135 lines
23 KiB
XML
135 lines
23 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="A950B40084C52E167B5554B9A54A97CC">The Early Middle Eocene Wagon Bed Carpoflora Of Central Wyoming, U. S. A.</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="A705EFDA86EFA85587B735B19E3CA26C">Manchester, Steven R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="F9BA903C01303B2A0A7E6DFB7C90F3A2">2022</mods:date>
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Genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C35AEA4083AFFD1A5CA938FD40EFDDF" ID-CoL="8VTHW" authority="LAM." authorityName="LAM." box="[401,573,488,512]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cornaceae" genus="Alangium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cornales" pageId="14" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9410935083AFFD1A5CA938FD7CCFDDF" bold="true" box="[401,511,488,512]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="65">Alangium</emphasis>
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LAM.
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</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B8AD527083AFFD1A52D906FD439FDFF" blockId="14.[374,522,520,544]" box="[374,522,520,544]" pageId="14" pageNumber="65">
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<figureCitation id="130EC9A2083AFFD1A52D906FD439FDFF" box="[374,522,520,544]" captionStart="Text-fig" captionStartId="15.[125,206,1573,1594]" captionTargetBox="[129,1438,158,1544]" captionTargetId="figure-4@15.[79,1459,-11,1950]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Text-fig. 6. Cornaceae. Alangium (a–e), Mastixia (f–r). a–e: Alangium, DMNH EPI.47806. Scale bar = 1cm. b, e: Reflected light, palladium coated. a, c, d: Micro-CT scan surface rendering. a: Locule cast, face view of slightly larger locule. b: Face view of slightly smaller locule. c: Lateral view of the endocarp, the slightly enlarged left carpel separated from the smaller carpel by a longitudinal septal groove; the faint pitting in the groove suggestive of the septal vasculature. d, e: Views of either end of the endocarp, illustrating the size difference between the two carpels and the pitting in the septal groove suggestive of the septal vasculature. f–k: Mastixia USNM PAL772362. Scale bar = 1cm. f, g, j, k: reflected light,palladium coated; h, i: micro-CT scan surface rendering. f: Lateral view of endocarp, inferred dorsal germination valve groove facing the viewer. Note irregular, rugose, longitudinal ridges. g: Lateral view of endocarp, inferred germination valve with median longitudinal groove to left. h: Lateral view of endocarp reoriented with the same longitudinal groove to the right. i: Lateral view, rotated to ventral surface. j: View of one end of the endocarp, germination valve groove up. k: Opposite end view, with prominent radial ridges and intervening grooves, germination valve groove up. l–r: Mastixia USNM PAL 772363. Scale bar = 1cm. l: View of one face of endocarp, displaying a groove that may represent the surficial expression of the dorsal infold of a Mastixia-like germination valve. Surface badly eroded, reflected light, palladium coated. m: Opposite face of endocarp displaying extensive erosion and a central hole interpreted as feeding damage. n: Lateral view; m, n micro-CT scan surface renderings. o: A view of one end, displaying the prominent groove, reflected light, palladium coated. p: Opposite end to (o). q: View as in (o); p, q micro-CT scan surface renderings. r: Virtual transverse section showing curved locule (arrows)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7167733" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7167733/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="65">Text-fig. 6a–e</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C32F86AC083AFFD1A4FD905FD77DF9EC" pageId="14" pageNumber="65" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B8AD527083AFFD1A4FD905FD4CDFD8F" blockId="14.[166,766,568,592]" box="[166,766,568,592]" pageId="14" pageNumber="65">M a t e r i a l. One chalcedony cast, DMNH EPI.47806.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B8AD527083AFFD1A4FD900FD4EDFC5F" blockId="14.[129,768,615,896]" pageId="14" pageNumber="65">
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D e s c r i p t i o n. Bilocular endocarp represented by two locule casts arranged in the form of a sandwich (
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<figureCitation id="130EC9A2083AFFD1A6F890E0D687FD60" captionStart="Text-fig" captionStartId="15.[125,206,1573,1594]" captionTargetBox="[129,1438,158,1544]" captionTargetId="figure-4@15.[79,1459,-11,1950]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Text-fig. 6. Cornaceae. Alangium (a–e), Mastixia (f–r). a–e: Alangium, DMNH EPI.47806. Scale bar = 1cm. b, e: Reflected light, palladium coated. a, c, d: Micro-CT scan surface rendering. a: Locule cast, face view of slightly larger locule. b: Face view of slightly smaller locule. c: Lateral view of the endocarp, the slightly enlarged left carpel separated from the smaller carpel by a longitudinal septal groove; the faint pitting in the groove suggestive of the septal vasculature. d, e: Views of either end of the endocarp, illustrating the size difference between the two carpels and the pitting in the septal groove suggestive of the septal vasculature. f–k: Mastixia USNM PAL772362. Scale bar = 1cm. f, g, j, k: reflected light,palladium coated; h, i: micro-CT scan surface rendering. f: Lateral view of endocarp, inferred dorsal germination valve groove facing the viewer. Note irregular, rugose, longitudinal ridges. g: Lateral view of endocarp, inferred germination valve with median longitudinal groove to left. h: Lateral view of endocarp reoriented with the same longitudinal groove to the right. i: Lateral view, rotated to ventral surface. j: View of one end of the endocarp, germination valve groove up. k: Opposite end view, with prominent radial ridges and intervening grooves, germination valve groove up. l–r: Mastixia USNM PAL 772363. Scale bar = 1cm. l: View of one face of endocarp, displaying a groove that may represent the surficial expression of the dorsal infold of a Mastixia-like germination valve. Surface badly eroded, reflected light, palladium coated. m: Opposite face of endocarp displaying extensive erosion and a central hole interpreted as feeding damage. n: Lateral view; m, n micro-CT scan surface renderings. o: A view of one end, displaying the prominent groove, reflected light, palladium coated. p: Opposite end to (o). q: View as in (o); p, q micro-CT scan surface renderings. r: Virtual transverse section showing curved locule (arrows)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7167733" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7167733/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="65">Text-fig. 6c–e</figureCitation>
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) with the intervening septum also silicified. Endocarp wall missing. Locules elliptical in face view (
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<figureCitation id="130EC9A2083AFFD1A62290A0D6A2FCDF" captionStart="Text-fig" captionStartId="15.[125,206,1573,1594]" captionTargetBox="[129,1438,158,1544]" captionTargetId="figure-4@15.[79,1459,-11,1950]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Text-fig. 6. Cornaceae. Alangium (a–e), Mastixia (f–r). a–e: Alangium, DMNH EPI.47806. Scale bar = 1cm. b, e: Reflected light, palladium coated. a, c, d: Micro-CT scan surface rendering. a: Locule cast, face view of slightly larger locule. b: Face view of slightly smaller locule. c: Lateral view of the endocarp, the slightly enlarged left carpel separated from the smaller carpel by a longitudinal septal groove; the faint pitting in the groove suggestive of the septal vasculature. d, e: Views of either end of the endocarp, illustrating the size difference between the two carpels and the pitting in the septal groove suggestive of the septal vasculature. f–k: Mastixia USNM PAL772362. Scale bar = 1cm. f, g, j, k: reflected light,palladium coated; h, i: micro-CT scan surface rendering. f: Lateral view of endocarp, inferred dorsal germination valve groove facing the viewer. Note irregular, rugose, longitudinal ridges. g: Lateral view of endocarp, inferred germination valve with median longitudinal groove to left. h: Lateral view of endocarp reoriented with the same longitudinal groove to the right. i: Lateral view, rotated to ventral surface. j: View of one end of the endocarp, germination valve groove up. k: Opposite end view, with prominent radial ridges and intervening grooves, germination valve groove up. l–r: Mastixia USNM PAL 772363. Scale bar = 1cm. l: View of one face of endocarp, displaying a groove that may represent the surficial expression of the dorsal infold of a Mastixia-like germination valve. Surface badly eroded, reflected light, palladium coated. m: Opposite face of endocarp displaying extensive erosion and a central hole interpreted as feeding damage. n: Lateral view; m, n micro-CT scan surface renderings. o: A view of one end, displaying the prominent groove, reflected light, palladium coated. p: Opposite end to (o). q: View as in (o); p, q micro-CT scan surface renderings. r: Virtual transverse section showing curved locule (arrows)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7167733" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7167733/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="65">Text-fig. 6a, b</figureCitation>
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),
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long,
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<quantity id="4CCD78C2083AFFD1A5D19080D413FD20" box="[394,544,743,767]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.22" metricValueMax="1.29" metricValueMin="1.15" pageId="14" pageNumber="65" unit="mm" value="12.2" valueMax="12.9" valueMin="11.5">11.5–12.9 mm</quantity>
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wide, each
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<quantity id="4CCD78C2083AFFD1A6F1908FD4CCFD20" box="[682,767,744,768]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="65" unit="mm" value="3.5" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="3.0">3–4 mm</quantity>
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thick, one slightly larger than the other; fruit
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<quantity id="4CCD78C2083AFFD1A628916FD4F2FCC0" box="[627,705,776,800]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.3" pageId="14" pageNumber="65" unit="mm" value="9.3">9.3 mm</quantity>
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thick perpendicular to the septum. Septum ca.
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<quantity id="4CCD78C2083AFFD1A66C914FD4B6FCE0" box="[567,645,808,832]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="14" pageNumber="65" unit="mm" value="1.5">1.5 mm</quantity>
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thick, with about 16 regularly spaced peripheral circular depressions corresponding to the central vasculature (
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<figureCitation id="130EC9A2083AFFD1A662910FD4E0FC5F" box="[569,723,872,896]" captionStart="Text-fig" captionStartId="15.[125,206,1573,1594]" captionTargetBox="[129,1438,158,1544]" captionTargetId="figure-4@15.[79,1459,-11,1950]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Text-fig. 6. Cornaceae. Alangium (a–e), Mastixia (f–r). a–e: Alangium, DMNH EPI.47806. Scale bar = 1cm. b, e: Reflected light, palladium coated. a, c, d: Micro-CT scan surface rendering. a: Locule cast, face view of slightly larger locule. b: Face view of slightly smaller locule. c: Lateral view of the endocarp, the slightly enlarged left carpel separated from the smaller carpel by a longitudinal septal groove; the faint pitting in the groove suggestive of the septal vasculature. d, e: Views of either end of the endocarp, illustrating the size difference between the two carpels and the pitting in the septal groove suggestive of the septal vasculature. f–k: Mastixia USNM PAL772362. Scale bar = 1cm. f, g, j, k: reflected light,palladium coated; h, i: micro-CT scan surface rendering. f: Lateral view of endocarp, inferred dorsal germination valve groove facing the viewer. Note irregular, rugose, longitudinal ridges. g: Lateral view of endocarp, inferred germination valve with median longitudinal groove to left. h: Lateral view of endocarp reoriented with the same longitudinal groove to the right. i: Lateral view, rotated to ventral surface. j: View of one end of the endocarp, germination valve groove up. k: Opposite end view, with prominent radial ridges and intervening grooves, germination valve groove up. l–r: Mastixia USNM PAL 772363. Scale bar = 1cm. l: View of one face of endocarp, displaying a groove that may represent the surficial expression of the dorsal infold of a Mastixia-like germination valve. Surface badly eroded, reflected light, palladium coated. m: Opposite face of endocarp displaying extensive erosion and a central hole interpreted as feeding damage. n: Lateral view; m, n micro-CT scan surface renderings. o: A view of one end, displaying the prominent groove, reflected light, palladium coated. p: Opposite end to (o). q: View as in (o); p, q micro-CT scan surface renderings. r: Virtual transverse section showing curved locule (arrows)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7167733" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7167733/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="65">Text-fig. 6c–e</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B8AD527083AFFD1A4FD91FFD77DF9EC" blockId="14.[129,768,920,1587]" pageId="14" pageNumber="65">
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D i s c u s s i o n. This distinctive cast was readily identified through comparison with similarly preserved specimens from the Clarno Formation of
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<collectingRegion id="49F11BC5083AFFD1A6F491BFD4CCFC2F" box="[687,767,984,1008]" country="United States of America" name="Oregon" pageId="14" pageNumber="65">Oregon</collectingRegion>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA4A8D6083AFFD1A4D3919FD77AFBCF" author="Manchester, S. R." box="[136,329,1016,1040]" pageId="14" pageNumber="65" pagination="1 - 205" refId="ref25068" refString="Manchester, S. R. (1994): Fruits and seeds of the middle Eocene Nut Beds Flora, Clarno Formation, Oregon. - Palaeontographica Americana, 58: 1 - 205." type="journal article" year="1994">
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<collectingRegion id="49F11BC5083AFFD1A4D3919FD735FBCF" box="[136,262,1016,1040]" country="United Kingdom" name="Manchester" pageId="14" pageNumber="65">Manchester</collectingRegion>
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1994
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||
</bibRefCitation>
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). The Clarno specimens exhibit a range of preservation modes from permineralized examples with sufficient anatomical detail to verify the generic determination, to chalcedony locule cast “sandwiches” like the one figured here. The Wagon Bed specimen conforms to endocarps of section
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<taxonomicName id="4C35AEA4083AFFD1A5C896FED4BDFB6F" authority="(ROXB.) BAILL." authorityName="BAILL." baseAuthorityName="ROXB." box="[403,654,1177,1201]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cornaceae" genus="Marlea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cornales" pageId="14" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9410935083AFFD1A5C896FED7D1FB6E" box="[403,482,1177,1201]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="65">Marlea</emphasis>
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(ROXB.) BAILL.
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</taxonomicName>
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, which is also known from other Eocene localities including the Clarno Formation (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA4A8D6083AFFD1A50796BED411FB2E" author="Manchester, S. R." box="[348,546,1241,1265]" pageId="14" pageNumber="65" pagination="1 - 205" refId="ref25068" refString="Manchester, S. R. (1994): Fruits and seeds of the middle Eocene Nut Beds Flora, Clarno Formation, Oregon. - Palaeontographica Americana, 58: 1 - 205." type="journal article" year="1994">
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||
<collectingRegion id="49F11BC5083AFFD1A50796BED7E9FB2E" box="[348,474,1241,1265]" country="United Kingdom" name="Manchester" pageId="14" pageNumber="65">Manchester</collectingRegion>
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||
1994
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||
</bibRefCitation>
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||
), the London Clay (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA4A8D6083AFFD1A4D3969ED71EFACE" author="Chandler, M. E. J." box="[136,301,1273,1297]" pageId="14" pageNumber="65" refId="ref21465" refString="Chandler, M. E. J. (1961): The Lower Tertiary Floras of Southern England. I. Palaeocene Floras. London Clay Flora (Supplement). - British Museum (Natural History), London, 354 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 110079" type="book" year="1961">Chandler 1961</bibRefCitation>
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||
) and Messel (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA4A8D6083AFFD1A588969ED4F6FACD" author="Collinson, M. E. & Manchester, S. R. & Wilde, V." box="[467,709,1273,1298]" pageId="14" pageNumber="65" pagination="1 - 251" refId="ref21564" refString="Collinson, M. E., Manchester, S. R., Wilde, V. (2012): Fossil fruits and seeds of the middle Eocene Messel Biota, Germany. - Abhandlungen der Senckenberg Gesellschaft fur Naturforschung, 570: 1 - 251." type="journal article" year="2012">Collinson et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
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||
) and from the Miocene Brandon Lignite (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA4A8D6083AFFD1A653977DD48EFAED" author="Eyde, R. H. & Bartlett, A. & Barghoorn, E. S." box="[520,701,1306,1330]" pageId="14" pageNumber="65" pagination="288 - 314" refId="ref22236" refString="Eyde, R. H., Bartlett, A., Barghoorn, E. S. (1969): Fossil record of Alangium. - Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, 96: 288 - 314. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 2483735" type="journal article" year="1969">Eyde et al. 1969</bibRefCitation>
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). This specimen is distinctive in its large size in comparison to other Eocene species (length of
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|
||
in this species vs.
|
||
<quantity id="4CCD78C2083AFFD1A4DA971DD6FBFA4D" box="[129,200,1402,1426]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="65" unit="mm" value="10.0">10 mm</quantity>
|
||
in Clarno,
|
||
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|
||
London Clay,
|
||
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|
||
in Messel). The modern genus includes about 20 species of small trees, shrubs and lianes of the Old World tropics, dominantly of southeast Asia (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA4A8D6083AFFD1A53F97BCD416FA2C" author="Mabberley, D. J." box="[356,549,1499,1523]" pageId="14" pageNumber="65" refId="ref24766" refString="Mabberley, D. J. (2008): Mabberley's Plant-Book, 3 rd ed. - Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1019 pp." type="book" year="2008">Mabberley 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In sect.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C35AEA4083AFFD1A6F197BCD4CAFA2C" box="[682,761,1499,1523]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cornaceae" genus="Marlea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cornales" pageId="14" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9410935083AFFD1A6F197BCD4CAFA2C" box="[682,761,1499,1523]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="65">Marlea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C35AEA4083AFFD1A4DA979CD742F9CD" authority="BLOEMB." authorityName="BLOEMB." box="[129,369,1531,1555]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cornaceae" genus="Alangium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cornales" pageId="14" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="scandens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9410935083AFFD1A4DA979CD73BF9CC" box="[129,264,1531,1555]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="65">A. scandens</emphasis>
|
||
BLOEMB.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is noted as a climber (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA4A8D6083AFFD1A6CB979CD770F9EC" author="De Wilde, J. J. O. & Duyfjes, B." pageId="14" pageNumber="65" pagination="74 - 87" refId="ref21774" refString="De Wilde, J. J. O., Duyfjes, B. (2016): A conspectus of Alangium Lam. sect. Alangium (Alangiaceae). - Thai Forest Bulletin, Botany, 44: 74 - 87. https: // doi. org / 10.20531 / tfb. 2016.44.1.12" type="journal article" year="2016">De Wilde and Duyfjes 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |