460 lines
59 KiB
XML
460 lines
59 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="3ACBE3D0928C6495931188A7D279BB20">Description of a new genus of North and Central American planthoppers (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) with fourteen new species</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="3F66F7FCF23CA01F78F44528DC3EDB34" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="52A5C0C13C431537411115919426EDFE">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="CEBBDB27D187D52C9B2DED4EE14262F8">Yanega, Douglas</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="DC16073ECDBA4381394975AA177CF780">Entomology Research Museum, Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521 - 0314 USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="325C3FC11FFE16F84E485C74F61D382B">Goemans, Geert</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="398D668986B4E6258868580141406D5A">Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="7F0963E3F7D4A80ACCEE0E08A7EE7FAD" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="215917284E58F7407FBDE14CCF96DB82">Dam, Matthew Van</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="2077ACC60C79D568FBE9294DC4E9E811">Entomology Department, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA 94118 USA</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:namePart id="E8769C2F4F28F8E029EBAB643C25867A">Gómez-Marco, Francesc</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="6731862C0821C6036E01A1D3E1ACFB21">Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521 - 0314 USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="EFD376D2744D28458E61375A7FB5977D">Hoddle, Mark</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="408FE7614C28CBAA60AD0C4BC3A333B9">Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521 - 0314 USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="7137E378D795C911E10663C5C4207DCE">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="BC7180D275229A709379FC841481AE3A">
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<mods:date id="2BC19ACC709E817472E8655AE07E0DF3">2024</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="E165AAA03E6323308842E31E0D6FAF59">2024-04-19</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="F414D427FFF1AAC492428BF394E7A5D7">5443</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="2D8C5F4A113C22210650A53C62F016E1">http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5443.1.1</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="A45818BF075B01FE3A966A6CA5448DB2">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="CE10E2B81A3DA4BDA03EEB0894D00120" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03C3A664FFBDFFF758C57DCCFC18FD57" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C3A664FFBDFFF758C57DCCFC18FD57" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C3A664FFBDFFF758C57DCCFC18FD57" lastPageId="45" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
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<subSubSection id="C37044F9FFBDFFF158C57DCCFD30FC77" box="[151,687,906,933]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BD51772FFBDFFF158C57DCCFD30FC77" blockId="43.[151,687,906,933]" box="[151,687,906,933]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
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<heading id="D09DA01EFFBDFFF158C57DCCFD30FC77" bold="true" box="[151,687,906,933]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B91ECB60FFBDFFF158C57DCCFD30FC77" bold="true" box="[151,687,906,933]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
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<taxonomicName id="4C6A6CF1FFBDFFF158C57DCCFD97FC77" authority="Yanega & Goemans & Dam & Gómez-Marco & Hoddle, 2024" authorityName="Yanega & Goemans & Dam & Gómez-Marco & Hoddle" authorityYear="2024" box="[151,520,906,933]" class="Insecta" family="Fulgoridae" genus="Scaralis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" status="subgen. nov." subGenus="Alphinoides">
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<emphasis id="B91ECB60FFBDFFF158C57DCCFF66FC77" bold="true" box="[151,249,906,933]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Scaralis</emphasis>
|
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(
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<emphasis id="B91ECB60FFBDFFF159587DCCFE04FC77" bold="true" box="[266,411,906,933]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Alphinoides</emphasis>
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) Yanega
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</taxonomicName>
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||
,
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22D761BFFBDFFF15A477DCDFD30FC77" box="[533,687,907,933]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" rank="subGenus">subgen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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||
</emphasis>
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||
</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C37044F9FFBDFFF158C57D95FC45FC3F" box="[151,986,978,1005]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" type="type_taxon">
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||
<paragraph id="8BD51772FFBDFFF158C57D95FC45FC3F" blockId="43.[151,1437,978,2042]" box="[151,986,978,1005]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
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||
<emphasis id="B91ECB60FFBDFFF158C57D95FEB4FC3E" bold="true" box="[151,299,978,1005]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
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||
<typeStatus id="54D1A9D0FFBDFFF158C57D95FF4DFC3F" box="[151,210,979,1005]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Type</typeStatus>
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species
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</emphasis>
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||
.
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<taxonomicName id="4C6A6CF1FFBDFFF1596B7D95FD54FC3F" ID-CoL="4KWXM" authority="Walker, 1858" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1858" box="[313,715,978,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Fulgoridae" genus="Poiocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quadricolor">
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<emphasis id="B91ECB60FFBDFFF1596B7D95FDB2FC3F" box="[313,557,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Poiocera quadricolor</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFB6A83FFBDFFF15A617D95FD54FC3F" author="Walker, F." box="[563,715,978,1005]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" refId="ref44560" refString="Walker, F. (1858) List of the specimens of homopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Supplement. British Museum, London, (4) + 369 pp." type="book" year="1858">Walker, 1858</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, by present designation.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C37044F9FFBDFFF158957DB1FC05FB8A" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" type="etymology">
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||
<paragraph id="8BD51772FFBDFFF158957DB1FC05FB8A" blockId="43.[151,1437,978,2042]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
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||
<emphasis id="B91ECB60FFBDFFF158957DB1FED7FBC3" bold="true" box="[199,328,1015,1041]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Etymology</emphasis>
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. The name is coined as a reference to the general resemblance to members of
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<taxonomicName id="4C6A6CF1FFBDFFF15CB07DB1FAA4FBC3" authorityName="Stal. Based" authorityYear="1863" box="[1250,1339,1015,1041]" class="Insecta" family="Fulgoridae" genus="Alphina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B91ECB60FFBDFFF15CB07DB1FAA4FBC3" box="[1250,1339,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Alphina</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
in wing shape, head shape, and abdominal coloration. For purposes of gender agreement, the name, if subsequently elevated to generic rank, should be considered feminine (ICZN Art. 30.1.4.4).
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C37044F9FFBDFFF658957A24FBB2FE20" lastPageId="44" lastPageNumber="45" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" type="diagnosis">
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||
<paragraph id="8BD51772FFBDFFF158957A24FBCBF8B9" blockId="43.[151,1437,978,2042]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
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||
<emphasis id="B91ECB60FFBDFFF158957A24FEA5FBAE" bold="true" box="[199,314,1122,1148]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Diagnosis</emphasis>
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. Examination of the
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<typeStatus id="54D1A9D0FFBDFFF15A4F7A24FD15FBAE" box="[541,650,1122,1148]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" type="holotype">holotypes</typeStatus>
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of three species (
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<taxonomicName id="4C6A6CF1FFBDFFF15B157A24FB3DFBAE" authority="Stal, 1863" authorityName="Stal" authorityYear="1863" box="[839,1186,1122,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Fulgoridae" genus="Scaralis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigronotata">
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||
<emphasis id="B91ECB60FFBDFFF15B157A24FBB4FBAE" box="[839,1067,1122,1148]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Scaralis nigronotata</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFB6A83FFBDFFF15C627A24FB3DFBAE" author="Stal, C." box="[1072,1186,1122,1149]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="230 - 251" refId="ref44434" refString="Stal, C. (1863) Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Fulgoriden. Entomologische Zeitung, 24, 230 - 251." type="journal article" year="1863">Stål, 1863</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C6A6CF1FFBDFFF15CF97A25FEAFFB73" authority="Walker, 1858" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1858" class="Insecta" family="Fulgoridae" genus="Poiocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quadricolor">
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<emphasis id="B91ECB60FFBDFFF15CF97A25FA03FBAE" box="[1195,1436,1122,1148]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Poiocera quadricolor</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFB6A83FFBDFFF158C57AC0FEAFFB73" author="Walker, F." box="[151,304,1158,1185]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" refId="ref44560" refString="Walker, F. (1858) List of the specimens of homopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Supplement. British Museum, London, (4) + 369 pp." type="book" year="1858">Walker, 1858</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName id="4C6A6CF1FFBDFFF1593E7AC1FC9CFB73" authority="Walker, 1851" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1851" box="[364,771,1158,1185]" class="Insecta" family="Fulgoridae" genus="Poiocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="semilimpida">
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<emphasis id="B91ECB60FFBDFFF1593E7AC1FDFCFB72" box="[364,611,1158,1184]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Poiocera semilimpida</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFB6A83FFBDFFF15A387AC0FC9CFB73" author="Walker, F." box="[618,771,1158,1185]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="637 - 907" refId="ref44508" refString="Walker, F. (1851) List of the specimens of homopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Parts II & III. British Museum, London, pp. (4) + 261 - 536 & pp. (4) + 637 - 907." type="journal article" year="1851">Walker, 1851</bibRefCitation>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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), and “
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||
<typeStatus id="54D1A9D0FFBDFFF15B007AC0FC5DFB72" box="[850,962,1158,1184]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
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||
” of another (
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A6CF1FFBDFFF15C0A7AC0FF4DFB16" authority="Lallemand, 1956" authorityName="Lallemand" authorityYear="1956" class="Insecta" family="Fulgoridae" genus="Scaralis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fluvialis">
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<emphasis id="B91ECB60FFBDFFF15C0A7AC0FA89FB72" box="[1112,1302,1158,1184]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Scaralis fluvialis</emphasis>
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB6A83FFBDFFF15D4C7AC0FF4DFB16" author="Lallemand, V." pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="1 - 7" refId="ref44091" refString="Lallemand, V. (1956) Contribution a l'etude des Fulgoridae (Hemiptera) (lre Note). Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique, Bulletin, 32 (39), 1 - 7." type="journal article" year="1956">Lallemand, 1956</bibRefCitation>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
; labeled by Lallemand as
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D1A9D0FFBDFFF159A07AECFDFFFB16" box="[498,608,1194,1220]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
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, but the original publication did not include them), reveals them to be very close to one another, and quite unlike species such as
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<taxonomicName id="4C6A6CF1FFBDFFF15AAD7A8BFC0DFB35" baseAuthorityName="Distant" baseAuthorityYear="1887" box="[767,914,1229,1255]" class="Insecta" family="Fulgoridae" genus="Scaralis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="neotropicalis">
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||
<emphasis id="B91ECB60FFBDFFF15AAD7A8BFC0DFB35" box="[767,914,1229,1255]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">neotropicalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
,
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A6CF1FFBDFFF15BF37A8BFC64FB35" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Distant" baseAuthorityYear="1887" box="[929,1019,1229,1255]" class="Insecta" family="Fulgoridae" genus="Scaralis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obscura">
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||
<emphasis id="B91ECB60FFBDFFF15BF37A8BFC64FB35" box="[929,1019,1229,1255]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">obscura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A6CF1FFBDFFF15C587A88FBDDFB35" authorityName="Germar" authorityYear="1830" box="[1034,1090,1230,1255]" class="Insecta" family="Fulgoridae" genus="Lystra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="picta">
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||
<emphasis id="B91ECB60FFBDFFF15C587A88FBDDFB35" box="[1034,1090,1230,1255]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">picta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
(the type species of
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<taxonomicName id="4C6A6CF1FFBDFFF15D627A8BFA13FB35" box="[1328,1420,1229,1255]" class="Insecta" family="Fulgoridae" genus="Scaralis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="B91ECB60FFBDFFF15D627A8BFA13FB35" box="[1328,1420,1229,1255]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Scaralis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
), and
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<emphasis id="B91ECB60FFBDFFF1589A7AB7FEA5FAD9" box="[200,314,1265,1291]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">versicolor</emphasis>
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Distant, 1906, and the former four species are here transferred to a new subgenus
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C6A6CF1FFBDFFF15CA37AB7FAE8FAD9" box="[1265,1399,1265,1291]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Alphinoides">
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<emphasis id="B91ECB60FFBDFFF15CA37AB7FAE8FAD9" box="[1265,1399,1265,1291]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Alphinoides</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, in the hopes that future work will better reveal their relationships. We suspect that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A6CF1FFBDFFF15C6B7B53FB20FAFD" box="[1081,1215,1301,1327]" pageId="43" pageNumber="51" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Alphinoides">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91ECB60FFBDFFF15C6B7B53FB20FAFD" box="[1081,1215,1301,1327]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Alphinoides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may prove to be a monophyletic lineage distinct from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A6CF1FFBDFFF15A7A7B7EFD1BFA80" box="[552,644,1336,1362]" class="Insecta" family="Fulgoridae" genus="Scaralis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91ECB60FFBDFFF15A7A7B7EFD1BFA80" box="[552,644,1336,1362]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Scaralis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but this analysis is beyond the scope of the present work (as only one species extends into Mesoamerica, the proper circumscription of these taxa is not considered essential here). It may prove to be more closely related to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A6CF1FFBDFFF15A607BC6FD00FA48" box="[562,671,1408,1434]" class="Insecta" family="Fulgoridae" genus="Scaralina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91ECB60FFBDFFF15A607BC6FD00FA48" box="[562,671,1408,1434]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Scaralina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A6CF1FFBDFFF15AB07BC6FCA1FA48" box="[738,830,1408,1434]" class="Insecta" family="Fulgoridae" genus="Scaralis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91ECB60FFBDFFF15AB07BC6FCA1FA48" box="[738,830,1408,1434]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Scaralis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22D761BFFBDFFF15B157BC7FCF5FA49" box="[839,874,1409,1435]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" sensu="stricto">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91ECB60FFBDFFF15B157BC7FCFCFA48" box="[839,867,1409,1434]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">s.s</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
Fairly distinctive features of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A6CF1FFBDFFF15C927BC6FAD9FA48" box="[1216,1350,1408,1434]" pageId="43" pageNumber="51" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Alphinoides">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91ECB60FFBDFFF15C927BC6FAD9FA48" box="[1216,1350,1408,1434]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Alphinoides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are the hindwings with an anal region that is broadly black in coloration (in all but one species examined;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A6CF1FFBDFFF15C887BE2FAFCFA6C" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1851" box="[1242,1379,1444,1470]" class="Insecta" family="Fulgoridae" genus="Poiocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="semilimpida">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91ECB60FFBDFFF15C887BE2FAFCFA6C" box="[1242,1379,1444,1470]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">semilimpida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); the vertex only 3–4 times as wide as long (5 or more times in
|
||
<emphasis id="B91ECB60FFBDFFF15B4B7B81FC01FA33" box="[793,926,1479,1505]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A6CF1FFBDFFF15B4B7B81FCEAFA33" box="[793,885,1479,1505]" class="Insecta" family="Fulgoridae" genus="Scaralis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">Scaralis</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22D761BFFBDFFF15B297B8EFC01FA33" box="[891,926,1480,1505]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" sensu="stricto">s.s.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
); the abdomen is dorsally entirely black, with a pale margin to the apical segment (in all but two species examined); the versteifung is low but somewhat more abbreviated and more nearly angulate than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A6CF1FFBDFFF15AC17849FD70F9FB" box="[659,751,1551,1577]" class="Insecta" family="Fulgoridae" genus="Scaralis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91ECB60FFBDFFF15AC17849FD70F9FB" box="[659,751,1551,1577]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Scaralis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22D761BFFBDFFF15AA77856FC86F9FB" box="[757,793,1551,1577]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" sensu="stricto">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91ECB60FFBDFFF15AA77856FC8DF9FB" box="[757,786,1552,1577]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">s.s</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13510BF7FFBDFFF15B7A7849FCF2F9FB" box="[808,877,1551,1577]" captionStart="FIGURES 4–5" captionStartId="12.[152,270,650,674]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,626]" captionTargetId="figure-24@12.[151,1436,181,626]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 4–5. Versteifung, underside of left forewing, viewed from posteroventral angle in both photos, so wing base is to the left; (4) Scaralis (Alphinoides) semilimpida; (5) Scaralina obrienae." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10997033" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10997033/files/figure.png" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
); the pigmented portion of the forewings typically extends to the nodal arc, but not beyond as in
|
||
<emphasis id="B91ECB60FFBDFFF15AC97875FCBDF99E" box="[667,802,1587,1613]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A6CF1FFBDFFF15AC97875FD68F99F" box="[667,759,1587,1613]" class="Insecta" family="Fulgoridae" genus="Scaralis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">Scaralis</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22D761BFFBDFFF15AAC7875FCBDF99E" box="[766,802,1587,1612]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" sensu="stricto">s.s.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
At least a few species (including some undescribed taxa known only from photos) have banded legs, typical of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A6CF1FFBDFFF15AAE7810FCCAF9A2" authorityName="Stal. Based" authorityYear="1863" box="[764,853,1622,1648]" class="Insecta" family="Fulgoridae" genus="Alphina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91ECB60FFBDFFF15AAE7810FCCAF9A2" box="[764,853,1622,1648]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Alphina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A6CF1FFBDFFF15BD97810FC67F9A2" box="[907,1016,1622,1648]" class="Insecta" family="Fulgoridae" genus="Scaralina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91ECB60FFBDFFF15BD97810FC67F9A2" box="[907,1016,1622,1648]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Scaralina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but not shared with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A6CF1FFBDFFF15CB67810FADFF9A2" box="[1252,1344,1622,1648]" class="Insecta" family="Fulgoridae" genus="Scaralis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91ECB60FFBDFFF15CB67810FADFF9A2" box="[1252,1344,1622,1648]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Scaralis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22D761BFFBDFFF15D147811FAF5F9A3" box="[1350,1386,1623,1649]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" sensu="stricto">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91ECB60FFBDFFF15D147811FAFCF9A2" box="[1350,1379,1623,1648]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">s.s</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
The male gonostyli of the species for which males could be examined are broadly open dorsally but somewhat incurved apically, and the gonostylar hooks are small but sharply acute, both feature somewhat intermediate between
|
||
<emphasis id="B91ECB60FFBDFFF15D1278D8FF2BF909" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A6CF1FFBDFFF15D1278D8FA03F96A" box="[1344,1436,1694,1720]" class="Insecta" family="Fulgoridae" genus="Scaralis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">Scaralis</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22D761BFFBDFFF158C57884FF2BF909" box="[151,180,1730,1755]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" sensu="stricto">s.s</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A6CF1FFBDFFF158A37887FEC1F909" box="[241,350,1729,1755]" class="Insecta" family="Fulgoridae" genus="Scaralina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91ECB60FFBDFFF158A37887FEC1F909" box="[241,350,1729,1755]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Scaralina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The anal tube is shorter, more tapering at the base, and apically shallowly emarginate, more similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A6CF1FFBDFFF1595F78A3FEE5F92D" box="[269,378,1765,1791]" class="Insecta" family="Fulgoridae" genus="Scaralina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91ECB60FFBDFFF1595F78A3FEE5F92D" box="[269,378,1765,1791]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Scaralina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
than to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A6CF1FFBDFFF1598978A3FDA8F92D" box="[475,567,1765,1791]" class="Insecta" family="Fulgoridae" genus="Scaralis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91ECB60FFBDFFF1598978A3FDA8F92D" box="[475,567,1765,1791]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Scaralis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22D761BFFBDFFF15A1278A0FDFBF8D2" box="[576,612,1766,1792]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" sensu="stricto">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91ECB60FFBDFFF15A1278A0FDC2F92D" box="[576,605,1766,1791]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">s.s</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(compare
|
||
<figureCitation id="13510BF7FFBDFFF15AB278A3FCE4F92D" box="[736,891,1765,1791]" captionStart="FIGURES 10–11" captionStartId="15.[152,270,775,799]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,751]" captionTargetId="figure-17@15.[151,1436,181,751]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURES 10–11. Male anal tubes, dorsal view; (10) Scaralis (Scaralis) sp.; (11) Scaralis (Alphinoides) inbio." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10997043" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10997043/files/figure.png" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Figs 10 & 11</figureCitation>
|
||
). The second antennomere is also intermediate, being slightly ovoid and asymmetric (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13510BF7FFBDFFF15A11794FFD12F8F6" box="[579,653,1801,1828]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="14.[152,255,1089,1113]" captionTargetBox="[291,1295,181,1065]" captionTargetId="figure-24@14.[291,1295,181,1065]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 7. Antenna of Scaralis (Alphinoides) nr. semilimpida; arista not visible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10997037" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10997037/files/figure.png" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Figs 7</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13510BF7FFBDFFF15AC8794FFD26F8F1" box="[666,697,1801,1827]" captionStart="FIGURES 95–98" captionStartId="38.[152,270,1566,1590]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1542]" captionTargetId="figure-24@38.[151,1435,181,1542]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURES 95–98. Scaralina (Alphinoides) inbio. (95) habitus (holotype male); (96) head and thorax; (97) face; (98) male genitalia, dorsal view (anal tube removed)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10997087" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10997087/files/figure.png" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">97</figureCitation>
|
||
), though not nearly so large as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A6CF1FFBDFFF15C6B794FFB0AF8F1" box="[1081,1173,1801,1827]" class="Insecta" family="Fulgoridae" genus="Scaralis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91ECB60FFBDFFF15C6B794FFB0AF8F1" box="[1081,1173,1801,1827]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Scaralis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22D761BFFBDFFF15CCF794CFB5EF8F6" box="[1181,1217,1802,1828]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" sensu="stricto">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91ECB60FFBDFFF15CCF794CFB26F8F1" box="[1181,1209,1802,1827]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">s.s</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13510BF7FFBDFFF15C83794FFAABF8F1" box="[1233,1332,1801,1827]" captionStart="FIGURES 99–104" captionStartId="48.[152,270,1378,1402]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,345,1354]" captionTargetId="figure-77@48.[151,1435,345,1354]" captionTargetPageId="48" captionText="FIGURES 99–104. Faces of different genera of Poiocerini. (99) Calyptoproctus sp.; (100) Hypaepa nr. zapotensis; (101) Jamaicastes basistella; (102) Matacosa miscella; (103) Scaralis sp.; (104) Scaralina obfusca (female)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10997089" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10997089/files/figure.png" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Fig. 103</figureCitation>
|
||
). Several structural features show greater similarity to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A6CF1FFBDFFF15ADC796BFD64F895" box="[654,763,1837,1863]" class="Insecta" family="Fulgoridae" genus="Scaralina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91ECB60FFBDFFF15ADC796BFD64F895" box="[654,763,1837,1863]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Scaralina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, though the asymmetric antennae, weak pubescence, highly contrasting venation, and dorsally open aedeagal apparatus are similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A6CF1FFBDFFF15B9F7916FBB6F8B8" box="[973,1065,1872,1898]" class="Insecta" family="Fulgoridae" genus="Scaralis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91ECB60FFBDFFF15B9F7916FBB6F8B8" box="[973,1065,1872,1898]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Scaralis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22D761BFFBDFFF15C627917FBCBF8B9" box="[1072,1108,1873,1899]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" sensu="stricto">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91ECB60FFBDFFF15C627917FBD3F8B8" box="[1072,1100,1873,1898]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">s.s</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD51772FFBDFFF158957932FB3DF861" blockId="43.[151,1437,978,2042]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91ECB60FFBDFFF158957932FEC0F85C" bold="true" box="[199,351,1908,1934]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Composition</emphasis>
|
||
. 6 species:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A6CF1FFBDFFF1598C7932FCC0F85D" authority="Lallemand, 1956" authorityName="Lallemand" authorityYear="1956" box="[478,863,1908,1935]" class="Insecta" family="Fulgoridae" genus="Scaralis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fluvialis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91ECB60FFBDFFF1598C7932FD05F85C" box="[478,666,1908,1934]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Scaralis fluvialis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB6A83FFBDFFF15AF27932FCC0F85D" author="Lallemand, V." box="[672,863,1908,1935]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="1 - 7" refId="ref44091" refString="Lallemand, V. (1956) Contribution a l'etude des Fulgoridae (Hemiptera) (lre Note). Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique, Bulletin, 32 (39), 1 - 7." type="journal article" year="1956">Lallemand, 1956</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A6CF1FFBDFFF15B387933FC21F85C" box="[874,958,1908,1935]" class="Insecta" family="Fulgoridae" genus="Scaralina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inbio">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91ECB60FFBDFFF15B387933FC21F85C" box="[874,958,1908,1935]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">S. inbio</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Yanega
|
||
<emphasis id="B91ECB60FFBDFFF15C497932FBECF85C" bold="true" box="[1051,1139,1908,1934]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22D761BFFBDFFF15C497932FBECF85C" box="[1051,1139,1908,1934]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A6CF1FFBDFFF15CD37933FA08F85C" authority="Stal, 1863" authorityName="Stal" authorityYear="1863" box="[1153,1431,1908,1935]" class="Insecta" family="Fulgoridae" genus="Scaralis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigronotata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91ECB60FFBDFFF15CD37933FA81F85C" box="[1153,1310,1909,1935]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">S. nigronotata</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB6A83FFBDFFF15D767932FA08F85C" author="Stal, C." box="[1316,1431,1908,1935]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="230 - 251" refId="ref44434" refString="Stal, C. (1863) Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Fulgoriden. Entomologische Zeitung, 24, 230 - 251." type="journal article" year="1863">Stål, 1863</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A6CF1FFBDFFF158C579DFFE75F861" authority="(Walker, 1858)" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1858" box="[151,490,1944,1971]" class="Insecta" family="Fulgoridae" genus="Poiocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quadricolor">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91ECB60FFBDFFF158C579DFFEA6F860" box="[151,313,1944,1971]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">S. quadricolor</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB6A83FFBDFFF1591579DEFE7DF861" author="Walker, F." box="[327,482,1944,1971]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" refId="ref44560" refString="Walker, F. (1858) List of the specimens of homopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Supplement. British Museum, London, (4) + 369 pp." type="book" year="1858">Walker, 1858</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A6CF1FFBDFFF159A479DFFCD2F861" authority="(Walker, 1851)" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1851" box="[502,845,1944,1971]" class="Insecta" family="Fulgoridae" genus="Poiocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="semilimpida">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91ECB60FFBDFFF159A479DFFD04F860" box="[502,667,1944,1971]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">S. semilimpida</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB6A83FFBDFFF15AF879DEFCDAF861" author="Walker, F." box="[682,837,1944,1971]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="637 - 907" refId="ref44508" refString="Walker, F. (1851) List of the specimens of homopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Parts II & III. British Museum, London, pp. (4) + 261 - 536 & pp. (4) + 637 - 907." type="journal article" year="1851">Walker, 1851</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A6CF1FFBDFFF15B0B79DFFB04F861" authority="(Walker, 1858)" authorityName="Yanega & Goemans & Dam & Gómez-Marco & Hoddle" authorityYear="2024" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1858" box="[857,1179,1944,1971]" class="Insecta" family="Fulgoridae" genus="Scaralis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spectabilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91ECB60FFBDFFF15B0B79DFFC72F860" box="[857,1005,1944,1971]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">S. spectabilis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB6A83FFBDFFF15BA979DEFB0CF861" author="Walker, F." box="[1019,1171,1944,1971]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" refId="ref44560" refString="Walker, F. (1858) List of the specimens of homopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Supplement. British Museum, London, (4) + 369 pp." type="book" year="1858">Walker, 1858</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD51772FFBDFFF6589579FAFBB2FE20" blockId="43.[151,1437,978,2042]" lastBlockId="44.[151,1437,151,2036]" lastPageId="44" lastPageNumber="45" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91ECB60FFBDFFF1589579FAFE64F804" bold="true" box="[199,507,1980,2006]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Notes on included species</emphasis>
|
||
. There has been some confusion between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A6CF1FFBDFFF15BB679FAFB53F804" authorityName="Stal" authorityYear="1863" box="[996,1228,1980,2006]" class="Insecta" family="Fulgoridae" genus="Scaralis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigronotata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91ECB60FFBDFFF15BB679FAFB53F804" box="[996,1228,1980,2006]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Scaralis nigronotata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A6CF1FFBDFFF15D5479FAFEDCF828" authority="(Walker, 1858)" authorityName="Yanega & Goemans & Dam & Gómez-Marco & Hoddle" authorityYear="2024" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1858" class="Insecta" family="Fulgoridae" genus="Scaralis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spectabilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91ECB60FFBDFFF15D5479FAFA03F804" box="[1286,1436,1980,2006]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">S. spectabilis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB6A83FFBDFFF158CD79A6FEA4F828" author="Walker, F." box="[159,315,2015,2042]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" refId="ref44560" refString="Walker, F. (1858) List of the specimens of homopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Supplement. British Museum, London, (4) + 369 pp." type="book" year="1858">Walker, 1858</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; many specimens in museum collections and identified online as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A6CF1FFBDFFF15C6379A6FB36F828" authorityName="Yanega & Goemans & Dam & Gómez-Marco & Hoddle" authorityYear="2024" baseAuthorityName="Walker" box="[1073,1193,2016,2042]" class="Insecta" family="Fulgoridae" genus="Scaralis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spectabilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91ECB60FFBDFFF15C6379A6FB36F828" box="[1073,1193,2016,2042]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">spectabilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are indistinguishable from the type of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A6CF1FFBAFFF6590D7ED1FE7DFF62" authorityName="Stal" authorityYear="1863" box="[351,482,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Fulgoridae" genus="Scaralis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigronotata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91ECB60FFBAFFF6590D7ED1FE7DFF62" box="[351,482,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">nigronotata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, whose type we have examined, but Porion published a photograph of the type of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A6CF1FFBAFFF658C57EFCFE90FF06" authorityName="Yanega & Goemans & Dam & Gómez-Marco & Hoddle" authorityYear="2024" baseAuthorityName="Walker" box="[151,271,186,212]" class="Insecta" family="Fulgoridae" genus="Scaralis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spectabilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91ECB60FFBAFFF658C57EFCFE90FF06" box="[151,271,186,212]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">spectabilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and it is not the same taxon as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A6CF1FFBAFFF65AD57EFDFC95FF06" authorityName="Stal" authorityYear="1863" box="[647,778,187,212]" class="Insecta" family="Fulgoridae" genus="Scaralis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigronotata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91ECB60FFBAFFF65AD57EFDFC95FF06" box="[647,778,187,212]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">nigronotata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Regardless, it is closely related, and we here also place
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A6CF1FFBAFFF658C57E98FE90FF2A" authorityName="Yanega & Goemans & Dam & Gómez-Marco & Hoddle" authorityYear="2024" baseAuthorityName="Walker" box="[151,271,222,248]" class="Insecta" family="Fulgoridae" genus="Scaralis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spectabilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91ECB60FFBAFFF658C57E98FE90FF2A" box="[151,271,222,248]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">spectabilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A6CF1FFBAFFF659677E98FE24FF2A" box="[309,443,222,248]" pageId="44" pageNumber="51" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Alphinoides">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91ECB60FFBAFFF659677E98FE24FF2A" box="[309,443,222,248]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Alphinoides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The two “
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D1A9D0FFBAFFF65A6B7E98FD36FF2A" box="[569,681,222,248]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
” of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A6CF1FFBAFFF65A897E99FCCDFF2A" authorityName="Lallemand" authorityYear="1956" box="[731,850,222,249]" class="Insecta" family="Fulgoridae" genus="Scaralis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fluvialis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91ECB60FFBAFFF65A897E99FCCDFF2A" box="[731,850,222,249]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">S. fluvialis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may not be conspecific with each other or with the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D1A9D0FFBAFFF658C57F44FF63FECE" box="[151,252,258,284]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, but they were seen by Lallemand and belong in this group of species, and Lallemand specifically indicated a relationship to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A6CF1FFBAFFF6590B7F60FE4EFE92" authorityName="Yanega & Goemans & Dam & Gómez-Marco & Hoddle" authorityYear="2024" baseAuthorityName="Walker" box="[345,465,294,320]" class="Insecta" family="Fulgoridae" genus="Scaralis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spectabilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91ECB60FFBAFFF6590B7F60FE4EFE92" box="[345,465,294,320]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">spectabilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Also, Porion’s photograph of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A6CF1FFBAFFF65B667F60FC28FEED" authorityName="Stal" authorityYear="1863" box="[820,951,294,319]" class="Insecta" family="Fulgoridae" genus="Scaralis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigronotata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91ECB60FFBAFFF65B667F60FC28FEED" box="[820,951,294,319]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">nigronotata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37D57E2FFBAFFF65C527F60FBC8FE92" box="[1024,1111,294,320]" name="Guyana" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Guyana</collectingCountry>
|
||
(miscaptioned as #
|
||
<quantity id="4C92BA97FFBAFFF65D647F63FAEEFE92" box="[1334,1393,293,320]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3208" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" unit="in" value="52.0">52 in</quantity>
|
||
the plate, but corresponding to #
|
||
<quantity id="4C92BA97FFBAFFF6598D7F0FFD86FEB1" box="[479,537,329,356]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3969999999999998" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" unit="in" value="55.0">55 in</quantity>
|
||
the text) is definitely not
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A6CF1FFBAFFF65B167F0CFC58FEB1" authorityName="Stal" authorityYear="1863" box="[836,967,330,355]" class="Insecta" family="Fulgoridae" genus="Scaralis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigronotata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91ECB60FFBAFFF65B167F0CFC58FEB1" box="[836,967,330,355]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">nigronotata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and likely to be an undescribed species. Finally,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A6CF1FFBAFFF658A07F2BFE41FE55" authorityName="Yanega & Goemans & Dam & Gómez-Marco & Hoddle" authorityYear="2024" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1851" box="[242,478,365,391]" class="Insecta" family="Fulgoridae" genus="Scaralis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="semilimpida">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91ECB60FFBAFFF658A07F2BFE41FE55" box="[242,478,365,391]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Scaralis semilimpida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
shows, in its head and wing shape, clear affinities to taxa such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A6CF1FFBAFFF65CEC7F28FADEFE55" authorityName="Stal" authorityYear="1863" box="[1214,1345,366,391]" class="Insecta" family="Fulgoridae" genus="Scaralis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigronotata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91ECB60FFBAFFF65CEC7F28FADEFE55" box="[1214,1345,366,391]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">nigronotata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, though the red abdomen and hindwing bases are not consistent with any of the other described taxa in the subgenus. To this lineage, we add a species described here as new,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A6CF1FFBAFFF65B5D7FF2FC2FFE1C" box="[783,944,436,462]" class="Insecta" family="Fulgoridae" genus="Scaralis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inbio">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91ECB60FFBAFFF65B5D7FF2FC2FFE1C" box="[783,944,436,462]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Scaralis inbio</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, whose affinities lie clearly with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A6CF1FFBAFFF65D697FF2FE82FE20" class="Insecta" family="Fulgoridae" genus="Scaralis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="fluvialis" variety="quadricolor">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91ECB60FFBAFFF65D697FF2FA0AFE1C" box="[1339,1429,436,462]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">fluvialis</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B91ECB60FFBAFFF658C57F9EFE82FE20" box="[151,285,472,498]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">quadricolor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A6CF1FFBAFFF659087F9EFE4DFE20" authorityName="Yanega & Goemans & Dam & Gómez-Marco & Hoddle" authorityYear="2024" baseAuthorityName="Walker" box="[346,466,472,498]" class="Insecta" family="Fulgoridae" genus="Scaralis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spectabilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91ECB60FFBAFFF659087F9EFE4DFE20" box="[346,466,472,498]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">spectabilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, though it possesses a few of its own unique features.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C37044F9FFBAFFF758957FBAFC18FD57" lastPageId="45" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD51772FFBAFFF658957FBAFA86FBFC" blockId="44.[151,1437,151,2036]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91ECB60FFBAFFF658957FBAFECEFDC4" bold="true" box="[199,337,508,534]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Description</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B91ECB60FFBAFFF659367FBDFE3DFDC4" bold="true" box="[356,418,507,534]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Head</emphasis>
|
||
. Vertex roughly 3 to 4 times as wide as long, defined by lamellate rim, produced into rounded supra-ocular lobes, which may be slightly elevated above dorsoposterior eye margin; posterior rim reflexed anteriorly. Rims may be pigmented, but otherwise vertex typically marked in the posterolateral corners, if marked at all. Sub-ocular lobes typically weak and rounded. Frons bulging and somewhat convex for most of its surface, smooth to slightly wrinkled and with or without dark markings; often with well-defined ridges, such as a medial ridge and/or converging lateral ridges, which may include ridges arising from the clypeal base (thus with 5 evident ridges all converging on a single point); laterally expanded below and sublobate at corners; reflexed along upper portion to form an appressed flap, the transition rounded rather than an obtuse angle (relative to the plane of the lower frons), delimited above by strong transverse crease, dorsal reflexed portion smooth. Clypeus triangular, only slightly longer than broad, fairly smoothly convex but often very shallowly concave near midline, with sides nearly straight to slightly concave; upper margin typically gently arcuate. Main segment of rostrum typically extending to metacoxae; in most species, mostly pale except apical segment, and anterior (ventral) ridges also somewhat darkened. Antennal base concealed in protruding socket; basal antennal segment often darkened dorsally, otherwise pale; second segment small (diameter slightly larger than antennal socket diameter), typically slightly ovoid (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13510BF7FFBAFFF65D387D8BFF38FBD9" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="14.[152,255,1089,1113]" captionTargetBox="[291,1295,181,1065]" captionTargetId="figure-24@14.[291,1295,181,1065]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 7. Antenna of Scaralis (Alphinoides) nr. semilimpida; arista not visible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10997037" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10997037/files/figure.png" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Figs 7</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13510BF7FFBAFFF658E17DB7FF4DFBD9" box="[179,210,1009,1035]" captionStart="FIGURES 95–98" captionStartId="38.[152,270,1566,1590]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1542]" captionTargetId="figure-24@38.[151,1435,181,1542]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURES 95–98. Scaralina (Alphinoides) inbio. (95) habitus (holotype male); (96) head and thorax; (97) face; (98) male genitalia, dorsal view (anal tube removed)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10997087" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10997087/files/figure.png" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">97</figureCitation>
|
||
), with pale circular to ovoid sensillae; stylus apical, elongate, dark, with a small basal bulbosity, arising from slight indentation. Ocellus present in angle between frons and lower eye margin, translucent yellowish.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD51772FFBAFFF658957A7EFAFFF92B" blockId="44.[151,1437,151,2036]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91ECB60FFBAFFF658957A7EFEBBFB80" bold="true" box="[199,292,1080,1107]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91ECB60FFBAFFF658957A7EFE82FB81" bold="true" box="[199,285,1080,1107]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Thorax</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Dorsal and lateral surfaces with pubescence extremely short and fine, typically hardly evident. Pleura sometimes with fine pollinose wax layer. Pronotum with a well-developed medial carina; there is also a sub-lamellate lateral anterior rim that starts near the inner eye margin, and continues to near the middle of the tegula, below the eye; there is another oblique carina just ventral to this, continuing onto the ventral posterior lobe of the pronotum, which approximates the forecoxal bases and partly overlaps the anterior face of the mesepisternum; there is also commonly a low transverse ridge immediately preceding the dorsoposterior margin of the prontoum; typically with paired, dark granular spots, usually a somewhat pitlike anteromedial pair, a larger postero-medial pair, and a small lateral post-ocular pair (at the indentation immediately behind the outer posterior edge of the eye). Mesonotum with low longitudinal medial and lateral carinae, the latter sinuate to varying degrees, ending posteriorly at the outer edges of a pair of small and typically dark posterior granular spots (the inner edges of which may sometimes be bordered by a weak inner posterior carina that starts at the terminus of the lateral longitudinal carina), and the inner edges of much larger granular spots (dark at least in part) which are variously interrupted anteriorly; the lateral carinae at the extreme anterior edge are strongly angled inward and converge at the midline, but these anterior “arms” may be hidden underneath the posterior pronotal margin; the medial carina becomes obscure posteriorly, ending in an upward-angled semi-acute lobe that is typically creased or wrinkled transversely at its base. Mesopleuron delimited from mesosternum by a strongly and fairly evenly arcuate ridge running from the upper posterior corner of the procoxal membrane to the upper anterior corner of the mesocoxa. Mesocoxa with dorsoposterior spine absent or scarcely evident. Femora weakly convex on anterior face, more strongly so on posterior face, with only two well-defined longitudinal setose ridges, along the anterior dorsal and ventral edges, and sometimes faint traces of a posterior setose ridge. Legs generally uniform in color, sometimes with fore- and mid-tibiae strongly banded.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD51772FFBAFFF758957945FF75FF07" blockId="44.[151,1437,151,2036]" lastBlockId="45.[151,1437,151,645]" lastPageId="45" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91ECB60FFBAFFF658957945FE90F8CF" bold="true" box="[199,271,1795,1821]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Wings</emphasis>
|
||
. Forewings with nodal line absent or scarcely evident; versteifung low, somewhat trapezoidal, fairly short, and proximally not angulate (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13510BF7FFBAFFF65A777961FDF5F893" box="[549,618,1831,1857]" captionStart="FIGURES 4–5" captionStartId="12.[152,270,650,674]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,626]" captionTargetId="figure-24@12.[151,1436,181,626]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 4–5. Versteifung, underside of left forewing, viewed from posteroventral angle in both photos, so wing base is to the left; (4) Scaralis (Alphinoides) semilimpida; (5) Scaralina obrienae." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10997033" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10997033/files/figure.png" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
); pigmented portion (not counting the postcostal cell) typically extending over roughly half the length, sometimes reaching the weak nodal line; apical portion clear or stained hyaline, without maculations or patterning. Vein MP typically with 2–3 branches, CuA typically with 2, MP roughly equidistant between CuA and ScP+R. Venation of hyaline wing portions relatively coarse, though crossveins denser and much more irregular in pigmented portion, basal venation typically brightly colored, in contrast to nearly opaque black or dark brown pigmented membrane. Hindwings with membrane of anal region typically partially or entirely black, sometimes extending to cover nearly half the wing; often with small pale blue markings near base, rarely red or orange.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD51772FFBBFFF758957E98FD70FE03" blockId="45.[151,1437,151,645]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91ECB60FFBBFFF758957E98FEA2FF2B" bold="true" box="[199,317,222,249]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91ECB60FFBBFFF758957E98FEAAFF2B" bold="true" box="[199,309,222,249]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Abdomen</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Most species with tergites and pleurites predominantly dark, and sternites predominantly pale (whitish to reddish); dorsal pale markings generally restricted to tergum 6, which may be white apically; a few species with orange-red coloration over 2 or more terga. Spiracles large, one dorsal at base of abdomen, others in the dorsal pleurites. Terga with sublateral pits concolorous with surrounding cuticle. Female tergum 6 produced into a supra-anal plate, but generally not entirely concealing anal tube; roughly twice the length of any of the preceding terga. Wax production evidently somewhat limited, typically a faint residue at the base of the genitalia, and traces in the spiracular apertures, rarely on abdomen or pleura.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD51772FFBBFFF758957F9CFC18FD57" blockId="45.[151,1437,151,645]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91ECB60FFBBFFF758957F9CFE1CFE27" bold="true" box="[199,387,474,501]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Male terminalia</emphasis>
|
||
. For the two species that have been possible to assess: The gonostylar hooks are small and short, but evenly tapered and acute, unlike
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A6CF1FFBBFFF75A267FB9FD4FFDCB" box="[628,720,511,537]" class="Insecta" family="Fulgoridae" genus="Scaralis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91ECB60FFBBFFF75A267FB9FD4FFDCB" box="[628,720,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Scaralis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22D761BFFBBFFF75A847FB9FD65FDCB" box="[726,762,511,537]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" sensu="stricto">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91ECB60FFBBFFF75A847FB9FD6DFDCA" box="[726,754,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">s.s</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13510BF7FFBBFFF75B5A7FB9FCC4FDCB" box="[776,859,511,537]" captionStart="FIGURES 91–93" captionStartId="31.[152,270,779,803]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,309,755]" captionTargetId="figure-83@31.[151,1435,309,755]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURES 91–93. Male genitalia of Scaralina species, lateral view.(91) S. obfusca; (92) S. sullivani; (93) Scaralis (Alphinoides) inbio, sub-lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10997083" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10997083/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Fig. 93</figureCitation>
|
||
); dorsal margin of gonostyli swollen at setose bulge but otherwise poorly developed, margin very thin, and incurved, apically, only enclosing the extreme tip of the aedeagal apparatus (if the anal tube is removed, the aedeagal apparatus is almost fully exposed) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13510BF7FFBBFFF75C987C01FA81FDB3" box="[1226,1310,583,609]" captionStart="FIGURES 95–98" captionStartId="38.[152,270,1566,1590]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1542]" captionTargetId="figure-24@38.[151,1435,181,1542]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURES 95–98. Scaralina (Alphinoides) inbio. (95) habitus (holotype male); (96) head and thorax; (97) face; (98) male genitalia, dorsal view (anal tube removed)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10997087" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10997087/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Fig. 98</figureCitation>
|
||
). Anal tube short with broad, shallowly semicircular apical concavity (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13510BF7FFBBFFF75B7A7C2DFCE6FD57" box="[808,889,619,645]" captionStart="FIGURES 10–11" captionStartId="15.[152,270,775,799]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,751]" captionTargetId="figure-17@15.[151,1436,181,751]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURES 10–11. Male anal tubes, dorsal view; (10) Scaralis (Scaralis) sp.; (11) Scaralis (Alphinoides) inbio." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10997043" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10997043/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |