220 lines
30 KiB
XML
220 lines
30 KiB
XML
<document id="8D4A3D1726CD50946B689157370F0BB0" ID-CLB-Dataset="69153" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6632647" ID-GBIF-Dataset="03e4f5d4-2a65-4931-aeb7-b4520eac77ca" ID-ISBN="978-84-96553-89-7" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6632647" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1654884098359" checkinUser="carolina" docAuthor="Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands & Don E. Wilson" docDate="2013" docId="039C9423FFFF087E3189D2385239FDC8" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_3_Lorisidae_0210.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Loris tardigradus" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="218" masterDocId="FFA5EC5BFFF808763122D562567EFFBD" masterDocTitle="Lorisidae" masterLastPageNumber="220" masterPageNumber="210" pageNumber="217" updateTime="1699339279717" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo id="FD4ADE7376736A30F1BB1BDE541A94CD">
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<mods:title id="41900CA2CA14C9BC1A3BCEF83796CCB3">Lorisidae</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="1B494A3C14E0E68D943F5E89D6C7F70A" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="D778DF2A7B8A4CA1D2A2D1CB41E571DB">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="5FC5212CC3D45A1C4BACB87BAF2CD7D4">Anthony B. Rylands</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="175CF45587DDF0C255B793ACC7BE0DAC">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="825BA72B969D7E9798FDFB6F67018D93">2013</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="3BD67B720811A012DB9CC2EA65F1182B" type="pubDate">2013-03-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="CE05D520E6BABE058FE48301ABB52EB9">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:placeTerm id="041A39E915E3E2786BB2C7C02365AAED">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:title id="4F300F6F1727C5499779225D4A30205A">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates</mods:title>
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<treatment id="039C9423FFFF087E3189D2385239FDC8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6632624" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195833938" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6632624" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039C9423FFFF087E3189D2385239FDC8" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039C9423FFFF087E3189D2385239FDC8" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="218" pageId="7" pageNumber="217">
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<subSubSection id="C32F76BEFFFF08713189D23856B4F831" box="[171,202,1882,1932]" pageId="7" pageNumber="217" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="8B8A2535FFFF08713189D23856B4F831" blockId="7.[168,972,1882,2013]" box="[171,202,1882,1932]" pageId="7" pageNumber="217">
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<heading id="D0C29259FFFF08713189D23856B4F831" box="[171,202,1882,1932]" pageId="7" pageNumber="217">
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<figureCitation id="130E39B0FFFF08713189D23856B4F831" box="[171,202,1882,1932]" captionStart="Plate 16: Lorisidae" captionStartId="2.[70,100,3437,3462]" captionTargetBox="[11,2696,20,1770]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="1. Calabar Angwantibo (Arctocebus calabarensis), 2. Golden Angwantibo (Arclocebus aureus), 3. West African Potto (Perodicticus potto), 4. Milne-Edwards’s Potto (Perodicticus edwardsi), 5. East African Potto (Perodicticus ibeanus)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6632683" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6632683/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="217">7.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C32F76BEFFFF087131F9D238542CF831" box="[219,594,1882,1932]" pageId="7" pageNumber="217" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8B8A2535FFFF087131F9D238542CF831" blockId="7.[168,972,1882,2013]" box="[219,594,1882,1932]" pageId="7" pageNumber="217">
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<heading id="D0C29259FFFF087131F9D238542CF831" box="[219,594,1882,1932]" pageId="7" pageNumber="217">
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<vernacularName id="0536551BFFFF087131F9D238542CF831" box="[219,594,1882,1932]" pageId="7" pageNumber="217">Red Slender Loris</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C32F76BEFFFF087133A7D23855B2F831" box="[645,972,1882,1932]" pageId="7" pageNumber="217" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B8A2535FFFF087133A7D23855B2F831" blockId="7.[168,972,1882,2013]" box="[645,972,1882,1932]" pageId="7" pageNumber="217">
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<heading id="D0C29259FFFF087133A7D23855B2F831" box="[645,972,1882,1932]" pageId="7" pageNumber="217">
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<taxonomicName id="4C355EB6FFFF087133A7D23855B2F831" ID-CoL="3W7FX" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[645,972,1882,1932]" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Loris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="7" pageNumber="217" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tardigradus">
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<emphasis id="B941F927FFFF087133A7D23855B2F831" box="[645,972,1882,1932]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="217">Loris tardigradus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C32F76BEFFFF08713188D2FC5528F867" pageId="7" pageNumber="217" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8B8A2535FFFF08713188D2FC55D0F80E" blockId="7.[168,972,1882,2013]" box="[170,942,1950,1971]" pageId="7" pageNumber="217">
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<heading id="D0C29259FFFF08713188D2FC55D0F80E" box="[170,942,1950,1971]" pageId="7" pageNumber="217">
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<emphasis id="B941F927FFFF08713188D2FC5688F80E" bold="true" box="[170,246,1950,1971]" pageId="7" pageNumber="217">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="0536551BFFFF08713022D2FC5718F80E" box="[256,358,1950,1971]" pageId="7" pageNumber="217">Loris gréle</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B941F927FFFF0871305ED2FC57A9F80E" bold="true" box="[380,471,1950,1971]" pageId="7" pageNumber="217">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="0536551BFFFF087130C3D2FC54F9F80E" box="[481,647,1950,1971]" pageId="7" pageNumber="217">Roter Schlanklori</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B941F927FFFF087133BFD2FC5487F80E" bold="true" box="[669,761,1950,1971]" pageId="7" pageNumber="217">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="0536551BFFFF08713220D2FC55D0F80E" box="[770,942,1950,1971]" pageId="7" pageNumber="217">Loris esbelto rojo</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B8A2535FFFF0871318BD2A75528F867" blockId="7.[168,972,1882,2013]" box="[169,854,1989,2010]" pageId="7" pageNumber="217">
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<heading id="D0C29259FFFF0871318BD2A75528F867" box="[169,854,1989,2010]" pageId="7" pageNumber="217">
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<emphasis id="B941F927FFFF0871318BD2A757E1F867" bold="true" box="[169,415,1989,2010]" pageId="7" pageNumber="217">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="0536551BFFFF0871308BD2A75528F867" box="[425,854,1989,2010]" pageId="7" pageNumber="217">Horton Plains Slender Loris (nycticeboides)</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C32F76BEFFFF08713232DD6E5524F7ED" pageId="7" pageNumber="217" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8B8A2535FFFF08713232DD6E5524F7ED" blockId="7.[784,1372,2060,2483]" pageId="7" pageNumber="217">
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<emphasis id="B941F927FFFF08713232DD6E55D5F794" bold="true" box="[784,939,2060,2089]" pageId="7" pageNumber="217">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C355EB6FFFF087132E6DD6E552BF7ED" ID-CoL="3W7FX" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Loris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="7" pageNumber="217" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tardigradus">Lemur tardigradus Linnaeus, 1758</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C32F76BEFFFF08713247DD5152EFF7ED" box="[869,1169,2099,2128]" pageId="7" pageNumber="217" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8B8A2535FFFF08713247DD5152EFF7ED" blockId="7.[784,1372,2060,2483]" box="[869,1169,2099,2128]" pageId="7" pageNumber="217">
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<materialsCitation id="3B5D2F68FFFF08713247DD5152EFF7ED" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3806470301" box="[869,1169,2099,2128]" pageId="7" pageNumber="217">Ceylon (= Sri Lanka).</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C32F76BEFFFF08713232DD355299F664" pageId="7" pageNumber="217" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8B8A2535FFFF08713232DD355299F664" blockId="7.[784,1372,2060,2483]" lastBlockId="7.[168,1372,2488,3464]" pageId="7" pageNumber="217">The precise type locality is unknown, but it was probably in the western lowlands of Sri Lanka. The subspecies nycticeboides was described by W. C. O. Hill in 1942 from the Horton Plains at an elevation of 1830 m in Sri Lanka’s Central Province, although there remains some dispute as to which species this taxon belongs. There is preliminary evidence for two additional subspecies in the Wet Zone of Sri Lanka. Two subspecies are recognized here.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C32F76BEFFFF0871318ADC865441F578" pageId="7" pageNumber="217" type="distribution">
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<caption id="DF4A75BDFFFF0871318ADC865441F578" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6632667" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6632667" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6632667/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="217" targetBox="[171,754,2065,2473]" targetPageId="7">
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<paragraph id="8B8A2535FFFF0871318ADC865449F5BC" blockId="7.[168,1372,2488,3464]" box="[168,567,2532,2561]" pageId="7" pageNumber="217">
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<emphasis id="B941F927FFFF0871318ADC865449F5BC" bold="true" box="[168,567,2532,2561]" pageId="7" pageNumber="217">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B8A2535FFFF0871318ADF655705F5CA" blockId="7.[168,1372,2488,3464]" pageId="7" pageNumber="217">
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<taxonomicName id="4C355EB6FFFF0871318ADF655705F5CA" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Loris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="7" pageNumber="217" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="tardigradus" subSpecies="tardigradus">L.t.tardigradusLinnaeus,1758—SWSriLanka(Western&Southernprovinces),fromtheoutskirtsofColombointheNtoRannaintheS,atlowerelevationsupto¢.470mabovesealevel.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B8A2535FFFF0871318BDF1F5441F578" blockId="7.[168,1372,2488,3464]" pageId="7" pageNumber="217">
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<taxonomicName id="4C355EB6FFFF0871318BDF1F5464F523" authority="Hill, 1942" authorityName="Hill" authorityYear="1942" box="[169,538,2685,2718]" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Loris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="7" pageNumber="217" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="tardigradus" subSpecies="nycticeboides">L. t. nycticeboides Hill, 1942</taxonomicName>
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— Sri Lanka (Central Province highlands), at elevations of 1650-2000 m above sea level.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C32F76BEFFFF0871318ADFA955D7F235" pageId="7" pageNumber="217" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B8A2535FFFF0871318ADFA955D7F235" blockId="7.[168,1372,2488,3464]" pageId="7" pageNumber="217">
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<emphasis id="B941F927FFFF0871318ADFA957DEF551" bold="true" box="[168,416,2763,2796]" pageId="7" pageNumber="217">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head—body 18-21 cm, tail vestigial; weight 85-220 g. The nominate subspecies
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<taxonomicName id="4C355EB6FFFF0871306ADF9157A7F4A9" box="[328,473,2803,2836]" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Loris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="7" pageNumber="217" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tardigradus">tardigradus</taxonomicName>
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is the smallest of the slender loris taxa (head-body length less than 20-5 cm; weight 122-170 g). Dorsally, its pelage is red-brown with or without a dorsal stripe. The ventral hair is yellowish white with dark gray hair bases. Its preauricular hair has dark bases intergrading to its ear from its dark brown-chestnut circumocular patches, which are rounded in shape. The white interocular stripe is very narrow or absent. Its hands and feet are pink or yellowish-pink in adults. It has very large eyes and relatively small ears that are generally a woody russet color. The muzzle is long and pointed. Fur on forearms, hands, and feetis short. The toilet claw of the second digit of the foot is well developed. The “Horton Plains Slender
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<taxonomicName id="4C355EB6FFFF08713568D94F52F0F3F3" box="[1098,1166,3117,3150]" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Loris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="7" pageNumber="217" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Loris</taxonomicName>
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” (L. t. nycticeboudes) 1s the most distinct of the Sri Lankan lorises. Its limbs are shorter relative to the trunk than in
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<taxonomicName id="4C355EB6FFFF0871304DD919547EF321" box="[367,512,3195,3228]" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Loris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="7" pageNumber="217" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tardigradus">tardigradus</taxonomicName>
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, with their hindlimbs especially shortened. The skull (length 5-2 cm) is also considerably larger in all details than in the subspecies
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<taxonomicName id="4C355EB6FFFF087135E2D9C5532CF379" box="[1216,1362,3239,3268]" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Loris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="7" pageNumber="217" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tardigradus">tardigradus</taxonomicName>
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. The fur of the Horton Plains Slender
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<taxonomicName id="4C355EB6FFFF087133E7D9B05574F356" box="[709,778,3282,3307]" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Loris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="7" pageNumber="217" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Loris</taxonomicName>
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is very long, soft, and thick, and it makes the animal look much larger than its body measurements would suggest (head-body 20.4-21.3 cm; weight 140-220 g); it looks superficially like a slow loris (
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<taxonomicName id="4C355EB6FFFF0871359DD87A5335F284" authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1812" box="[1215,1355,3352,3385]" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Nycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="7" pageNumber="217" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Nycticebus</taxonomicName>
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). Limbs, in particular, are thickly furred toward their extremities. This furriness makes this
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<taxonomicName id="4C355EB6FFFF087131C1D80957E1F235" box="[227,415,3435,3464]" form="difficult" pageId="7" pageNumber="217" rank="form">form difficult</taxonomicName>
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to confuse with other slender lorises.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C32F76BEFFFF08713481D4435014FD22" pageId="7" pageNumber="217" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="8B8A2535FFFF08713481D4435014FD22" blockId="7.[1438,2646,289,3471]" pageId="7" pageNumber="217">
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<emphasis id="B941F927FFFF08713481D443506FFE83" bold="true" box="[1443,1553,289,318]" pageId="7" pageNumber="217">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Primary and some secondary wet lowland forest and tropical rainforest (
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<taxonomicName id="4C355EB6FFFF08713B2CD443507EFEDB" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Loris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="7" pageNumber="217" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tardigradus">tardigradus</taxonomicName>
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); cloud, montane, and highland evergreen forest (nycticeboides). The subspecies
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<taxonomicName id="4C355EB6FFFF08713487D40E5049FE30" box="[1445,1591,364,397]" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Loris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="7" pageNumber="217" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tardigradus">tardigradus</taxonomicName>
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is found in the wet lowland forests up to 470 m above sea level. Its habitat is heavily fragmented. It uses small twigs, lianas, and vines for movement, and it also forage on the ground. The Horton Plains Slender
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<taxonomicName id="4C355EB6FFFF0871394DD4D95ECBFE61" box="[2159,2229,443,476]" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Loris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="7" pageNumber="217" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Loris</taxonomicName>
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is found in central Sri Lanka at elevations of 1800-2300 m in montane mist forests. It has been observed moving on the ground and crossing roads, and it is often seen low down in stunted vegetation. Vicinity to human populations negatively impacts the Red Slender
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<taxonomicName id="4C355EB6FFFF08713849D7535FCDFDEF" box="[2411,2483,561,594]" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Loris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="7" pageNumber="217" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Loris</taxonomicName>
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; it is rarely found in home gardens and seems to require continuous canopy to move between forest patches.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C32F76BEFFFF08713481D7C55E56FBBF" pageId="7" pageNumber="217" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8A2535FFFF08713481D7C55E56FBBF" blockId="7.[1438,2646,289,3471]" pageId="7" pageNumber="217">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941F927FFFF08713481D7C550DAFD75" bold="true" box="[1443,1700,679,712]" pageId="7" pageNumber="217">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
In 1905,|. Still suggested that lorises were completely insectivorous, even carnivorous. Wild Red Slender Lorises have only been seen eating animal prey. They eat insects (including moths, stick insects, dragonflies, beetles, cockroaches, and grasshoppers), lizards (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C355EB6FFFF087137C9D67E5136FC80" box="[1771,1864,796,829]" class="Reptilia" family="Agamidae" genus="Calotes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="217" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Calotes</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C355EB6FFFF08713674D67E5194FC80" box="[1878,2026,796,829]" class="Reptilia" family="Agamidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="217" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Agamidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and geckos. They have not been seen eating birds, but the speed with which they can grasp prey and kill with a bite to the head suggests this is possible. At Masmullah Proposed Forest Reserve, lorises were found in high abundance in areas with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C355EB6FFFF08713669D6F5519DFC09" box="[1867,2019,919,948]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Humboldtia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="7" pageNumber="217" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Humboldtia</taxonomicName>
|
||
laurifolia (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C355EB6FFFF08713955D6F55E81FC09" box="[2167,2303,919,948]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="7" pageNumber="217" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), a tree that has a mutualistic relationship with ants and provides abundant food for lorises. Nothing is known of the diet of the Horton Plains Slender
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C355EB6FFFF087136F9D6875E5AFBBF" box="[2011,2084,997,1026]" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Loris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="7" pageNumber="217" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Loris</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C32F76BEFFFF08713480D16A5E7FFAD9" pageId="7" pageNumber="217" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8A2535FFFF08713480D16A5E7FFAD9" blockId="7.[1438,2646,289,3471]" pageId="7" pageNumber="217">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941F927FFFF08713480D16A5056FB94" bold="true" box="[1442,1576,1032,1065]" pageId="7" pageNumber="217">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Dominant males may
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C355EB6FFFF08713640D16A5E20FB94" box="[1890,2142,1032,1065]" form="partnerships" pageId="7" pageNumber="217" rank="form">form partnerships</taxonomicName>
|
||
with smaller beta males—coalitions to pursue estrous females. Males gather when a female is in estrus, some coming from other parts of the forest, and vocal battles are common. Gestation is 165-175 days; one twin birth in captivity occurred after 174 days. Births occur throughout the year, and singletons are more common than twins. Mothersstart to park their infants when they are about two months old, remaining near and rushing back to retrieve the infant at any sign of danger. Females have a 29-40day sexual cycle, with genital swelling and reddening at estrus. Individuals may live up to 15 years. Only one birth has been witnessed for the Horton Plains Slender Loris.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C32F76BEFFFF08713482D0095E0CF881" pageId="7" pageNumber="217" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8A2535FFFF08713482D0095E0CF881" blockId="7.[1438,2646,289,3471]" pageId="7" pageNumber="217">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941F927FFFF08713482D00950F3FA31" bold="true" box="[1440,1677,1387,1420]" pageId="7" pageNumber="217">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
The Red Slender Loris is nocturnal and arboreal. Although lorises are thought to be slow climbers, kinematic studies revealed that the nominate subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C355EB6FFFF087134C2D0DC500FFA66" box="[1504,1649,1470,1499]" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Loris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="7" pageNumber="217" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tardigradus">tardigradus</taxonomicName>
|
||
can move at speeds of 1-3 m/second. In a secondary tree-fall area, Red Slender Lorises are small-branch specialists, most often moving on supports less than 5 cm in diameter and only occasionally selecting branch clusters or substrates larger than 5 cm in diameter. Overall, they do not have strong preferences with respect to branch orientation. Rapid quadrupedalism is used on arboreal supports of all diameters and orientations, but individuals have never been seen moving on the ground. The Horton Plains Slender Loris moves very much like its low-country counterpart and is also capable of incredible speed. It has been observed at low heights (2 m above the ground), and it crosses open ground. It also will occur in the highest trees available, for example, in alpine scrub at heights of 4 m.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C32F76BEFFFF08713483D2205C50F434" pageId="7" pageNumber="217" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8A2535FFFF08713483D2205C50F434" blockId="7.[1438,2646,289,3471]" pageId="7" pageNumber="217">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941F927FFFF08713483D2205E14F8DE" bold="true" box="[1441,2154,1858,1891]" pageId="7" pageNumber="217">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Virtually nothing is known about the behavior of the Horton Plains Slender Loris, so the description here refers to the subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C355EB6FFFF0871371DD2F450AFF80E" box="[1599,1745,1942,1971]" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Loris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="7" pageNumber="217" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tardigradus">tardigradus</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Red Slender Lorises sleep in groups of up to five animals, most commonly a male, female, and their offspring. Some males change their sleeping site regularly and may sleep in the vicinity of a female. They engage in intense grooming sessions and social and solitary play at dawn and dusk. They communicate regularly using scent marking and loud calls. Individuals with overlapping home ranges interact throughout the night. Females have home ranges of 1-2-6-9 ha, whereas those of males are 1-4-3-4 ha. Males may affiliate with males and with more than one female. Females rarely affiliate with other females and may be aggressive toward males that attempt to follow or groom them. During the single long-term radio-tracking study on the Red Slender Loris, a single male’s home range overlapped a single female’s home range, but not all individuals in the area were caught, and more animals shared sleep sites. This, combined with promiscuous mating, implies that unimale—unifemale social pairs are not the rule for this species. Interestingly, lorises are very disturbed by white light and usually cease social behavior (e.g. partners will disperse) unless red or infrared light is used. The subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C355EB6FFFF087136FDDCDA5E0EF664" box="[2015,2160,2488,2521]" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Loris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="7" pageNumber="217" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tardigradus">tardigradus</taxonomicName>
|
||
utters “chitters,” “kriks,” and “zic” calls. A scream has not yet been recorded. They produce a soft whistle, barely audible to humans even when standing within 10 m of an individual. By far the most common call is the loud whistle, used to communicate location to friendly conspecifics, to warn non-group members, and to ward off encroaching males. Vocal battles are common and up to 60 calls per hour are not uncommon. The whistle is so common that it is a good indicator of loris presence or absence in a forest. At least six variations of the whistle have been described, with a potential twelve additional variants. The syllables within each call can be undulated, strangled, and short or long, and they occur in different combinations. Density estimates of lorises were 0-08-0-55 ind/ha across 15 separate sites. Loris abundance was positively associated with vines and branches providing continuous passage and trees providing a number of potential sleeping sites.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C32F76BEFFFF087E3483DEF15519FE34" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="218" pageId="7" pageNumber="217" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8A2535FFFF087E3483DEF15519FE34" blockId="7.[1438,2646,289,3471]" lastBlockId="8.[81,1282,281,631]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="218" pageId="7" pageNumber="217">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941F927FFFF08713483DEF15080F40D" bold="true" box="[1441,1790,2963,2992]" pageId="7" pageNumber="217">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
CITES Appendix II. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List. The Red Slender Loris is threatened mainly by loss of habitat, and the nominate subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C355EB6FFFF087137A5DEBC5166F442" box="[1671,1816,3038,3071]" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Loris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="7" pageNumber="217" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tardigradus">tardigradus</taxonomicName>
|
||
particularly by gem mining. Individuals are regularly sold illegally in bazaars as pets, and they are valued in traditional medicine and killed because of superstitious folk beliefs. All populations are likely declining and at low levels, with as few as 1500
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C355EB6FFFF0871378AD9365147F3C8" box="[1704,1849,3156,3189]" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Loris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="7" pageNumber="217" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tardigradus">tardigradus</taxonomicName>
|
||
in only c.3000 ha of highly fragmented forests and a critically low number of 80 nycticeboides in the Horton Plains, Sri Lanka. The subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C355EB6FFFF08713B0AD91D506FF37E" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Loris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="7" pageNumber="217" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tardigradus">tardigradus</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurs in Udawalawe National Park; the sanctuaries of Attidiya-Belanwila, Kurulukele, Peak Wilderness, Udawattekele, Victoria-Randenigala-Rantambe; and forest reserves of Ingiriya, Kanneliya, Kombala-Kottawa, Oliyagankele, Polgahaivalakande, Kakanadura, Dandeniya Aparekka, and Godakawela. It can also be found in Gampola-Ambuluwela Biodiversity Park, Maimbulkanda Nature Reserve, Muthurajawela Sanctuary, Sinharaja World Heritage Site, and Masmullah Proposed Forest Reserve. The Horton Plains Slender Loris is known from the Horton Plains National Park, Hakgala Strict Nature Reserve, and Conical Hill and Bomburella forest reserves. It may also occur in the Peak Wilderness Sanctuary and Siripagama.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C32F76BEFFF0087E3170D4FA5239FDC8" pageId="8" pageNumber="218" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8A2535FFF0087E3170D4FA537EFE0C" blockId="8.[81,1282,281,631]" box="[82,1280,408,433]" pageId="8" pageNumber="218">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941F927FFF0087E3170D4FA5692FE0C" bold="true" box="[82,236,408,433]" pageId="8" pageNumber="218">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Bernede (2009), Bernede et al. (2008), Gamage et al. (2010), Goonan (1993), Goonan et al.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8A2535FFF0087E3170D4DD5239FDC8" blockId="8.[81,1282,281,631]" pageId="8" pageNumber="218">(1995), Groves (2001), Hill (1942b), Molur et al. (2003), Montagna & Ellis (1960), Muller et al. (1985), Napier & Napier (1967), Nekaris (2003a, 2003b, 2002/2003), Nekaris & Bearder (2007), Nekaris & Jayewardene (2003, 2004), Nekaris & Perera (2007), Nekaris & Rasmussen (2003), Nekaris & Stevens (2007), Nekaris, Liyanage & Gamage (2005), Nekaris, Pimley & Ablard (2006, 2007), Petter & Hladik (1970), Rumpler et al. (1987), Schmitt & Lemelin (2004), Schulze & Meier (1995a), Sellers (1996), Still (1905), Subramoniam (1957).</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |