529 lines
56 KiB
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529 lines
56 KiB
XML
<document id="21ABB915EBA528C63A63F3B6AC851684" ID="10.11646/zootaxa.4146.1.1" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4146.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="f27bf01d-bf27-4e86-b2ba-81b84931d348" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="268078" ID-ZooBank="35E0DECB-20CE-4295-AE8E-CB3CAB226C70" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1470033666767" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Sara A. Lourie, Riley A. Pollom & Sarah J. Foster" docDate="2016" docId="03C42F370C727332FF66CCE6BE82DB51" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4146.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4146 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Hippocampus kuda Bleeker 1852" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="32" masterDocId="FFFD574F0C6C7312FFF1C92FBC3BD96D" masterDocTitle="A global revision of the Seahorses Hippocampus Rafinesque 1810 (Actinopterygii: Syngnathiformes): Taxonomy and biogeography with recommendations for further research" masterLastPageNumber="66" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="31" updateTime="1698366633973" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:mods id="D49784CC3F8E9BBFDBB485F8DC880414" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="FF01221DDE6F684A3042C73F62AC7BE2">
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<mods:title id="BFEC6CAFE844428F26E14C702EB54A25">A global revision of the Seahorses Hippocampus Rafinesque 1810 (Actinopterygii: Syngnathiformes): Taxonomy and biogeography with recommendations for further research</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="B0F743E419782F2654D0A39998B7A7F9" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="E21A6C5F38C332E9B08CB96B637A8FF8">
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<mods:roleTerm id="54F88FEDE89E0F27DFEB2CCB96BD38D6">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="679DA53F8DD29DF74F36BF0031A283D0">Sara A. Lourie</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="E3F9051FE3EB58B6A0078F4DD0924728" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="64040BC5F680EA2E2112FBC48B4C990C">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="52A16F30E23C316E9CD56C4894C642A2">Riley A. Pollom</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="E1E57A023DB8C55688A1CF8A2A395934" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="5FDFE9CF357E3C06247A22F2E84E337E">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="77EFC144474D34488371B896BFCAD81D">Sarah J. Foster</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="267CC97FE6D9C4E5E86EB6500301F7E7">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo id="2470CFC30DAAC957588A76CC9BA124E3">
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<mods:title id="F7EE45CE2067C0B273921BB19B53E15F">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="4A8CBC336A9BFD859C9513F2D41AFA1C">
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<mods:date id="90E16886860F61FB2AF7139ADCCB2600">2016</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="10C88D5AB64C138FB9EB5F0BEC32F490" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="9CB30F66AE4BE4B6E46D2EAE1F652647">4146</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail id="9163954EEAA5DADE30A66D326438D51A" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="8C633FFCFC5AFCE34ED68B6FDA87DB73">1</mods:number>
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<mods:end id="BB504C903701C65E1EBAA2491641D6FB">66</mods:end>
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<mods:classification id="85FDEEA159AB6E4B86C3FE483054FC5D">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="31A019FEB85933C3751954473C10ED74" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4146.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="D1A648A7A00D7410B4AE79118FA6A200" type="GBIF-Dataset">f27bf01d-bf27-4e86-b2ba-81b84931d348</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="9D17A936B327A87C248C8700D4F13A0C" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03C42F370C727332FF66CCE6BE82DB51" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6090967" ID-GBIF-Taxon="125134175" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6090967" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C42F370C727332FF66CCE6BE82DB51" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C42F370C727332FF66CCE6BE82DB51" lastPageId="32" lastPageNumber="32" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
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<subSubSection id="C377CDAA0C72730CFF66CCE6BDFBDF20" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BD29E210C72730CFF66CCE6BD99DC8E" blockId="30.[151,418,1481,1507]" box="[151,418,1481,1507]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
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<heading id="D09A294D0C72730CFF66CCE6BD99DC8E" bold="true" box="[151,418,1481,1507]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C6DE5A20C72730CFF66CCE6BD99DC8E" ID-CoL="3LZMR" authority="Bleeker 1852" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1852" box="[151,418,1481,1507]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kuda">
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<emphasis id="B91942330C72730CFF66CCE6BD99DC8E" bold="true" box="[151,418,1481,1507]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
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<emphasis id="B91942330C72730CFF66CCE6BCC2DC8E" bold="true" box="[151,249,1481,1507]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">H. kuda</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFCE3D00C72730CFEF1CCE6BD99DC8E" author="Bleeker" box="[256,418,1481,1507]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refString="Bleeker, P. (1852) Bijdrage tot de kennis der ichthyologische fauna van Japan. Verhandelingen der Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen, 1, 1 - 16." type="journal article" year="1852">Bleeker 1852</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BD29E210C72730CFF66CF20BDFBDF20" blockId="30.[151,1436,1551,1864]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
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<emphasis id="B91942330C72730CFF66CF20BE9BDF45" bold="true" box="[151,672,1551,1576]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">English common names. Spotted Seahorse</emphasis>
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, common seahorse, estuarine seahorse, estuary seahorse, oceanic seahorse, yellow seahorse.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C377CDAA0C72730CFF36CF78BCD0DE25" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BD29E210C72730CFF36CF78BF3DDE6D" blockId="30.[151,1436,1551,1864]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
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<emphasis id="B91942330C72730CFF36CF78BD72DF1D" bold="true" box="[199,329,1623,1648]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Synonyms.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C6DE5A20C72730CFEA3CF76BDDFDF02" box="[338,484,1624,1648]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aterrimus">
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<emphasis id="B91942330C72730CFEA3CF76BDDFDF02" box="[338,484,1624,1648]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">H. aterrimus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<collectingCountry id="F37ADEB10C72730CFE1CCF78BE03DF1D" box="[493,568,1623,1648]" name="Jordan" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Jordan</collectingCountry>
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and Snyder 1902,
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<taxonomicName id="4C6DE5A20C72730CFCE4CF76B84CDF1D" authority="Dumeril 1870" authorityName="Dumeril" authorityYear="1870" box="[789,1143,1623,1648]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="borboniensis">
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<emphasis id="B91942330C72730CFCE4CF76BFF0DF1D" box="[789,971,1624,1648]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">H. borboniensis</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFCE3D00C72730CFC25CF78B84CDF1D" author="Dumeril" box="[980,1143,1623,1648]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refString="Dumeril, A. (1870) Tableau elementaire de l'histoire naturelle des animaux. Tome Second. Ganoides, Dipnes, Lophobranches In Histoire naturelle des poissons ou ichthyologie generale, Paris, 500 - 526." type="book chapter" year="1870">Duméril 1870</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C6DE5A20C72730CFB75CF76BCE9DFF8" authority="Basilewsky 1855" authorityName="Basilewsky" authorityYear="1855" class="Actinopterygii" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chinensis">
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<emphasis id="B91942330C72730CFB75CF76B92ADF1D" box="[1156,1297,1624,1648]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">H. chinensis</emphasis>
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Basilewsky 1855
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C6DE5A20C72730CFF2ECF52BDCBDFF9" authority="Ruppell 1838" authorityName="Ruppell" authorityYear="1838" box="[223,496,1660,1685]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fuscus">
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<emphasis id="B91942330C72730CFF2ECF52BD71DFF9" box="[223,330,1660,1684]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">H. fuscus</emphasis>
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Rüppell 1838
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C6DE5A20C72730CFE0ECF52BE4BDFF9" box="[511,624,1660,1684]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hilonis">
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<emphasis id="B91942330C72730CFE0ECF52BE4BDFF9" box="[511,624,1660,1684]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">H. hilonis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFCE3D00C72730CFD8BCF53BF8EDFF9" author="Jordan" box="[634,949,1660,1685]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refString="Jordan, D. S. & Evermann, B. W. (1903) Descriptions of new genera and species of fishes from the Hawaiian Islands. Bulletin of the US Fish Commission, 22, 161 - 208." type="journal article" year="1903">
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<collectingCountry id="F37ADEB10C72730CFD8BCF53BEFEDFF8" box="[634,709,1660,1685]" name="Jordan" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Jordan</collectingCountry>
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and Evermann 1903
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</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C6DE5A20C72730CFC34CF52B8EDDFF8" authority="Duncker 1926" authorityName="Duncker" authorityYear="1926" box="[965,1238,1660,1685]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="horai">
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<emphasis id="B91942330C72730CFC34CF52B81CDFF9" box="[965,1063,1660,1684]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">H. horai</emphasis>
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Duncker 1926
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C6DE5A20C72730CFB12CF52BD09DFD5" authority="Bleeker 1854" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1854" class="Actinopterygii" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanospilos">
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<emphasis id="B91942330C72730CFB12CF52B9A7DFF9" box="[1251,1436,1660,1684]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">H. melanospilos</emphasis>
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Bleeker 1854
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C6DE5A20C72730CFEB1CF8EBEA8DFD5" authority="Bleeker 1852" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1852" box="[320,659,1695,1720]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="moluccensis">
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<emphasis id="B91942330C72730CFEB1CF8EBDD5DFD5" box="[320,494,1696,1720]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">H. moluccensis</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFCE3D00C72730CFE06CFB0BEA8DFD5" author="Bleeker" box="[503,659,1695,1720]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refString="Bleeker, P. (1852) Bijdrage tot de kennis der ichthyologische fauna van Japan. Verhandelingen der Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen, 1, 1 - 16." type="journal article" year="1852">Bleeker 1852</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C6DE5A20C72730CFD50CF8EB81EDFD5" authority="Fowler 1944" authorityName="Fowler" authorityYear="1944" box="[673,1061,1695,1720]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="novaehebudorum">
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<emphasis id="B91942330C72730CFD50CF8EBFBCDFD5" box="[673,903,1696,1720]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">H. novaehebudorum</emphasis>
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Fowler 1944
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C6DE5A20C72730CFBC2CF8EB948DFD5" authority="Bleeker 1854" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1854" box="[1075,1395,1695,1720]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="polytaenia">
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<emphasis id="B91942330C72730CFBC2CF8EB8F5DFD5" box="[1075,1230,1696,1720]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">H. polytaenia</emphasis>
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Bleeker 1854
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C6DE5A20C72730CFA70CF8EBD64DFB0" authority="Whitley 1955" authorityName="Whitley" authorityYear="1955" class="Actinopterygii" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="raji">
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<emphasis id="B91942330C72730CFA70CF8EBCFBDFB1" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">H. raji</emphasis>
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Whitley 1955
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</taxonomicName>
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(=
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<taxonomicName id="4C6DE5A20C72730CFE74CFEABEC3DFB1" authority="Raj 1941" authorityName="Raj" authorityYear="1941" box="[389,760,1732,1757]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="kuda" subSpecies="multiannularis">
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<emphasis id="B91942330C72730CFE74CFEABEB2DFB1" box="[389,649,1732,1756]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">H. kuda multiannularis</emphasis>
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Raj 1941
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</taxonomicName>
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),
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<taxonomicName id="4C6DE5A20C72730CFCFDCFEAB84EDFB1" authority="Dumeril 1870" authorityName="Dumeril" authorityYear="1870" box="[780,1141,1732,1757]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rhynchomacer">
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<emphasis id="B91942330C72730CFCFDCFEABFF4DFB1" box="[780,975,1732,1756]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">H. rhynchomacer</emphasis>
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFCE3D00C72730CFC27CFEBB84EDFB1" author="Dumeril" box="[982,1141,1732,1757]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refString="Dumeril, A. (1870) Tableau elementaire de l'histoire naturelle des animaux. Tome Second. Ganoides, Dipnes, Lophobranches In Histoire naturelle des poissons ou ichthyologie generale, Paris, 500 - 526." type="book chapter" year="1870">Duméril 1870</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C6DE5A20C72730CFB8ECFEAB9A3DFB1" authority="Fowler 1904" authorityName="Fowler" authorityYear="1904" box="[1151,1432,1732,1757]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="taeniops">
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||
<emphasis id="B91942330C72730CFB8ECFEAB93BDFB1" box="[1151,1280,1733,1756]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">H. taeniops</emphasis>
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||
Fowler 1904
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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,
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C6DE5A20C72730CFF66CFC6BDDEDE6D" authority="Bleeker 1852" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1852" box="[151,485,1767,1792]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="taeniopterus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91942330C72730CFF66CFC6BD7EDF92" box="[151,325,1768,1792]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">H. taeniopterus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFCE3D00C72730CFEBDCFC8BDDEDE6D" author="Bleeker" box="[332,485,1767,1792]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refString="Bleeker, P. (1852) Bijdrage tot de kennis der ichthyologische fauna van Japan. Verhandelingen der Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen, 1, 1 - 16." type="journal article" year="1852">Bleeker 1852</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C6DE5A20C72730CFE01CFC6BF3DDE6D" authority="Castelnau 1872" authorityName="Castelnau" authorityYear="1872" box="[496,774,1767,1792]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tristis">
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||
<emphasis id="B91942330C72730CFE01CFC6BE69DF92" box="[496,594,1768,1792]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">H. tristis</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFCE3D00C72730CFDA8CFC8BF3DDE6D" author="Castelnau" box="[601,774,1767,1792]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refString="Castelnau, F. L. (1872) Contribution to the ichthyology of Australia. No. 1. -- The Melbourne fish market (pp. 29 - 242). No. II. -- Note on some South Australian fishes (pp. 243 - 247). Proceedings of the Zoological and Acclimatisation Society of Victoria, Melbourne, 1, 29 - 247." type="journal article" year="1872">Castelnau 1872</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD29E210C72730CFF36CE23BCD0DE25" blockId="30.[151,1436,1551,1864]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91942330C72730CFF36CE23BD02DE48" bold="true" box="[199,313,1804,1829]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Syntypes.</emphasis>
|
||
(2) RMNH 5167 (1 of several), BMNH 1867.11.28.360 (see also Bleeker specimens: NMV 46227- 28 (2)).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF12CEA90C73730DFF66CA27B819DA73" box="[151,1058,776,798]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/268103/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" targetBox="[332,1238,232,699]" targetPageId="31">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD29E210C73730DFF66CA27B819DA73" blockId="31.[151,1058,776,798]" box="[151,1058,776,798]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91942330C73730DFF66CA27BD24DA73" bold="true" box="[151,287,776,798]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">FIGURE 25.</emphasis>
|
||
Range map for
|
||
<emphasis id="B91942330C73730DFE33CA26BEB5DA73" box="[450,654,776,798]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6DE5A20C73730DFE33CA26BEB1DA73" box="[450,650,776,798]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kuda">Hippocampus kuda</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
See Figure 2 caption for further details.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C377CDAA0C73730DFF36CA6ABDE5DA33" box="[199,478,837,862]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD29E210C73730DFF36CA6ABDE5DA33" blockId="31.[151,1437,837,2035]" box="[199,478,837,862]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B05947C0C73730DFF36CA6ABDE5DA33" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1416636204" box="[199,478,837,862]" country="Singapore" location="Singapore" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91942330C73730DFF36CA6ABD5EDA33" bold="true" box="[199,357,837,862]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D620830C73730DFF36CA6ABD39DA33" box="[199,258,837,862]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37ADEB10C73730DFE9DCA6ABDE5DA33" box="[364,478,837,862]" name="Singapore" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Singapore</collectingCountry>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C377CDAA0C737332FF36CA45BE82DB51" lastPageId="32" lastPageNumber="33" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD29E210C73730DFF36CA45BE16DD45" blockId="31.[151,1437,837,2035]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91942330C73730DFF36CA45BD5BDAEE" bold="true" box="[199,352,874,899]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37ADEB10C73730DFE9BCA45BDEADAEE" box="[362,465,874,899]" name="Australia" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(northern),
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37ADEB10C73730DFDACCA45BE82DAEE" box="[605,697,874,899]" name="Bahrain" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Bahrain</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37ADEB10C73730DFD37CA45BF07DAEE" box="[710,828,874,899]" name="Cambodia" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Cambodia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37ADEB10C73730DFCBACA45BFB5DAEE" box="[843,910,874,899]" name="China" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
(including
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37ADEB10C73730DFBE5CA44B8A1DAEE" box="[1044,1178,875,899]" name="Hong Kong" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Hong Kong</collectingCountry>
|
||
SAR and Province of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49A950C30C73730DFF66CAA4BCCEDAC9" box="[151,245,907,932]" country="China" name="Taiwan)" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37ADEB10C73730DFF66CAA4BCD6DAC9" box="[151,237,907,932]" name="Taiwan" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
|
||
)
|
||
</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37ADEB10C73730DFEF3CAA3BD50DAC9" box="[258,363,908,932]" name="Comoros" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Comoros</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37ADEB10C73730DFE88CAA3BDF6DAC9" box="[377,461,908,932]" name="Cyprus" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Cyprus</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49A950C30C73730DFE2BCAA4BE01DAC9" box="[474,570,907,932]" country="Djibouti" name="Djibouti" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37ADEB10C73730DFE2BCAA4BE01DAC9" box="[474,570,907,932]" name="Djibouti" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Djibouti</collectingCountry>
|
||
</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37ADEB10C73730DFDB6CAA3BEB6DAC9" box="[583,653,908,932]" name="Egypt" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Egypt</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37ADEB10C73730DFD6BCAA4BED2DAC9" box="[666,745,907,932]" name="Eritrea" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Eritrea</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37ADEB10C73730DFD07CAA4BF1BDAC9" box="[758,800,907,932]" name="Fiji" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Fiji</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37ADEB10C73730DFCDCCAA3BF42DACE" box="[813,889,908,931]" name="France" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">France</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49A950C30C73730DFC7BCAA4BFD4DAC9" box="[906,1007,907,932]" country="France" name="Reunion" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37ADEB10C73730DFC7BCAA4BFD4DAC9" box="[906,1007,907,932]" name="Réunion" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Réunion</collectingCountry>
|
||
</collectingRegion>
|
||
),
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37ADEB10C73730DFBF5CAA4B87BDAC9" box="[1028,1088,907,932]" name="India" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37ADEB10C73730DFBBCCAA4B886DAC9" box="[1101,1213,907,932]" name="Indonesia" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37ADEB10C73730DFB3BCAA3B8C1DACE" box="[1226,1274,908,931]" name="Iran" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Iran</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37ADEB10C73730DFAF6CAA4B973DAC9" box="[1287,1352,907,932]" name="Israel" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Israel</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37ADEB10C73730DFAA4CAA3B9A3DACE" box="[1365,1432,908,931]" name="Japan" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37ADEB10C73730DFF66CA82BCD8DAA8" box="[151,227,941,965]" name="Kenya" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37ADEB10C73730DFF01CA83BD7EDAA8" box="[240,325,940,965]" name="Kuwait" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Kuwait</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37ADEB10C73730DFEA2CA83BD83DAA8" box="[339,440,940,965]" name="Lebanon" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Lebanon</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37ADEB10C73730DFE37CA83BE0BDAA8" box="[454,560,940,965]" name="Malaysia" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37ADEB10C73730DFDCCCA83BEFDDAA8" box="[573,710,940,965]" name="Madagascar" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37ADEB10C73730DFD22CA83BF78DAA8" box="[723,835,940,965]" name="Mauritius" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Mauritius</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37ADEB10C73730DFCA1CA83BFDCDAA8" box="[848,999,940,965]" name="Mozambique" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Mozambique</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37ADEB10C73730DFC04CA83B961DAA8" box="[1013,1370,940,965]" name="Micronesia" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Federated States of Micronesia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37ADEB10C73730DFA96CA82BD37DA8B" name="New Caledonia" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37ADEB10C73730DFEE7CAE1BD66DA8B" box="[278,349,974,998]" name="Oman" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Oman</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37ADEB10C73730DFE99CAE2BDF1DA8B" box="[360,458,973,998]" name="Pakistan" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37ADEB10C73730DFE24CAE0BE8BDA8B" box="[469,688,973,998]" name="Papua New Guinea" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49A950C30C73730DFE24CAE0BE21DA8B" box="[469,538,975,998]" country="Indonesia" name="Papua Barat" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Papua</collectingRegion>
|
||
New Guinea
|
||
</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37ADEB10C73730DFD4ACAE2BF07DA8B" box="[699,828,973,998]" name="Philippines" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Philippines</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37ADEB10C73730DFCB6CAE1BFBCDA8B" box="[839,903,974,998]" name="Qatar" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Qatar</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37ADEB10C73730DFC63CAE2B81CDA8B" box="[914,1063,973,998]" name="Saudi Arabia" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Saudi Arabia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37ADEB10C73730DFBC3CAE2B896DA8B" box="[1074,1197,973,998]" name="Seychelles" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Seychelles</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37ADEB10C73730DFB49CAE2B916DA8B" box="[1208,1325,973,998]" name="Singapore" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Singapore</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37ADEB10C73730DFAC6CAE2BCD2DD65" name="Solomon Islands" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Solomon Islands</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37ADEB10C73730DFF05CAC0BD69DD65" box="[244,338,1007,1032]" name="Somalia" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Somalia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37ADEB10C73730DFEAFCAC0BDD5DD65" box="[350,494,1007,1032]" name="South Africa" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49A950C30C73730DFEAFCAC0BDA4DD65" box="[350,415,1007,1032]" country="Tanzania" name="Kusini Unguja" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">South</collectingRegion>
|
||
Africa
|
||
</collectingCountry>
|
||
(eastern),
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37ADEB10C73730DFD94CAC0BEEEDD65" box="[613,725,1007,1032]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49A950C30C73730DFD94CAC0BEBDDD65" box="[613,646,1007,1032]" country="United Kingdom" name="Surrey" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Sri</collectingRegion>
|
||
Lanka
|
||
</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37ADEB10C73730DFD11CAC0BF12DD65" box="[736,809,1007,1032]" name="Sudan" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Sudan</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37ADEB10C73730DFCC5CAC0BF49DD65" box="[820,882,1007,1032]" name="Syria" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Syria</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37ADEB10C73730DFC8CCAC0BFDFDD65" box="[893,996,1007,1032]" name="Tanzania" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37ADEB10C73730DFC01CAC0B86DDD65" box="[1008,1110,1007,1032]" name="Thailand" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Thailand</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37ADEB10C73730DFB90CADFB892DD65" box="[1121,1193,1008,1032]" name="Tonga" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Tonga</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37ADEB10C73730DFB44CAC0B93DDD65" box="[1205,1286,1007,1032]" name="Turkey" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Turkey</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37ADEB10C73730DFAE0CAC0BCC6DD44" name="United Arab Emirates" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">United Arab Emirates</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37ADEB10C73730DFEF9CD3EBD7BDD44" box="[264,320,1041,1065]" name="United States of America" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49A950C30C73730DFEBECD3FBD9EDD44" box="[335,421,1040,1065]" country="United States of America" name="Hawaii" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Hawaii</collectingRegion>
|
||
),
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37ADEB10C73730DFE48CD3FBE13DD45" box="[441,552,1040,1065]" name="Vietnam" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Viet Nam</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD29E210C737332FF36CD1DBE82DB51" blockId="31.[151,1437,837,2035]" lastBlockId="32.[151,1437,151,573]" lastPageId="32" lastPageNumber="33" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91942330C73730DFF36CD1DBD2ADD26" bold="true" box="[199,273,1074,1099]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Notes.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6DE5A20C73730DFED3CD1CBE3FDD27" box="[290,516,1074,1098]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kuda">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91942330C73730DFED3CD1CBE3FDD27" box="[290,516,1074,1098]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Hippocampus kuda</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a very widespread species (or species-complex) that exhibits localized haplotypes, phylogeographic structuring (Lourie 2004;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFCE3D00C73730DFCF2CD7ABFFDDD03" author="Teske" box="[771,966,1109,1134]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refString="Teske, P. R., Hamilton, H., Palsboll, P. J., Choo, C. K., Gabr, H., Lourie, S. A., Santos, M., Sreepada, R. A., Cherry, M. I. & Matthee, C. A. (2005) Molecular evidence for long-distance colonization in an Indo-Pacific seahorse lineage. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 286, 249 - 260. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3354 / meps 286249" type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Teske
|
||
<emphasis id="B91942330C73730DFCBACD78BFB8DD03" box="[843,899,1110,1134]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and variable morphology. BOLD (2016) separates the 54 sequenced specimens into four BINS (Barcorde Identification Numbers) although they only differ from one another by 1.28–2.25% (648 bp, CO1), and two of the three BINS with more than a single specimen contain members of more than one purported species. Furthermore, overlapping meristics, paraphyly among purported species, genotypes from different clades (BINS) in the same populations, and lack of diagnostic morphological differences mean that, pending further research, we are unable to uphold purported species as valid in this revision. The global ‘
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6DE5A20C73730DFE22CC00BE10DC2B" box="[467,555,1326,1350]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kuda">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91942330C73730DFE22CC00BE10DC2B" box="[467,555,1326,1350]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">H. kuda</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-clade’ includes
|
||
<emphasis id="B91942330C73730DFD12CC00BD26DC07" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6DE5A20C73730DFD12CC00BF05DC2B" box="[739,830,1326,1350]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kuda">H. kuda</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6DE5A20C73730DFCB8CC00BF8FDC2B" box="[841,948,1326,1350]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fuscus">H. fuscus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6DE5A20C73730DFC4ECC00B84FDC2B" box="[959,1140,1326,1350]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="borboniensis">H. borboniensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6DE5A20C73730DFB8ECC00B93FDC2B" box="[1151,1284,1327,1350]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="capensis">H. capensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6DE5A20C73730DFAFECC00B9ACDC2B" box="[1295,1431,1326,1350]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="algiricus">H. algiricus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6DE5A20C73730DFF36CC7CBD26DC07" box="[199,285,1362,1386]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="reidi">H. reidi</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFCE3D00C73730DFEDACC7DBDCBDC07" author="Casey" box="[299,496,1362,1386]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refString="Casey, S. P., Hall, H. J., Stanley, H. F. & Vincent, A. C. J. (2004) The origin and evolution of seahorses (genus Hippocampus): a phylogenetic study using the cytochrome b gene of mitochondrial DNA. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 30, 261 - 272. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2003.08.018" type="journal article" year="2004">
|
||
Casey
|
||
<emphasis id="B91942330C73730DFE86CC7CBD94DC07" box="[375,431,1362,1386]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2004
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFCE3D00C73730DFE0ACC7DBEEADC07" author="Silveira" box="[507,721,1362,1387]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refString="Silveira, R. B., Siccha-Ramirez, R., Silva, J. R. S. & Oliveira, C. (2014) Morphological and molecular evidence for the occurrence of three Hippocampus species (Teleostei: Syngnathidae) in Brazil. Zootaxa, 3861 (4), 317 - 32. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3861.4.2" type="journal article" year="2014">
|
||
Silveira
|
||
<emphasis id="B91942330C73730DFDA9CC7CBEABDC07" box="[600,656,1362,1386]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2014
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFCE3D00C73730DFD2DCC7DBFA7DC06" author="Teske" box="[732,924,1362,1387]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refString="Teske, P. R., Hamilton, H., Palsboll, P. J., Choo, C. K., Gabr, H., Lourie, S. A., Santos, M., Sreepada, R. A., Cherry, M. I. & Matthee, C. A. (2005) Molecular evidence for long-distance colonization in an Indo-Pacific seahorse lineage. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 286, 249 - 260. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3354 / meps 286249" type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Teske
|
||
<emphasis id="B91942330C73730DFCD2CC7CBF60DC07" box="[803,859,1362,1386]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; BOLD 2016). We have here synonymized
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6DE5A20C73730DFA70CC7CBCE6DCE3" class="Actinopterygii" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fuscus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91942330C73730DFA70CC7CBCE6DCE3" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">H. fuscus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6DE5A20C73730DFEE2CC58BDFDDCE3" box="[275,454,1398,1422]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="borboniensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91942330C73730DFEE2CC58BDFDDCE3" box="[275,454,1398,1422]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">H. borboniensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
due to a lack of distinguishable morphological, genetic, or geographic differences from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6DE5A20C73730DFF66CCB4BCD4DCDF" box="[151,239,1434,1458]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kuda">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91942330C73730DFF66CCB4BCD4DCDF" box="[151,239,1434,1458]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">H. kuda</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
proper (from Southeast Asia). Note that this implies that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6DE5A20C73730DFC86CCB4BFEBDCDF" box="[887,976,1434,1458]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kuda">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91942330C73730DFC86CCB4BFEBDCDF" box="[887,976,1434,1458]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">H. kuda</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is in fact a Lessepsian migrant, meaning that it has passed through the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49A950C30C73730DFE14CC91BE20DCBB" box="[485,539,1470,1494]" country="Egypt" name="As Suways" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Suez</collectingRegion>
|
||
Canal and into the Mediterranean Sea (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFCE3D00C73730DFC29CC92B8FADCBB" author="Golani" box="[984,1217,1469,1494]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refString="Golani, D. & Fine, M. (2002) On the occurrence of Hippocampus fuscus in the eastern Mediterranean. Journal of Fish Biology, 60, 764 - 766. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8649.2002. tb 01700. x" type="journal article" year="2002">Golani & Fine 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). We retain
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6DE5A20C73730DFAB4CC90B9A7DCBB" box="[1349,1436,1470,1494]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="reidi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91942330C73730DFAB4CC90B9A7DCBB" box="[1349,1436,1470,1494]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">H. reidi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6DE5A20C73730DFF3DCCCCBD62DC97" box="[204,345,1506,1530]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="algiricus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91942330C73730DFF3DCCCCBD62DC97" box="[204,345,1506,1530]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">H. algiricus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on their subtly distinctive coronets, longer snouts, but mostly their large geographic separation (see Discussion). Further studies are needed to determine whether gene flow occurs across the Atlantic, as these two species appear to be very close genetically (1.3% divergence in 1141bp,
|
||
<emphasis id="B91942330C73730DFBBCCF05B8B9DF2F" box="[1101,1154,1578,1602]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">cytb,</emphasis>
|
||
according to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFCE3D00C73730DFAE8CF05BCF4DF0B" author="Casey" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refString="Casey, S. P., Hall, H. J., Stanley, H. F. & Vincent, A. C. J. (2004) The origin and evolution of seahorses (genus Hippocampus): a phylogenetic study using the cytochrome b gene of mitochondrial DNA. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 30, 261 - 272. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2003.08.018" type="journal article" year="2004">
|
||
Casey
|
||
<emphasis id="B91942330C73730DFA95CF04B9AEDF2F" box="[1380,1429,1578,1602]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2004
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and 1.6% divergence in 652bp, CO1, according to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFCE3D00C73730DFCDBCF62B836DF0B" author="Silveira" box="[810,1037,1613,1638]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refString="Silveira, R. B., Siccha-Ramirez, R., Silva, J. R. S. & Oliveira, C. (2014) Morphological and molecular evidence for the occurrence of three Hippocampus species (Teleostei: Syngnathidae) in Brazil. Zootaxa, 3861 (4), 317 - 32. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3861.4.2" type="journal article" year="2014">
|
||
Silveira
|
||
<emphasis id="B91942330C73730DFC7DCF60BFFCDF0B" box="[908,967,1614,1638]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2014
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). We also conservatively retain
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6DE5A20C73730DFA70CF60BCC3DFE7" class="Actinopterygii" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="capensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91942330C73730DFA70CF60BCC3DFE7" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">H. capensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on its distinctive coronet, noticeably and consistently smaller size, ecological considerations (it appears to be one of the most brackish-water tolerant seahorses and has only been found in estuaries—Lockyear
|
||
<emphasis id="B91942330C73730DFA79CFB8BC8FDFBF" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006), and conservation status (it is the only seahorse listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List—Czembor &
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFCE3D00C73730DFF66CFF2BD31DF9B" author="Bell" box="[151,266,1757,1782]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refString="Czembor, C. A. & Bell, E. M. (2012) Hippocampus capensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, e. T 10056 A 495994. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2305 / IUCN. UK. 012 - 1. RLTS. T 10056 A 495994. en" type="journal article" year="2012">Bell 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Comparisons of cyt
|
||
<emphasis id="B91942330C73730DFDF3CFF1BE2BDF9B" box="[514,528,1758,1782]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">b</emphasis>
|
||
sequences of present-day specimens identified as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6DE5A20C73730DFBB9CFF0B89ADF9B" box="[1096,1185,1758,1782]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kuda">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91942330C73730DFBB9CFF0B89ADF9B" box="[1096,1185,1758,1782]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">H. kuda</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49A950C30C73730DFB16CFF2B903DF9B" box="[1255,1336,1757,1782]" country="United States of America" name="Hawaii" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Hawaii</collectingRegion>
|
||
with the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D620830C73730DFF66CE2CBCFCDE76" box="[151,199,1795,1819]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">type</typeStatus>
|
||
specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6DE5A20C73730DFEAACE2CBDF2DE77" box="[347,457,1794,1818]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hilonis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91942330C73730DFEAACE2CBDF2DE77" box="[347,457,1794,1818]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">H. hilonis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
revealed the same unique haplotype and led the authors to classify them as a subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6DE5A20C73730DFF66CE08BE0ADE53" authority="Szabo et al. 2011" authorityName="Szabo et al." authorityYear="2011" box="[151,561,1829,1854]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="kuda" subSpecies="hilonis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91942330C73730DFF66CE08BD72DE53" box="[151,329,1830,1854]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">H. kuda hilonis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFCE3D00C73730DFEAACE0ABE12DE53" author="Szabo" box="[347,553,1829,1854]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refString="Szabo, Z., Kimokeo, B. K., Toonen, R. J. & Randall, J. E. (2011) On the status of the Hawaiian seahorses Hippocampus hilonis, H. histrix and H. fisheri (Syngnathidae). Marine Biology Research, 7, 701 - 709. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 17451000.2011.558096" type="journal article" year="2011">
|
||
Szabó
|
||
<emphasis id="B91942330C73730DFE5ACE08BDDDDE53" box="[427,486,1830,1854]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2011
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. That said, the Hawaiian haplotype differs from Taiwanese and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37ADEB10C73730DFAEFCE0AB9A7DE53" box="[1310,1436,1829,1854]" name="Philippines" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Philippines</collectingCountry>
|
||
haplotypes by only one and two bases, respectively. Thus we do not support the acceptance of subspecific classification. The synonymization of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6DE5A20C73730DFDB5CE40BEC0DEEB" box="[580,763,1902,1926]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanospilos">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91942330C73730DFDB5CE40BEC0DEEB" box="[580,763,1902,1926]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">H. melanospilos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6DE5A20C73730DFCC0CE40BFDBDEEB" box="[817,992,1903,1926]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="taeniopterus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91942330C73730DFCC0CE40BFDBDEEB" box="[817,992,1903,1926]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">H. taeniopterus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6DE5A20C73730DFBD1CE40B842DEEB" box="[1056,1145,1902,1926]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kuda">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91942330C73730DFBD1CE40B842DEEB" box="[1056,1145,1902,1926]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">H. kuda</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was likely Bleeker’s own (according to manuscript notes to complete Bleeker’s Atlas of Ichthyology by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFCE3D00C73730DFBEECEBCB89FDEC6" author="Popta" box="[1055,1188,1938,1963]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refString="Popta, C. (1895) Handwritten notes to complete Bleeker's Atlas Icthyologique des Indes Orientales Neerlandaises. Naturalis Museum, Leiden, Netherlands." type="book" year="1895">Popta 1895</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFCE3D00C73730DFB4BCEBDB9A7DEC7" box="[1210,1436,1938,1963]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refString="Lourie, S., Vincent, A. & Hall, H. (1999) Seahorses: An Identification Guide to the World's Species and Their Conservation. Project Seahorse, London, UK." type="book">
|
||
Lourie
|
||
<emphasis id="B91942330C73730DFAFCCEBCB973DEC7" box="[1293,1352,1938,1962]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1999)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
followed Popta’s synonymy and we do here as well. According to Kuiter (2009), the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D620830C73730DFB6ECE98B8F4DEA2" box="[1183,1231,1975,1999]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">type</typeStatus>
|
||
specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6DE5A20C73730DFA70CE98BD1BDE9F" class="Actinopterygii" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="moluccensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91942330C73730DFA70CE98BD1BDE9F" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">H. moluccensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are housed at the Museum of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49A950C30C73730DFD81CEF5BEF6DE9E" box="[624,717,2010,2035]" country="Australia" name="Victoria" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Victoria</collectingRegion>
|
||
, although this identification is tentative. Kuiter further identifies them as a spiny species, however after examination of a photograph of one of the specimens we conclude that it is not spiny and more strongly conforms to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6DE5A20C4C7332FD8AC992BEECD9B9" box="[635,727,188,212]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kuda">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91942330C4C7332FD8AC992BEECD9B9" box="[635,727,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">H. kuda</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(SL
|
||
<emphasis id="B91942330C4C7332FCE4C992BFBFD9B9" box="[789,900,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">pers. obs.</emphasis>
|
||
). The
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D620830C4C7332FC25C992B83FD9B8" box="[980,1028,189,213]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">type</typeStatus>
|
||
description of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6DE5A20C4C7332FB47C992B95ED9B9" box="[1206,1381,188,212]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="moluccensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91942330C4C7332FB47C992B95ED9B9" box="[1206,1381,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">H. moluccensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also repeatedly mentions ‘low tubercles’ and nothing about spines. The original description of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6DE5A20C4C7332FB73C9CEB8DFD99A" box="[1154,1252,224,248]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tristis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91942330C4C7332FB73C9CEB8DFD99A" box="[1154,1252,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">H. tristis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
only mentions a single specimen (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFCE3D00C4C7332FE91C82BBE2DD871" author="Castelnau" box="[352,534,260,285]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" refString="Castelnau, F. L. (1872) Contribution to the ichthyology of Australia. No. 1. -- The Melbourne fish market (pp. 29 - 242). No. II. -- Note on some South Australian fishes (pp. 243 - 247). Proceedings of the Zoological and Acclimatisation Society of Victoria, Melbourne, 1, 29 - 247." type="journal article" year="1872">Castelnau 1872</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), however there are two
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D620830C4C7332FCCBC82ABF51D870" box="[826,874,261,285]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">type</typeStatus>
|
||
specimens in MNHN. Castelnau’s paper chiefly deals with fish from the Melbourne fish market and he gives no indication as to the origin of the specimens. The specimen labels however, suggest they are from ‘Swan
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49A950C30C4C7332FCD1C863BF5BD808" box="[800,864,332,357]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">River</collectingRegion>
|
||
, Australia’. Both Melbourne and Swan
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49A950C30C4C7332FAC0C863B954D808" box="[1329,1391,332,357]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">River</collectingRegion>
|
||
are outside the range of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6DE5A20C4C7332FE79C85EBDDFD8E5" box="[392,484,368,392]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kuda">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91942330C4C7332FE79C85EBDDFD8E5" box="[392,484,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">H. kuda</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and it is possible that the specimens came from elsewhere. Morphologically they conform to
|
||
<emphasis id="B91942330C4C7332FEDDC8BABDAED8C1" box="[300,405,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6DE5A20C4C7332FEDDC8BABDAAD8C1" box="[300,401,404,428]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kuda">H. kuda</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Other names that we synonymise, based on our examination of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D620830C4C7332FB08C8BAB912D8C0" box="[1273,1321,405,429]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">type</typeStatus>
|
||
material, morphologically conform to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6DE5A20C4C7332FE2AC896BE0FD8BD" box="[475,564,440,464]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kuda">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91942330C4C7332FE2AC896BE0FD8BD" box="[475,564,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">H. kuda</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g.
|
||
<emphasis id="B91942330C4C7332FD85C896B8A5D8BD" box="[628,1182,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6DE5A20C4C7332FD85C896BF3CD8A2" box="[628,775,440,464]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aterrimus">H. aterrimus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6DE5A20C4C7332FCE3C896BFC1D8BD" box="[786,1018,440,464]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="novaehebudorum">H. novaehebudorum</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6DE5A20C4C7332FBF7C896B8A5D8BD" box="[1030,1182,440,464]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="polytaenia">H. polytaenia</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
—see also notes under
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6DE5A20C4C7332FF66C8F2BD68D899" box="[151,339,477,500]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spinosissimus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91942330C4C7332FF66C8F2BD68D899" box="[151,339,477,500]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">H. spinosissimus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B91942330C4C7332FE90C8F2BE8BD899" box="[353,688,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6DE5A20C4C7332FE90C8F2BE1FD899" box="[353,548,476,500]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rhynchomacer">H. rhynchomacer</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6DE5A20C4C7332FDDEC8F2BE8BD899" box="[559,688,477,500]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="taeniops">H. taeniops</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
) (Appendix I). Remaining names lack
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D620830C4C7332FB97C8F2B8ADD898" box="[1126,1174,477,501]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">type</typeStatus>
|
||
specimens, or we were unable to examine the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D620830C4C7332FE58CB2FBDDCDB75" box="[425,487,512,536]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">types</typeStatus>
|
||
, and are synonymised based on the original morphological descriptions (e.g.
|
||
<emphasis id="B91942330C4C7332FA70CB2EBDFFDB51" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6DE5A20C4C7332FA70CB2EBD39DB51" class="Actinopterygii" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chinensis">H. chinensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6DE5A20C4C7332FEFCCB0ABD54DB51" box="[269,367,548,572]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="horai">H. horai</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6DE5A20C4C7332FE8BCB0ABDFFDB51" box="[378,452,549,572]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="raji">H. raji</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6DE5A20C4C7332FE0ACB0ABE92DB51" box="[507,681,549,572]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="taeniopterus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91942330C4C7332FE0ACB0ABE92DB51" box="[507,681,549,572]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">H. taeniopterus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |