treatments-xml/data/03/C8/87/03C887CA2E1AFFBBFF0FFD04FB1D2F9E.xml

<document id="66381DB3BBF818E68D22D63D61B3F8C0" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.199500" ID-GBIF-Dataset="14a2af50-a669-40e4-948f-0bec544f6622" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="199500" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460338087769" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Trivinho-Strixino, Susana, Silva, Fabio Laurindo Da &amp; Roque, Fabio Oliveira" docDate="2010" docId="03C887CA2E1AFFBBFF0FFD04FB1D2F9E" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02689p014.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2689" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Parachironomus cayapo Spies, Fittkau &amp; Reiss 1994" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="10" masterDocId="FFF1FFB22E1CFFB2FF98FF84FF9B2D3E" masterDocTitle="A new species of Parachironomus Lenz, 1921 (Diptera: Chironomidae: Chironominae), and description of immature stages of two other species from the Neotropical Region" masterLastPageNumber="14" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="7" updateTime="1698260343144" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="4C0673390C211DFDE3834E56450B1ECD">A new species of Parachironomus Lenz, 1921 (Diptera: Chironomidae: Chironominae), and description of immature stages of two other species from the Neotropical Region</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="C09D15630D943B6CA5BE451969F070C6">Trivinho-Strixino, Susana</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="54A1ADB1FEFEEDDB37645F192000D496">Silva, Fabio Laurindo Da</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="CD22682269F20E2549716FB76D233A4D">Roque, Fabio Oliveira</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="03C887CA2E1AFFBBFF0FFD04FB1D2F9E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6207892" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119405547" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6207892" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C887CA2E1AFFBBFF0FFD04FB1D2F9E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C887CA2E1AFFBBFF0FFD04FB1D2F9E" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<subSubSection id="C37B65572E1AFFB4FF0FFD04FEAF2F82" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BDE36DC2E1AFFB4FF0FFD04FCB82FA4" blockId="6.[151,803,640,700]" box="[151,803,640,666]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<heading id="D09681B02E1AFFB4FF0FFD04FCB82FA4" bold="true" box="[151,803,640,666]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C614D5F2E1AFFB4FF0FFD04FCB82FA4" ID-CoL="4CPKW" authority="Spies, Fittkau &amp; Reiss, 1994" authorityName="Spies, Fittkau &amp; Reiss" authorityYear="1994" box="[151,803,640,666]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Parachironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cayapo">
<emphasis id="B915EACE2E1AFFB4FF0FFD04FCB82FA4" bold="true" box="[151,803,640,666]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="B915EACE2E1AFFB4FF0FFD04FE242FA4" bold="true" box="[151,447,640,666]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Parachironomus cayapo</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF04B2D2E1AFFB4FE5DFD04FCB82FA4" author="Spies" box="[453,803,640,666]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Spies, M., Fittkau, E. J. &amp; Reiss, F. (1994) &amp; Reiss, F. (1994) The adult males of Parachironomus Lenz, 1921, from the Neotropical faunal region. Spixiana, Supplement 20, 61 - 98." type="book chapter" year="1994">Spies, Fittkau &amp; Reiss, 1994</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE36DC2E1AFFB4FF0FFD26FEAF2F82" blockId="6.[151,803,640,700]" box="[151,308,674,700]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
(
<figureCitation id="135A2A592E1AFFB4FF07FD26FEB72F82" box="[159,300,674,700]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 17 – 21" captionStart-1="FIGURES 22 – 27" captionStartId-0="7.[151,271,1935,1959]" captionStartId-1="8.[151,270,1960,1984]" captionTargetBox-0="[235,1357,189,1913]" captionTargetBox-1="[234,1356,192,1935]" captionTargetId-0="figure@7.[232,1361,172,1925]" captionTargetId-1="figure@8.[228,1360,182,1946]" captionTargetPageId-0="7" captionTargetPageId-1="8" captionText-0="FIGURES 17 – 21. Parachironomus cayapo Spies, Fittkau &amp; Reiss, 1994, pupa. 17. Frontal apotome. 18. Thorax. 19. Basal ring. 20. Abdomen, dorsal view. 21. Posterolateral spurs on segment VIII. Scales: Figs. 16, 20 = 100 μm; Fig. 18 = 50 μm; Figs. 17, 19 = 500 μm." captionText-1="FIGURES 22 – 27. Parachironomus cayapo Spies, Fittkau &amp; Reiss, 1994, larva. 22. Antenna. 23. Pecten epipharyngis. 24. Premandible. 25. Maxillary palp. 26. Mandible. 27. Mentum and ventromental plates. Scale: 50 μm." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/199503/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/199504/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figs. 17–27</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37B65572E1AFFB4FF0FFD69FB68290B" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BDE36DC2E1AFFB4FF0FFD69FC392EA2" blockId="6.[151,1437,749,2019]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="B915EACE2E1AFFB4FF0FFD69FE082E39" bold="true" box="[151,403,749,775]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Material examined.</emphasis>
Male with pupal exuviae, 
<collectingCountry id="F376764C2E1AFFB4FD42FD69FCD02E39" box="[730,843,749,775]" name="Brazil" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">BRAZIL</collectingCountry>
: São Paulo State, Pirassununga, Cepta Reservoir (
<geoCoordinate id="EE55501B2E1AFFB4FF38FC96FEB62E12" box="[160,301,786,812]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" precision="15" value="-21.931944">21º55’55”S</geoCoordinate>
; 47º22’354”), 
<date id="FFDF101C2E1AFFB4FE45FC96FDA02E12" box="[477,571,786,812]" bridgedPair="/" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" value="2003-09">ix/2003</date>
, S. Trivinho-Strixino. 
<specimenCount id="9D67FD552E1AFFB4FCD0FC96FC022E12" box="[840,921,786,812]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
with pupal exuviae, as previous except for São Carlos (
<geoCoordinate id="EE55501B2E1AFFB4FEB3FCBCFE232E6C" box="[299,440,824,850]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" precision="15" value="-21.98611">21º59’10”S</geoCoordinate>
; 
<geoCoordinate id="EE55501B2E1AFFB4FE5EFCBCFDFB2E6C" box="[454,608,824,850]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" precision="15" value="-47.88111">47º52’52”W</geoCoordinate>
), Represa do Monjolinho, 
<date id="FFDF101C2E1AFFB4FC38FCBCFBBF2E6C" box="[928,1060,824,850]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" value="2002-04-23">23/iv/2002</date>
, T. Siqueira. 
<specimenCount id="9D67FD552E1AFFB4FB5CFCBCFA8E2E6C" box="[1220,1301,824,850]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
with pupal exuviae, as previous except 
<date id="FFDF101C2E1AFFB4FE75FCD9FDDF2E49" box="[493,580,861,887]" bridgedPair="/" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" value="2002-05">v/2002</date>
, L. C. S. Correia. 
<specimenCount id="9D67FD552E1AFFB4FCBAFCD9FC1C2E49" box="[802,903,861,887]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="larva">3 larvae</specimenCount>
, as previous. 1 larva, as previous except for Represa da 
<collectingCountry id="F376764C2E1AFFB4FE87FC06FEC02EA2" box="[287,347,898,924]" name="Malta" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Mata</collectingCountry>
/Canchim Farm, 
<date id="FFDF101C2E1AFFB4FDB9FC06FD392EA2" box="[545,674,898,924]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" value="2000-11-11">11/xi/2000</date>
, S. Trivinho-Strixino.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE36DC2E1AFFB4FF5DFC2CFB68290B" blockId="6.[151,1437,749,2019]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="B915EACE2E1AFFB4FF5DFC2CFE7C2EFC" bold="true" box="[197,487,936,962]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Diagnostic characters.</emphasis>
The pupa and larva of 
<taxonomicName id="4C614D5F2E1AFFB4FC9FFC2CFC1B2EFF" box="[775,896,936,961]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Parachironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cayapo">
<emphasis id="B915EACE2E1AFFB4FC9FFC2CFC1B2EFF" box="[775,896,936,961]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">P. cayapo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be differentiated by combination of the following characters. Pupa: cephalic tubercles present; posterolateral corners of segment VIII with 4–6 spines; sternite II without anterior and posterior transversal band of spines. Larva: mentum with 7th lateral tooth divided into 3 or 4 denticles clearer than others; premandible with 3 teeth decreasing gradually.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37B65572E1AFFBBFF5DFBC4FD7C2C83" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BDE36DC2E1AFFB4FF5DFBC4FC882964" blockId="6.[151,1437,749,2019]" box="[197,787,1088,1114]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="B915EACE2E1AFFB4FF5DFBC4FE3E2964" bold="true" box="[197,421,1088,1114]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Description. Pupa</emphasis>
(n = 3 unless otherwise stated)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE36DC2E1AFFB4FF5DFBE2FD2129BE" blockId="6.[151,1437,749,2019]" box="[197,698,1126,1152]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="B915EACE2E1AFFB4FF5DFBE2FED72941" box="[197,332,1126,1151]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Dimension.</emphasis>
Abdomen 
<quantity id="4C999B392E1AFFB4FE55FBE2FDEC29BE" box="[461,631,1126,1152]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.25" metricValueMax="3.8" metricValueMin="2.7" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="mm" value="3.25" valueMax="3.8" valueMin="2.7">2.70–3.80 mm</quantity>
long.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE36DC2E1AFFB4FF5DFB0FFDDD299B" blockId="6.[151,1437,749,2019]" box="[197,582,1163,1189]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="B915EACE2E1AFFB4FF5DFB0FFED6299A" box="[197,333,1163,1188]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Coloration.</emphasis>
Exuviae pale brown.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE36DC2E1AFFB4FF5DFB35FC0D2804" blockId="6.[151,1437,749,2019]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="B915EACE2E1AFFB4FF5DFB35FEE729F4" box="[197,380,1201,1226]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Cephalothorax.</emphasis>
Cephalic tubercles 45 (1) μm long, short, conical, apically pointed; frontal setae 38-34 (2) μm long, inserted subapically (
<figureCitation id="135A2A592E1AFFB4FD9BFB52FDC129CE" box="[515,602,1238,1264]" captionStart="FIGURES 17 – 21" captionStartId="7.[151,271,1935,1959]" captionTargetBox="[235,1357,189,1913]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[232,1361,172,1925]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 17 – 21. Parachironomus cayapo Spies, Fittkau &amp; Reiss, 1994, pupa. 17. Frontal apotome. 18. Thorax. 19. Basal ring. 20. Abdomen, dorsal view. 21. Posterolateral spurs on segment VIII. Scales: Figs. 16, 20 = 100 μm; Fig. 18 = 50 μm; Figs. 17, 19 = 500 μm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/199503/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
). Wing sheath 
<quantity id="4C999B392E1AFFB4FC92FB52FC2E29CE" box="[778,949,1238,1264]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.095" metricValueMax="1.22" metricValueMin="0.97" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="mm" value="1.095" valueMax="1.22" valueMin="0.97">0.97–1.22 mm</quantity>
long. Thorax sparsely granulose dorsally (
<figureCitation id="135A2A592E1AFFB4FF38FB7FFF63282B" box="[160,248,1275,1301]" captionStart="FIGURES 17 – 21" captionStartId="7.[151,271,1935,1959]" captionTargetBox="[235,1357,189,1913]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[232,1361,172,1925]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 17 – 21. Parachironomus cayapo Spies, Fittkau &amp; Reiss, 1994, pupa. 17. Frontal apotome. 18. Thorax. 19. Basal ring. 20. Abdomen, dorsal view. 21. Posterolateral spurs on segment VIII. Scales: Figs. 16, 20 = 100 μm; Fig. 18 = 50 μm; Figs. 17, 19 = 500 μm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/199503/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 18</figureCitation>
); scutal tubercle weakly developed; prealar tubercle well developed; antepronotals 2, precorneals 2, dorsocentrals 4. Basal ring weakly constricted medially (
<figureCitation id="135A2A592E1AFFB4FCA9FAA4FC1C2804" box="[817,903,1312,1338]" captionStart="FIGURES 17 – 21" captionStartId="7.[151,271,1935,1959]" captionTargetBox="[235,1357,189,1913]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[232,1361,172,1925]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 17 – 21. Parachironomus cayapo Spies, Fittkau &amp; Reiss, 1994, pupa. 17. Frontal apotome. 18. Thorax. 19. Basal ring. 20. Abdomen, dorsal view. 21. Posterolateral spurs on segment VIII. Scales: Figs. 16, 20 = 100 μm; Fig. 18 = 50 μm; Figs. 17, 19 = 500 μm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/199503/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 19</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE36DC2E1AFFB4FF5DFAC2FBE12B7D" blockId="6.[151,1437,749,2019]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="B915EACE2E1AFFB4FF5DFAC2FEA02861" box="[197,315,1350,1375]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Abdomen.</emphasis>
T I–VIII apparently without reticulation. T II with posterior row of recurved hooks on distinct posteriorly projecting flap, uninterrupted medially, occupying about 1/3 the width of 2nd tergite. T III-V with small spines concentrated on posteromedian area; T VI with conspicuous posteromedian patch of small spines (
<figureCitation id="135A2A592E1AFFB4FF07FA3DFF6C28ED" box="[159,247,1465,1491]" captionStart="FIGURES 17 – 21" captionStartId="7.[151,271,1935,1959]" captionTargetBox="[235,1357,189,1913]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[232,1361,172,1925]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 17 – 21. Parachironomus cayapo Spies, Fittkau &amp; Reiss, 1994, pupa. 17. Frontal apotome. 18. Thorax. 19. Basal ring. 20. Abdomen, dorsal view. 21. Posterolateral spurs on segment VIII. Scales: Figs. 16, 20 = 100 μm; Fig. 18 = 50 μm; Figs. 17, 19 = 500 μm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/199503/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 20</figureCitation>
). Sternites without conspicuous armature. Posterolateral corners of segment VIII with 4–6 spines (
<figureCitation id="135A2A592E1AFFB4FAF5FA3DFF2C28C6" captionStart="FIGURES 17 – 21" captionStartId="7.[151,271,1935,1959]" captionTargetBox="[235,1357,189,1913]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[232,1361,172,1925]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 17 – 21. Parachironomus cayapo Spies, Fittkau &amp; Reiss, 1994, pupa. 17. Frontal apotome. 18. Thorax. 19. Basal ring. 20. Abdomen, dorsal view. 21. Posterolateral spurs on segment VIII. Scales: Figs. 16, 20 = 100 μm; Fig. 18 = 50 μm; Figs. 17, 19 = 500 μm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/199503/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 21</figureCitation>
). Pedes spurii B inconspicuous. Pedes spurii A present in segment IV, reduced to few spinules. Segments I– IV with 0, 3, 3, 3 L setae, respectively; segments V–VII all with 4 taeniae; segment VIII with 5 taeniae. Anal lobe with complete fringe of about 76–108 (2) taeniae; lamelliform dorsal seta present.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE36DC2E1AFFB4FF5DF9D4FD732B55" blockId="6.[151,1437,749,2019]" box="[197,744,1614,1643]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="B915EACE2E1AFFB4FF5DF9D4FEE12B54" bold="true" box="[197,378,1614,1642]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">4th instar larva</emphasis>
(n = 4 unless otherwise stated)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE36DC2E1AFFB4FF5DF9F2FE232B8B" blockId="6.[151,1437,749,2019]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="B915EACE2E1AFFB4FF5DF9F2FED42BB1" box="[197,335,1654,1679]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Coloration.</emphasis>
Body light red and head yellowish. Procercus and anal setae pale brown. Posterior parapod claws all pale yellowish.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE36DC2E1AFFB4FF5DF945FB6B2BE5" blockId="6.[151,1437,749,2019]" box="[197,1264,1729,1755]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="B915EACE2E1AFFB4FF5DF945FE9F2BE4" box="[197,260,1729,1754]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Head</emphasis>
294–363 μm long, 256–288 μm wide; ventral length 144–175μm long. IC 0.79–0.91.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE36DC2E1AFFB4FF5DF962FE9B2A4D" blockId="6.[151,1437,749,2019]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="B915EACE2E1AFFB4FF5DF962FEBC2BC1" box="[197,295,1766,1791]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Antenna</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="135A2A592E1AFFB4FEAFF962FE152A3E" box="[311,398,1766,1792]" captionStart="FIGURES 22 – 27" captionStartId="8.[151,270,1960,1984]" captionTargetBox="[234,1356,192,1935]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[228,1360,182,1946]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 22 – 27. Parachironomus cayapo Spies, Fittkau &amp; Reiss, 1994, larva. 22. Antenna. 23. Pecten epipharyngis. 24. Premandible. 25. Maxillary palp. 26. Mandible. 27. Mentum and ventromental plates. Scale: 50 μm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/199504/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 22</figureCitation>
) 125–148 μm long, with 5 segments, basal antennal segment 74–86 μm long, with ring organ placed 28–31 μm from base. AR 1.29–1.45. Antennal blade well developed arising from apical portion of basal segment reaching the middle of 4th segment. 4th antennal segment 1.5 times as long as 3rd antennal segment.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE36DC2E1AFFB4FF5DF8FBFE9E2ADD" blockId="6.[151,1437,749,2019]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="B915EACE2E1AFFB4FF5DF8FBFEB42AA6" box="[197,303,1919,1944]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Labrum.</emphasis>
SI short, blade-like; SII blade-like, twice as long as SI; SIII seta-like; SIVa very small, 2 segmented. Pecten epipharyngis as in 
<figureCitation id="135A2A592E1AFFB4FDCEF820FD502A80" box="[598,715,1956,1982]" captionStart="FIGURES 22 – 27" captionStartId="8.[151,270,1960,1984]" captionTargetBox="[234,1356,192,1935]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[228,1360,182,1946]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 22 – 27. Parachironomus cayapo Spies, Fittkau &amp; Reiss, 1994, larva. 22. Antenna. 23. Pecten epipharyngis. 24. Premandible. 25. Maxillary palp. 26. Mandible. 27. Mentum and ventromental plates. Scale: 50 μm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/199504/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figure 23</figureCitation>
. Premandible with 3 teeth decreasing gradually; brush absent (
<figureCitation id="135A2A592E1AFFB4FF07F84DFF6C2ADD" box="[159,247,1993,2019]" captionStart="FIGURES 22 – 27" captionStartId="8.[151,270,1960,1984]" captionTargetBox="[234,1356,192,1935]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[228,1360,182,1946]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 22 – 27. Parachironomus cayapo Spies, Fittkau &amp; Reiss, 1994, larva. 22. Antenna. 23. Pecten epipharyngis. 24. Premandible. 25. Maxillary palp. 26. Mandible. 27. Mentum and ventromental plates. Scale: 50 μm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/199504/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 24</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF1E66542E1BFFB5FF0FF80BFE4D2AD8" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/199503/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" targetBox="[235,1357,189,1913]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="8BDE36DC2E1BFFB5FF0FF80BFE4D2AD8" blockId="7.[151,1436,1935,2022]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="B915EACE2E1BFFB5FF0FF80BFEFA2A99" bold="true" box="[151,353,1935,1959]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">FIGURES 17–21.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C614D5F2E1BFFB5FEF1F814FC222A98" authority="Spies, Fittkau &amp; Reiss, 1994" authorityName="Spies, Fittkau &amp; Reiss" authorityYear="1994" box="[361,953,1935,1959]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Parachironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cayapo">
<emphasis id="B915EACE2E1BFFB5FEF1F814FDEF2A99" box="[361,628,1936,1959]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Parachironomus cayapo</emphasis>
Spies, Fittkau &amp; Reiss, 1994
</taxonomicName>
, pupa. 
<emphasis id="B915EACE2E1BFFB5FB90F80BFBB22A99" bold="true" box="[1032,1065,1935,1959]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">17.</emphasis>
Frontal apotome. 
<emphasis id="B915EACE2E1BFFB5FB6CF80BFA8E2A99" bold="true" box="[1268,1301,1935,1959]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">18.</emphasis>
Thorax. 
<emphasis id="B915EACE2E1BFFB5FAE2F80BFA002A99" bold="true" box="[1402,1435,1935,1959]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">19.</emphasis>
Basal ring. 
<emphasis id="B915EACE2E1BFFB5FE89F82BFEA92AF9" bold="true" box="[273,306,1967,1991]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">20.</emphasis>
Abdomen, dorsal view. 
<emphasis id="B915EACE2E1BFFB5FDADF82BFDCD2AF9" bold="true" box="[565,598,1967,1991]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">21.</emphasis>
Posterolateral spurs on segment VIII. Scales: Figs. 16, 20 = 100 μm; Fig. 18 = 50 μm; Figs. 17, 19 = 500μm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF1E66542E14FFBAFF0FF82CFB722ADD" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/199504/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" targetBox="[234,1356,192,1935]" targetPageId="8">
<paragraph id="8BDE36DC2E14FFBAFF0FF82CFB722ADD" blockId="8.[151,1437,1960,2020]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="B915EACE2E14FFBAFF0FF82CFEFB2AFE" bold="true" box="[151,352,1960,1984]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">FIGURES 22–27.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C614D5F2E14FFBAFEFFF82CFC2B2A81" authority="Spies, Fittkau &amp; Reiss, 1994" authorityName="Spies, Fittkau &amp; Reiss" authorityYear="1994" box="[359,944,1960,1983]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Parachironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cayapo">
<emphasis id="B915EACE2E14FFBAFEFFF82CFDEB2A81" box="[359,624,1960,1983]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Parachironomus cayapo</emphasis>
Spies, Fittkau &amp; Reiss, 1994
</taxonomicName>
, larva. 
<emphasis id="B915EACE2E14FFBAFB98F82CFBBA2AFE" bold="true" box="[1024,1057,1960,1984]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">22.</emphasis>
Antenna. 
<emphasis id="B915EACE2E14FFBAFB0AF82CFB282AFE" bold="true" box="[1170,1203,1960,1984]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">23.</emphasis>
Pecten epipharyngis. 
<emphasis id="B915EACE2E14FFBAFF0FF848FF232ADA" bold="true" box="[151,184,1996,2020]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">24.</emphasis>
Premandible. 
<emphasis id="B915EACE2E14FFBAFECBF848FEEF2ADA" bold="true" box="[339,372,1996,2020]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">25.</emphasis>
Maxillary palp. 
<emphasis id="B915EACE2E14FFBAFDBEF848FDDC2ADA" bold="true" box="[550,583,1996,2020]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">26.</emphasis>
Mandible. 
<emphasis id="B915EACE2E14FFBAFD59F848FD782ADA" bold="true" box="[705,739,1996,2020]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">27.</emphasis>
Mentum and ventromental plates. Scale: 50 μm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BDE36DC2E15FFBBFF5DFF1CFA072D8C" blockId="9.[151,1437,152,672]" box="[197,1436,152,178]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="B915EACE2E15FFBBFF5DFF1CFEBB2D8F" box="[197,288,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Maxilla</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="135A2A592E15FFBBFEB7FF1CFE1D2D8C" box="[303,390,152,178]" captionStart="FIGURES 22 – 27" captionStartId="8.[151,270,1960,1984]" captionTargetBox="[234,1356,192,1935]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[228,1360,182,1946]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 22 – 27. Parachironomus cayapo Spies, Fittkau &amp; Reiss, 1994, larva. 22. Antenna. 23. Pecten epipharyngis. 24. Premandible. 25. Maxillary palp. 26. Mandible. 27. Mentum and ventromental plates. Scale: 50 μm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/199504/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 25</figureCitation>
). Basal palp segment 18–25 μm long, 14–17 μm wide, with ring organ 8–9 μm from base.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE36DC2E15FFBBFF5DFF39FD582DC1" blockId="9.[151,1437,152,672]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="B915EACE2E15FFBBFF5DFF39FEA42DE8" box="[197,319,189,214]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Mandible</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="135A2A592E15FFBBFEC9FF39FE2B2DE9" box="[337,432,189,215]" captionStart="FIGURES 22 – 27" captionStartId="8.[151,270,1960,1984]" captionTargetBox="[234,1356,192,1935]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[228,1360,182,1946]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 22 – 27. Parachironomus cayapo Spies, Fittkau &amp; Reiss, 1994, larva. 22. Antenna. 23. Pecten epipharyngis. 24. Premandible. 25. Maxillary palp. 26. Mandible. 27. Mentum and ventromental plates. Scale: 50 μm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/199504/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 26</figureCitation>
) 108–120 μm long, with apical tooth and 2 triangular inner teeth brown. Seta subdentalis short, not surpassing 1st inner tooth.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE36DC2E15FFBBFF5DFE8AFE5D2C4C" blockId="9.[151,1437,152,672]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="B915EACE2E15FFBBFF5DFE8AFEBE2C19" box="[197,293,270,295]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Mentum</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="135A2A592E15FFBBFEADFE89FE122C19" box="[309,393,269,295]" captionStart="FIGURES 22 – 27" captionStartId="8.[151,270,1960,1984]" captionTargetBox="[234,1356,192,1935]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[228,1360,182,1946]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 22 – 27. Parachironomus cayapo Spies, Fittkau &amp; Reiss, 1994, larva. 22. Antenna. 23. Pecten epipharyngis. 24. Premandible. 25. Maxillary palp. 26. Mandible. 27. Mentum and ventromental plates. Scale: 50 μm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/199504/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 27</figureCitation>
). With one simple middle tooth and 7 pairs of lateral teeth; 7th lateral lighter-colored than all other teeth and divided into 3 or 4 denticles. Ventromental plate about 0.81–0.85 times as wide as mentum, anterior margin crenulate.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE36DC2E15FFBBFF5DFEFAFD7C2C83" blockId="9.[151,1437,152,672]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="B915EACE2E15FFBBFF5DFEFAFEAF2CA9" box="[197,308,382,407]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Abdomen</emphasis>
. Procercus 1.08–1.15 (2) times as long as wide, with 7 anal setae. Anal tubules 163–200 (2) μm long. Posterior parapod with pale yellowish claws.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37B65572E15FFBBFF5DFE4CFB1D2F9E" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BDE36DC2E15FFBBFF5DFE4CFB1D2F9E" blockId="9.[151,1437,152,672]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="B915EACE2E15FFBBFF5DFE4CFEA52CDC" bold="true" box="[197,318,456,482]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Remarks.</emphasis>
The pupa of 
<taxonomicName id="4C614D5F2E15FFBBFE46FE4DFDCA2CDC" box="[478,593,457,482]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Parachironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cayapo">
<emphasis id="B915EACE2E15FFBBFE46FE4DFDCA2CDC" box="[478,593,457,482]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">P. cayapo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from 
<taxonomicName id="4C614D5F2E15FFBBFD76FE4DFC1C2CDC" box="[750,903,457,482]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Parachironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longistilus">
<emphasis id="B915EACE2E15FFBBFD76FE4DFC1C2CDC" box="[750,903,457,482]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">P. longistilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C614D5F2E15FFBBFC59FE4DFB842CDC" box="[961,1055,457,482]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Parachironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lupus">
<emphasis id="B915EACE2E15FFBBFC59FE4DFB842CDC" box="[961,1055,457,482]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">P. lupus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the presence of spines in the posterolateral corners of segment VIII, and can be separated from 
<taxonomicName id="4C614D5F2E15FFBBFC33FE6AFC602F39" box="[939,1019,494,519]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Parachironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tirio">
<emphasis id="B915EACE2E15FFBBFC33FE6AFC602F39" box="[939,1019,494,519]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">P. tirio</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the absence of transverse spine bands on sternite II. The number of taeniae in the anal lobe allows separated 
<taxonomicName id="4C614D5F2E15FFBBFB89FD97FB1A2F12" box="[1041,1153,531,556]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Parachironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cayapo">
<emphasis id="B915EACE2E15FFBBFB89FD97FB1A2F12" box="[1041,1153,531,556]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">P. cayapo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from circum-Caribbean 
<taxonomicName id="4C614D5F2E15FFBBFF0FFDBFFDAF2F6B" authority="Dendy &amp; Sublette, 1959" authorityName="Dendy &amp; Sublette" authorityYear="1959" box="[151,564,571,597]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Parachironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="directus">
<emphasis id="B915EACE2E15FFBBFF0FFDBFFE8B2F6A" box="[151,272,571,596]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">P. directus</emphasis>
Dendy &amp; Sublette, 1959
</taxonomicName>
and the eastern Nearctic 
<taxonomicName id="4C614D5F2E15FFBBFCC2FDBFFB182F6B" authority="Townes. The" authorityName="Townes. The" box="[858,1155,571,597]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Parachironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carinatus">
<emphasis id="B915EACE2E15FFBBFCC2FDBFFC7D2F6A" box="[858,998,571,596]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">P. carinatus</emphasis>
Townes. The
</taxonomicName>
serrated 7th lateral tooth of mentum separates the larva of 
<taxonomicName id="4C614D5F2E15FFBBFDA8FDE5FD3E2F44" box="[560,677,609,634]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Parachironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cayapo">
<emphasis id="B915EACE2E15FFBBFDA8FDE5FD3E2F44" box="[560,677,609,634]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">P. cayapo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from those of other species known from 
<collectingCountry id="F376764C2E15FFBBFB07FDE5FB762F45" box="[1183,1261,609,635]" name="Brazil" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Brazil</collectingCountry>
. However, the character is also seen in 
<emphasis id="B915EACE2E15FFBBFE2CFD02FDB02FA1" box="[436,555,646,671]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">P. d i re c t u s</emphasis>
and 
<emphasis id="B915EACE2E15FFBBFDFFFD02FD742FA1" box="[615,751,646,671]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">P. c a r i n a t u s</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF04B2D2E15FFBBFC9AFD02FC7C2F9E" author="Beck" box="[770,999,646,672]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Beck, W. M. &amp; Beck, E. C. (1969) Chironomidae (Diptera) of Florida. III. The Harnischia Complex (Chironominae). Bulletin of the Florida State Museum - Biological Sciences, 13 (5), 277 - 311." type="journal article" year="1969">Beck &amp; Beck 1969</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF04B2D2E15FFBBFC6BFD02FBE22F9E" author="Epler" box="[1011,1145,646,672]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Epler, J. H. (2001) Identification Manual for the larval Chironomidae (Diptera) of North and South Carolina: a guide to the taxonomy of the midges of the southeastern United States, including Florida. North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources and St. Johns River Water Management District, Raleigh and Palatka, 526 pp." type="book" year="2001">Epler 2001</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>