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209 lines
22 KiB
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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.9.e75590" ID-PMC="PMC8595221" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2828-9-e75590" ID-Pensoft-UUID="6BA3C833C857577DA4A39C7D3F896A48" ID-PubMed="34795550" ModsDocID="1314-2828-9-e75590" checkinTime="1636536797203" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Sennikov, Alexander N. & Lazkov, Georgy A." docDate="2021" docId="E79301DC4BA85FB9A017966D103F9C36" docLanguage="en" docName="BiodivDatJour 9: e75590" docOrigin="Biodiversity Data Journal 9" docPubDate="2021-11-09" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.9.e75590" docTitle="Erigeron lilacinus Sennikov 2020" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" id="6BA3C833C857577DA4A39C7D3F896A48" lastPageNumber="75590" masterDocId="6BA3C833C857577DA4A39C7D3F896A48" masterDocTitle="The first checklist of alien vascular plants of Kyrgyzstan, with new records and critical evaluation of earlier data. Contribution 1" masterLastPageNumber="75590" masterPageNumber="75590" pageNumber="75590" updateTime="1668126427846" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>The first checklist of alien vascular plants of Kyrgyzstan, with new records and critical evaluation of earlier data. Contribution 1</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Sennikov, Alexander N.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6664-7657</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland & Komarov Botanical Institute, Saint-Petersburg, Russia</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">alexander.sennikov@helsinki.fi</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Lazkov, Georgy A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Institute of Biology, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Biodiversity Data Journal</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2021</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2021-11-09</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>9</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>75590</mods:start>
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<mods:end>75590</mods:end>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.9.e75590</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.9.e75590</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2828-9-e75590</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">6BA3C833C857577DA4A39C7D3F896A48</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E79301DC4BA85FB9A017966D103F9C36" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E79301DC4BA85FB9A017966D103F9C36" lastPageNumber="75590" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">
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<taxonomicName LSID="E79301DC-4BA8-5FB9-A017-966D103F9C36" authority="(Sennikov & Kurtto) Sennikov 2020" authorityName="Sennikov" authorityYear="2020" baseAuthorityName="Sennikov & Kurtto" class="Eudicots" family="Compositae" genus="Erigeron" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Erigeron lilacinus" order="Asterales" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="lilacinus">Erigeron lilacinus (Sennikov & Kurtto) Sennikov 2020</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Sennikov" authorityYear="2020" baseAuthorityName="Sennikov & Kurtto" class="Eudicots" family="Compositae" genus="Erigeron" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Erigeron lilacinus" order="Asterales" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="lilacinus">Erigeron lilacinus</taxonomicName>
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(Sennikov & Kurtto) Sennikov, Wulfenia 27: 2 (2020) -
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Sennikov & Kurtto" authorityYear="2019" class="Eudicots" family="Compositae" genus="Erigeron" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Erigeron annuus subsp. lilacinus" order="Asterales" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="annuus" subSpecies="lilacinus">Erigeron annuus subsp. lilacinus</taxonomicName>
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Sennikov & Kurtto, Memoranda Soc. Fauna Fl. Fenn. 95: 47 (2019).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">Diagnosis</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">
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In the group of
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<taxonomicName class="Eudicots" family="Compositae" genus="Erigeron" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Erigeron annuus" order="Asterales" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="annuus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">Erigeron annuus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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s.l.,
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<taxonomicName lsidName="E. lilacinus" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" rank="species" species="lilacinus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">E. lilacinus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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can be distinguished by its broader cauline leaves with more prominent teeth, pale lilac ray flowers, and involucres with hairs 0.8-1.2(1.5) mm long (
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<bibRefCitation author="Sennikov, A. N." journalOrPublisher="Memoranda Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" pagination="40 - 59" refId="B7353461" refString="Sennikov, A. N., Kurtto, A., 2019. The taxonomy and invasion status assessment of Erigeron annuus s.l. (Asteraceae) in East Fennoscandia. Memoranda Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica 95: 40 - 59" title="The taxonomy and invasion status assessment of Erigeron annuus s. l. (Asteraceae) in East Fennoscandia" volume="95" year="2019">Sennikov and Kurtto 2019</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">Distribution</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" type="native distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">Native distribution</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">North America (south-eastern Canada, north-eastern and eastern USA).</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" type="secondary distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">Secondary distribution</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">Neophyte in Europe and Asia.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">
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In Eastern (Tropical) Asia, the occurrences of this species were known from Taiwan and Vietnam (
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<bibRefCitation author="Sennikov, A. N." journalOrPublisher="Wulfenia" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" pagination="1 - 9" refId="B7353483" refString="Sennikov, A. N., Nuraliev, M. S., Kuznetsov, A. N., Kuznetsova, S. P., 2020. New national records in Asteraceae from Hoang Lien National Park, northern Vietnam. Wulfenia 27: 1 - 9" title="New national records in Asteraceae from Hoang Lien National Park, northern Vietnam" volume="27" year="2020">Sennikov et al. 2020</bibRefCitation>
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). Both records previously reported from Nepal (
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<bibRefCitation author="Sukhorukov, A. P." journalOrPublisher="Newsletter of Himalayan Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" pagination="25 - 26" refId="B7353492" refString="Sukhorukov, A. P., 2015. Erigeron annuus (Compositae)-A new record for the flora of Nepal. Newsletter of Himalayan Botany 49: 25 - 26" title="Erigeron annuus (Compositae) - A new record for the flora of Nepal" volume="49" year="2015">Sukhorukov 2015</bibRefCitation>
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) also belong to
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<taxonomicName lsidName="E. lilacinus" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" rank="species" species="lilacinus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">E. lilacinus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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because of the lilac ray florets and coarsely dentate leaves.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">The presence of the species in Central Asia is reported for the first time here. The distribution in other Asian countries has not been studied yet.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" type="distribution in central asia">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">Distribution in Central Asia</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">First reported from Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan here.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">
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In Uzbekistan, the species was first recorded by Alexander Sukhorukov in 2001 at the entrance to the Botanical Garden in Tashkent, where it occurred abundantly on ruderal places (
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<bibRefCitation author="Seregin, A. P." journalOrPublisher="Korea National Arboretum, Pocheon" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" refId="B7354845" refString="Seregin, A. P., 2021. Moscow University Herbarium (MW). Version 1.190. In: The Global Biodiversity Information Facility." title="Moscow University Herbarium (MW). Version 1.190" volumeTitle="The Global Biodiversity Information Facility." year="2021">Seregin 2021</bibRefCitation>
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). Tulkin Tillaev (and Alim Gaziev) also recorded this species in 2012 from ruderal places in Ulug'bek District of Tashkent City (
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<bibRefCitation author="Pagad, Shyama" journalOrPublisher="Scientific Data" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" refId="B7336322" refString="Plantarium Plants and lichens of Russia and neighboring countries: open online galleries and plant identification guide https://www.plantarium.ru/lang/en.html 2021-07-12T00:00:00+03:00" year="2018">Plantarium 2021</bibRefCitation>
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). The species is considered casual but locally persisting, on the way to naturalisation.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">
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In Tajikistan, the species was previously reported as
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<taxonomicName lsidName="E. annuus" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" rank="species" species="annuus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">E. annuus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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[s.l.] (
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<bibRefCitation author="Nobis, Marcin" journalOrPublisher="Botany Letters" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" pagination="23 - 45" refId="B7364605" refString="Nobis, Marcin, Erst, Andrey, Nowak, Arkadiusz, Shaulo, Dmitry, Olonova, Marina, Kotukhov, Yuriy, Dogru-Koca, Asli, Doenmez, Ali A., Kiraly, Gergely, Ebel, Aleksandr L., Kushunina, Maria, Piwowarczyk, Renata, Sukhorukov, Alexander P., Nobis, Agnieszka, Verloove, Filip, Zalewska-Galosz, Joanna, Zare, Golshan, Burri, Jean-Francois, Cakovic, Danka, Jedrzejczak, Elzbieta, Jogan, Nejc, Klichowska, Ewelina, Pliszko, Artur, Popovich, Anton V., Stesevic, Danijela, Silc, Urban, Tupitsyna, Natalia, Vasjukov, Vladimir M., Wang, Wei, Werner, Philippe, Wolanin, Magdalena N., Wolanin, Mateusz M., Xiang, Kun-Li, 2017. Contribution to the flora of Asian and European countries: new national and regional vascular plant records, 6. Botany Letters 164 (1): 23 - 45" title="Contribution to the flora of Asian and European countries: new national and regional vascular plant records, 6" volume="164" year="2017">Nobis et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
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). The plants were collected in 2007 (
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<bibRefCitation author="Nobis, Marcin" journalOrPublisher="Botany Letters" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" pagination="23 - 45" refId="B7364605" refString="Nobis, Marcin, Erst, Andrey, Nowak, Arkadiusz, Shaulo, Dmitry, Olonova, Marina, Kotukhov, Yuriy, Dogru-Koca, Asli, Doenmez, Ali A., Kiraly, Gergely, Ebel, Aleksandr L., Kushunina, Maria, Piwowarczyk, Renata, Sukhorukov, Alexander P., Nobis, Agnieszka, Verloove, Filip, Zalewska-Galosz, Joanna, Zare, Golshan, Burri, Jean-Francois, Cakovic, Danka, Jedrzejczak, Elzbieta, Jogan, Nejc, Klichowska, Ewelina, Pliszko, Artur, Popovich, Anton V., Stesevic, Danijela, Silc, Urban, Tupitsyna, Natalia, Vasjukov, Vladimir M., Wang, Wei, Werner, Philippe, Wolanin, Magdalena N., Wolanin, Mateusz M., Xiang, Kun-Li, 2017. Contribution to the flora of Asian and European countries: new national and regional vascular plant records, 6. Botany Letters 164 (1): 23 - 45" title="Contribution to the flora of Asian and European countries: new national and regional vascular plant records, 6" volume="164" year="2017">Nobis et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
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) and observed in 2016 (
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<bibRefCitation author="Pagad, Shyama" journalOrPublisher="Scientific Data" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" refId="B7336322" refString="Plantarium Plants and lichens of Russia and neighboring countries: open online galleries and plant identification guide https://www.plantarium.ru/lang/en.html 2021-07-12T00:00:00+03:00" year="2018">Plantarium 2021</bibRefCitation>
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) along the streets, probably introduced as weeds of ornamental cultivation.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">
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In Kazakhstan, the species is known from ruderal places and as a weed of flower beds in Almaty City. Two recent records are known: from the area situated close to the Botanical Garden and the National University, by Ruslan Nurkhanov in 2020 (
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<bibRefCitation author="iNaturalist," journalOrPublisher="Trends in Ecology & Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" refId="B7356184" refString="iNaturalist, , 2021. iNaturalist research-grade observations. In: The Global Biodiversity Information Facility." title="iNaturalist research-grade observations" volumeTitle="The Global Biodiversity Information Facility." year="2021">iNaturalist 2021</bibRefCitation>
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), and from unspecified vicinities of the city in the Transili Alatau, by Igor Syazhkin in 2010 (
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<bibRefCitation author="Pagad, Shyama" journalOrPublisher="Scientific Data" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" refId="B7336322" refString="Plantarium Plants and lichens of Russia and neighboring countries: open online galleries and plant identification guide https://www.plantarium.ru/lang/en.html 2021-07-12T00:00:00+03:00" year="2018">Plantarium 2021</bibRefCitation>
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). The oldest record from the same city (
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<bibRefCitation author="Tulaganova, M. T." journalOrPublisher="Manual of vascular plants of Central Asia" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" refId="B7353470" refString="Tulaganova, M. T., 1993. . Manual of vascular plants of Central Asia 10" volume="10" year="1993">Tulaganova 1993</bibRefCitation>
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), which was published as
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<taxonomicName lsidName="E. annuus" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" rank="species" species="annuus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">E. annuus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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[s.l.], has not been verified.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" type="distribution in kyrgyzstan">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">Distribution in Kyrgyzstan</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">Northern Tian-Shan.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">
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The species is known from two populated places. In Bishkek, it has been recorded since the 1980s as having escaped from cultivation and then as fully naturalised in the Botanical Garden of the National Academy of Sciences (I. Popova, pers. comm.). Besides, recently it was found in two more places in Bishkek, by Galina Chulanova in 2015 (ca. five flowering individuals) on street lawns situated near the Botanical Garden (
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<bibRefCitation author="Pagad, Shyama" journalOrPublisher="Scientific Data" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" refId="B7336322" refString="Plantarium Plants and lichens of Russia and neighboring countries: open online galleries and plant identification guide https://www.plantarium.ru/lang/en.html 2021-07-12T00:00:00+03:00" year="2018">Plantarium 2021</bibRefCitation>
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) and by Georgy Lazkov in 2020 (ca. 10 individuals) on flower beds situated close to the Panfilov Park (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7354799" captionText="Figure 7. Erigeron lilacinus on flower beds in Bishkek (photo by G. Lazkov, 11 June 2020)." figureDoi="10.3897/BDJ.9.e75590.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/570519" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">7</figureCitation>
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), and also recorded from one place in a popular resort area along the northern side of Lake
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Ysyk-Köl">Ysyk-Koel</normalizedToken>
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, where it was observed by Galina Chulanova in 2011 (
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<bibRefCitation author="Pagad, Shyama" journalOrPublisher="Scientific Data" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" refId="B7336322" refString="Plantarium Plants and lichens of Russia and neighboring countries: open online galleries and plant identification guide https://www.plantarium.ru/lang/en.html 2021-07-12T00:00:00+03:00" year="2018">Plantarium 2021</bibRefCitation>
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). The latter area is known for numerous introductions of ornamental plants.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" type="ecology">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">Ecology</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">Prairies and meadows in the native distribution area; artificial meadows, ruderal places and cultivated lands in the secondary distribution area.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" type="biology">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">Biology</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">Annual or biennial.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" type="introduction to kyrgyzstan">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">Introduction to Kyrgyzstan</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" type="period of introduction">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">Period of introduction</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">Neophyte.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">In the Botanical Garden, the species was intentionally introduced in the 1970s and became established in the 1980s, during the late Soviet period. The species was unintentionally introduced in the 2000s (first recorded in 2011), during the period of the independence of Kyrgyzstan.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" type="pathways of introduction">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">Pathways of introduction</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">Transport - Contaminant: Contaminant nursery material. Escape from confinement: Botanical garden.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">
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In agreement with observations of
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<bibRefCitation author="Sennikov, A. N." journalOrPublisher="Memoranda Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" pagination="40 - 59" refId="B7353461" refString="Sennikov, A. N., Kurtto, A., 2019. The taxonomy and invasion status assessment of Erigeron annuus s.l. (Asteraceae) in East Fennoscandia. Memoranda Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica 95: 40 - 59" title="The taxonomy and invasion status assessment of Erigeron annuus s. l. (Asteraceae) in East Fennoscandia" volume="95" year="2019">Sennikov and Kurtto (2019)</bibRefCitation>
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, in Kyrgyzstan,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Sennikov" authorityYear="2020" baseAuthorityName="Sennikov & Kurtto" class="Eudicots" family="Compositae" genus="Erigeron" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Erigeron lilacinus" order="Asterales" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="lilacinus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">Erigeron lilacinus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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was recently found in places of cultivation of ornamental plants or on artificial lawns. Consequently, we consider the species to have arrived with contaminated seed of ornamental plants or nursery material.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">
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The record in the Botanical Garden in Bishkek has a different origin. In that place, the species was intentionally introduced for experimental cultivation in the 1970s (erroneously as "
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Conyza" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Conyza canadensis" order="Asterales" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="canadensis">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">Conyza canadensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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") but quickly spread out of control and became established already during the 1980s. Currently, it is fully naturalised in the Garden but is still kept within its limits, except for a few cases of intentional introduction or unintentional secondary dispersal to private gardens (I. Popova, pers. comm.).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" type="invasion status">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">Invasion status</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">
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Casual, temporarily persisting or locally established, not invasive. So far, we have no evidence that the species formed stable populations rather than short-lived local colonies in the places of its accidental introduction, and no further dispersal from those places was observed. However,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Sennikov" authorityYear="2020" baseAuthorityName="Sennikov & Kurtto" class="Eudicots" family="Compositae" genus="Erigeron" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Erigeron lilacinus" order="Asterales" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="lilacinus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">Erigeron lilacinus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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has recently become abundant in man-made habitats (especially fallow and abandoned fields) in Central Russia (Sennikov, pers. obs.) and may, therefore, become invasive also in Kyrgyzstan. Its population in the Botanical Garden is locally naturalised and may potentially serve as a source of invasion in the future, as evident from some occasional instances of secondary dispersal.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" type="evidence of impact">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">Evidence of impact</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">Agriculture - no impact (not recorded in crop production areas). Native ecosystems - no impact (restricted to populated places). Urban areas - minor impact (very rare weed of ornamental gardens and street lawns, also as a ruderal plant).</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="75590" type="trend">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">Trend</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75590">Increasing (observed).</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |