166 lines
39 KiB
XML
166 lines
39 KiB
XML
<document id="06165D707D854324B47A92D5D610CF54" ID-DOI="10.37520/fi.2022.004" ID-ISSN="2533-4069" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7167719" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1665261516902" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Tiffney, Bruce H. & Manchester, Steven R." docDate="2022" docId="039C6431083AFFD1A566943CD2C6FA3B" docLanguage="en" docName="FossilImprint.78.1.51-79.pdf" docOrigin="Fossil Imprint 78 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.37520/fi.2022.004" docStyle="DocumentStyle:0EC54BF35E227CA4627F894F6BA30634.4:FossilImprint.2016-.journal_article" docStyleId="0EC54BF35E227CA4627F894F6BA30634" docStyleName="FossilImprint.2016-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Mastixia BLUME." docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="65" masterDocId="FFA51C490834FFDFA45B9267D633FFDF" masterDocTitle="The Early Middle Eocene Wagon Bed Carpoflora Of Central Wyoming, U. S. A." masterLastPageNumber="79" masterPageNumber="51" pageNumber="65" updateTime="1699373346818" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-NC-ND-3.0">
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<mods:title id="EDF75836F409352FB23A0EE6878C4CA6">The Early Middle Eocene Wagon Bed Carpoflora Of Central Wyoming, U. S. A.</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="CF33F7BF261D384101FE68C2BDAD075B">Tiffney, Bruce H.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="086F991831546AFDB12EB8B77709AA33">Manchester, Steven R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="F1F769D49B78EFDA9BA8637422F43A9D">Fossil Imprint</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="1E3D736A3446A25B93C7AB45BDCE6246">2022</mods:date>
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<paragraph id="8B8AD527083AFFD1A566943CD477F9AC" blockId="14.[317,580,1627,1651]" box="[317,580,1627,1651]" pageId="14" pageNumber="65">
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<heading id="D0C2624B083AFFD1A566943CD477F9AC" box="[317,580,1627,1651]" centered="true" fontSize="8" level="2" pageId="14" pageNumber="65" reason="2">
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<emphasis id="B9410935083AFFD1A566943CD477F9AC" bold="true" box="[317,580,1627,1651]" pageId="14" pageNumber="65">
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Genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C35AEA4083AFFD1A5D7943CD477F9AC" ID-CoL="8VZ6X" authority="BLUME." authorityName="BLUME." box="[396,580,1627,1651]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nyssaceae" genus="Mastixia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cornales" pageId="14" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9410935083AFFD1A5D7943CD7DFF9AC" bold="true" box="[396,492,1627,1651]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="65">Mastixia</emphasis>
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BLUME.
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C32F86AC083AFFD1A503941CD2C6FA3B" pageId="14" pageNumber="65" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B8AD527083AFFD1A503941CD41BF94C" blockId="14.[344,552,1659,1683]" box="[344,552,1659,1683]" pageId="14" pageNumber="65">
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<figureCitation id="130EC9A2083AFFD1A503941CD7D8F94C" box="[344,491,1659,1683]" captionStart="Text-fig" captionStartId="15.[125,206,1573,1594]" captionTargetBox="[129,1438,158,1544]" captionTargetId="figure-4@15.[79,1459,-11,1950]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Text-fig. 6. Cornaceae. Alangium (a–e), Mastixia (f–r). a–e: Alangium, DMNH EPI.47806. Scale bar = 1cm. b, e: Reflected light, palladium coated. a, c, d: Micro-CT scan surface rendering. a: Locule cast, face view of slightly larger locule. b: Face view of slightly smaller locule. c: Lateral view of the endocarp, the slightly enlarged left carpel separated from the smaller carpel by a longitudinal septal groove; the faint pitting in the groove suggestive of the septal vasculature. d, e: Views of either end of the endocarp, illustrating the size difference between the two carpels and the pitting in the septal groove suggestive of the septal vasculature. f–k: Mastixia USNM PAL772362. Scale bar = 1cm. f, g, j, k: reflected light,palladium coated; h, i: micro-CT scan surface rendering. f: Lateral view of endocarp, inferred dorsal germination valve groove facing the viewer. Note irregular, rugose, longitudinal ridges. g: Lateral view of endocarp, inferred germination valve with median longitudinal groove to left. h: Lateral view of endocarp reoriented with the same longitudinal groove to the right. i: Lateral view, rotated to ventral surface. j: View of one end of the endocarp, germination valve groove up. k: Opposite end view, with prominent radial ridges and intervening grooves, germination valve groove up. l–r: Mastixia USNM PAL 772363. Scale bar = 1cm. l: View of one face of endocarp, displaying a groove that may represent the surficial expression of the dorsal infold of a Mastixia-like germination valve. Surface badly eroded, reflected light, palladium coated. m: Opposite face of endocarp displaying extensive erosion and a central hole interpreted as feeding damage. n: Lateral view; m, n micro-CT scan surface renderings. o: A view of one end, displaying the prominent groove, reflected light, palladium coated. p: Opposite end to (o). q: View as in (o); p, q micro-CT scan surface renderings. r: Virtual transverse section showing curved locule (arrows)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7167733" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7167733/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="65">Text-figs 6f–r</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="130EC9A2083AFFD1A5AD941BD41BF94C" box="[502,552,1660,1683]" captionStart="Text-fig" captionStartId="17.[125,206,1580,1601]" captionTargetBox="[128,1440,152,1562]" captionTargetId="figure-114@17.[70,1512,-161,1755]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Text-fig. 7. Cornacaeae (a–j), Icacinaceae (k–o). a–e: Mastixia. USNM PAL 772364. Scale bar = 1cm. a: Lateral view of eroded endocarp – the opposite side being missing and the endocarp broken near its mid point, reflected light, palladium coated. b–e: Micro-CT scan surface renderings. b: Rotated 90° from the view in (a). c: Rotated 90° from the view in (b). d: Rotated 90° from (c), exhibiting the damaged “back” face of the endocarp. e: Axillary view of the endocarp; the opposite end missing as apparent in (d). f–j: Cf. Nyssa. DMNH EPI.47808. Scale bar = 1cm. Micro-CT scan surface renderings. f: Intact face of the endocarp; note ridges and “apical” point. g: Eroded (?gnawed; note horizontal grooving) opposite face of the endocarp. h: Lateral view of the endocarp, eroded/gnawed face to left. i: Apical view, eroded/gnawn portion below. j: Basal view of endocarp. k–o: Iodes DMNH-EPI.47807. Micro-CT scan surface renderings. Scale bar = 1cm. k: Face view of endocarp. l: Opposite face of endocarp. m: Lateral view demonstrating the compressed nature of the endocarp, note thickened suture marking the probable track of the primary bundle. n: Apical view, primary bundle trace to right. o: Basal view, primary bundle trace to right." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7167737" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7167737/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="65">7a–e</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B8AD527083AFFD1A4FD94CCD533F91C" blockId="14.[128,768,1707,1763]" box="[166,768,1707,1731]" pageId="14" pageNumber="65">M a t e r i a l. Four chalcedony casts. USNM PAL</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B8AD527083AFFD1A4DB94ACD7C3F93C" blockId="14.[128,768,1707,1763]" box="[128,496,1739,1763]" pageId="14" pageNumber="65">772364, 772362, 772363, 772365.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B8AD527083AFFD1A4FD949CD335FE6F" blockId="14.[128,768,1786,2100]" lastBlockId="14.[843,1482,151,432]" pageId="14" pageNumber="65">
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D e s c r i p t i o n. Endocarp ellipsoidal, longitudinally ribbed, unilocular (
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<figureCitation id="130EC9A2083AFFD1A508957DD7C3F8ED" box="[339,496,1818,1842]" captionStart="Text-fig" captionStartId="15.[125,206,1573,1594]" captionTargetBox="[129,1438,158,1544]" captionTargetId="figure-4@15.[79,1459,-11,1950]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Text-fig. 6. Cornaceae. Alangium (a–e), Mastixia (f–r). a–e: Alangium, DMNH EPI.47806. Scale bar = 1cm. b, e: Reflected light, palladium coated. a, c, d: Micro-CT scan surface rendering. a: Locule cast, face view of slightly larger locule. b: Face view of slightly smaller locule. c: Lateral view of the endocarp, the slightly enlarged left carpel separated from the smaller carpel by a longitudinal septal groove; the faint pitting in the groove suggestive of the septal vasculature. d, e: Views of either end of the endocarp, illustrating the size difference between the two carpels and the pitting in the septal groove suggestive of the septal vasculature. f–k: Mastixia USNM PAL772362. Scale bar = 1cm. f, g, j, k: reflected light,palladium coated; h, i: micro-CT scan surface rendering. f: Lateral view of endocarp, inferred dorsal germination valve groove facing the viewer. Note irregular, rugose, longitudinal ridges. g: Lateral view of endocarp, inferred germination valve with median longitudinal groove to left. h: Lateral view of endocarp reoriented with the same longitudinal groove to the right. i: Lateral view, rotated to ventral surface. j: View of one end of the endocarp, germination valve groove up. k: Opposite end view, with prominent radial ridges and intervening grooves, germination valve groove up. l–r: Mastixia USNM PAL 772363. Scale bar = 1cm. l: View of one face of endocarp, displaying a groove that may represent the surficial expression of the dorsal infold of a Mastixia-like germination valve. Surface badly eroded, reflected light, palladium coated. m: Opposite face of endocarp displaying extensive erosion and a central hole interpreted as feeding damage. n: Lateral view; m, n micro-CT scan surface renderings. o: A view of one end, displaying the prominent groove, reflected light, palladium coated. p: Opposite end to (o). q: View as in (o); p, q micro-CT scan surface renderings. r: Virtual transverse section showing curved locule (arrows)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7167733" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7167733/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="65">Text-figs 6f–k</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="130EC9A2083AFFD1A65A957CD406F8EC" box="[513,565,1819,1843]" captionStart="Text-fig" captionStartId="17.[125,206,1580,1601]" captionTargetBox="[128,1440,152,1562]" captionTargetId="figure-114@17.[70,1512,-161,1755]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Text-fig. 7. Cornacaeae (a–j), Icacinaceae (k–o). a–e: Mastixia. USNM PAL 772364. Scale bar = 1cm. a: Lateral view of eroded endocarp – the opposite side being missing and the endocarp broken near its mid point, reflected light, palladium coated. b–e: Micro-CT scan surface renderings. b: Rotated 90° from the view in (a). c: Rotated 90° from the view in (b). d: Rotated 90° from (c), exhibiting the damaged “back” face of the endocarp. e: Axillary view of the endocarp; the opposite end missing as apparent in (d). f–j: Cf. Nyssa. DMNH EPI.47808. Scale bar = 1cm. Micro-CT scan surface renderings. f: Intact face of the endocarp; note ridges and “apical” point. g: Eroded (?gnawed; note horizontal grooving) opposite face of the endocarp. h: Lateral view of the endocarp, eroded/gnawed face to left. i: Apical view, eroded/gnawn portion below. j: Basal view of endocarp. k–o: Iodes DMNH-EPI.47807. Micro-CT scan surface renderings. Scale bar = 1cm. k: Face view of endocarp. l: Opposite face of endocarp. m: Lateral view demonstrating the compressed nature of the endocarp, note thickened suture marking the probable track of the primary bundle. n: Apical view, primary bundle trace to right. o: Basal view, primary bundle trace to right." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7167737" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7167737/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="65">7a–c</figureCitation>
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), with a u-shaped locule (
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<figureCitation id="130EC9A2083AFFD1A495955DD77AF88D" box="[206,329,1850,1874]" captionStart="Text-fig" captionStartId="15.[125,206,1573,1594]" captionTargetBox="[129,1438,158,1544]" captionTargetId="figure-4@15.[79,1459,-11,1950]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Text-fig. 6. Cornaceae. Alangium (a–e), Mastixia (f–r). a–e: Alangium, DMNH EPI.47806. Scale bar = 1cm. b, e: Reflected light, palladium coated. a, c, d: Micro-CT scan surface rendering. a: Locule cast, face view of slightly larger locule. b: Face view of slightly smaller locule. c: Lateral view of the endocarp, the slightly enlarged left carpel separated from the smaller carpel by a longitudinal septal groove; the faint pitting in the groove suggestive of the septal vasculature. d, e: Views of either end of the endocarp, illustrating the size difference between the two carpels and the pitting in the septal groove suggestive of the septal vasculature. f–k: Mastixia USNM PAL772362. Scale bar = 1cm. f, g, j, k: reflected light,palladium coated; h, i: micro-CT scan surface rendering. f: Lateral view of endocarp, inferred dorsal germination valve groove facing the viewer. Note irregular, rugose, longitudinal ridges. g: Lateral view of endocarp, inferred germination valve with median longitudinal groove to left. h: Lateral view of endocarp reoriented with the same longitudinal groove to the right. i: Lateral view, rotated to ventral surface. j: View of one end of the endocarp, germination valve groove up. k: Opposite end view, with prominent radial ridges and intervening grooves, germination valve groove up. l–r: Mastixia USNM PAL 772363. Scale bar = 1cm. l: View of one face of endocarp, displaying a groove that may represent the surficial expression of the dorsal infold of a Mastixia-like germination valve. Surface badly eroded, reflected light, palladium coated. m: Opposite face of endocarp displaying extensive erosion and a central hole interpreted as feeding damage. n: Lateral view; m, n micro-CT scan surface renderings. o: A view of one end, displaying the prominent groove, reflected light, palladium coated. p: Opposite end to (o). q: View as in (o); p, q micro-CT scan surface renderings. r: Virtual transverse section showing curved locule (arrows)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7167733" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7167733/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="65">Text-fig. 6r</figureCitation>
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). Endocarp elliptic in lateral view, almost circular in cross-section, averaging
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<quantity id="4CCD78C2083AFFD1A5AC953DD462F8AD" box="[503,593,1882,1906]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.35" pageId="14" pageNumber="65" unit="mm" value="23.5">23.5 mm</quantity>
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in length (range
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<quantity id="4CCD78C2083AFFD1A4DB951CD6E9F84D" box="[128,218,1915,1939]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.07" pageId="14" pageNumber="65" unit="mm" value="20.7">20.7 mm</quantity>
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to
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<quantity id="4CCD78C2083AFFD1A4AC951CD760F84C" box="[247,339,1915,1939]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7199999999999998" pageId="14" pageNumber="65" unit="mm" value="27.2">27.2 mm</quantity>
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) and
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<quantity id="4CCD78C2083AFFD1A5D2951CD7D1F84D" box="[393,482,1915,1939]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3199999999999998" pageId="14" pageNumber="65" unit="mm" value="13.2">13.2mm</quantity>
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in diameter (range
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<quantity id="4CCD78C2083AFFD1A6FD951CD4CCF84D" box="[678,767,1915,1939]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.14" pageId="14" pageNumber="65" unit="mm" value="11.4">11.4 mm</quantity>
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to
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<quantity id="4CCD78C2083AFFD1A4FB95FCD6CFF86C" box="[160,252,1947,1971]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.61" pageId="14" pageNumber="65" unit="mm" value="16.1">16.1 mm</quantity>
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) with a clear dorsal infold in some specimens (
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<figureCitation id="130EC9A2083AFFD1A4DC95DCD744F80C" box="[135,375,1979,2003]" captionStart="Text-fig" captionStartId="15.[125,206,1573,1594]" captionTargetBox="[129,1438,158,1544]" captionTargetId="figure-4@15.[79,1459,-11,1950]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Text-fig. 6. Cornaceae. Alangium (a–e), Mastixia (f–r). a–e: Alangium, DMNH EPI.47806. Scale bar = 1cm. b, e: Reflected light, palladium coated. a, c, d: Micro-CT scan surface rendering. a: Locule cast, face view of slightly larger locule. b: Face view of slightly smaller locule. c: Lateral view of the endocarp, the slightly enlarged left carpel separated from the smaller carpel by a longitudinal septal groove; the faint pitting in the groove suggestive of the septal vasculature. d, e: Views of either end of the endocarp, illustrating the size difference between the two carpels and the pitting in the septal groove suggestive of the septal vasculature. f–k: Mastixia USNM PAL772362. Scale bar = 1cm. f, g, j, k: reflected light,palladium coated; h, i: micro-CT scan surface rendering. f: Lateral view of endocarp, inferred dorsal germination valve groove facing the viewer. Note irregular, rugose, longitudinal ridges. g: Lateral view of endocarp, inferred germination valve with median longitudinal groove to left. h: Lateral view of endocarp reoriented with the same longitudinal groove to the right. i: Lateral view, rotated to ventral surface. j: View of one end of the endocarp, germination valve groove up. k: Opposite end view, with prominent radial ridges and intervening grooves, germination valve groove up. l–r: Mastixia USNM PAL 772363. Scale bar = 1cm. l: View of one face of endocarp, displaying a groove that may represent the surficial expression of the dorsal infold of a Mastixia-like germination valve. Surface badly eroded, reflected light, palladium coated. m: Opposite face of endocarp displaying extensive erosion and a central hole interpreted as feeding damage. n: Lateral view; m, n micro-CT scan surface renderings. o: A view of one end, displaying the prominent groove, reflected light, palladium coated. p: Opposite end to (o). q: View as in (o); p, q micro-CT scan surface renderings. r: Virtual transverse section showing curved locule (arrows)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7167733" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7167733/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="65">Text-fig. 6f, j, k, l, o, q</figureCitation>
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). The best-preserved specimen (Textfig. 6f–k) possesses low, discontinuous, rugose, longitudinal ridges about
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<quantity id="4CCD78C2083AFFD1A54F959BD77EF7CC" box="[276,333,2044,2068]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="65" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
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in width, approximately 10 present at one end, 14 at the other; the eroded specimens possess suggestions of similar ridges, although poorly preserved at one end. The ends of the intact specimen are marked by small protrusions, one with a small, cap-like structure against which the longitudinal ridges end (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130EC9A2083AFFD1A036929FD2D0FECF" box="[1133,1251,248,272]" captionStart="Text-fig" captionStartId="15.[125,206,1573,1594]" captionTargetBox="[129,1438,158,1544]" captionTargetId="figure-4@15.[79,1459,-11,1950]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Text-fig. 6. Cornaceae. Alangium (a–e), Mastixia (f–r). a–e: Alangium, DMNH EPI.47806. Scale bar = 1cm. b, e: Reflected light, palladium coated. a, c, d: Micro-CT scan surface rendering. a: Locule cast, face view of slightly larger locule. b: Face view of slightly smaller locule. c: Lateral view of the endocarp, the slightly enlarged left carpel separated from the smaller carpel by a longitudinal septal groove; the faint pitting in the groove suggestive of the septal vasculature. d, e: Views of either end of the endocarp, illustrating the size difference between the two carpels and the pitting in the septal groove suggestive of the septal vasculature. f–k: Mastixia USNM PAL772362. Scale bar = 1cm. f, g, j, k: reflected light,palladium coated; h, i: micro-CT scan surface rendering. f: Lateral view of endocarp, inferred dorsal germination valve groove facing the viewer. Note irregular, rugose, longitudinal ridges. g: Lateral view of endocarp, inferred germination valve with median longitudinal groove to left. h: Lateral view of endocarp reoriented with the same longitudinal groove to the right. i: Lateral view, rotated to ventral surface. j: View of one end of the endocarp, germination valve groove up. k: Opposite end view, with prominent radial ridges and intervening grooves, germination valve groove up. l–r: Mastixia USNM PAL 772363. Scale bar = 1cm. l: View of one face of endocarp, displaying a groove that may represent the surficial expression of the dorsal infold of a Mastixia-like germination valve. Surface badly eroded, reflected light, palladium coated. m: Opposite face of endocarp displaying extensive erosion and a central hole interpreted as feeding damage. n: Lateral view; m, n micro-CT scan surface renderings. o: A view of one end, displaying the prominent groove, reflected light, palladium coated. p: Opposite end to (o). q: View as in (o); p, q micro-CT scan surface renderings. r: Virtual transverse section showing curved locule (arrows)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7167733" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7167733/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="65">Text-fig. 6j</figureCitation>
|
||
) and the other formed by the coalescence of the longitudinal ridges (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130EC9A2083AFFD1A166937FD38DFEEF" box="[1341,1470,280,304]" captionStart="Text-fig" captionStartId="15.[125,206,1573,1594]" captionTargetBox="[129,1438,158,1544]" captionTargetId="figure-4@15.[79,1459,-11,1950]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Text-fig. 6. Cornaceae. Alangium (a–e), Mastixia (f–r). a–e: Alangium, DMNH EPI.47806. Scale bar = 1cm. b, e: Reflected light, palladium coated. a, c, d: Micro-CT scan surface rendering. a: Locule cast, face view of slightly larger locule. b: Face view of slightly smaller locule. c: Lateral view of the endocarp, the slightly enlarged left carpel separated from the smaller carpel by a longitudinal septal groove; the faint pitting in the groove suggestive of the septal vasculature. d, e: Views of either end of the endocarp, illustrating the size difference between the two carpels and the pitting in the septal groove suggestive of the septal vasculature. f–k: Mastixia USNM PAL772362. Scale bar = 1cm. f, g, j, k: reflected light,palladium coated; h, i: micro-CT scan surface rendering. f: Lateral view of endocarp, inferred dorsal germination valve groove facing the viewer. Note irregular, rugose, longitudinal ridges. g: Lateral view of endocarp, inferred germination valve with median longitudinal groove to left. h: Lateral view of endocarp reoriented with the same longitudinal groove to the right. i: Lateral view, rotated to ventral surface. j: View of one end of the endocarp, germination valve groove up. k: Opposite end view, with prominent radial ridges and intervening grooves, germination valve groove up. l–r: Mastixia USNM PAL 772363. Scale bar = 1cm. l: View of one face of endocarp, displaying a groove that may represent the surficial expression of the dorsal infold of a Mastixia-like germination valve. Surface badly eroded, reflected light, palladium coated. m: Opposite face of endocarp displaying extensive erosion and a central hole interpreted as feeding damage. n: Lateral view; m, n micro-CT scan surface renderings. o: A view of one end, displaying the prominent groove, reflected light, palladium coated. p: Opposite end to (o). q: View as in (o); p, q micro-CT scan surface renderings. r: Virtual transverse section showing curved locule (arrows)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7167733" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7167733/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="65">Text-fig. 6k</figureCitation>
|
||
). One eroded specimen has only one end preserved, this with a protrusion formed by the coalescence of the ridges while a second exhibits an apical cap against which the ridges abut in a manner similar to the intact specimen.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8AD527083AFFD1A72A93AFD28CFC7D" blockId="14.[843,1482,456,1509]" pageId="14" pageNumber="65">
|
||
D i s c u s s i o n. The shape, rugose longitudinal ridges and the single prominent longitudinal groove are all consistent with the endocarps of some species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C35AEA4083AFFD1A13D906ED3F0FDFF" box="[1382,1475,521,544]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nyssaceae" genus="Mastixia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cornales" pageId="14" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9410935083AFFD1A13D906ED3F0FDFF" box="[1382,1475,521,544]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="65">Mastixia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the groove being interpreted as the infold of the dorsal germination valve. Unfortunately, the preservation of these fossils as casts, lacking any permineralized tissues, precludes further validation. The fossils can be distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C35AEA4083AFFD1A71090CED248FD60" authority="M. CHANDLER" authorityName="M. CHANDLER" box="[843,1147,681,705]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nyssaceae" genus="Mastixicarpum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cornales" pageId="14" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9410935083AFFD1A71090CED5DFFD1F" box="[843,1004,681,704]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="65">Mastixicarpum</emphasis>
|
||
M.CHANDLER
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as they do not exhibit any sign of the persistent epicarp distinctive of that genus. Rather, it appears the epicarp was fleshy and thus lost as in extant
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C35AEA4083AFFD1A710916DD59BFCFE" box="[843,936,778,801]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nyssaceae" genus="Mastixia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cornales" pageId="14" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9410935083AFFD1A710916DD59BFCFE" box="[843,936,778,801]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="65">Mastixia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, exposing the endocarp. One of the specimens exhibits a semi-circular pit excavated on one side strongly suggestive of predation (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130EC9A2083AFFD1A028912ED31FFCBD" box="[1139,1324,841,866]" captionStart="Text-fig" captionStartId="15.[125,206,1573,1594]" captionTargetBox="[129,1438,158,1544]" captionTargetId="figure-4@15.[79,1459,-11,1950]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Text-fig. 6. Cornaceae. Alangium (a–e), Mastixia (f–r). a–e: Alangium, DMNH EPI.47806. Scale bar = 1cm. b, e: Reflected light, palladium coated. a, c, d: Micro-CT scan surface rendering. a: Locule cast, face view of slightly larger locule. b: Face view of slightly smaller locule. c: Lateral view of the endocarp, the slightly enlarged left carpel separated from the smaller carpel by a longitudinal septal groove; the faint pitting in the groove suggestive of the septal vasculature. d, e: Views of either end of the endocarp, illustrating the size difference between the two carpels and the pitting in the septal groove suggestive of the septal vasculature. f–k: Mastixia USNM PAL772362. Scale bar = 1cm. f, g, j, k: reflected light,palladium coated; h, i: micro-CT scan surface rendering. f: Lateral view of endocarp, inferred dorsal germination valve groove facing the viewer. Note irregular, rugose, longitudinal ridges. g: Lateral view of endocarp, inferred germination valve with median longitudinal groove to left. h: Lateral view of endocarp reoriented with the same longitudinal groove to the right. i: Lateral view, rotated to ventral surface. j: View of one end of the endocarp, germination valve groove up. k: Opposite end view, with prominent radial ridges and intervening grooves, germination valve groove up. l–r: Mastixia USNM PAL 772363. Scale bar = 1cm. l: View of one face of endocarp, displaying a groove that may represent the surficial expression of the dorsal infold of a Mastixia-like germination valve. Surface badly eroded, reflected light, palladium coated. m: Opposite face of endocarp displaying extensive erosion and a central hole interpreted as feeding damage. n: Lateral view; m, n micro-CT scan surface renderings. o: A view of one end, displaying the prominent groove, reflected light, palladium coated. p: Opposite end to (o). q: View as in (o); p, q micro-CT scan surface renderings. r: Virtual transverse section showing curved locule (arrows)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7167733" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7167733/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="65">
|
||
Text-fig.
|
||
<quantity id="4CCD78C2083AFFD1A0BA912ED336FCBE" box="[1249,1285,841,865]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="65" unit="m" value="6.0">6m</quantity>
|
||
, n
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
), perhaps by a rodent-like animal. A lesser gouge is visible on the surface of another specimen (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130EC9A2083AFFD1A06A91EDD281FC7D" box="[1073,1202,906,930]" captionStart="Text-fig" captionStartId="15.[125,206,1573,1594]" captionTargetBox="[129,1438,158,1544]" captionTargetId="figure-4@15.[79,1459,-11,1950]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Text-fig. 6. Cornaceae. Alangium (a–e), Mastixia (f–r). a–e: Alangium, DMNH EPI.47806. Scale bar = 1cm. b, e: Reflected light, palladium coated. a, c, d: Micro-CT scan surface rendering. a: Locule cast, face view of slightly larger locule. b: Face view of slightly smaller locule. c: Lateral view of the endocarp, the slightly enlarged left carpel separated from the smaller carpel by a longitudinal septal groove; the faint pitting in the groove suggestive of the septal vasculature. d, e: Views of either end of the endocarp, illustrating the size difference between the two carpels and the pitting in the septal groove suggestive of the septal vasculature. f–k: Mastixia USNM PAL772362. Scale bar = 1cm. f, g, j, k: reflected light,palladium coated; h, i: micro-CT scan surface rendering. f: Lateral view of endocarp, inferred dorsal germination valve groove facing the viewer. Note irregular, rugose, longitudinal ridges. g: Lateral view of endocarp, inferred germination valve with median longitudinal groove to left. h: Lateral view of endocarp reoriented with the same longitudinal groove to the right. i: Lateral view, rotated to ventral surface. j: View of one end of the endocarp, germination valve groove up. k: Opposite end view, with prominent radial ridges and intervening grooves, germination valve groove up. l–r: Mastixia USNM PAL 772363. Scale bar = 1cm. l: View of one face of endocarp, displaying a groove that may represent the surficial expression of the dorsal infold of a Mastixia-like germination valve. Surface badly eroded, reflected light, palladium coated. m: Opposite face of endocarp displaying extensive erosion and a central hole interpreted as feeding damage. n: Lateral view; m, n micro-CT scan surface renderings. o: A view of one end, displaying the prominent groove, reflected light, palladium coated. p: Opposite end to (o). q: View as in (o); p, q micro-CT scan surface renderings. r: Virtual transverse section showing curved locule (arrows)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7167733" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7167733/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="65">Text-fig. 6h</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8AD527083AFFD1A72A91CDD2C6FA3B" blockId="14.[843,1482,456,1509]" pageId="14" pageNumber="65">
|
||
The occurrence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C35AEA4083AFFD1A01891CCD293FC1D" box="[1091,1184,939,962]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nyssaceae" genus="Mastixia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cornales" pageId="14" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9410935083AFFD1A01891CCD293FC1D" box="[1091,1184,939,962]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="65">Mastixia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the Wagon Bed flora is not startling, as fruits conforming to this genus are known from the latest Paleocene to earliest Eocene Sand Draw flora and late early to early middle Eocene Sepulcher floras of Wyoming (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA4A8D6083AFFD1A7B8964DD338FB9D" author="Tiffney, B. H. & Haggard, C." box="[995,1291,1066,1090]" pageId="14" pageNumber="65" pagination="29 - 54" refId="ref26962" refString="Tiffney, B. H., Haggard, C. (1996): Fruits of Mastixioideae (Cornaceae) from the Paleogene of western North America. - Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 92: 29 - 54. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / 0034 - 6667 (96) 00104 - 2" type="journal article" year="1996">Tiffney and Haggard 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), as well as from the middle Eocene Clarno flora of Oregon (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA4A8D6083AFFD1A110962DD5B1FB5C" author="Manchester, S. R." pageId="14" pageNumber="65" pagination="1 - 205" refId="ref25068" refString="Manchester, S. R. (1994): Fruits and seeds of the middle Eocene Nut Beds Flora, Clarno Formation, Oregon. - Palaeontographica Americana, 58: 1 - 205." type="journal article" year="1994">Manchester 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and late Eocene Auriferous Gravels of California (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA4A8D6083AFFD1A70996ECD242FB7C" author="Tiffney, B. H. & Haggard, C." box="[850,1137,1163,1187]" pageId="14" pageNumber="65" pagination="29 - 54" refId="ref26962" refString="Tiffney, B. H., Haggard, C. (1996): Fruits of Mastixioideae (Cornaceae) from the Paleogene of western North America. - Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 92: 29 - 54. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / 0034 - 6667 (96) 00104 - 2" type="journal article" year="1996">Tiffney and Haggard 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The genus is widespread in the European Tertiary (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA4A8D6083AFFD1A04196CCD2B5FB1C" author="Mai, D. H." box="[1050,1158,1195,1219]" pageId="14" pageNumber="65" pagination="53 - 63" refId="ref24919" refString="Mai, D. H. (1993): On the extinct Mastixiaceae (Cornales) in Europe. - Geophytology, 23: 53 - 63." type="journal article" year="1993">
|
||
<date id="FF8BF3E7083AFFD1A04196CCD2B5FB1C" box="[1050,1158,1195,1219]" pageId="14" pageNumber="65" value="1993-05">Mai 1993</date>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C35AEA4083AFFD1A0C296CCD339FB1C" box="[1177,1290,1195,1219]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cornaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cornales" pageId="14" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Cornaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
was not observed in the pollen flora of the Wagon Bed Formation (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA4A8D6083AFFD1A13496ACD20BFADC" author="Leopold, E. B. & MacGinitie, H. D." pageId="14" pageNumber="65" pagination="147 - 200" refId="ref24402" refString="Leopold, E. B., MacGinitie, H. D. (1972): Development and affinities of Tertiary floras in the Rocky Mountains. - In: Graham, A. (ed.), Floristics and Paleofloristics of Asia and Eastern North America. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 147 - 200." type="book chapter" year="1972">Leopold and MacGinitie 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but wood with anatomy consistent with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C35AEA4083AFFD1A7D8976BD5C7FAFB" box="[899,1012,1292,1316]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nyssaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cornales" pageId="14" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Nyssaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(subsumed by some authorities along with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C35AEA4083AFFD1A710974CD5EBFA9C" box="[843,984,1323,1347]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Mastixiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cornales" pageId="14" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Mastixiaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
into
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C35AEA4083AFFD1A040974BD2BEFA9B" box="[1051,1165,1324,1348]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cornaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cornales" pageId="14" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Cornaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and/or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C35AEA4083AFFD1A0A9974BD5ADFABC" authority="DC. et SPRENG." authorityName="DC. et SPRENG." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Styracaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="14" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Styracaceae DC. et SPRENG.</taxonomicName>
|
||
is reported (J. H. Jones, pers. comm.). In the current day,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C35AEA4083AFFD1A724970BD5EFFA5C" box="[895,988,1388,1411]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nyssaceae" genus="Mastixia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cornales" pageId="14" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9410935083AFFD1A724970BD5EFFA5C" box="[895,988,1388,1411]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="65">Mastixia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is represented by ca. 20 species of trees and shrubs in Indomalaysia and the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32295B7083AFFD1A0E997EBD319FA7B" box="[1202,1322,1420,1444]" name="Philippines" pageId="14" pageNumber="65">Philippines</collectingCountry>
|
||
through
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32295B7083AFFD1A1C897EBD3F9FA7B" box="[1427,1482,1420,1444]" name="India" pageId="14" pageNumber="65">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA4A8D6083AFFD1A70997CBD5C3FA1B" author="Matthew, K. M." box="[850,1008,1452,1476]" pageId="14" pageNumber="65" pagination="51 - 93" refId="ref25492" refString="Matthew, K. M. (1976): A revision of the genus Mastixia (Cornaceae). - Blumea, 23: 51 - 93." type="journal article" year="1976">Matthew 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), although more recent works have suggested a greater diversity (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA4A8D6083AFFD1A04297ABD2D9FA3B" author="Liu, Y. - C. & Peng, H." box="[1049,1258,1484,1509]" pageId="14" pageNumber="65" pagination="566 - 568" refId="ref24596" refString="Liu, Y. - C., Peng, H. (2009): Mastixia microcarpa (Mastixiaceae), a new species from Yunnan, China. - Annales Botanici Fennici, 46: 566 - 568. https: // doi. org / 10.5735 / 085.046.0610" type="journal article" year="2009">Liu and Peng 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |