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<mods:title id="5BBC730732E755F83780A807FE7B25FC">New species and records of Heterospio (Annelida, Longosomatidae) from continental shelf, slope and abyssal depths of the Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean and adjacent seas</mods:title>
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<subSubSection id="C34240B3FF89CB3DFF728258FD60FDD9" box="[151,650,608,634]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BE71338FF89CB3DFF728258FD60FDD9" blockId="5.[151,650,608,634]" box="[151,650,608,634]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<emphasis id="B92CCF2AFF89CB3DFF728258FD60FDD9" bold="true" box="[151,650,608,634]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
Family
<taxonomicName id="4C5868BBFF89CB3DFF128258FD60FDD9" ID-CoL="84KFH" ID-ENA="1761470" authority="Hartman, 1944" authorityName="Hartman" authorityYear="1944" box="[247,650,608,634]" class="Polychaeta" family="Longosomatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">
Longosomatidae
<bibRefCitation id="EFC96EC9FF89CB3DFE288258FD60FDD9" author="Hartman, O." box="[461,650,608,634]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="311 - 481" refId="ref47514" refString="Hartman, O. (1944) Polychaetous annelids. Part VI. Paraonidae, Magelonidae, Longosomidae, Ctenodrilidae, and Sabellariidae. Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions, 10 (3), 311 - 481, pls. 27 - 42. [https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 4680266]" type="journal article" year="1944">Hartman, 1944</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
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<paragraph id="8BE71338FF89CB3DFF72829DFDF1FD1E" blockId="5.[151,1013,676,731]" box="[151,539,676,701]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="B92CCF2AFF89CB3DFF72829DFEFBFD1E" bold="true" box="[151,273,677,701]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<typeStatus id="54E3AD9AFF89CB3DFF72829DFF26FD1E" box="[151,204,677,701]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Type</typeStatus>
genus
</emphasis>
:
<taxonomicName id="4C5868BBFF89CB3DFEFB829DFDFDFD1E" ID-CoL="84P48" authority="Ehlers, 1874" authorityName="Ehlers" authorityYear="1874" box="[286,535,676,701]" class="Polychaeta" family="Longosomatidae" genus="Heterospio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92CCF2AFF89CB3DFEFB829DFE64FD1F" box="[286,398,677,700]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Heterospio</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC96EC9FF89CB3DFE71829CFDFDFD1E" author="Ehlers, E." box="[404,535,676,701]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="292 - 298" refId="ref47086" refString="Ehlers, E. (1874) Annulata nova vel minus cognita in Expeditione &quot; Porcupine &quot; capta. The Annals and Magazine of Natural history, Series 4, 13, 292 - 298. [https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 24342680]" type="journal article" year="1874">Ehlers, 1874</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE71338FF89CB3DFF7282FBFC1FFD78" blockId="5.[151,1013,676,731]" box="[151,1013,707,731]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="B92CCF2AFF89CB3DFF7282FBFF16FD78" bold="true" box="[151,252,707,731]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Synonym</emphasis>
:
<taxonomicName id="4C5868BBFF89CB3DFEEF82FBFDB8FD78" authority="Hartman, 1963" authorityName="Hartman" authorityYear="1963" box="[266,594,707,731]" class="Polychaeta" family="Heterospionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Heterospionidae Hartman, 1963</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="B92CCF2AFF89CB3DFDBE82FBFD63FD78" box="[603,649,707,731]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fide</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC96EC9FF89CB3DFD7582FCFCA2FD78" author="Petersen, M. E." box="[656,840,707,731]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="79 - 80" refId="ref48838" refString="Petersen, M. E. (1992) Provisional review of the Cirratulidae from the Faroes, with comments on some other groups (Annelida, Polychaeta). Nordurlandahusid arsrit, Yearbook for 1991 - 1992, 79 - 80." type="journal article" year="1992">Petersen 1992: 80</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFC96EC9FF89CB3DFCB782FBFC1BFD78" author="Borowski, C." box="[850,1009,707,731]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="129 - 144" refId="ref47025" refString="Borowski, C. (1994) New records of Longosomatidae (Heterospionidae) (Annelida, Polychaeta) from the abyssal Southeast Pacific, with the description of Heterospio peruana sp. n. and general remarks on the family. Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut, 92 (Supplement 1), 129 - 144." type="journal article" year="1994">Borowski 1994</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE71338FF89CB3DFF728331FCDDFC80" blockId="5.[151,1437,777,1272]" box="[151,823,777,804]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="B92CCF2AFF89CB3DFF728331FE9AFC80" bold="true" box="[151,368,777,803]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Generic Diagnosis</emphasis>
: Same as genus
<taxonomicName id="4C5868BBFF89CB3DFDCE8332FD4CFC80" ID-CoL="84P48" authorityName="Ehlers" authorityYear="1874" box="[555,678,778,803]" class="Polychaeta" family="Longosomatidae" genus="Heterospio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92CCF2AFF89CB3DFDCE8332FD4CFC80" box="[555,678,778,803]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Heterospio</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see below).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34240B3FF89CB3DFF228315FB15FB54" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BE71338FF89CB3DFF228315FD50FC58" blockId="5.[151,1437,777,1272]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="B92CCF2AFF89CB3DFF228315FEDEFCE4" bold="true" box="[199,308,813,839]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Remarks</emphasis>
: Longosomatids are easily recognized by the unusually long segments of the middle body region; this character was considered a synapomorphy by
<bibRefCitation id="EFC96EC9FF89CB3DFD448369FC23FCC8" author="Fauchald, K. &amp; Rouse, G. D." box="[673,969,849,876]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="71 - 138" refId="ref47400" refString="Fauchald, K. &amp; Rouse, G. D. (1997) Polychaete systematics: Past and Present. Zoological Scripta, 26 (2), 71 - 138. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1463 - 6409.1997. tb 00411. x" type="journal article" year="1997">Fauchald &amp; Rouse (1997)</bibRefCitation>
. Another unusual aspect of longosomatid segmentation is that the setal fascicles emerge on the anterior end of each of the short anterior and elongated middle segments, rather than from the middle of the segment as is typical of most polychaetes. The enlarged bulbous posterior end with pairs of curved spines likely serves as an anchor, which probably accounts for most specimens being fragmented when removed from sediment.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE71338FF89CB3DFF22843DFB15FB54" blockId="5.[151,1437,777,1272]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<bibRefCitation id="EFC96EC9FF89CB3DFF22843DFEBCFBBC" author="Ehlers, E." box="[199,342,1029,1055]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="292 - 298" refId="ref47086" refString="Ehlers, E. (1874) Annulata nova vel minus cognita in Expeditione &quot; Porcupine &quot; capta. The Annals and Magazine of Natural history, Series 4, 13, 292 - 298. [https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 24342680]" type="journal article" year="1874">Ehlers (1874</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFC96EC9FF89CB3DFE85843DFE73FB83" author="Ehlers, E." box="[352,409,1029,1056]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="1 - 102" refId="ref47136" refString="Ehlers, E. (1875) Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Verticalverbreitung der Borstenwurmer im Meere. Zeitschrift fur wissenschaftliche Zoologie, 25, 1 - 102, 4 pls. [https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 45143254]" type="journal article" year="1875">1875</bibRefCitation>
) originally placed his new genus in the
<taxonomicName id="4C5868BBFF89CB3DFCA6843DFC58FBBC" box="[835,946,1029,1055]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Spionidae</taxonomicName>
and even after being referred to a new family (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC96EC9FF89CB3DFF7A8411FEA9FBE0" author="Hartman, O." box="[159,323,1065,1091]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="311 - 481" refId="ref47514" refString="Hartman, O. (1944) Polychaetous annelids. Part VI. Paraonidae, Magelonidae, Longosomidae, Ctenodrilidae, and Sabellariidae. Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions, 10 (3), 311 - 481, pls. 27 - 42. [https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 4680266]" type="journal article" year="1944">Hartman 1944</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFC96EC9FF89CB3DFEAA8411FE62FBE7" author="Hartman, O." box="[335,392,1065,1092]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="1 - 378" refId="ref47622" refString="Hartman, O. (1965) Deep-water benthic polychaetous annelids off New England to Bermuda and other North Atlantic areas. Allan Hancock Foundation Occasional Paper, 28, 1 - 378, 52 pls. [http: // digitallibrary. usc. edu / digital / collection / p 15799 coll 82 / id / 20299]" type="journal article" year="1965">1965</bibRefCitation>
) it was considered a spioniform (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC96EC9FF89CB3DFD188411FC4CFBE0" author="Fauchald, K." box="[765,934,1065,1091]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="1 - 188" refId="ref47236" refString="Fauchald, K. (1977) The Polychaete Worms: Definitions and Keys to the Orders, Families, and Genera. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Science Series, 28, 1 - 188. [https: // repository. si. edu / handle / 10088 / 3435]" type="journal article" year="1977">Fauchald 1977</bibRefCitation>
, Rouse &amp;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC96EC9FF89CB3DFBF98411FB2EFBE0" author="Fauchald, K. &amp; Rouse, G. D." box="[1052,1220,1065,1091]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="71 - 138" refId="ref47400" refString="Fauchald, K. &amp; Rouse, G. D. (1997) Polychaete systematics: Past and Present. Zoological Scripta, 26 (2), 71 - 138. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1463 - 6409.1997. tb 00411. x" type="journal article" year="1997">Fauchald 1997</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFC96EC9FF89CB3DFB358411FF38FBC4" author="Blake, J. A. &amp; Arnofsky, P. L." pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="57 - 106" refId="ref46421" refString="Blake, J. A. &amp; Arnofsky, P. L. (1999) Reproduction and development of the spioniform Polychaeta with application to systematics and phylogeny. Hydrobiologia, 402, 57 - 106. https: // doi. org / 10.1023 / A: 1003784324125" type="journal article" year="1999">Blake &amp; Arnofsky 1999</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC96EC9FF89CB3DFF3A8475FE01FBC4" author="Read, G. &amp; Fauchald, K." box="[223,491,1101,1127]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refId="ref48881" refString="Read, G. &amp; Fauchald, K. (Ed.) (2022) World Polychaeta Database. Heterospio Ehlers, 1874. World Register of Marine Species. Available from: https: // www. marinespecies. org / aphia. php? p = taxdetails &amp; id = 129325 (accessed 23 May 2022)" type="url" year="2022">Read &amp; Fauchald 2022</bibRefCitation>
). However, recent interpretation of morphology and newly obtained molecular data supports a close affiliation of
<taxonomicName id="4C5868BBFF89CB3DFE028449FD4AFB28" authorityName="Hartman" authorityYear="1944" box="[487,672,1137,1163]" class="Polychaeta" family="Longosomatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Longosomatidae</taxonomicName>
with
<taxonomicName id="4C5868BBFF89CB3DFD048449FC8FFB28" box="[737,869,1137,1163]" class="Polychaeta" family="Cirratulidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Terebellida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Cirratulidae</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFC96EC9FF89CB3DFC908449FB63FB28" author="Blake, J. A. &amp; Maciolek, N. J." box="[885,1161,1137,1163]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="1944" refId="ref46728" refString="Blake, J. A. &amp; Maciolek, N. J. (2019) 7.3. 1.9. Longosomatidae Hartman, 1944. In: Purschke, G., B ˆ ggemann, M. &amp; Westheide, W. (Eds.), Handbook of Zoology. Annelida. Vol. 1. Annelida Basal groups and Pleistoannelida, Sedentaria I. De Gruyter, Berlin, pp. 457 - 465. https: // doi. org / 10.1515 / 9783110291582 - 007" type="book chapter" year="2019">Blake &amp; Maciolek 2019</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC96EC9FF89CB3DFB70844AFA8AFB28" author="Rouse, G. &amp; Pleijel, F. &amp; Tilic, E." box="[1173,1376,1137,1164]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refId="ref49029" refString="Rouse, G. W, Pleijel, F. &amp; Tilic, E. (2022) Annelida. Oxford University Press, Oxford, xiii + 418 pp. https: // doi. org / 1093 / oso / 9780199692309.001.0001" type="book" year="2022">
Rouse
<emphasis id="B92CCF2AFF89CB3DFB06844AFAF6FB28" box="[1251,1308,1137,1163]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">et al.</emphasis>
2022
</bibRefCitation>
); this position was also taken by
<bibRefCitation id="EFC96EC9FF89CB3DFE5B84ADFDB7FB0C" author="Wilson, R." box="[446,605,1173,1199]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="1 - 193" refId="ref49516" refString="Wilson, R. (2000) Family Longosomatidae. In: Beesley, P. L., Ross, G. J. B. &amp; Glasby, C. J. (Eds.), Polychaetes and allies: the Southern synthesis. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, pp. 1 - 193." type="book chapter" year="2000">Wilson (2000)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EFC96EC9FF89CB3DFD7484ADFC87FB0C" author="Grosse, M. &amp; Zhadan, A. &amp; Langeneck, J. &amp; Fiege, D. &amp; Martinez, A." box="[657,877,1173,1199]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="132" refId="ref47452" refString="Grosse, M., Zhadan, A., Langeneck, J., Fiege, D. &amp; Martinez, A. (2021) Still Digging: Advances and Perspectives in the Study of the Diversity of Several Sedentarian Annelid Families. Diversity, 13, 132. https: // doi. org / 10.3390 / d 13030132" type="journal article" year="2021">
Grosse
<emphasis id="B92CCF2AFF89CB3DFD0184AEFCF1FB0C" box="[740,795,1173,1199]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">et al.</emphasis>
(2021)
</bibRefCitation>
. Longosomatids are similar to cirratulids in having long filamentous branchiae that differ from the broad flattened branchiae of spionids, a pair of long dorsal tentacles and in most species, the arrangement of abdominal setae into cinctures that mostly surround the body.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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