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<document id="2E2E1767D736AE0622953A1BF841904F" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3974.3.10" ID-GBIF-Dataset="d8b27d9a-0c44-4ce8-810e-081a8224d204" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="245603" ID-ZooBank="538EEABC-A5FE-4ACD-BD89-5B102DACFE06" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1461220372631" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Kumar, Rajesh, Mittal, Vishal &amp; Chutia, Preetirekha" docDate="2015" docId="03CE8852FFACFF94A9B20ED04394D37A" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03974p439.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3974 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Fulgoraecia melanoleuca Fletcher" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="433" masterDocId="FFF7F02AFFADFF96A9250F0B4163D541" masterDocTitle="Taxonomy of Fulgoraecia melanoleuca (Fletcher, 1939), (Lepidoptera: Epipyropidae) in India, a biological control agent of Pyrilla perpusilla (Walker) (Hemiptera: Lophopidae)" masterLastPageNumber="439" masterPageNumber="431" pageNumber="432" updateTime="1698604083777" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="2353DF3A9762A8C09EDC072472B2AA71">Taxonomy of Fulgoraecia melanoleuca (Fletcher, 1939), (Lepidoptera: Epipyropidae) in India, a biological control agent of Pyrilla perpusilla (Walker) (Hemiptera: Lophopidae)</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03CE8852FFACFF94A9B20ED04394D37A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6108179" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119631556" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6108179" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03CE8852FFACFF94A9B20ED04394D37A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CE8852FFACFF94A9B20ED04394D37A" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="433" pageId="1" pageNumber="432">
<subSubSection id="C37D6ACFFFACFF97A9B20ED04333D4B7" box="[151,592,475,502]" pageId="1" pageNumber="432" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BD83944FFACFF97A9B20ED04333D4B7" blockId="1.[151,592,475,502]" box="[151,592,475,502]" pageId="1" pageNumber="432">
<heading id="D0908E28FFACFF97A9B20ED04333D4B7" bold="true" box="[151,592,475,502]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="432" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C6742C7FFACFF97A9B20ED04333D4B7" ID-CoL="6JQHK" authority="Fletcher" authorityName="Fletcher" box="[151,592,475,502]" class="Insecta" family="Epipyropidae" genus="Fulgoraecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="432" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melanoleuca">
<emphasis id="B913E556FFACFF97A9B20ED04333D4B7" bold="true" box="[151,592,475,502]" pageId="1" pageNumber="432">
<emphasis id="B913E556FFACFF97A9B20ED040AED4B4" bold="true" box="[151,461,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="432">Fulgoraecia melanoleuca</emphasis>
(Fletcher)
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37D6ACFFFACFF97A9B20D2845A6D390" pageId="1" pageNumber="432" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BD83944FFACFF97A9B20D28439FD779" blockId="1.[151,1436,546,661]" box="[151,764,546,568]" pageId="1" pageNumber="432">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB771E6AFFACFF97A9B20D28439FD779" box="[151,764,546,568]" pageId="1" pageNumber="432">
<taxonomicName id="4C6742C7FFACFF97A9B20D284337D779" ID-CoL="96QCB" authority="Fletcher, 1939: 293" authorityName="Fletcher" authorityPageNumber="293" authorityYear="1939" box="[151,596,546,568]" class="Insecta" family="Epipyropidae" genus="Epipyrops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="432" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melanoleuca">
<emphasis id="B913E556FFACFF97A9B20D2840E5D779" box="[151,390,546,568]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="432">Epipyrops melanoleuca</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0AC61F55FFACFF97A8A90D294337D779" author="Fletcher" box="[396,596,546,568]" page="293" pageId="1" pageNumber="432" year="1939">
<bibRefCitation id="EFF644B5FFACFF97A8A90D294342D779" author="Fletcher" box="[396,545,546,568]" pageId="1" pageNumber="432" refString="Fletcher, T. B. (1939) A new Epipyrops from India (Lep.: Epipyropidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research, 30, 293 - 294." type="journal article" year="1939">Fletcher, 1939</bibRefCitation>
: 293
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
;
<treatmentCitation id="0AC61F55FFACFF97AB7B0D284394D779" author="Kato" box="[606,759,546,568]" page="79" pageId="1" pageNumber="432" year="1940">
<bibRefCitation id="EFF644B5FFACFF97AB7B0D2843B1D779" author="Kato" box="[606,722,546,568]" pageId="1" pageNumber="432" refString="Kato, M. (1940) A monograph of Epipyropidae (Lepidoptera) [in Japanese]. The Entomological World, VIII (72), 67 - 94 + plates 1 - 4." type="journal article" year="1940">Kato, 1940</bibRefCitation>
: 79
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD83944FFACFF97A9B20D494367D737" blockId="1.[151,1436,546,661]" pageId="1" pageNumber="432">
<taxonomicName id="4C6742C7FFACFF97A9B20D494095D716" authority="Fletcher" authorityName="Fletcher" box="[151,502,577,599]" class="Insecta" family="Epipyropidae" genus="Epiricania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="432" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melanoleuca">
<emphasis id="B913E556FFACFF97A9B20D4940E8D716" box="[151,395,577,599]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="432">Epiricania melanoleuca</emphasis>
(Fletcher)
</taxonomicName>
;
<collectingCountry id="F37079D4FFACFF97AB250D4A4358D716" box="[512,571,577,599]" name="Egypt" pageId="1" pageNumber="432">Misra</collectingCountry>
&amp; Krishna, 1987;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF644B5FFACFF97ABD30D4A4284D716" author="Khan" box="[758,999,577,599]" pageId="1" pageNumber="432" refString="Khan, M. K. &amp; Kanhaya (1988) Population dynamics of Epiricania melanoleuca (F.) a potential natural enemy of Pyrillaperpusilla (Wlk.) on different cultivars of sugarcane. Indian Journal of Plant Protection, 16 (1), 89 - 92." type="journal article" year="1988">Khan &amp; Kanhaya, 1988</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF644B5FFACFF97AAD40D4A45CED716" author="Ansari" box="[1009,1197,577,599]" pageId="1" pageNumber="432" refString="Ansari, M. A., Pawar, A. D., Ahmad, S. N. &amp; Nagaraja, T. (1989) Sugarcane pyrilla control by the use of Epiricania melanoleuca (F.) in Karnataka. Plant Protection Bulletin. (Faridabad), 41 (1 - 2), 28 - 30." type="journal article" year="1989">Ansari et al., 1989</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF644B5FFACFF97AD930D4A44FBD716" author="Joshi" box="[1206,1432,577,599]" pageId="1" pageNumber="432" refString="Joshi, R. K. &amp; Sharma, S. K. (1989) Augmentation and conservation of Epiricania melanoleuca (F.) for the population management of sugarcane leaf hopper Pyrilla perpusilla (Wlk.) under arid conditions of Rajasthan. Indian Sugarcane, 39 (8), 625 - 628." type="journal article" year="1989">Joshi &amp; Sharma, 1989</bibRefCitation>
. See Nomenclatural note below.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD83944FFACFF97A9B20D75439BD7D5" blockId="1.[151,1436,546,661]" box="[151,760,638,661]" pageId="1" pageNumber="432">
<taxonomicName id="4C6742C7FFACFF97A9B20D75436AD7D5" ID-CoL="6JQHK" authority="Fletcher" authorityName="Fletcher" box="[151,521,638,660]" class="Insecta" family="Epipyropidae" genus="Fulgoraecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="432" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melanoleuca">
<emphasis id="B913E556FFACFF97A9B20D7540F8D7D5" box="[151,411,638,660]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="432">Fulgoraecia melanoleuca</emphasis>
(Fletcher)
</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF644B5FFACFF97AB360D754397D7D5" author="Beccaloni" box="[531,756,638,661]" pageId="1" pageNumber="432" refString="Beccaloni, G., Scoble, M., Kitching, I., Simonsen, T., Robinson, G., Pitkin, B., Hine, A. &amp; Lyal, C. (Eds.), (2003) The Global Lepidoptera Names Index (LepIndex). Available from: http: // www. nhm. ac. uk / research-curation / research / projects / lepindex / (accessed 14 May 2015)" type="journal article" year="2003">
Beccaloni
<emphasis id="B913E556FFACFF97AB5A0D8B43C8D7D5" box="[639,683,638,661]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="432">et al</emphasis>
., 2003
</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD83944FFACFF97A9B20DCA40DDD694" blockId="1.[151,1437,705,2034]" pageId="1" pageNumber="432">
<emphasis id="B913E556FFACFF97A9B20DCA40E9D79B" bold="true" box="[151,394,705,730]" pageId="1" pageNumber="432">Nomenclatural note.</emphasis>
Several authors have used the combination
<taxonomicName id="4C6742C7FFACFF97AA510DC945E1D798" box="[884,1154,705,729]" class="Insecta" family="Epipyropidae" genus="Epiricania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="432" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melanoleuca">
<emphasis id="B913E556FFACFF97AA510DC945E1D798" box="[884,1154,705,729]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="432">Epiricania melanoleuca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see above). Yet we have been unable to find any published reference where the transfer of
<taxonomicName id="4C6742C7FFACFF97AAAF0DEE457AD7BC" box="[906,1049,741,765]" class="Insecta" family="Epipyropidae" genus="Epiricania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="432" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melanoleuca">
<emphasis id="B913E556FFACFF97AAAF0DEE457AD7BC" box="[906,1049,741,765]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="432">melanoleuca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to
<taxonomicName id="4C6742C7FFACFF97AD650DED45DBD7BC" ID-CoL="9289N" box="[1088,1208,742,765]" class="Insecta" family="Epipyropidae" genus="Epiricania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="432" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B913E556FFACFF97AD650DED45DBD7BC" box="[1088,1208,742,765]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="432">Epiricania</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was formally done.
<bibRefCitation id="EFF644B5FFACFF97A9B20C01402CD663" author="Kato" box="[151,335,778,802]" pageId="1" pageNumber="432" refString="Kato, M. (1940) A monograph of Epipyropidae (Lepidoptera) [in Japanese]. The Entomological World, VIII (72), 67 - 94 + plates 1 - 4." type="journal article" year="1940">Kato (1940: 79)</bibRefCitation>
described the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C6742C7FFACFF97AB600C0143DED660" ID-CoL="9289N" box="[581,701,778,801]" class="Insecta" family="Epipyropidae" genus="Epiricania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="432" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B913E556FFACFF97AB600C0143DED660" box="[581,701,778,801]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="432">Epiricania</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but on page 83 of the same work he listed
<taxonomicName id="4C6742C7FFACFF97ADE60C024431D660" box="[1219,1362,777,801]" class="Insecta" family="Epipyropidae" genus="Epiricania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="432" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melanoleuca">
<emphasis id="B913E556FFACFF97ADE60C024431D660" box="[1219,1362,777,801]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="432">melanoleuca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
under
<taxonomicName id="4C6742C7FFACFF97A9B20C25406AD604" box="[151,265,814,837]" class="Insecta" family="Epipyropidae" genus="Epipyrops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="432" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B913E556FFACFF97A9B20C25406AD604" box="[151,265,814,837]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="432">Epipyrops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EFF644B5FFACFF97A8330C2640B0D607" author="Davis" box="[278,467,813,838]" pageId="1" pageNumber="432" refString="Davis, D. R. (1983) Epipyropidae, In: Hodges, R. W. et al., Check List of the Lepidoptera of America North of Mexico, E. W. Classey and The Wedge Entomological Research Foundation, London, pp. 1 - 67." type="book chapter" year="1983">Davis (1983: 67)</bibRefCitation>
treated
<taxonomicName id="4C6742C7FFACFF97AB080C25422ED607" authority="Bowring, 1876" authorityName="Bowring" authorityYear="1876" box="[557,845,813,838]" class="Insecta" family="Epipyropidae" genus="Epipyrops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="432" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B913E556FFACFF97AB080C2543FCD604" box="[557,671,814,837]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="432">Epipyrops</emphasis>
Bowring, 1876
</taxonomicName>
as a junior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="4C6742C7FFACFF97AD7C0C2644FBD607" ID-CoL="929FG" authority="Newman, 1851" authorityName="Newman" authorityYear="1851" box="[1113,1432,813,838]" class="Insecta" family="Epipyropidae" genus="Fulgoraecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="432" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B913E556FFACFF97AD7C0C264587D604" box="[1113,1252,813,837]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="432">Fulgoraecia</emphasis>
Newman, 1851
</taxonomicName>
. But according to
<bibRefCitation id="EFF644B5FFACFF97A8780C594300D62B" author="Nye" box="[349,611,849,874]" pageId="1" pageNumber="432" refString="Nye, I. W. B. &amp; Fletcher, D. S. (1991) The generic names of moths of the World. Volume 6. Microlepidoptera. Natural History Museum Publications, London, xxix + 368 pp." type="book" year="1991">Nye &amp; Fletcher (1991)</bibRefCitation>
, because the senior name has not been used since it was established, the existing usage of the junior name should be maintained and the case referred to the International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature. Here we follow the online Lepindex (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF644B5FFACFF97AA5D0C92450CD6F3" author="Beccaloni" box="[888,1135,921,946]" pageId="1" pageNumber="432" refString="Beccaloni, G., Scoble, M., Kitching, I., Simonsen, T., Robinson, G., Pitkin, B., Hine, A. &amp; Lyal, C. (Eds.), (2003) The Global Lepidoptera Names Index (LepIndex). Available from: http: // www. nhm. ac. uk / research-curation / research / projects / lepindex / (accessed 14 May 2015)" type="journal article" year="2003">
Beccaloni
<emphasis id="B913E556FFACFF97AAD60C914546D6F0" box="[1011,1061,921,945]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="432">et al</emphasis>
. 2003
</bibRefCitation>
) in using the combination
<taxonomicName id="4C6742C7FFACFF97A9B20CB640D4D694" ID-CoL="6JQHK" box="[151,439,957,981]" class="Insecta" family="Epipyropidae" genus="Fulgoraecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="432" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melanoleuca">
<emphasis id="B913E556FFACFF97A9B20CB640D4D694" box="[151,439,957,981]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="432">Fulgoraecia melanoleuca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD83944FFACFF97A9E20CEA4429D1CB" blockId="1.[151,1437,705,2034]" pageId="1" pageNumber="432">
<emphasis id="B913E556FFACFF97A9E20CEA4334D6BB" bold="true" box="[199,599,993,1018]" pageId="1" pageNumber="432">
Morphology. Adults (
<figureCitation id="135C25C1FFACFF97A8E20CEA432AD6BB" box="[455,585,993,1018]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 8" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1933,1956]" captionTargetBox="[246,1335,195,1899]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[246,1337,195,1900]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 8. Life stages of F. melanoleuca. 1. Male and female emerged from pupae; 2. Eggs; 3. Larva parasitizing on nymph of Pyrilla perpusilla; 4. Larva parasitizing on adult’s abdomen of P. perpusilla; 6. Pupa of F. melanoleuca; 7. F. melanoleuca adult male; 8. F. melanoleuca adult male." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/245604/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="432">Fig. 1, 7–8</figureCitation>
):
</emphasis>
Both males and females can be easily distinguished as adults. In the male the outer margin of the forewing is off white and the hindwing off white, while in female the forewing is grey black and the hindwing dark grey. The antennae are bipectinate in both sexes and the wing expanse is
<quantity id="4C9F94A1FFACFF97ADC20B214430D100" box="[1255,1363,1066,1090]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.05" metricValueMax="1.2" metricValueMin="0.9" pageId="1" pageNumber="432" unit="mm" value="10.5" valueMax="12.0" valueMin="9.0">9–12 mm</quantity>
in the male and
<quantity id="4C9F94A1FFACFF97A8200B45401CD124" box="[261,383,1102,1126]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.15" metricValueMax="1.3" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="432" unit="mm" value="11.5" valueMax="13.0" valueMin="10.0">10–13 mm</quantity>
in the female. The newly emerged female does not fly well whereas males are active and fly rapidly in search of females for coupling. The coupling time noted under field conditions is 10–15 minutes.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD83944FFACFF97A9E20B9E4024D1B7" blockId="1.[151,1437,705,2034]" pageId="1" pageNumber="432">
<emphasis id="B913E556FFACFF97A9E20B9E400FD1EF" bold="true" box="[199,364,1173,1198]" pageId="1" pageNumber="432">
Eggs (
<figureCitation id="135C25C1FFACFF97A8360B9E403ED1EF" box="[275,349,1173,1198]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 8" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1933,1956]" captionTargetBox="[246,1335,195,1899]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[246,1337,195,1900]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 8. Life stages of F. melanoleuca. 1. Male and female emerged from pupae; 2. Eggs; 3. Larva parasitizing on nymph of Pyrilla perpusilla; 4. Larva parasitizing on adult’s abdomen of P. perpusilla; 6. Pupa of F. melanoleuca; 7. F. melanoleuca adult male; 8. F. melanoleuca adult male." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/245604/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="432">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
):
</emphasis>
The female begins oviposition immediately and lays upto 234–
<specimenCount id="9D61F2CDFFACFF97AD740B9E4518D1EF" box="[1105,1147,1173,1198]" pageId="1" pageNumber="432" type="egg">450</specimenCount>
eggs. The eggs are light brown in color (
<figureCitation id="135C25C1FFACFF97A8680BB240F3D193" box="[333,400,1209,1234]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 8" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1933,1956]" captionTargetBox="[246,1335,195,1899]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[246,1337,195,1900]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 8. Life stages of F. melanoleuca. 1. Male and female emerged from pupae; 2. Eggs; 3. Larva parasitizing on nymph of Pyrilla perpusilla; 4. Larva parasitizing on adult’s abdomen of P. perpusilla; 6. Pupa of F. melanoleuca; 7. F. melanoleuca adult male; 8. F. melanoleuca adult male." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/245604/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="432">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
) and are mostly laid on the leaf margin near to the cocoon. After hatching, only three larval instars develop.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD83944FFACFF97A9E20A0A405DD0EB" blockId="1.[151,1437,705,2034]" pageId="1" pageNumber="432">
<emphasis id="B913E556FFACFF97A9E20A0A4082D05B" bold="true" box="[199,481,1281,1306]" pageId="1" pageNumber="432">
Larva (
<figureCitation id="135C25C1FFACFF97A8050A0A40EBD05B" box="[288,392,1281,1306]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 8" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1933,1956]" captionTargetBox="[246,1335,195,1899]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[246,1337,195,1900]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 8. Life stages of F. melanoleuca. 1. Male and female emerged from pupae; 2. Eggs; 3. Larva parasitizing on nymph of Pyrilla perpusilla; 4. Larva parasitizing on adult’s abdomen of P. perpusilla; 6. Pupa of F. melanoleuca; 7. F. melanoleuca adult male; 8. F. melanoleuca adult male." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/245604/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="432">Figs. 3-5</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="135C25C1FFACFF97A8B30A0A40B0D05B" box="[406,467,1281,1306]" captionStart="FIGURES 9 – 13" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1952,1975]" captionTargetBox="[207,1380,193,1930]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[207,1380,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 9 – 13. Larvae of F. melanoleuca. 9. Larva removed from the abdomen of P. perpusilla; 10. After removing waxy material from the body of the larva; 11. Proboscis for sucking fluids from the body of the host P. perpusilla; 12. Uniserial crochets on abdominal prolegs; 13. Uniserial crochets on anal prolegs." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/245605/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="432">9–13</figureCitation>
):
</emphasis>
Larvae possess a proboscis-like structure (
<figureCitation id="135C25C1FFACFF97AAE30A0A457BD05B" box="[966,1048,1281,1306]" captionStart="FIGURES 9 – 13" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1952,1975]" captionTargetBox="[207,1380,193,1930]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[207,1380,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 9 – 13. Larvae of F. melanoleuca. 9. Larva removed from the abdomen of P. perpusilla; 10. After removing waxy material from the body of the larva; 11. Proboscis for sucking fluids from the body of the host P. perpusilla; 12. Uniserial crochets on abdominal prolegs; 13. Uniserial crochets on anal prolegs." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/245605/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="432">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
), which functions in sucking fluid from the abdomen of the host’s abdomen (
<taxonomicName id="4C6742C7FFACFF97AB5D0A2D4266D07C" ID-CoL="6WQGD" box="[632,773,1317,1341]" class="Insecta" family="Lophopidae" genus="Pyrilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="432" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perpusilla">
<emphasis id="B913E556FFACFF97AB5D0A2D4266D07C" box="[632,773,1317,1341]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="432">P. perpusilla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Four pairs of abdominal and one pair of anal prolegs are present. Abdominal prolegs have uniordinal, uniserial crochets. Anal proleg with crochets uniserial but in a half circle, which help to attach to the abdomen of the host (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF644B5FFACFF97AA040A6642CAD0C7" author="Davis" box="[801,937,1389,1414]" pageId="1" pageNumber="432" refString="Davis, D. R. (1987) Epipyropidae, In: Stehr, F. W. (Ed.), Immature insects, Vol. 1, Kendall / Hunt Publ. Co., Dubuque, Iowa, pp. 456 - 460." type="journal article" year="1987">Davis 1987</bibRefCitation>
). The body of larvae is covered with white waxy material.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD83944FFACFF97A9E20ABE4364D3EF" blockId="1.[151,1437,705,2034]" pageId="1" pageNumber="432">
<emphasis id="B913E556FFACFF97A9E20ABE4086D08F" bold="true" box="[199,485,1461,1486]" pageId="1" pageNumber="432">
Cocoons (
<figureCitation id="135C25C1FFACFF97A81F0ABE40E9D08F" box="[314,394,1461,1486]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 8" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1933,1956]" captionTargetBox="[246,1335,195,1899]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[246,1337,195,1900]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 8. Life stages of F. melanoleuca. 1. Male and female emerged from pupae; 2. Eggs; 3. Larva parasitizing on nymph of Pyrilla perpusilla; 4. Larva parasitizing on adult’s abdomen of P. perpusilla; 6. Pupa of F. melanoleuca; 7. F. melanoleuca adult male; 8. F. melanoleuca adult male." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/245604/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="432">Figs. 6</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="135C25C1FFACFF97A8B30ABE40BED08F" box="[406,477,1461,1486]" captionStart="FIGURES 14 – 21" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1952,1975]" captionTargetBox="[226,1370,195,1919]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[198,1389,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 14 – 21. Pupae of F. melanoleuca. 14. Dorsal view of male pupa; 15. Ventral view of male pupa; 16. Lateral view of male pupa; 17. Dorsal view of female pupa; 18. Ventral view of female pupa; 19. Lateral view of male pupa; 20. Male genital scar; 21. Female genital ostium scar." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/245607/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="432">14–21</figureCitation>
)
</emphasis>
: Cocoons are constructed on the leaf, and are pure white, elongate, flattened, convex anteriorly and concave posteriorly. Male and female pupae are light brown. Male pupae have a short abdomen and the male genital scar is present on the 9th sternum. Female pupae are larger than male pupae and with a larger abdomen. Eight and 9th sternum are fused and a female genital pore is present on the fused sternum. The anus is present on the 10th sternum in both male and female pupa. Dark brown color patches are present on the dorsal surface of female pupal abdominal segments, and fewer light brown patches are present on all dorsal surfaces of male pupal abdominal segments.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD83944FFACFF97A9E209B245A6D390" blockId="1.[151,1437,705,2034]" box="[199,1221,1721,1746]" pageId="1" pageNumber="432">
<emphasis id="B913E556FFACFF97A9E209B240B5D393" bold="true" box="[199,470,1721,1746]" pageId="1" pageNumber="432">Taxonomic description</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="135C25C1FFACFF97A8C309B24320D393" box="[486,579,1721,1746]" captionStart="FIGURES 22 – 31" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1952,1975]" captionTargetBox="[232,1368,210,1914]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[213,1374,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 22 – 31. Adult structures of F. melanoleuca. 22. Habitus of female; 23. Habitus of male; 24. Lateral view of head; 25. Male antenna; 26. Female antenna; 27. Foreleg; 28. Midleg; 29. Hindleg; 30. Forewing venation; 31. Hindwing venation." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/245608/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="432">Figs. 22</figureCitation>
–38).
<emphasis id="B913E556FFACFF97ABA609B2420BD393" bold="true" box="[643,872,1721,1746]" pageId="1" pageNumber="432">
<emphasis id="B913E556FFACFF97ABA609B24279D390" bold="true" box="[643,794,1721,1746]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="432">Alar expanse</emphasis>
: Male
</emphasis>
<quantity id="4C9F94A1FFACFF97AA4B09B142B8D390" box="[878,987,1722,1746]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.05" metricValueMax="1.2" metricValueMin="0.9" pageId="1" pageNumber="432" unit="mm" value="10.5" valueMax="12.0" valueMin="9.0">9–12 mm</quantity>
,
<emphasis id="B913E556FFACFF97AAC209B2455DD393" bold="true" box="[999,1086,1721,1746]" pageId="1" pageNumber="432">Female</emphasis>
<quantity id="4C9F94A1FFACFF97AD6009B145A2D390" box="[1093,1217,1722,1746]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.15" metricValueMax="1.3" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="432" unit="mm" value="11.5" valueMax="13.0" valueMin="10.0">10–13 mm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37D6ACFFFACFF94A9E209D641B9D07F" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="433" pageId="1" pageNumber="432" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BD83944FFACFF94A9E209D64579D45C" blockId="1.[151,1437,705,2034]" lastBlockId="2.[151,1437,151,1595]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="433" pageId="1" pageNumber="432">
<emphasis id="B913E556FFACFF97A9E209D64068D3B7" bold="true" box="[199,267,1757,1782]" pageId="1" pageNumber="432">
<emphasis id="B913E556FFACFF97A9E209D64061D3B7" bold="true" box="[199,258,1757,1782]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="432">Male</emphasis>
:
</emphasis>
Head small, rounded, roughly covered with blackish scales with white tips; bases of antennae and spaces between them with large white scales; eyes small somewhat projecting laterally, with white scales anteriorly and with long, narrow white scales posteriroly; spaces between eyes broadly trapezoidal, turned approximately ventrally, measuring a little less than twice diameter of eye. Mouth parts reduced and no part is visible among dense scaling. Antenna 13-segmented, including the two basal segments, bipectinate, extending slightly more than one-third of costa of forewing; scape stout, rounded, with pecten of short scales; pedicellus smaller, shaft bifid at apex, with 11 pairs of long, ciliated branches, the longest branch being four times longer than the segment from which it arises; shaft white-scaled dorsally, spotted with fuscous above the base of each branch; branches dark brown, also white scaled, spotted with fuscous. Thorax covered with blackish grey scales. Abdomen rather short and slender, densely covered with short, broad, fuscous and blackish scales with whitish tips; anal tuft small, ochreous. Legs fuscous, irrorate with whitish tips on most scales; tarsi narrowly lined with white; foreleg with broad coxa; tibia without epiphysis; mid and hind legs without spurs and spines.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD83944FFAFFF94A9E20E2C41A9D77C" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,1595]" pageId="2" pageNumber="433">Mouth parts entirely reduced and not rough-scaled; covered with large blackish scales; eyes small, but projecting slightly, space between eyes approximately more than twice diameter of eye as seen from this aspect; haustellum absent; labial palpi three segmented, small; antenna short, covered with hairs, shaft bifid at apex, bipectinate; pecten long, ciliated; thorax blackish with long scales; abdomen short and slender, not reaching tornus of hindwing, blackish; posterior margins of segments narrowly white; legs fuscous, tarsi lined with white; foreleg without epiphysis; mid and hind leg without tibial spurs; forewings covered with white scales upto discal cell and half of the wing covered with blackish grey scales; hindwings covered with white scales; both the wings smaller in size.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD83944FFAFFF94A9E20D4C45A9D654" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,1595]" pageId="2" pageNumber="433">
<emphasis id="B913E556FFAFFF94A9E20D4C4044D721" bold="true" box="[199,295,583,608]" pageId="2" pageNumber="433">
<emphasis id="B913E556FFAFFF94A9E20D4C407DD721" bold="true" box="[199,286,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="433">Female</emphasis>
:
</emphasis>
Head rather small, rounded, relatively rough-scaled; covered with large blackish scales; eyes small, but projecting slightly; space between eyes slightly more than twice diameter of eye.; haustellum absent; labial palpi three segmented, small; antenna short, covered with sensilla, shaft bifid at apex, bipectinate; pecten small, ciliated; thorax blackish with long scales; abdomen long and stout, extending to tornus of hindwing, blackish, posterior margins of segments blackish; legs fuscous; tarsi lined with white; foreleg without epiphysis; mid and hindlegs without tibial spurs; forewings and hindwings covered with black scales, larger in size.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD83944FFAFFF94A9E20C2B43B4D15F" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,1595]" pageId="2" pageNumber="433">
<emphasis id="B913E556FFAFFF94A9E20C2B4019D679" bold="true" box="[199,378,799,824]" pageId="2" pageNumber="433">
<emphasis id="B913E556FFAFFF94A9E20C2B4012D679" bold="true" box="[199,369,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="433">Wing venation</emphasis>
:
</emphasis>
Both fore and hindwing discal cells divided into two subcells, but forewing with one more cell,
<emphasis id="B913E556FFAFFF94A9E30C4E418AD61D" box="[198,233,837,860]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="433">i.e.</emphasis>
accessory cell.
<emphasis id="B913E556FFAFFF94A8BD0C4F436AD61C" bold="true" box="[408,521,836,861]" pageId="2" pageNumber="433">Forewing</emphasis>
Sc vein arising from the base of discal cell. Veins R1, R2, R3, separate, but veins R4, R5, fused, and originating from accessory cell near apex of discal cell; veins M1, M2, M3 present and originate from the discal cell separately; veins Cu1a, Cu1b present, separate, arising from the lower angle of discal cell; vein CuP present. 1A+2A fused and 3A not present (
<figureCitation id="135C25C1FFAFFF94AB5D0CB343AFD690" box="[632,716,952,977]" captionStart="FIGURES 22 – 31" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1952,1975]" captionTargetBox="[232,1368,210,1914]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[213,1374,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 22 – 31. Adult structures of F. melanoleuca. 22. Habitus of female; 23. Habitus of male; 24. Lateral view of head; 25. Male antenna; 26. Female antenna; 27. Foreleg; 28. Midleg; 29. Hindleg; 30. Forewing venation; 31. Hindwing venation." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/245608/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="433">Fig. 30</figureCitation>
).
<emphasis id="B913E556FFAFFF94ABFA0CB34235D690" bold="true" box="[735,854,952,977]" pageId="2" pageNumber="433">Hindwing</emphasis>
vein Sc+R1 fused. Veins M1, M2, M3 separate. Veins Cu1a, Cu1b originating at the lower angle of discal cell; Cu1b present and originates separately; CuP present at tornal margin. 1A+2A fused and 3A not present (
<figureCitation id="135C25C1FFAFFF94AB530B0E43AAD15F" box="[630,713,1029,1054]" captionStart="FIGURES 22 – 31" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1952,1975]" captionTargetBox="[232,1368,210,1914]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[213,1374,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 22 – 31. Adult structures of F. melanoleuca. 22. Habitus of female; 23. Habitus of male; 24. Lateral view of head; 25. Male antenna; 26. Female antenna; 27. Foreleg; 28. Midleg; 29. Hindleg; 30. Forewing venation; 31. Hindwing venation." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/245608/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="433">Fig. 31</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD83944FFAFFF94A9E20B22418CD193" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,1595]" pageId="2" pageNumber="433">
<emphasis id="B913E556FFAFFF94A9E20B224014D102" bold="true" box="[199,375,1065,1091]" pageId="2" pageNumber="433">
<emphasis id="B913E556FFAFFF94A9E20B22400CD103" bold="true" box="[199,367,1065,1090]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="433">Male genitalia</emphasis>
:
</emphasis>
Tegumen stout, anterior margin with semicircular excavation, with large, semicircular, lateral lobes, uncus does not differentiated; gnathos represented by two strongly sclerotized, arcuate, conical processes, not fused medially, valva stout, broad, with strongly sclerotized clasper; saccus small; saccullus oval shaped, bearing small spines, aedeagus small, projecting anteriorly as a pair of bifurcated, bulbous processes, cornuti not present.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD83944FFAFFF94A9E20BD641B9D07F" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,1595]" pageId="2" pageNumber="433">
<emphasis id="B913E556FFAFFF94A9E20BD640F6D1B7" bold="true" box="[199,405,1245,1270]" pageId="2" pageNumber="433">
<emphasis id="B913E556FFAFFF94A9E20BD640E8D1B7" bold="true" box="[199,395,1245,1270]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="433">Female genitalia</emphasis>
:
</emphasis>
Anal papillae sclerotized, small, bearing minute spines; anterior apophysis short, anterior end blunt and rounded; posterior apophysis extremely short; ductus bursae short; corpus bursae rounded without signa.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37D6ACFFFAFFF94A9E20A414180D0B2" pageId="2" pageNumber="433" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BD83944FFAFFF94A9E20A414180D0B2" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,1595]" pageId="2" pageNumber="433">
<emphasis id="B913E556FFAFFF94A9E20A4140D2D022" bold="true" box="[199,433,1354,1379]" pageId="2" pageNumber="433">Material examined.</emphasis>
Rajesh Kumar;
<specimenCount id="9D61F2CDFFAFFF94AB4E0A414380D023" box="[619,739,1354,1378]" pageId="2" pageNumber="433" type="pupa">100 pupae</specimenCount>
, Sorghum &amp; Wheat,
<collectionCode id="ED76A181FFAFFF94AAF60A41456CD023" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13272" box="[979,1039,1354,1378]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13272" name="Indian Agricultural Research Institute" pageId="2" pageNumber="433">IARI</collectionCode>
, New Delhi,
<date id="FFD91F84FFAFFF94AD830A41444BD022" box="[1190,1320,1354,1379]" pageId="2" pageNumber="433" value="2008-05-02">05.02.2008</date>
;
<specimenCount id="9D61F2CDFFAFFF94AC160A4144FFD022" box="[1331,1436,1354,1379]" pageId="2" pageNumber="433" type="larva">50 larvae</specimenCount>
on
<taxonomicName id="4C6742C7FFAFFF94A9E50A654368D0C7" authority="Sorghum" authorityName="Sorghum" box="[192,523,1389,1414]" class="Insecta" family="Lophopidae" genus="Pyrilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="433" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perpusilla">
<emphasis id="B913E556FFAFFF94A9E50A6540EDD0C7" box="[192,398,1390,1414]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="433">Pyrilla perpusilla</emphasis>
, Sorghum
</taxonomicName>
,
<collectionCode id="ED76A181FFAFFF94AB390A65433BD0C7" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13272" box="[540,600,1390,1414]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13272" name="Indian Agricultural Research Institute" pageId="2" pageNumber="433">IARI</collectionCode>
, New Delhi,
<date id="FFD91F84FFAFFF94ABDA0A6542E3D0C7" box="[767,896,1390,1414]" pageId="2" pageNumber="433" value="2008-03-20">20.03.2008</date>
, leg. Rajesh Kumar and Vishal Mittal;
<specimenCount id="9D61F2CDFFAFFF94AC410A6544F4D0C7" box="[1380,1431,1390,1414]" pageId="2" pageNumber="433" type="generic">90♂</specimenCount>
, emerged in laboratory, Entomology Division,
<collectionCode id="ED76A181FFAFFF94ABBE0A9943B4D0EB" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13272" box="[667,727,1426,1450]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13272" name="Indian Agricultural Research Institute" pageId="2" pageNumber="433">IARI</collectionCode>
, New Delhi,
<date id="FFD91F84FFAFFF94AA4E0A99428FD0EB" box="[875,1004,1426,1450]" pageId="2" pageNumber="433" value="2008-03-20">20.03.2008</date>
, leg. Rajesh Kumar and Vishal Mittal; 40♀ emerged in laboratory, Entomology Division,
<collectionCode id="ED76A181FFAFFF94ABFA0ABD4278D08F" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13272" box="[735,795,1462,1486]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13272" name="Indian Agricultural Research Institute" pageId="2" pageNumber="433">IARI</collectionCode>
, New Delhi, 0 5.03.2008, leg. Rajesh Kumar and Vishal Mittal.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37D6ACFFFAFFF94A9E20AF64394D37A" pageId="2" pageNumber="433" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BD83944FFAFFF94A9E20AF643B1D357" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,1595]" box="[199,722,1533,1558]" pageId="2" pageNumber="433">
<emphasis id="B913E556FFAFFF94A9E20AF64003D357" bold="true" box="[199,352,1533,1558]" pageId="2" pageNumber="433">Distribution.</emphasis>
North
<collectingCountry id="F37079D4FFAFFF94A88A0AF64088D357" box="[431,491,1533,1558]" name="India" pageId="2" pageNumber="433">India</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F37079D4FFAFFF94A8D20AF6433AD357" box="[503,601,1533,1558]" name="Pakistan" pageId="2" pageNumber="433">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F37079D4FFAFFF94AB410AF643B1D357" box="[612,722,1533,1558]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="2" pageNumber="433">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD83944FFAFFF94A9E209294394D37A" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,1595]" box="[199,759,1570,1595]" pageId="2" pageNumber="433">
<emphasis id="B913E556FFAFFF94A9E209294065D37A" bold="true" box="[199,262,1570,1595]" pageId="2" pageNumber="433">Host.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C6742C7FFAFFF94A828092940B7D37B" box="[269,468,1570,1594]" class="Insecta" family="Lophopidae" genus="Pyrilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="433" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perpusilla">
<emphasis id="B913E556FFAFFF94A828092940B7D37B" box="[269,468,1570,1594]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="433">Pyrilla perpusilla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C6742C7FFAFFF94A8C40929433ED37A" box="[481,605,1570,1595]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="433" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hemiptera</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="4C6742C7FFAFFF94AB4D09294393D37A" box="[616,752,1570,1595]" class="Insecta" family="Lophopidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="433" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Lophopidae</taxonomicName>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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