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104 lines
13 KiB
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<document id="527FC98324EE00D0674B5CA8E07B7E97" ID-CLB-Dataset="31798" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4337.3.6" ID-GBIF-Dataset="0fc0b3f0-dfbc-4f93-98f7-ba3d8c54670f" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="1025008" ID-ZooBank="4F937323-3789-420A-A4FD-E2783EFF4761" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1508396655765" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Alekseev, Vitalii I. & Bukejs, Andris" docDate="2017" docId="03FD87BA3214861F24B23735D475F852" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4337.3.6.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4337 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Cycadophila Xu, Tang & Skelley 2015" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="414" masterDocId="FFC4FFC23215861E24253348D068FF83" masterDocTitle="First fossil representatives of Pharaxonothinae Crowson (Coleoptera: Erotylidae): indirect evidence for cycads existence in Baltic amber forest" masterLastPageNumber="422" masterPageNumber="413" pageNumber="414" updateTime="1698469832340" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="2F82451ED417E9B812AA9EA2CE42589C">First fossil representatives of Pharaxonothinae Crowson (Coleoptera: Erotylidae): indirect evidence for cycads existence in Baltic amber forest</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="54ECF757DC76D76EE5278C9996F24D4B">Alekseev, Vitalii I.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="8CA070D6FA54519C918B90AEBA5C2BD0">Bukejs, Andris</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="81DA35B4E47CF92915EFB65A4B77DBCD">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="01FB4E19D6B8DCDE84E67892FE07A001">2017</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03FD87BA3214861F24B23735D475F852" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6039316" ID-GBIF-Taxon="135451013" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6039316" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FD87BA3214861F24B23735D475F852" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FD87BA3214861F24B23735D475F852" lastPageNumber="414" pageId="1" pageNumber="414">
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<subSubSection id="C34E65273214861F24B23735D3FBFA5B" pageId="1" pageNumber="414" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BEB36AC3214861F24B23735D2A0FB14" blockId="1.[151,712,1149,1175]" box="[151,712,1149,1175]" pageId="1" pageNumber="414">
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<heading id="D0A381C03214861F24B23735D2A0FB14" bold="true" box="[151,712,1149,1175]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="414" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B920EABE3214861F24B23735D2A0FB14" bold="true" box="[151,712,1149,1175]" pageId="1" pageNumber="414">
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Genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C544D2F3214861F24CB3735D2A0FB14" authority="Xu, Tang & Skelley, 2015" authorityName="Xu, Tang & Skelley" authorityYear="2015" box="[238,712,1149,1175]" class="Insecta" family="Erotylidae" genus="Cycadophila" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="414" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B920EABE3214861F24CB3735D1EEFB14" bold="true" box="[238,390,1149,1175]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="414">Cycadophila</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC54B5D3214861F25A93735D2A0FB14" author="Xu" box="[396,712,1149,1175]" pageId="1" pageNumber="414" refString="Xu, G., Tang, W., Skelley, P., Liu, N. & Rich, S. (2015) Cycadophila, a new genus (Coleoptera: Erotylidae: Pharaxonothinae) inhabiting Cycas debaoensis (Cycadaceae) in Asia. Zootaxa, 3986 (3), 251 - 278." type="journal article" year="2015">Xu, Tang & Skelley, 2015</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BEB36AC3214861F24B2378CD3FBFA5B" blockId="1.[151,1436,1220,2001]" pageId="1" pageNumber="414">
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<emphasis id="B920EABE3214861F24B2378CD0BEFB5E" bold="true" box="[151,214,1220,1245]" pageId="1" pageNumber="414">Note.</emphasis>
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The specimens considered here were assigned to the subfamily
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<taxonomicName id="4C544D2F3214861F2788378CD401FB5E" authorityName="Crowson" authorityYear="1952" box="[941,1129,1220,1245]" class="Insecta" family="Erotylidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="414" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Pharaxonothinae">Pharaxonothinae</taxonomicName>
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based on a combination of the following visible external morphological characters: (1) lateral pockets on the mentum present; (2) tarsal shelf of tarsomere 5 absent; (3) metepisternal ctenidium absent; (4) antennal insertion hidden in dorsal view; (4) anterior angles of pronotum poorly developed; (5) mesometaventral articulation monocondylic; (6) ventrite 1 without subcoxal lines. According to
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC54B5D3214861F2626361CD2D5FAEF" author="Leschen" box="[515,701,1364,1389]" pageId="1" pageNumber="414" refString="Leschen, R. A. B. (2003) Fauna of New Zealand 47. Erotylidae (Insecta: Coleoptera: Cucujoidea): Phylogeny and Review. Manaaki Whenua Press, Lincoln, 108 pp." type="book" year="2003">Leschen (2003)</bibRefCitation>
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, the above mentioned combination of characters (especially possession of distinct lateral pockets on the mentum) can distinguish these specimens from the habitually similar representatives of the subfamily
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<taxonomicName id="4C544D2F3214861F263936D4D2DFFA36" authorityName="Ganglbauer" authorityYear="1899" box="[540,695,1436,1461]" class="Insecta" family="Erotylidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="414" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Xenoscelinae">Xenoscelinae</taxonomicName>
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. However, characters not visible or that require dissection are needed to unequivocally confirm placement in the
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<taxonomicName id="4C544D2F3214861F26EA36F7D3E7FA5B" authorityName="Crowson" authorityYear="1952" box="[719,911,1471,1496]" class="Insecta" family="Erotylidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="414" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Pharaxonothinae">Pharaxonothinae</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C34E65273214861F24E236ACD475F852" pageId="1" pageNumber="414" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BEB36AC3214861F24E236ACD491F933" blockId="1.[151,1436,1220,2001]" pageId="1" pageNumber="414">
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Within the
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<taxonomicName id="4C544D2F3214861F256636ACD26AFA7E" authorityName="Crowson" authorityYear="1952" box="[323,514,1508,1533]" class="Insecta" family="Erotylidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="414" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Pharaxonothinae">Pharaxonothinae</taxonomicName>
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, these fossils were assigned to the genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C544D2F3214861F27E836ACD434FA7E" authorityName="Xu, Tang & Skelley" authorityYear="2015" box="[973,1116,1508,1533]" class="Insecta" family="Erotylidae" genus="Cycadophila" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="414" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B920EABE3214861F27E836ACD434FA7E" box="[973,1116,1508,1533]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="414">Cycadophila</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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based on: (1) large eyes that encroach upon head ventrally; (2) 11-segmented antennae with a 3-segmented antennal club not flattened; (3) pro- and mesocoxal cavities open; (4) supraocular stria present, not extending posteriorly beyond eyes; (5) pronotal callosity absent; (6) elytra glabrous with non-impressed rows of punctures; (7) pronotum with narrow basal sulci; (8) submentum separated from gula by transverse impression (submental-gular suture); (9) 5-segmented tarsi with tarsomeres 1–3 pubescent ventrally with long, fine, dense, distally directed setae, not lobed beneath.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BEB36AC3214861F24E235F4D475F852" blockId="1.[151,1436,1220,2001]" pageId="1" pageNumber="414">
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According to the up-to-date key of
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC54B5D3214861F267D35F4D32AF957" box="[600,834,1724,1749]" pageId="1" pageNumber="414" refString="Skelley, P., Xu, G., Tang, W., Lindstrom, A. J., Marler, T., Khuraijam, J. S., Singh, R., Radha, P. & Rich, S. (2017) Review of Cycadophila Xu, Tang & Skelley (Coleoptera: Erotylidae: Pharaxonothinae) inhabiting Cycas (Cycadaceae) in Asia, with descriptions of a new subgenus and thirteen new species. Zootaxa, 4267 (1), 1 - 63. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4267.1.1" type="journal article">
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Skelley
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<emphasis id="B920EABE3214861F269135F5D28DF956" box="[692,741,1724,1749]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="414">et al</emphasis>
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. (2017)
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</bibRefCitation>
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, the studied extinct specimens can be assigned to the subgenus
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<taxonomicName id="4C544D2F3214861F25233597D2AAF97B" authority="Xu, Tang & Skelley, 2015" authorityName="Xu, Tang & Skelley" authorityYear="2015" box="[262,706,1759,1784]" class="Insecta" family="Erotylidae" genus="Cycadophila" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="414" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B920EABE3214861F25233597D1FDF97B" box="[262,405,1759,1784]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="414">Cycadophila</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC54B5D3214861F25B835A8D2AAF97B" author="Xu" box="[413,706,1759,1784]" pageId="1" pageNumber="414" refString="Xu, G., Tang, W., Skelley, P., Liu, N. & Rich, S. (2015) Cycadophila, a new genus (Coleoptera: Erotylidae: Pharaxonothinae) inhabiting Cycas debaoensis (Cycadaceae) in Asia. Zootaxa, 3986 (3), 251 - 278." type="journal article" year="2015">Xu, Tang & Skelley, 2015</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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due to (1) lateral pronotal carinae narrow in lateral view, and (2) protibia without stout setae along lateral margin. Several morphological characters (e.g. head swollen dorsally; clypeus convex in lateral view; ventral interocular distance 0.58× head width; pronotal surface near anterior angles slightly impressed; pronotal lateral carinae parallel most length; elytra without colour patterns) allow placement of these specimens in the extant
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<emphasis id="B920EABE3214861F26253439D255F80B" box="[512,573,1905,1928]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="414">nigra</emphasis>
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species group. This placement is tentative and not irreproachable at the moment, because the shape of the prosternal process is not clear due to the position of the legs, and anterior pronotal angles are not sharply angulate as is typical for the
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<emphasis id="B920EABE3214861F271C34F1D31EF853" box="[825,886,1977,2000]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="414">nigra</emphasis>
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species group.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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