row at anterior tip of upper mouth, out of premaxillary bones. Choanae moderately large, teardrop shaped, with narrow groove emerging from each opening laterally, curving posteriorly beneath eye. On the medial roof of the mouth, lying posterior to the vomerine tooth rows, there is a triangular patch of paravomerine teeth, which are numerous.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE036C1FFA2C24DF588F37FFC03C87F" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,2021]" pageId="9" pageNumber="338">
|
||
Arms relatively short (FLL
|
||
<quantity id="4CA79B24FFA2C24DF748F37FFDEFC930" box="[519,609,1052,1076]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.3" pageId="9" pageNumber="338" unit="mm" value="8.3">8.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
, 20.5 % of SL), with forearm slightly hypertrophied compared to upper arm. Hands moderate-sized (HaL
|
||
<quantity id="4CA79B24FFA2C24DF759F323FDE0C953" box="[534,622,1088,1112]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" pageId="9" pageNumber="338" unit="mm" value="2.7">2.7 mm</quantity>
|
||
, 30.7 % of VGS; HaW 3.0 mm, 51.7 % of VGS). Fingers II, III, and IV short and robust with truncate tips nearly equal in width (WF3
|
||
<quantity id="4CA79B24FFA2C24DF624F307FC49C978" box="[875,967,1124,1148]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="338" unit="mm" value="0.7">0.7 mm</quantity>
|
||
); terminal pads present on ventral tips of fingers II, III, and IV; Finger I not protruding beyond interdigital webbing; fingers II and IV with only distal phalanx free of webbing (LF2
|
||
<quantity id="4CA79B24FFA2C24DF4BBF3CFFDDEC9C0" box="[500,592,1196,1221]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="338" unit="mm" value="0.6">0.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
), Finger III appearing to have at least 1.5 phalanges free of webbing (LF3
|
||
<quantity id="4CA79B24FFA2C24DF5D8F3B3FF7AC9EC" box="[151,244,1232,1256]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="338" unit="mm" value="0.9">0.9 mm</quantity>
|
||
). Palmar surface smooth overall, but with evident dermal creases extending centrally from margins of interdigital webbing. Dorsal surfaces of all fingers with well defined interdigital grooves extending from margins of webbing to metacarpal region. Interdigital webbings on the hands are moderate to extensive, with distal margins of webbing concave in outline. Estimated webbing formula of right hand:
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFA2C24DF6A9F25DFC7FC853" bold="true" box="[998,1009,1342,1367]" pageId="9" pageNumber="338">I</emphasis>
|
||
0- – 1 1/
|
||
<date id="FFE11001FFA2C24DF11CF25CFB0FC853" box="[1107,1153,1342,1367]" pageId="9" pageNumber="338">
|
||
2
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFA2C24DF124F25DFB0FC853" bold="true" box="[1131,1153,1342,1367]" pageId="9" pageNumber="338">II</emphasis>
|
||
</date>
|
||
1 1/2 –
|
||
<date id="FFE11001FFA2C24DF1ACF25CFAAEC853" box="[1251,1312,1339,1367]" bridgedPair="-" pageId="9" pageNumber="338">
|
||
2-
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFA2C24DF1B0F25DFAAEC853" bold="true" box="[1279,1312,1342,1367]" pageId="9" pageNumber="338">III</emphasis>
|
||
</date>
|
||
2- – 1+
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFA2C24DF036F25DFA1BC853" bold="true" box="[1401,1429,1342,1367]" pageId="9" pageNumber="338">IV</emphasis>
|
||
. Relative lengths of fingers on right hand I <II <IV <III (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13642A44FFA2C24DF66EF201FCEDC87F" box="[801,867,1378,1403]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1938,1960]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,193,1916]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1435,193,1917]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Dorsal and ventral views of the right foot (A) and right hand (B) of the holotype of Bolitoglossa aurae sp. nov. Photographs taken by BK." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/164774/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="338">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
B).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE036C1FFA2C24DF588F2EBFC74CA09" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,2021]" pageId="9" pageNumber="338">
|
||
Legs relatively short (HLL
|
||
<quantity id="4CA79B24FFA2C24DF748F2E4FDEDC89B" box="[519,611,1415,1439]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.7" pageId="9" pageNumber="338" unit="mm" value="8.7">8.7 mm</quantity>
|
||
, 21.5 % of SL), with little perceivable difference between thickness of upper and lower leg. Feet moderate-sized (FoL
|
||
<quantity id="4CA79B24FFA2C24DF7FCF2C8FC82C8C6" box="[691,780,1451,1475]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.3" pageId="9" pageNumber="338" unit="mm" value="3.3">3.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
, 37.5 % of VGS; FoW
|
||
<quantity id="4CA79B24FFA2C24DF156F2C8FBFFC8C6" box="[1049,1137,1451,1475]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.1" pageId="9" pageNumber="338" unit="mm" value="4.1">4.1 mm</quantity>
|
||
, 70.7 % of VGS). Toes II, III, IV, and V short and robust with truncate tips nearly equal in width (WT3
|
||
<quantity id="4CA79B24FFA2C24DF6B0F2ACFBD7C8E3" box="[1023,1113,1487,1511]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="338" unit="mm" value="0.7">0.7 mm</quantity>
|
||
), Toe III slightly longer than others (LT2
|
||
<quantity id="4CA79B24FFA2C24DF469F291FE0FCB0E" box="[294,385,1522,1547]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="338" unit="mm" value="0.5">0.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
, LT3 1.0 mm); well-defined terminal pads present on ventral tips of toes II, III, IV, and V, weakly defined and smaller pad present on ventral tip of Toe I; tip of Toe I barely protruding beyond margin of interdigital webbing; toes II and V with only distal phalanx free of webbing, Toes III and IV appearing to have at least 1.5 phalanges free of webbing. Plantar surface smooth overall, but with evident dermal creases extending centrally from margins of interdigital webbing. Dorsally all digits of feet well defined with interdigital grooves traveling inward from webbing margins to metatarsals. Interdigital webbing on feet moderate to extensive, with the distal margins concave in outline. Estimated webbing formula of right foot:
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFA2C24DF6A8F1AEFC7CCBE2" bold="true" box="[999,1010,1741,1766]" pageId="9" pageNumber="338">I</emphasis>
|
||
0- – 1 1/
|
||
<date id="FFE11001FFA2C24DF102F1ADFBFBCBE1" box="[1101,1141,1742,1766]" pageId="9" pageNumber="338">2 II</date>
|
||
1 –
|
||
<date id="FFE11001FFA2C24DF1EAF1ADFB6ECBE2" box="[1189,1248,1738,1766]" bridgedPair="-" pageId="9" pageNumber="338">
|
||
2-
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFA2C24DF1F0F1AEFB6ECBE2" bold="true" box="[1215,1248,1741,1766]" pageId="9" pageNumber="338">III</emphasis>
|
||
</date>
|
||
2 – 1 1/
|
||
<date id="FFE11001FFA2C24DF079F1ADFAE5CBE2" box="[1334,1387,1741,1766]" pageId="9" pageNumber="338">
|
||
2
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFA2C24DF003F1AEFAE5CBE2" bold="true" box="[1356,1387,1741,1766]" pageId="9" pageNumber="338">IV</emphasis>
|
||
</date>
|
||
1 1/ 2 – 1+
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFA2C24DF594F197FF62CA09" bold="true" box="[219,236,1780,1805]" pageId="9" pageNumber="338">V</emphasis>
|
||
. Relative lengths of toes on right foot I <II <V <IV <III (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13642A44FFA2C24DF6C3F197FC40CA09" box="[908,974,1780,1805]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1938,1960]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,193,1916]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1435,193,1917]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Dorsal and ventral views of the right foot (A) and right hand (B) of the holotype of Bolitoglossa aurae sp. nov. Photographs taken by BK." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/164774/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="338">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
A).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE036C1FFA2C24EF588F07BFBB7CDD3" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,2021]" lastBlockId="10.[151,1436,151,251]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="339" pageId="9" pageNumber="338">
|
||
Body smooth, subcylindrical (wider than high) in cross section, relatively slender (TW
|
||
<quantity id="4CA79B24FFA2C24DF188F07BFA81CA35" box="[1223,1295,1816,1841]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="338" unit="mm" value="6.0">6 mm</quantity>
|
||
). Adpressed limbs separated by 4.5 costal folds, with 13 weakly discernable costal grooves between axilla and groin; costal grooves most visible on ventral and lateral portions of the body. Slight middorsal depression traveling longitudinally along length of body, starting at base of head, and becoming indiscernible on anterior third of tail length. Slight constriction at base of tail, between hind limbs and posterior edge of cloacal opening (body
|
||
<quantity id="4CA79B24FFA2C24DF009F0CBFA13CAC4" box="[1350,1437,1960,1985]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.2" pageId="9" pageNumber="338" unit="mm" value="5.2">5.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
in width at anterior margin of hind limbs,
|
||
<quantity id="4CA79B24FFA2C24DF737F0AEFD5ECAE0" box="[632,720,1997,2021]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.1" pageId="9" pageNumber="338" unit="mm" value="4.1">4.1 mm</quantity>
|
||
at midsection of cloacal opening, and
|
||
<quantity id="4CA79B24FFA2C24DF1C5F0AEFB6FCAE0" box="[1162,1249,1997,2021]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.4" pageId="9" pageNumber="338" unit="mm" value="4.4">4.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
just posterior to cloacal opening). Tail long, cylindrical in cross section, evenly tapering to pointed terminus; 27 caudal grooves discernible on anterior 3/4ths of tail, no grooves discernible on posterior 1/4th of tail.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE036C1FFA1C24EF588F781FCDECDFF" blockId="10.[151,1436,151,251]" box="[199,848,226,251]" pageId="10" pageNumber="339">Skin on all surfaces of head, body, limbs, and tail smooth.</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF206649FFA1C24EF5D8F4EAFF4FCEBA" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/164775/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="339" targetBox="[167,1425,322,869]" targetPageId="10">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE036C1FFA1C24EF5D8F4EAFF4FCEBA" blockId="10.[151,1436,905,958]" pageId="10" pageNumber="339">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFA1C24EF5D8F4EAFE9CCE9B" bold="true" box="[151,274,905,927]" pageId="10" pageNumber="339">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
|
||
Dorsal (
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFA1C24EF424F4EAFEF3CE9B" bold="true" box="[363,381,905,927]" pageId="10" pageNumber="339">A</emphasis>
|
||
) and ventral (
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFA1C24EF743F4EAFD93CE9B" bold="true" box="[524,541,905,927]" pageId="10" pageNumber="339">B</emphasis>
|
||
) color in life views of the holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5F4D42FFA1C24EF6EBF4EAFBEDCE9B" box="[932,1123,905,927]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Bolitoglossa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="10" pageNumber="339" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aurae" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFA1C24EF6EBF4EAFBEDCE9B" box="[932,1123,905,927]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="339">Bolitoglossa aurae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFA1C24EF125F4EAFB34CE9B" bold="true" box="[1130,1210,905,927]" pageId="10" pageNumber="339">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21857A8FFA1C24EF125F4EAFB34CE9B" box="[1130,1210,905,927]" pageId="10" pageNumber="339" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Photographs taken by BK.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF206649FFA1C24EF5D8F177FE2DCB4D" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/164776/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="339" targetBox="[164,1415,1013,1524]" targetPageId="10">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE036C1FFA1C24EF5D8F177FE2DCB4D" blockId="10.[151,1435,1556,1609]" pageId="10" pageNumber="339">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFA1C24EF5D8F177FE9DCB2E" bold="true" box="[151,275,1556,1578]" pageId="10" pageNumber="339">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
|
||
Images demonstrating the range of metachrosis that was observed in the holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5F4D42FFA1C24EF1CDF177FACCCB2F" box="[1154,1346,1556,1579]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Bolitoglossa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="10" pageNumber="339" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aurae" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFA1C24EF1CDF177FACCCB2F" box="[1154,1346,1556,1579]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="339">Bolitoglossa aurae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFA1C24EF005F177FA15CB2E" bold="true" box="[1354,1435,1556,1578]" pageId="10" pageNumber="339">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21857A8FFA1C24EF005F177FA15CB2E" box="[1354,1435,1556,1578]" pageId="10" pageNumber="339" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Photographs taken by BK.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE036C1FFA1C24FF588F113FAF1CDD1" blockId="10.[151,1437,1648,2033]" lastBlockId="11.[151,1437,151,680]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="340" pageId="10" pageNumber="339">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFA1C24EF588F113FE15CB8D" bold="true" box="[199,411,1648,1673]" pageId="10" pageNumber="339">Coloration in life.</emphasis>
|
||
The
|
||
<typeStatus id="54E48863FFA1C24EF499F113FDB6CB8D" box="[470,568,1648,1673]" pageId="10" pageNumber="339" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
was kept alive in captivity for six months by BK to allow for natural history observations prior to being euthanized and preserved. During the months in captivity only very minimal metachrosis was witnessed, being limited to minor tonal shifts in the intensity of the yellow ground color of the head, body, limbs, and tail, and the shift in the flanks and limbs from light yellow to light to medium brown. The tonal shift of the background coloration of the dorsum of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54E48863FFA1C24EF618F063FC37CA1D" box="[855,953,1792,1817]" pageId="10" pageNumber="339" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
varied from Pale Greenish Yellow (86) to Medium Greenish Yellow (88). The only contrasting coloration on the dorsal surfaces of the head, body, or tail was the middorsal stripe, which started out as a pair of dark brown lines at the posterior/inner margins of the orbits and converge to meet as a single middorsal stripe just posterior of the gular fold, traveling along the mid-dorsum of the body and initiating a curve laterally towards the right side at about the anterior margin of the cloacal opening and connecting to the lateral line on the right side of the body just posterior of the vent (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13642A44FFA1C24EF10FF0D6FB0CCACA" box="[1088,1154,1973,1998]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[151,250,905,927]" captionTargetBox="[167,1425,322,869]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,303,883]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Dorsal (A) and ventral (B) color in life views of the holotype of Bolitoglossa aurae sp. nov. Photographs taken by BK." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/164775/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="339">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
A). The middorsal stripe consisted of a mixture of fine pigments between Brick Red (36) to Warm Sepia (40). Scattered evenly throughout much of the ventral and dorsal surfaces of the head, body, limbs, and tail were minute dark melanophores, either in the form of very fine dots or a very fine reticulation; these dark melanophores were visible under magnification.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE036C1FFA0C24FF588F7BCFC11CF1C" blockId="11.[151,1437,151,680]" pageId="11" pageNumber="340">
|
||
The highest degree of metachrosis was observed on the lateral margin of the head, body, tail, and limbs, where there was either a thin dorsolateral line starting at the posterior margin of the eyes and extending along the body and onto the tail nearing the tip, or at times appearing as a wider band of pale brown that started at the posterior margin of the nares, extended along the canthal ridge to the anterior corner of the eye, and continued as a wider, better defined pale brown band from the posterior corner of the eye, extending posteriorly along the body and onto the tail almost to the tip; when the wider lateral band was present there also was a pale brown coloration on the dorsal surfaces of the limbs (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13642A44FFA0C24FF4AEF6D4FDA9CCD4" box="[481,551,439,464]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1556,1578]" captionTargetBox="[164,1415,1013,1524]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,1007,1535]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 7. Images demonstrating the range of metachrosis that was observed in the holotype of Bolitoglossa aurae sp. nov. Photographs taken by BK." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/164776/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="340">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
). The thin lateral lines varied with metachrosis from Brick Red (36) to Warm Sepia (40), indistinguishable in color from that of the mid-dorsal line; when present, the thicker lateral bands and dorsal surfaces of the limbs were Orange-Rufous (56) to Amber (51).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE036C1FFA0C24FF588F547FADDCFAC" blockId="11.[151,1437,151,680]" pageId="11" pageNumber="340">
|
||
Light iridescent green chromatophores were observed scattered throughout the intense yellow dorsal surfaces of the head, body and tail, and at times resulted in an overall greenish hue to those surfaces; these pigments were especially concentrated and more consistently observed on the eyelids (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13642A44FFA0C24FF6A8F50FFBBECF80" box="[999,1072,620,645]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1888,1910]" captionTargetBox="[372,1215,733,1866]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[372,1216,733,1867]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 8. Images showing the iridescent green chromatophores in the skin above the eyes and lower eyelids of the holotype of Bolitoglossa aurae sp. nov. Photographs taken by BK." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/164777/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="340">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
). When the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54E48863FFA0C24FF186F50FFAA5CF81" box="[1225,1323,620,645]" pageId="11" pageNumber="340" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
was first discovered in the field it was immediately noteworthy due to the strong greenish-yellow tone of the dorsum.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF206649FFA0C24FF5D8F003FD52CA91" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/164777/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="340" targetBox="[372,1215,733,1866]" targetPageId="11">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE036C1FFA0C24FF5D8F003FD52CA91" blockId="11.[151,1436,1888,1941]" pageId="11" pageNumber="340">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFA0C24FF5D8F003FE9DCA72" bold="true" box="[151,275,1888,1910]" pageId="11" pageNumber="340">FIGURE 8.</emphasis>
|
||
Images showing the iridescent green chromatophores in the skin above the eyes and lower eyelids of the holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5F4D42FFA0C24FF5FDF01CFEFCCA91" box="[178,370,1919,1941]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Bolitoglossa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="11" pageNumber="340" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aurae" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFA0C24FF5FDF01CFEFCCA91" box="[178,370,1919,1941]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="340">Bolitoglossa aurae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFA0C24FF437F01CFE47CA91" bold="true" box="[376,457,1919,1941]" pageId="11" pageNumber="340">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21857A8FFA0C24FF437F01CFE47CA91" box="[376,457,1919,1941]" pageId="11" pageNumber="340" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Photographs taken by BK.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF206649FFA7C248F5D8F01AFD3FCAC8" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/164778/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="341" targetBox="[253,1332,196,1890]" targetPageId="12">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE036C1FFA7C248F5D8F01AFD3FCAC8" blockId="12.[151,1436,1913,1996]" pageId="12" pageNumber="341">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFA7C248F5D8F01AFE9DCA8B" bold="true" box="[151,275,1913,1935]" pageId="12" pageNumber="341">FIGURE 9.</emphasis>
|
||
Images showing the light iridescent green chromatophores after three years of storage in 70% ethanol in the skin above the eyes and lower eyelids of the holotype.
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFA7C248F7EBF0FBFD3FCAAA" bold="true" box="[676,689,1944,1966]" pageId="12" pageNumber="341">a</emphasis>
|
||
) Natural colors and
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFA7C248F6C6F0FBFC11CAAA" bold="true" box="[905,927,1944,1966]" pageId="12" pageNumber="341">b)</emphasis>
|
||
highlighting the presence of the chromatophores through hue modification. Photographs taken by BK.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF206649FFA6C249F5D8F2BFFAB6CB2B" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/164779/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="342" targetBox="[151,1436,193,1478]" targetPageId="13">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE036C1FFA6C249F5D8F2BFFAB6CB2B" blockId="13.[151,1436,1500,1583]" pageId="13" pageNumber="342">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFA6C249F5D8F2BFFEACC8F6" bold="true" box="[151,290,1500,1522]" pageId="13" pageNumber="342">FIGURE 10.</emphasis>
|
||
Anterodorsal and anteroventral images of the holotypes of the members of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5F4D42FFA6C249F12CF2BFFAC4C8F6" box="[1123,1354,1500,1522]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Bolitoglossa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="13" pageNumber="342" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robinsoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFA6C249F12CF2BFFAC4C8F6" box="[1123,1354,1500,1522]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="342">Bolitoglossa robinsoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species group.
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFA6C249F591F299FF7ACB14" bold="true" box="[222,244,1530,1552]" pageId="13" pageNumber="342">a)</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5F4D42FFA6C249F5B6F298FEC1CB14" box="[249,335,1531,1552]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Bolitoglossa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="13" pageNumber="342" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aurae" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFA6C249F5B6F298FEC1CB14" box="[249,335,1531,1552]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="342">B. aurae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFA6C249F419F299FE28CB14" bold="true" box="[342,422,1530,1552]" pageId="13" pageNumber="342">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21857A8FFA6C249F419F299FE28CB14" box="[342,422,1530,1552]" pageId="13" pageNumber="342" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
[UCR 22842],
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFA6C249F70CF299FDD4CB14" bold="true" box="[579,602,1530,1552]" pageId="13" pageNumber="342">b)</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5F4D42FFA6C249F710F298FD73CB14" box="[607,765,1530,1552]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Bolitoglossa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="13" pageNumber="342" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureogularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFA6C249F710F298FD73CB14" box="[607,765,1530,1552]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="342">B. aureogularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[UCR 19893],
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFA6C249F6D6F299FC23CB14" bold="true" box="[921,941,1530,1552]" pageId="13" pageNumber="342">c)</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5F4D42FFA6C249F6FCF298FBA0CB14" box="[947,1070,1530,1552]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Bolitoglossa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="13" pageNumber="342" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robinsoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFA6C249F6FCF298FBA0CB14" box="[947,1070,1530,1552]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="342">B. robinsoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[UCR 11216], and
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFA6C249F1BBF299FA82CB14" bold="true" box="[1268,1292,1530,1552]" pageId="13" pageNumber="342">d)</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5F4D42FFA6C249F05EF298FA12CB14" box="[1297,1436,1531,1552]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Bolitoglossa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="13" pageNumber="342" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jugivagans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFA6C249F05EF298FA12CB14" box="[1297,1436,1531,1552]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="342">B. jugivagans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[SMF = 94467]. Photographs in plates A, B, and C taken by BK; photographs in plate D courtesy of Gunther Köhler.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE036C1FFA6C249F588F13AFC19CBBD" blockId="13.[151,1437,1625,2010]" pageId="13" pageNumber="342">The hands and feet typically had a Trogon Yellow (81) coloration, but at times would also present scattered concentrations of Orange-Rufous (56) pigmentation on the proximal dorsal region. The tips of the digits would also vary in coloration from Trogon Yellow (81) to Spectrum Orange (9).</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE036C1FFA6C249F588F1A6FE5BCA4E" blockId="13.[151,1437,1625,2010]" pageId="13" pageNumber="342">The iris had a golden background color with darker pigments in the form of fine to moderate-sized spots; the dark spotting of the iris was Brick Red (36) to Warm Sepia (40). Additionally, there were also often heavy concentrations of Chartreuse (89) pigments in the iris; the concentration and intensity of the chartreuse pigments were subject to metachrosis.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE036C1FFA6C24AF588F036FA18CDFC" blockId="13.[151,1437,1625,2010]" lastBlockId="14.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="343" pageId="13" pageNumber="342">
|
||
The ventral skin of the head and body was uniformly translucent yellow, ranging in tone from Cream Color (12) to Light Orange Yellow (77); no contrasting lighter or darker pigmentation in the form of spots or other markings was ever observed (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13642A44FFA6C249F4A6F0FEFDA3CAB2" box="[489,557,1949,1974]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[151,250,905,927]" captionTargetBox="[167,1425,322,869]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,303,883]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Dorsal (A) and ventral (B) color in life views of the holotype of Bolitoglossa aurae sp. nov. Photographs taken by BK." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/164775/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="342">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
B). Longitudinally, along the mid-ventral line, some scattered concentrations of iridophores were observed beneath the skin. Beneath the skin at the midventral gular fold, lying principally posterior of the gular fold, the bright red corpus of the heart was visible. The heart appears to lack pigmentation in the pericardial sac, such as iridophores, thus the red coloration is caused by oxygenated blood. At times heavy concentrations of blood red capillaries were observed throughout the ventral surfaces of the head, body and limbs.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE036C1FFA5C24AF588F667FAF5CF38" blockId="14.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="14" pageNumber="343">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFA5C24AF588F667FE40CC19" bold="true" box="[199,462,260,285]" pageId="14" pageNumber="343">Coloration in ethanol.</emphasis>
|
||
After three years in ethanol (70%), overall bright yellow coloration has faded to Light Buff (2) and Pale Pinkish Buff (3). The only noticeable contrasting colors on the entire specimen are the dark middorsal stripe, lateral stripes, and minute melanophores scattered throughout the skin surfaces, either in the form of tiny dots or as extremely fine reticulations; the minute melanophores are best visible under magnification. The middorsal stripe and lateral stripes are all constituted by diffuse Pratt’s Rufous (72) pigmentation. The minute melanophores are Dark Grayish Brown (284). In the external layer of the skin above the eyes there is a contrasting pale bluish-white hue, which is likely in relation to the green iridescent pigments that were visibly concentrated in this region in life. Upon close inspection, this bluish-white hue is definitely present as a
|
||
<typeStatus id="54E48863FFA5C24AF121F563FB10CF1C" box="[1134,1182,512,536]" pageId="14" pageNumber="343">type</typeStatus>
|
||
of pigmentation in the dermal tissue and not reflective artifact from any pale coloration on the dorsal surface of the orbit itself (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13642A44FFA5C24AF066F547FAE3CF38" box="[1321,1389,548,573]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1913,1935]" captionTargetBox="[253,1332,196,1890]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[253,1333,193,1892]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 9. Images showing the light iridescent green chromatophores after three years of storage in 70 % ethanol in the skin above the eyes and lower eyelids of the holotype. a) Natural colors and b) highlighting the presence of the chromatophores through hue modification. Photographs taken by BK." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/164778/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="343">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE036C1FFA5C24AF588F524FCB3CE58" blockId="14.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="14" pageNumber="343">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFA5C24AF588F524FB4BCF64" bold="true" box="[199,1221,583,608]" pageId="14" pageNumber="343">
|
||
Measurements (in mm), tooth counts, limb interval, and percentages of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54E48863FFA5C24AF118F524FB4ECF64" box="[1111,1216,583,608]" pageId="14" pageNumber="343" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
SL 40.5; Tal 55.6; TL 96.1; ShW 5.6; HeW 5.8; NeW 5.2; EW 2.1; SnL 1.8; JSL 4.1; LGFS 9.0; LNH 0.09; RNW 0.03; IND 1.6; NLP 0.7; ICD 3.2; HLL 8.7; FLL 8.3; TW 6.0; VGS 8.8; FSL 10.6; UHL 5.9; AGL 23.5; VL 3.0; HaW 3.0; HaL 2.7; LF2 0.6; LF3 0.9; WF3 0.7; FoW 4.1; FoL 3.3; LT2 0.5; LT3 1.0; WT3 0.7. Limb interval 4.5. Number of teeth PMT 3, MT 29/31, VT 14/18. Measurements in related percentages: VGS/SL 21.7 %; IND/HeW 27.6 %; AGL/SL 58 %; HeW/SL 14.3 %; Hew/AGL 24.7 %; SnL/ HeW 31 %; LNH/HeW 1.6 %; LNH/SL 0.2 %; RNW/HeW, 0.5%; RNW/SL 0.001 %; HLL/SL 21.5 %; FLL/SL 20.5 %; HaL/VGS 30.7 %; FoL/VGS 37.5 %; Haw/HeW 51.7 %; FoW/HeW 70.7 %; LT3/HeW 17.2 %; LT3/FoW 24.4 %.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C345654AFFA5C24AF588F404FCAFCAD9" pageId="14" pageNumber="343" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE036C1FFA5C24AF588F404FCD1C95C" blockId="14.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="14" pageNumber="343">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFA5C24AF588F404FEC0CE84" bold="true" box="[199,334,871,896]" pageId="14" pageNumber="343">Etymology.</emphasis>
|
||
The name “
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFA5C24AF4A7F40BFDB6CE7B" box="[488,568,872,895]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="343">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5F4D42FFA5C24AF4A7F40BFDBFCE7B" box="[488,561,872,895]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Bolitoglossa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="14" pageNumber="343" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aurae">aurae</taxonomicName>
|
||
”
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is in dedication to Aura Reyes, the wife of BK, who co-discovered the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54E48863FFA5C24AF5D8F4EFFF77CEA1" box="[151,249,908,933]" pageId="14" pageNumber="343" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
and has supported and encouraged BK’s research and conservation efforts with the amphibians of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3487651FFA5C24AF013F4EFFF45CECC" name="Costa Rica" pageId="14" pageNumber="343">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
||
for many years, this in addition to her own contributions to increase the knowledge of Costa Rica’s amphibians made possible through dedicating her time to accompanying BK on numerous field trips, many of which consisted of enduring prolonged periods of cold conditions while being soaking wet within the cloud forests of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3487651FFA5C24AF5FAF37FFEA1C931" box="[181,303,1052,1077]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="14" pageNumber="343">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
||
to search for elusive anuran and caudate species. The name also alludes to the Latin
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFA5C24AF1ACF37EFABBC930" box="[1251,1333,1053,1076]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="343">aureus,</emphasis>
|
||
meaning golden, for the yellow coloration the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54E48863FFA5C24AF778F35CFD17C95C" box="[567,665,1087,1112]" pageId="14" pageNumber="343" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
possessed in life.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE036C1FFA5C24AF588F307FA85CB0C" blockId="14.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="14" pageNumber="343">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFA5C24AF588F307FD38C979" bold="true" box="[199,694,1124,1149]" pageId="14" pageNumber="343">Habitat and natural history observations.</emphasis>
|
||
The site where
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5F4D42FFA5C24AF627F307FBB3C978" box="[872,1085,1124,1149]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Bolitoglossa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="14" pageNumber="343" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aurae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFA5C24AF627F307FBB3C978" box="[872,1085,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="343">Bolitoglossa aurae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was found is cloud forest, with an abundance of bryophytes and other epiphytes covering the arboreal structures.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5F4D42FFA5C24AF1CBF3E4FAEFC9A4" box="[1156,1377,1159,1184]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Bolitoglossa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="14" pageNumber="343" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aurae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFA5C24AF1CBF3E4FAEFC9A4" box="[1156,1377,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="343">Bolitoglossa aurae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was discovered within moss and decomposing organic material surrounding and intertwined in a root mass of a large orchid attached to a thin rotten tree that was still standing in the forest understory. The rotten tree fell to the ground as soon as a light amount of pressure was applied to it. The orchid, within which the salamander was hiding, had been growing at approximately 3 meters above the ground.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5F4D42FFA5C24AF623F274FBC9C834" box="[876,1095,1303,1328]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Bolitoglossa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="14" pageNumber="343" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aurae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFA5C24AF623F274FBC9C834" box="[876,1095,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="343">Bolitoglossa aurae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was found during a diurnal exploration. When the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54E48863FFA5C24AF4EFF25FFD8CC851" box="[416,514,1340,1365]" pageId="14" pageNumber="343" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
was discovered it had a very evident and impressive greenish hue to the entire dorsal surface, a tone and intensity that was never witnessed again within the six months it was kept alive in captivity. It is possible that the green tone that was observed the day the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54E48863FFA5C24AF68DF2E7FBAAC899" box="[962,1060,1412,1437]" pageId="14" pageNumber="343" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
was collected was not seen again due to the individual being housed in a terrarium with a thick loose and humid layer of dead sphagnum moss, that was pale tan in color. Had the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54E48863FFA5C24AF4B5F2AFFDD2C8E1" box="[506,604,1484,1509]" pageId="14" pageNumber="343" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5F4D42FFA5C24AF7C9F2AEFD66C8E0" box="[646,744,1485,1508]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Bolitoglossa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="14" pageNumber="343" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aurae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFA5C24AF7C9F2AEFD66C8E0" box="[646,744,1485,1508]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="343">B. aurae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
been housed in a terrarium with an abundant supply of live green moss it is possible that the green hue observed when collected might have been observed again.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE036C1FFA5C24AF588F177FE46CB9C" blockId="14.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="14" pageNumber="343">
|
||
Inasmuch as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5F4D42FFA5C24AF415F177FDA1CB28" box="[346,559,1556,1581]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Bolitoglossa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="14" pageNumber="343" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aurae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFA5C24AF415F177FDA1CB28" box="[346,559,1556,1581]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="343">Bolitoglossa aurae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is only known from a single specimen fortuitously found curled up within an orchid root mass during the day, any assumptions about its natural history are speculative. With that said, however, it is probable that this species is given to living within thick moss mats and other epiphytic growth in arboreal habitats in the cloud forest.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE036C1FFA5C24AF588F1C7FCAFCAD9" blockId="14.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="14" pageNumber="343">
|
||
The
|
||
<typeStatus id="54E48863FFA5C24AF5B6F1C7FED5CBB9" box="[249,347,1700,1725]" pageId="14" pageNumber="343" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
was kept alive in captivity for six months prior to being euthanized and preserved; it was housed in a small terrarium (
|
||
<quantity id="4CA79B24FFA5C24AF4CAF1A4FE42CBE4" box="[389,460,1735,1760]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="343" unit="cm" value="50.0">50 cm</quantity>
|
||
<date id="FFE11001FFA5C24AF49BF1AAFD88CBE4" box="[468,518,1736,1760]" pageId="14" pageNumber="343" value="1930-10">
|
||
x
|
||
<quantity id="4CA79B24FFA5C24AF4A5F1ABFD88CBE4" box="[490,518,1736,1760]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="343" unit="cm" value="30.0">30</quantity>
|
||
</date>
|
||
cm
|
||
<date id="FFE11001FFA5C24AF778F1AAFDE7CBE4" box="[567,617,1735,1760]" pageId="14" pageNumber="343" value="1925-10">
|
||
x
|
||
<quantity id="4CA79B24FFA5C24AF702F1A4FDE7CBE4" box="[589,617,1735,1760]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="14" pageNumber="343" unit="cm" value="25.0">25</quantity>
|
||
</date>
|
||
cm). The enclosure had a thick bed (ca.
|
||
<quantity id="4CA79B24FFA5C24AF178F1ABFBF2CBE4" box="[1079,1148,1736,1760]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="343" unit="cm" value="10.0">10 cm</quantity>
|
||
thick) of dead sphagnum moss; no other structures were present in the enclosure to facilitate easy observation of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54E48863FFA5C24AF1C0F18FFB7FCA01" box="[1167,1265,1772,1797]" pageId="14" pageNumber="343" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
and its activity and behavior. The individual showed a definite nocturnal behavior, often being observed crawling on the surface of the sphagnum moss or even the walls of the enclosure at night. During the day the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54E48863FFA5C24AF10EF057FB2DCA49" box="[1089,1187,1844,1869]" pageId="14" pageNumber="343" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
would burrow deeply within the loose moist sphagnum moss, only emerging after dusk. The
|
||
<typeStatus id="54E48863FFA5C24AF6F0F034FBAFCA74" box="[959,1057,1879,1904]" pageId="14" pageNumber="343" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
was fed a diet consisting of wild fruit flies (Family: Drosophiliidae). The
|
||
<typeStatus id="54E48863FFA5C24AF724F01FFD43CA91" box="[619,717,1916,1941]" pageId="14" pageNumber="343" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
adapted very well to captivity, maintaining a relatively robust body and tail during the time it was in a terrarium, and would aggressively feeding on numerous fruit flies immediately following their introduction to the enclosure.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C345654AFFA4C24BF588F7F4FD0ECDFC" pageId="15" pageNumber="344" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE036C1FFA4C24BF588F7F4FD0ECDFC" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,1544]" pageId="15" pageNumber="344">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFA4C24BF588F7F4FEEECDB4" bold="true" box="[199,352,151,176]" pageId="15" pageNumber="344">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5F4D42FFA4C24BF428F7F4FDB2CDB4" box="[359,572,151,176]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Bolitoglossa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="15" pageNumber="344" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aurae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFA4C24BF428F7F4FDB2CDB4" box="[359,572,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="344">Bolitoglossa aurae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is known only from a single site within the Tropical Premontane Rain Forest life zone (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCE4B30FFA4C24BF448F7DFFE32CDD1" author="Holdridge" box="[263,444,188,213]" pageId="15" pageNumber="344" refString="Holdridge, L. R. (1967) Life Zone Ecology. Tropical Science Center, San Jose, Costa Rica, 206 pp." type="book" year="1967">Holdridge 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) along the mid-elevation slopes of northeastern Cordillera de Talamanca, in the vicinity of Moravia de Chirripó, ca.
|
||
<quantity id="4CA79B24FFA4C24BF488F783FD90CDF3" box="[455,542,224,248]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="15" pageNumber="344" unit="m" value="1300.0">1300 m</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13642A44FFA4C24BF762F7BCFDE1CDFC" box="[557,623,223,248]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,250,1557,1579]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,626,1530]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[151,1436,626,1533]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Map showing the type locality for Bolitoglosssa aurae sp. nov. (red star) in the Cordillera de Talamanca. The localities for the other known members of the B. robinsoni species group are shown for comparison." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/164770/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="344">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C345654AFFA4C24BF588F667FDB9CB0C" pageId="15" pageNumber="344" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE036C1FFA4C24BF588F667FB2BCF1C" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,1544]" pageId="15" pageNumber="344">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFA4C24BF588F667FEB5CC19" bold="true" box="[199,315,260,285]" pageId="15" pageNumber="344">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
With the addition of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5F4D42FFA4C24BF766F667FD70CC18" box="[553,766,260,285]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Bolitoglossa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="15" pageNumber="344" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aurae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFA4C24BF766F667FD70CC18" box="[553,766,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="344">Bolitoglossa aurae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the number of salamanders known from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3487651FFA4C24BF19EF667FAC5CC19" box="[1233,1355,260,285]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="15" pageNumber="344">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
||
is now elevated to 50, of which 27 belong to the genus
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFA4C24BF7E5F644FCB0CC44" box="[682,830,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="344">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5F4D42FFA4C24BF7E5F644FCB7CC44" box="[682,825,295,320]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Bolitoglossa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="15" pageNumber="344" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Bolitoglossa</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
The relationships within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5F4D42FFA4C24BF116F644FB6BCC44" box="[1113,1253,295,320]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Bolitoglossa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="15" pageNumber="344" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFA4C24BF116F644FB6BCC44" box="[1113,1253,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="344">Bolitoglossa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were revised by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCE4B30FFA4C24BF5D8F62FFE28CC60" box="[151,422,332,357]" pageId="15" pageNumber="344" refString="Parra-Olea, G., Garcia-Paris, M. & Wake, D. B. (2004) Molecular diversification of salamanders of the tropical American genus Bolitoglossa (Caudata: Plethodontidae) and its evolutionary and biogeographical implications. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 81, 325 - 346. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.2003.00303. x" type="journal article">
|
||
Parra-Olea
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFA4C24BF457F62EFEDCCC61" box="[280,338,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="344">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2004)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, who defined subgenera and species groups; however, all the species currently associated with the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5F4D42FFA4C24BF5B2F612FE06CC8C" box="[253,392,367,392]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Bolitoglossa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="15" pageNumber="344" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robinsoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFA4C24BF5B2F612FE06CC8C" box="[253,392,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="344">B. robinsoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
clade (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCE4B30FFA4C24BF492F60CFD68CC8C" author="Bolanos" box="[477,742,367,392]" pageId="15" pageNumber="344" refString="Bolanos, F. & Wake, D. B. (2009) Two new species of montane web-footed salamanders (Plethodontidae: Bolitoglossa) from the Costa Rica-Panama border region. Zootaxa, 1981, 57 - 68." type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Bolaños &
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3487651FFA4C24BF72DF60CFD2FCC8C" box="[610,673,367,392]" name="Wake Island" pageId="15" pageNumber="344">Wake</collectingCountry>
|
||
2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCE4B30FFA4C24BF7BCF60CFB81CC8C" author="Boza-Oviedo" box="[755,1039,367,392]" pageId="15" pageNumber="344" refString="Boza-Oviedo, E., Rovito, S. M., Chaves, G., Garcia-Rodriguez, A., Artavia, L. G., Bolanos, F. & Wake, D. B. (2012) Salamanders from the eastern Cordillera de Talamanca, Costa Rica, with descriptions of five new species (Plethodontidae: Bolitoglossa, Nototriton, and Oedipina) and natural history notes from recent expeditions. Zootaxa, 3309, 36 - 61." type="journal article" year="2012">
|
||
Boza-Oviedo
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFA4C24BF6DEF612FC4DCC8C" box="[913,963,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="344">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2012
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCE4B30FFA4C24BF152F613FB6FCC8C" author="Hertz" box="[1053,1249,367,392]" pageId="15" pageNumber="344" refString="Hertz, A., Lotzkat, S. & Kohler, G. (2013) A new species of Bolitoglossa (Caudata, Plethodontidae) from the continental divide of western Panama. Zootaxa, 3636 (3), 463 - 475. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3636.3.5" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Hertz
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFA4C24BF12BF612FB18CC8C" box="[1124,1174,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="344">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2013
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) were described after the efforts by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCE4B30FFA4C24BF423F6F7FDF7CCA8" box="[364,633,404,429]" pageId="15" pageNumber="344" refString="Parra-Olea, G., Garcia-Paris, M. & Wake, D. B. (2004) Molecular diversification of salamanders of the tropical American genus Bolitoglossa (Caudata: Plethodontidae) and its evolutionary and biogeographical implications. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 81, 325 - 346. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.2003.00303. x" type="journal article">
|
||
Parra-Olea
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFA4C24BF4A3F6F6FDAACCA9" box="[492,548,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="344">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2004)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. All known species of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5F4D42FFA4C24BF6EEF6F6FBA4CCA9" box="[929,1066,404,429]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Bolitoglossa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="15" pageNumber="344" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robinsoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFA4C24BF6EEF6F6FBA4CCA9" box="[929,1066,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="344">B. robinsoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
clade have been found at remote sites in the Cordillera de Talamanca in eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3487651FFA4C24BF7E4F6DBFCA8CCD4" box="[683,806,439,464]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="15" pageNumber="344">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
||
and Cordillera Central of western
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3487651FFA4C24BF1FDF6DBFA80CCCB" box="[1202,1294,440,463]" name="Panama" pageId="15" pageNumber="344">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499BF823FFA4C24BF1FDF6DBFA80CCCB" box="[1202,1294,440,463]" country="Panama" name="Panama" pageId="15" pageNumber="344">Panama</collectingRegion>
|
||
</collectingCountry>
|
||
; we propose that the members of this clade be recognized distinctly as the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5F4D42FFA4C24BF63DF6BFFBFCCCF1" box="[882,1138,476,501]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Bolitoglossa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="15" pageNumber="344" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robinsoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFA4C24BF63DF6BFFBFCCCF1" box="[882,1138,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="344">Bolitoglossa robinsoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Species Group, currently containing four species:
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFA4C24BF4E6F562FCFBCF1C" box="[425,885,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="344">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5F4D42FFA4C24BF4E6F562FD82CF1C" box="[425,524,513,536]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Bolitoglossa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="15" pageNumber="344" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aurae">B. aurae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5F4D42FFA4C24BF757F562FD44CF1C" box="[536,714,511,536]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Bolitoglossa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="15" pageNumber="344" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureogularis">B. aureogularis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5F4D42FFA4C24BF79AF562FCFCCF1C" box="[725,882,513,536]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Bolitoglossa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="15" pageNumber="344" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jugivagans">B. jugivagans</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5F4D42FFA4C24BF6E3F562FBBBCF1C" box="[940,1077,511,536]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Bolitoglossa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="15" pageNumber="344" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robinsoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFA4C24BF6E3F562FBBBCF1C" box="[940,1077,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="344">B. robinsoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13642A44FFA4C24BF10AF69CFB18CF1C" box="[1093,1174,511,536]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1500,1522]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1478]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[151,1436,193,1478]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 10. Anterodorsal and anteroventral images of the holotypes of the members of the Bolitoglossa robinsoni species group. a) B. aurae sp. nov. [UCR 22842], b) B. aureogularis [UCR 19893], c) B. robinsoni [UCR 11216], and d) B. jugivagans [SMF = 94467]. Photographs in plates A, B, and C taken by BK; photographs in plate D courtesy of Gunther Köhler." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/164779/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="344">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE036C1FFA4C24BF588F547FA05CEE9" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,1544]" pageId="15" pageNumber="344">
|
||
Given the large expanses of remote and unexplored forest along the Caribbean slopes of the Talamancan mountains in eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3487651FFA4C24BF4C9F52BFD8FCF64" box="[390,513,583,608]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="15" pageNumber="344">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
||
and northwestern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3487651FFA4C24BF79FF52BFCA2CF5B" box="[720,812,584,607]" name="Panama" pageId="15" pageNumber="344">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499BF823FFA4C24BF79FF52BFCA2CF5B" box="[720,812,584,607]" country="Panama" name="Panama" pageId="15" pageNumber="344">Panama</collectingRegion>
|
||
</collectingCountry>
|
||
, it is likely that in future explorations more information will be made available regarding the distributional ranges of the members of this group, this in addition to the potential discovery and description of additional species. Furthermore, it is important evaluate the taxonomic status of all populations currently considered to belong to
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFA4C24BF794F5D6FBE1CFC9" box="[731,1135,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="344">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5F4D42FFA4C24BF794F5D6FCE6CFC9" box="[731,872,692,717]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Bolitoglossa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="15" pageNumber="344" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robinsoni">B. robinsoni</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5F4D42FFA4C24BF63DF5D7FBE1CFC9" box="[882,1135,692,717]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Bolitoglossa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="15" pageNumber="344" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robinsoni">Bolitoglossa robinsoni</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
was described from a
|
||
<typeStatus id="54E48863FFA4C24BF023F5D6FA12CFC9" box="[1388,1436,693,717]" pageId="15" pageNumber="344">type</typeStatus>
|
||
series of four individuals (
|
||
<typeStatus id="54E48863FFA4C24BF482F5B4FDBFCFF4" box="[461,561,727,752]" pageId="15" pageNumber="344" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
and two paratopotypes from Cerro Echandi, and one
|
||
<typeStatus id="54E48863FFA4C24BF1E0F5BBFA81CFF4" box="[1199,1295,728,752]" pageId="15" pageNumber="344" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
from Cerro Burú), but
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCE4B30FFA4C24BF45FF59FFD90CE10" author="Bolanos" box="[272,542,764,789]" pageId="15" pageNumber="344" refString="Bolanos, F. & Wake, D. B. (2009) Two new species of montane web-footed salamanders (Plethodontidae: Bolitoglossa) from the Costa Rica-Panama border region. Zootaxa, 1981, 57 - 68." type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Bolaños &
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3487651FFA4C24BF4C1F59FFE43CE11" box="[398,461,764,789]" name="Wake Island" pageId="15" pageNumber="344">Wake</collectingCountry>
|
||
(2009)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
included additional referred specimens from four other sites in the Cordillera de Talamanca as tentatively belonging to this taxon.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCE4B30FFA4C24BF792F47CFC77CE3C" author="Bolanos" box="[733,1017,799,824]" pageId="15" pageNumber="344" refString="Bolanos, F. & Wake, D. B. (2009) Two new species of montane web-footed salamanders (Plethodontidae: Bolitoglossa) from the Costa Rica-Panama border region. Zootaxa, 1981, 57 - 68." type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Bolaños &
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3487651FFA4C24BF62BF47CFC2DCE3C" box="[868,931,799,824]" name="Wake Island" pageId="15" pageNumber="344">Wake</collectingCountry>
|
||
(2009)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted that the different populations represented by their referred materials potentially might represent separate undescribed species. The DNA sequence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5F4D42FFA4C24BF467F40AFE3ACE84" box="[296,436,871,896]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Bolitoglossa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="15" pageNumber="344" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robinsoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFA4C24BF467F40AFE3ACE84" box="[296,436,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="344">B. robinsoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
that was included in our molecular analysis is from one of these dubious populations, Valle del Silencio. Nevertheless, as this was the only sequence available to represent this species as currently recognized, we included it for tentative comparison purposes. In order to obtain more clarity surrounding the actual taxonomic status of certain populations currently assigned to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5F4D42FFA4C24BF609F4B6FC41CEE9" box="[838,975,980,1005]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Bolitoglossa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="15" pageNumber="344" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robinsoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFA4C24BF609F4B6FC41CEE9" box="[838,975,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="344">B. robinsoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, topotypic DNA sequences are needed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE036C1FFA4C24BF588F494FDB9CB0C" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,1544]" pageId="15" pageNumber="344">
|
||
The genetic distances among members of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5F4D42FFA4C24BF7A0F494FC7CC914" box="[751,1010,1015,1040]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Bolitoglossa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="15" pageNumber="344" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robinsoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFA4C24BF7A0F494FC7CC914" box="[751,1010,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="344">Bolitoglossa robinsoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species group are relatively low in comparison to those suggested by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCE4B30FFA4C24BF753F37EFC82C930" box="[540,780,1052,1077]" pageId="15" pageNumber="344" refString="Fouquet, A., Gilles, A., Vences, M., Marty, C., Blanc, M. & Gemmell, N. J. (2007) Underestimation of species richness in Neotropical frogs revealed by mtDNA analyses. PLoS ONE, 2, e 1109. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0001109" type="journal article">
|
||
Fouquet
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFA4C24BF7CFF37EFD37C931" box="[640,697,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="344">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2007)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
for Neotropical frogs, in which those authors recommend 3% 16S divergence as threshold to define candidate species. Nevertheless, this threshold possibly underestimates the real diversity of Neotropical salamanders. In a recent phylogenetic study of the minute salamanders of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5F4D42FFA4C24BF5ABF3E4FEB5C9A4" box="[228,315,1159,1184]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Thorius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="15" pageNumber="344" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFA4C24BF5ABF3E4FEB5C9A4" box="[228,315,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="344">Thorius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the Mexican Highlands, two mitochondrial and two nuclear genes efficiently defined the species within the genus, however the 16S divergence among several species were equal or lower than 2% (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCE4B30FFA4C24BF001F3CFFE9DC9EC" author="Rovito" pageId="15" pageNumber="344" refString="Rovito, S. M., Parra? Olea, G., Hanken, J., Bonett, R. M. & Wake, D. B. (2013) Adaptive radiation in miniature: the minute salamanders of the Mexican highlands (Amphibia: Plethodontidae: Thorius). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 109, 622 - 643. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / bij. 12083" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Rovito
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFA4C24BF5D8F3B2FF5EC9EC" box="[151,208,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="344">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2013
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Despite the relatively narrow genetic distances among the members of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5F4D42FFA4C24BF13EF3B2FB74C9EC" box="[1137,1274,1231,1256]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Bolitoglossa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="15" pageNumber="344" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robinsoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFA4C24BF13EF3B2FB74C9EC" box="[1137,1274,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="344">B. robinsoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species group we are confident that these distances are significant, especially when combined with their geographic proximities and robust phenotypic characteristics that define each species even further. Other members of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5F4D42FFA4C24BF5D8F25FFEADC851" box="[151,291,1340,1365]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Bolitoglossa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="15" pageNumber="344" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFA4C24BF5D8F25FFEADC851" box="[151,291,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="344">Bolitoglossa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from within
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3487651FFA4C24BF4F3F25FFDB6C851" box="[444,568,1340,1365]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="15" pageNumber="344">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
||
are also known to have similar narrow genetic distances among congeners, one example of a species well recognized for its phenotypic distinctness, but presenting a relatively low genetic divergence among some of its congeners (as low as 2.0 % 16S) is
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5F4D42FFA4C24BF63BF2E7FAB5C898" authority="Boza et al., 2012" authorityName="Boza et al." authorityYear="2012" box="[884,1339,1412,1437]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Bolitoglossa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="15" pageNumber="344" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="splendida">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFA4C24BF63BF2E7FBFAC899" box="[884,1140,1412,1437]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="344">Bolitoglossa splendida</emphasis>
|
||
Boza
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFA4C24BF1F5F2E6FB64C899" box="[1210,1258,1412,1437]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="344">et al</emphasis>
|
||
., 2012
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Genetic distances of less than 2.5 % are actually common among several members of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5F4D42FFA4C24BF162F2C4FACAC8C4" box="[1069,1348,1447,1472]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Bolitoglossa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="15" pageNumber="344" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subpalmata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFA4C24BF162F2C4FACAC8C4" box="[1069,1348,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="344">Bolitoglossa subpalmata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species group within
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3487651FFA4C24BF47EF2AFFE23C8E1" box="[305,429,1484,1509]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="15" pageNumber="344">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Boza
|
||
<emphasis id="B92BEAD3FFA4C24BF74FF2AEFDBDC8E1" box="[512,563,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="344">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2012), and despite these narrow genetic distances, the species of this group are well recognized as being distinct.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |