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<document id="54B910F14EED4DFFE2CA55852E4DBEA4" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.183966" ID-GBIF-Dataset="531f77bf-5599-45cf-8024-aec7cf4c96c3" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="183966" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1459937296900" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Turienzo, Paola &amp; Iorio, Osvaldo Di" docDate="2008" docId="039B7163FF91FFCAFF2ABD7B172AFC19" docLanguage="en" docName="zt01871p055.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1871" docStyle="DocumentStyle:6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0.4:Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleId="6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Philornis pici Macquart 1854" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="46" masterDocId="FFA2091BFFBDFFE7FFBDBC491364FF9B" masterDocTitle="Insects found in birds’ nests from Argentina: Anumbius annumbi (Vieillot, 1817) (Aves: Furnariidae)" masterLastPageNumber="55" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="45" updateTime="1698230217151" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="FA3AA1369CA991BAAB61E56BD3A4522B">Insects found in birds’ nests from Argentina: Anumbius annumbi (Vieillot, 1817) (Aves: Furnariidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="D6AF10FF245FD44CB9CB2E674996F18A">Turienzo, Paola</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="270C030C0F47023AEACB3CB5EBB468D5">Iorio, Osvaldo Di</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="F4BF0D315D9A5860B45AA19B24A64C6A">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="70A25DA125E4FB5522F5E4F6F499D402">2008</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="323B2F884099F6189A13371CB91EDB53">1871</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="E2D76428CEEE786D29BB88CB10246FB2" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.183966</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="039B7163FF91FFCAFF2ABD7B172AFC19" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6233860" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119375513" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6233860" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039B7163FF91FFCAFF2ABD7B172AFC19" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039B7163FF91FFCAFF2ABD7B172AFC19" lastPageId="45" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
<subSubSection id="C32893FEFF91FFCBFF2ABD7B1623FD2F" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B8DC075FF91FFCBFF2ABD7B117FFED7" blockId="44.[151,539,306,332]" box="[151,539,306,332]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
<heading id="D0C57719FF91FFCBFF2ABD7B117FFED7" bold="true" box="[151,539,306,332]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C32BBF6FF91FFCBFF2ABD7B117FFED7" ID-CoL="4GCTF" authority="Macquart, 1854" authorityName="Macquart" authorityYear="1854" box="[151,539,306,332]" class="Insecta" family="Muscidae" genus="Philornis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pici">
<emphasis id="B9461C67FF91FFCBFF2ABD7B117FFED7" bold="true" box="[151,539,306,332]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
<emphasis id="B9461C67FF91FFCBFF2ABD7B125EFED7" bold="true" box="[151,314,306,332]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Philornis pici</emphasis>
(Macquart, 1854)
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8DC075FF91FFCBFF2ABDCB1623FD2F" blockId="44.[151,1437,386,2012]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA3BD84FF91FFCBFF2ABDCB1259FE07" author="Mason" box="[151,317,386,412]" pageId="44" pageNumber="50" refString="Mason, P. (1985) The nesting biology of some passerines of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Ornithological Monographs, (36), 954 - 972." type="journal article" year="1985">Mason (1985)</bibRefCitation>
was the first to report botfly infestations in chicks of
<taxonomicName id="4C32BBF6FF91FFCBFC05BDCB1724FE00" box="[952,1088,386,411]" class="Aves" family="Furnariidae" genus="Anumbius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="annumbi">
<emphasis id="B9461C67FF91FFCBFC05BDCB1724FE00" box="[952,1088,386,411]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">A. annumbi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Estancia El Talar (Buenos Aires, Partido Magdalena). These
<taxonomicName id="4C32BBF6FF91FFCBFDE4BDE311A2FE58" box="[601,710,426,451]" class="Insecta" family="Muscidae" genus="Philornis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9461C67FF91FFCBFDE4BDE311A2FE58" box="[601,710,426,451]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Philornis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were not identified, but several years later
<bibRefCitation id="EFA3BD84FF91FFCBFB7CBDE316F8FE5F" box="[1217,1436,426,452]" pageId="44" pageNumber="49" refString="Couri, M. S., Rabufetti, R. L. &amp; Reboreda, J. C. (2005) New data on Philornis seguyi Garcia, 1952 (Diptera, Muscidae). Brasilian Journal of Zoology, 65 (4), 631 - 637." type="journal article">
Couri
<emphasis id="B9461C67FF91FFCBFAB1BDE3165BFE58" box="[1292,1343,426,451]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">et al</emphasis>
. (2005)
</bibRefCitation>
cited
<taxonomicName id="4C32BBF6FF91FFCBFF6ABD9B1151FE77" authority="Garcia, 1952" authorityName="Garcia" authorityYear="1952" box="[215,565,466,492]" class="Insecta" family="Muscidae" genus="Philornis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="seguyi">
<emphasis id="B9461C67FF91FFCBFF6ABD9B12F3FE70" box="[215,407,466,491]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Philornis seguyi</emphasis>
García, 1952
</taxonomicName>
as infesting other bird species from Partido Magdalena,
<geoCoordinate id="EE06A6B2FF91FFCBFB71BD9B165EFE77" box="[1228,1338,466,492]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" precision="925" value="-35.133335">35º 08’ S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE06A6B2FF91FFCBFAFABD9B13D7FD8F" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" precision="925" value="-57.416668">57º 25’ W</geoCoordinate>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFA3BD84FF91FFCBFF7CBDB31291FD8F" author="Turienzo" box="[193,501,506,532]" pageId="44" pageNumber="52" refString="Turienzo, P. &amp; Di Iorio, O. R. (2007) Insects found in birds' nests from Argentina. Part I: a bibliographical review, with taxonomical corrections, comments and a hypothetical mechanism of transmission of cimicid bugs. Zootaxa (edition on-line), (1561), 1 - 52." type="journal article" year="2007">
Turienzo &amp;
<collectingCountry id="F32580E5FF91FFCBFEECBDB3120AFD8F" box="[337,366,506,532]" name="Iceland" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Di</collectingCountry>
Iorio 2007
</bibRefCitation>
: table 2). The place cited by
<bibRefCitation id="EFA3BD84FF91FFCBFCF8BDB3177BFD8F" box="[837,1055,506,532]" pageId="44" pageNumber="49" refString="Couri, M. S., Rabufetti, R. L. &amp; Reboreda, J. C. (2005) New data on Philornis seguyi Garcia, 1952 (Diptera, Muscidae). Brasilian Journal of Zoology, 65 (4), 631 - 637." type="journal article">
Couri
<emphasis id="B9461C67FF91FFCBFC32BDB310A6FD88" box="[911,962,506,531]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">et al</emphasis>
. (2005)
</bibRefCitation>
corresponds to Estancia El Destino, adjacent to Estancia San Isidro (Reboreda, pers. com.),
<bibRefCitation id="EFA3BD84FF91FFCBFCE3BE6B1767FDA7" author="Mason" box="[862,1027,546,572]" pageId="44" pageNumber="50" refString="Mason, P. (1985) The nesting biology of some passerines of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Ornithological Monographs, (36), 954 - 972." type="journal article" year="1985">Mason (1985)</bibRefCitation>
worked in both areas. By contrast,
<bibRefCitation id="EFA3BD84FF91FFCBFF2ABE031248FDFF" author="Nores" box="[151,300,586,612]" pageId="44" pageNumber="51" refString="Nores, A. I. (1993) Comportamiento social de dos especies de furnaridos lenateros. Tesis Doctoral en Ciencias Biologicas. Universidad Nacional de Cordoba, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales, [library # B 117], 160 p." type="book" year="1993">Nores (1993</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFA3BD84FF91FFCBFE87BE031212FDFF" author="Nores" box="[314,374,586,612]" pageId="44" pageNumber="51" refString="Nores, A. I. (1995) Botfly ectoparasitism of brown cachalote and the firewood-gatherer. Wilson Bulletin, 107, 734 - 738." type="journal article" year="1995">1995</bibRefCitation>
) cites
<emphasis id="B9461C67FF91FFCBFE78BE031177FDF8" box="[453,531,586,611]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">P. p i c i,</emphasis>
together with
<emphasis id="B9461C67FF91FFCBFD78BE031053FDF8" box="[709,823,586,611]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
<taxonomicName id="4C32BBF6FF91FFCBFD78BE031056FDF8" box="[709,818,586,611]" class="Insecta" family="Muscidae" genus="Philornis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="seguyi">P. seguyi</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
infesting
<taxonomicName id="4C32BBF6FF91FFCBFC13BE031753FDF8" box="[942,1079,586,611]" class="Aves" family="Furnariidae" genus="Anumbius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="annumbi">
<emphasis id="B9461C67FF91FFCBFC13BE031753FDF8" box="[942,1079,586,611]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">A. annumbi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Córdoba. In some cases both fly species were found on the same chick. Following the key of
<bibRefCitation id="EFA3BD84FF91FFCBFC00BE3B173CFD17" author="Couri" box="[957,1112,626,652]" pageId="44" pageNumber="49" refString="Couri, M. S. (1999) Myiasis caused by obligatory parasites. Ia. Philornis Meinert (Muscidae), p. 51 - 70. In: Myiasis in Man and Animals in the Neotropical Region. Bibliographic Database. Guimaraes, J. H. &amp; Papavero, N. (Eds.). Editora Pleidae. Rio de Janeiro. 308 p." type="book chapter" year="1999">Couri (1999)</bibRefCitation>
, specimens from Campo de Mayo were
<emphasis id="B9461C67FF91FFCBFE9EBED3120CFD28" box="[291,360,666,691]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">P. p i c i</emphasis>
and not
<emphasis id="B9461C67FF91FFCBFE6CBED31150FD28" box="[465,564,666,691]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">P. s e g u y i</emphasis>
as was first suspected (Turienzo 2007; Turienzo &amp;
<collectingCountry id="F32580E5FF91FFCBFB2BBED317D7FD2F" box="[1174,1203,666,692]" name="Iceland" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Di</collectingCountry>
Iorio 2008).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32893FEFF91FFCAFF7BBE8B172AFC19" lastPageId="45" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B8DC075FF91FFCBFF7BBE8B106CFCCF" blockId="44.[151,1437,386,2012]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA3BD84FF91FFCBFF7BBE8B120AFD47" author="Mason" box="[198,366,706,732]" pageId="44" pageNumber="50" refString="Mason, P. (1985) The nesting biology of some passerines of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Ornithological Monographs, (36), 954 - 972." type="journal article" year="1985">Mason (1985)</bibRefCitation>
found botfly infestations in four (30.8 %) of 13 examined nests of
<taxonomicName id="4C32BBF6FF91FFCBFB29BE8B1670FD40" box="[1172,1300,706,731]" class="Aves" family="Furnariidae" genus="Anumbius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="annumb">
<emphasis id="B9461C67FF91FFCBFB29BE8B1670FD40" box="[1172,1300,706,731]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">A. annumb</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
i, and these infestations were sufficient to kill all the young in one nest. From the province of Córdoba nine (13.8 %) of 65 nests were infested, with three to
<specimenCount id="9D340BFCFF91FFCBFD9ABF5B11F1FCB7" box="[551,661,786,812]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" type="larva">17 larvae</specimenCount>
per chick (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA3BD84FF91FFCBFCA6BF5B10CDFCB7" author="Nores" box="[795,937,786,812]" pageId="44" pageNumber="51" refString="Nores, A. I. (1993) Comportamiento social de dos especies de furnaridos lenateros. Tesis Doctoral en Ciencias Biologicas. Universidad Nacional de Cordoba, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales, [library # B 117], 160 p." type="book" year="1993">Nores 1993</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFA3BD84FF91FFCBFC0BBF5B1090FCB7" author="Nores" box="[950,1012,786,812]" pageId="44" pageNumber="51" refString="Nores, A. I. (1995) Botfly ectoparasitism of brown cachalote and the firewood-gatherer. Wilson Bulletin, 107, 734 - 738." type="journal article" year="1995">1995</bibRefCitation>
), whereas 12 (60 %) of 20 sampled nests from Campo de Mayo had puparia of
<taxonomicName id="4C32BBF6FF91FFCBFD29BF731065FCC8" box="[660,769,826,851]" class="Insecta" family="Muscidae" genus="Philornis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9461C67FF91FFCBFD29BF731065FCC8" box="[660,769,826,851]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Philornis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8DC075FF91FFCBFF7BBF2B122BFB0F" blockId="44.[151,1437,386,2012]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
In the earlier sampled nest
<date id="FF8CE6B5FF91FFCBFDBABF2B11EFFCE7" box="[519,651,866,892]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" value="1992-10-12">12-X-1992</date>
,
<specimenCount id="9D340BFCFF91FFCBFD2ABF2B1067FCE7" box="[663,771,866,892]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" type="adult">33 adults</specimenCount>
of
<emphasis id="B9461C67FF91FFCBFC91BF2B1015FCE0" box="[812,881,866,891]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">P. p i c i</emphasis>
emerged from two chicks of
<taxonomicName id="4C32BBF6FF91FFCBFB69BF2B1638FCE0" box="[1236,1372,866,891]" class="Aves" family="Furnariidae" genus="Anumbius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="annumbi">
<emphasis id="B9461C67FF91FFCBFB69BF2B1638FCE0" box="[1236,1372,866,891]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">A. annumbi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. One nest sampled in
<date id="FF8CE6B5FF91FFCBFEEBBFC31293FC3F" box="[342,503,906,932]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" value="2005-10">October 2005</date>
(# 14) had two chicks of
<taxonomicName id="4C32BBF6FF91FFCBFC98BFC310C8FC38" box="[805,940,906,931]" class="Aves" family="Furnariidae" genus="Anumbius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="annumbi">
<emphasis id="B9461C67FF91FFCBFC98BFC310C8FC38" box="[805,940,906,931]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">A. annumbi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; one escaped and the second was infested with
<specimenCount id="9D340BFCFF91FFCBFF6EBFFB125BFC57" box="[211,319,946,972]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" type="larva">10 larvae</specimenCount>
(
<specimenCount id="9D340BFCFF91FFCBFEEDBFFB12CBFC57" box="[336,431,946,972]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" type="larva">3 larvae</specimenCount>
and
<specimenCount id="9D340BFCFF91FFCBFE55BFFB1120FC57" box="[488,580,946,972]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" type="pupa">5 pupae</specimenCount>
fixed, and
<specimenCount id="9D340BFCFF91FFCBFD74BFFB1043FC57" box="[713,807,946,972]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" type="larva">2 larvae</specimenCount>
found at the bottom of the nest, fixed as pupae). Surprisingly, an additional
<specimenCount id="9D340BFCFF91FFCBFE14BF931146FC6F" box="[425,546,986,1012]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" type="adult">164 adults</specimenCount>
of
<emphasis id="B9461C67FF91FFCBFDF4BF9311E9FC68" box="[585,653,986,1011]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">P. p i c i</emphasis>
emerged from living pupae located in the bed of the same nest, for a total of
<specimenCount id="9D340BFCFF91FFCBFEB5B84B12DEFB87" box="[264,442,1026,1052]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" type="generic">174 specimens</specimenCount>
. Adults from this nest emerge as follows:
<date id="FF8CE6B5FF91FFCBFC16B84B1774FB87" box="[939,1040,1026,1052]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" value="2005-10-25">25-X-05</date>
, 1 ex.;
<date id="FF8CE6B5FF91FFCBFBDAB84B17A9FB87" box="[1127,1229,1026,1052]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" value="2005-10-26">26-X-05</date>
, 3 exx.;
<date id="FF8CE6B5FF91FFCBFA8CB84B16F3FB87" box="[1329,1431,1026,1052]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" value="2005-10-27">27-X-05</date>
, 16 exx.;
<date id="FF8CE6B5FF91FFCBFEBDB8631202FBDF" box="[256,358,1066,1092]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" value="2005-10-28">28-X-05</date>
, 6 exx.;
<date id="FF8CE6B5FF91FFCBFE73B8631150FBDF" box="[462,564,1066,1092]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" value="2005-10-29">29-X-05</date>
, 14 exx.;
<date id="FF8CE6B5FF91FFCBFD16B8631074FBDF" box="[683,784,1066,1092]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" value="2005-10-30">30-X-05</date>
, 7 exx.;
<date id="FF8CE6B5FF91FFCBFCC4B86310BAFBDF" box="[889,990,1066,1092]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" value="2005-10-31">31-X-05</date>
, 4 exx.;
<date id="FF8CE6B5FF91FFCBFBFAB86317C3FBDF" box="[1095,1191,1066,1092]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" value="2005-11-01">1-XI-05</date>
, 4 exx.;
<date id="FF8CE6B5FF91FFCBFAADB8631615FBDF" box="[1296,1393,1066,1092]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" value="2005-11-02">2-XI-05</date>
, 12 exx.;
<date id="FF8CE6B5FF91FFCBFF66B81B1259FBF7" box="[219,317,1106,1132]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" value="2005-11-03">3-XI-05</date>
, 23 exx.;
<date id="FF8CE6B5FF91FFCBFE07B81B117FFBF7" box="[442,539,1106,1132]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" value="2005-11-04">4-XI-05</date>
, 33 exx.; 5/
<date id="FF8CE6B5FF91FFCBFD12B81B106BFBF7" box="[687,783,1106,1132]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" value="2005-11-09">9-XI-05</date>
, 23 exx.;
<date id="FF8CE6B5FF91FFCBFC30B81B1098FBF7" box="[909,1020,1106,1132]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" value="2005-11-10">10-XI-05</date>
, 9 exx.;
<date id="FF8CE6B5FF91FFCBFBD7B81B17BDFBF7" box="[1130,1241,1106,1132]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" value="2005-11-11">11-XI-05</date>
, 1 ex.; [without date]-05, 8 exx.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8DC075FF91FFCBFF7BB8EB11C5FA37" blockId="44.[151,1437,386,2012]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
Nest # 17 (
<date id="FF8CE6B5FF91FFCBFEFAB8EB12A4FB27" box="[327,448,1186,1212]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" value="2005-12-21">21-XII-05</date>
) was colonized by more than one individual inquiline (
<taxonomicName id="4C32BBF6FF91FFCBFBF6B8EA1671FB27" box="[1099,1301,1187,1212]" class="Aves" family="Furnariidae" genus="Schoeniophylax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="phryganophila">
<emphasis id="B9461C67FF91FFCBFBF6B8EA1671FB27" box="[1099,1301,1187,1212]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">S. phryganophila</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). The original bed of
<taxonomicName id="4C32BBF6FF91FFCBFE96B88212D3FB7F" box="[299,439,1227,1252]" class="Aves" family="Furnariidae" genus="Anumbius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="annumbi">
<emphasis id="B9461C67FF91FFCBFE96B88212D3FB7F" box="[299,439,1227,1252]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">A. annumbi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, situated at the bottom, gave 94 emerged and 65 parasitized puparia. The pupal cocoons were of two ages: the older ones grey, the newer white. Inside the nest there were three additional beds: an old bed of the inquiline bird containing 242 emerged and 58 parasitized puparia (19.3 %); the second inquiline bed, younger than the first, had three eggs but no puparia, and the third, recently constructed (
<figureCitation id="1309DCF0FF91FFCBFAFBB90B16E8FAC7" box="[1350,1420,1346,1372]" captionStart="FIGURES 4 – 7" captionStartId="27.[151,269,1743,1767]" captionTargetBox="[178,1428,188,1722]" captionTargetId="figure@27.[151,1436,176,1739]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURES 4 – 7. Beds found inside the nests of A. annumbi: 4, original bed of A. annumbi; 5 – 6, beds of S. phryganophila (inquiline bird), mainly build with spiders´cocoons (5, nest # 16, 3 - XII- 05; 6, nest # 18, 6 - II- 06, with a chick probably dead by Philornis larvae); 7, bed from La Pampa, 30 - XI- 2007, probably of Pitangus sulphuratus (7 a, lateral view; 7 b, seen from above). See measurements in section IV." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183969/files/figure.png" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
), contained three eggs and no puparia. When the nest was dissected an additional 50 emerged and 14 parasitized puparia were found at the bottom of the bag.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8DC075FF91FFCBFF7BB9F310F1F95F" blockId="44.[151,1437,386,2012]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
Two additional emergences were obtained from nests of
<taxonomicName id="4C32BBF6FF91FFCBFCC1B9F21763FA4F" box="[892,1031,1467,1492]" class="Aves" family="Furnariidae" genus="Anumbius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="annumbi">
<emphasis id="B9461C67FF91FFCBFCC1B9F21763FA4F" box="[892,1031,1467,1492]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">A. annumbi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Campo de Mayo that were reconstructed and inhabited by
<taxonomicName id="4C32BBF6FF91FFCBFDB5B9AA11B6FA67" box="[520,722,1507,1532]" class="Aves" family="Furnariidae" genus="Schoeniophylax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="phryganophila">
<emphasis id="B9461C67FF91FFCBFDB5B9AA11B6FA67" box="[520,722,1507,1532]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">S. phryganophila</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<tableCitation id="C6B0F5CEFF91FFCBFD5CB9AB105DFA67" box="[737,825,1506,1532]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="6.[151,239,151,175]" captionTargetBox="[159,1426,242,1855]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="TABLE 1. Hematophagous insects found in nests of Anumbius annumbi from Brazil. (1) Total examined (positive nests for Triatominae) Brazil: MG, Minas Gerais; SP, São Paulo; a, adults; n, nymphs." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF4D90FDFFBBFFE1FF2ABCDE108AFF4A" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" tableUuid="DF4D90FDFFBBFFE1FF2ABCDE108AFF4A">Table 1</tableCitation>
). Nest # 18 (
<date id="FF8CE6B5FF91FFCBFC69B9AB174DFA67" box="[980,1065,1506,1532]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" value="2006-02-05">5-II-06</date>
) was inhabited by the inquiline bird three times: two beds had dead chicks (
<figureCitation id="1309DCF0FF91FFCBFD12BA43119DF9BF" box="[687,761,1546,1572]" captionStart="FIGURES 4 – 7" captionStartId="27.[151,269,1743,1767]" captionTargetBox="[178,1428,188,1722]" captionTargetId="figure@27.[151,1436,176,1739]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURES 4 – 7. Beds found inside the nests of A. annumbi: 4, original bed of A. annumbi; 5 – 6, beds of S. phryganophila (inquiline bird), mainly build with spiders´cocoons (5, nest # 16, 3 - XII- 05; 6, nest # 18, 6 - II- 06, with a chick probably dead by Philornis larvae); 7, bed from La Pampa, 30 - XI- 2007, probably of Pitangus sulphuratus (7 a, lateral view; 7 b, seen from above). See measurements in section IV." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183969/files/figure.png" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
), with
<taxonomicName id="4C32BBF6FF91FFCBFCEDBA4210D9F9BF" box="[848,957,1547,1572]" class="Insecta" family="Muscidae" genus="Philornis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9461C67FF91FFCBFCEDBA4210D9F9BF" box="[848,957,1547,1572]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Philornis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
puparia [not counted], from which five adults of
<emphasis id="B9461C67FF91FFCBFEB7BA7A1235F9D7" box="[266,337,1587,1612]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">P. p i c i</emphasis>
had emerged [no emergence data]; the third bed was older than the other two and had 89 emerged and 25 parasitized puparia (21.9 %); yet another 34 puparia (four parasitized) were found at the bottom of the bag when the nest was dissected. The second latest emergence (two adults,
<date id="FF8CE6B5FF91FFCBFB3ABACB1797F907" box="[1159,1267,1666,1692]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" value="2006-03-12">12-III-06</date>
) was obtained from nest # 19 (
<date id="FF8CE6B5FF91FFCBFEECBAE312D1F95F" box="[337,437,1706,1732]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" value="2006-02-26">26-II-06</date>
) inhabited by one inquiline (empty bed).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8DC075FF91FFCBFF7BBA9B1080F88F" blockId="44.[151,1437,386,2012]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
Shortly after the nest was collected, the same species of
<taxonomicName id="4C32BBF6FF91FFCBFCEABA9A10A0F977" box="[855,964,1747,1772]" class="Insecta" family="Muscidae" genus="Philornis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9461C67FF91FFCBFCEABA9A10A0F977" box="[855,964,1747,1772]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Philornis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also emerged from a nest from Santa Fe (
<tableCitation id="C6B0F5CEFF91FFCBFF23BAB31393F88F" box="[158,247,1786,1812]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="6.[151,239,151,175]" captionTargetBox="[159,1426,242,1855]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="TABLE 1. Hematophagous insects found in nests of Anumbius annumbi from Brazil. (1) Total examined (positive nests for Triatominae) Brazil: MG, Minas Gerais; SP, São Paulo; a, adults; n, nymphs." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF4D90FDFFBBFFE1FF2ABCDE108AFF4A" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" tableUuid="DF4D90FDFFBBFFE1FF2ABCDE108AFF4A">Table 1</tableCitation>
):
<date id="FF8CE6B5FF91FFCBFEADBAB3121DF88F" box="[272,377,1786,1812]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" value="2006-12-04">4-XII-06</date>
(16 exx.),
<date id="FF8CE6B5FF91FFCBFE45BAB31104F88F" box="[504,608,1786,1812]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" value="2006-12-06">6-XII-06</date>
(2 exx.), and
<date id="FF8CE6B5FF91FFCBFCBEBAB3100FF88F" box="[771,875,1786,1812]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" value="2006-12-07">7-XII-06</date>
(35 exx.).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8DC075FF91FFCBFF7BBB6B123FF82F" blockId="44.[151,1437,386,2012]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
Percent parasitoidism on the puparia of
<taxonomicName id="4C32BBF6FF91FFCBFD18BB6A1076F8A7" box="[677,786,1827,1852]" class="Insecta" family="Muscidae" genus="Philornis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9461C67FF91FFCBFD18BB6A1076F8A7" box="[677,786,1827,1852]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Philornis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was 11.5 % (nest # 4), 8.06 % (nest # 6), and 17.1 % (nest # 19), but from nests with living puparia (
<tableCitation id="C6B0F5CEFF91FFCBFD7EBB031078F8FF" box="[707,796,1866,1892]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="10.[151,239,151,175]" captionText="TABLE 2. Insects found in nests of Anumbius annumbi (Vieillot) [Aves: Furnaridae] from Argentina. Support trees are Ct, Celtis tala [Celtidaceae]; Gt, Gleditsia triacanthos [Caesalpiniaceae] (Buenos Aires); Ac, Acacia caven [Mimosaceae], Ec, Erythrina crista - galli [Fabaceae] (Santa Fe); P. sp., Populus sp. [Salicaceae] (Entre Ríos); G. d., Geoffroea decorticans [Caesalpiniaceae], P. c., Prosopis caldenia [Mimosaceae] (La Pampa) .. Santa Fe: AL, Arroyo Leyes; SV, Sauce Viejo; La Pampa: SR, Santa Rosa. Conditions of the nests were indicated as follows: IN, inhabited by a mating pair; I (Ne), inhabited with nestlings; I (In), inhabited by the inquiline bird (S. phryganophila); NI, non inhabited; RI, recently inhabited by the mating pair. L, larvae; P, puparia (Diptera); NC, non counted. Dead specimens are indicated between parenthesis." pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Table 2</tableCitation>
) no parasitic wasps were obtained.
<bibRefCitation id="EFA3BD84FF91FFCBFB7CBB0316F8F8FF" box="[1217,1436,1866,1892]" pageId="44" pageNumber="49" refString="Couri, M. S., Tavares, M. T. &amp; Stenzel, R. R. (2006) Parasitoidism of chalcidid wasps (Hymenoptera, Chalcididae) on Philornis sp. (Diptera, Muscidae). Brazilian Journal of Biology, 66 (2 A), 553 - 557." type="journal article">
Couri
<emphasis id="B9461C67FF91FFCBFAB6BB02165BF8FF" box="[1291,1343,1867,1892]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">et al</emphasis>
. (2006)
</bibRefCitation>
record two chalcidid wasps as parasitoids of puparia of
<taxonomicName id="4C32BBF6FF91FFCBFCA3BB3A10EFF817" box="[798,907,1907,1932]" class="Insecta" family="Muscidae" genus="Philornis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9461C67FF91FFCBFCA3BB3A10EFF817" box="[798,907,1907,1932]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Philornis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, one from
<collectingCountry id="F32580E5FF91FFCBFBB6BB3B170BF817" box="[1035,1135,1906,1932]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
and the other from
<collectingCountry id="F32580E5FF91FFCBFAE9BB3B16F8F817" box="[1364,1436,1906,1932]" name="Brazil" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Brazil</collectingCountry>
(Rio de Janeiro).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8DC075FF91FFCAFF7BBB8B1092FEB1" blockId="44.[151,1437,386,2012]" lastBlockId="45.[151,1436,152,898]" lastPageId="45" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
Large numbers of puparia per nest or inquiline beds are possible in one breeding period of a bird because it was seen that each brood can sustain up to three or four cohorts of
<taxonomicName id="4C32BBF6FF90FFCAFC79BCD11755FF2A" box="[964,1073,152,177]" class="Insecta" family="Muscidae" genus="Philornis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9461C67FF90FFCAFC79BCD11755FF2A" box="[964,1073,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Philornis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
flies (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA3BD84FF90FFCAFBC6BCD113B3FF41" author="Dudaniec" pageId="45" pageNumber="49" refString="Dudaniec, R. Y. &amp; Kleindorfer, A. (2006) Effects of the parasitic flies of the genus Philornis (Diptera: Muscidae) on birds. Emu, 106, 13 - 20." type="journal article" year="2006">Dudaniec &amp; Kleindorfer 2006</bibRefCitation>
). A mating pair of
<taxonomicName id="4C32BBF6FF90FFCAFE03BC89112CFF42" box="[446,584,192,217]" class="Aves" family="Furnariidae" genus="Anumbius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="annumbi">
<emphasis id="B9461C67FF90FFCAFE03BC89112CFF42" box="[446,584,192,217]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">A. annumbi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can have a second brood, with five pairs in the same old nest and two pairs in new nests (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA3BD84FF90FFCAFEC1BCA1116FFE99" author="Nores" box="[380,523,232,258]" pageId="45" pageNumber="51" refString="Nores, A. I. (1993) Comportamiento social de dos especies de furnaridos lenateros. Tesis Doctoral en Ciencias Biologicas. Universidad Nacional de Cordoba, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales, [library # B 117], 160 p." type="book" year="1993">Nores 1993</bibRefCitation>
). Thus the puparia counted in a single nest may correspond to the accumulation of those of more than one brood and more than one cohort per brood.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8DC075FF90FFCAFF7BBD711175FDD9" blockId="45.[151,1436,152,898]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA3BD84FF90FFCAFF7BBD71121FFEC9" author="Teixeira" box="[198,379,312,338]" pageId="45" pageNumber="52" refString="Teixeira, D. M. (1999) Myiasis caused by obligatory parasites. Ib. Genmeral observations on the biology of species of the genus Philornis Meinert, 1890 (Diptera, Muscidae), p. 71 - 96. In: Myiasis in Man and Animals in the Neotropical Region. Bibliographic Database. Guimaraes, J. H. &amp; Papavero, N. (Eds.). Editora Pleidae. Rio de Janeiro. 308 p." type="book chapter" year="1999">Teixeira (1999)</bibRefCitation>
published an extensive survey of the biology of species of
<taxonomicName id="4C32BBF6FF90FFCAFB88BD7117C6FECA" box="[1077,1186,312,337]" class="Insecta" family="Muscidae" genus="Philornis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9461C67FF90FFCAFB88BD7117C6FECA" box="[1077,1186,312,337]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Philornis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Although nothing is mentioned about the annual cycle,
<bibRefCitation id="EFA3BD84FF90FFCAFD93BD291186FEE1" author="Teixeira" box="[558,738,352,378]" pageId="45" pageNumber="52" refString="Teixeira, D. M. (1999) Myiasis caused by obligatory parasites. Ib. Genmeral observations on the biology of species of the genus Philornis Meinert, 1890 (Diptera, Muscidae), p. 71 - 96. In: Myiasis in Man and Animals in the Neotropical Region. Bibliographic Database. Guimaraes, J. H. &amp; Papavero, N. (Eds.). Editora Pleidae. Rio de Janeiro. 308 p." type="book chapter" year="1999">Teixeira (1999)</bibRefCitation>
wrote that “althought birds in Neotropics may show a clear tendency to present more extensive and less synchronised breeding season than those registered in higher latitudes, it seems reasonable to suppose that the availability of adequate hosts for the infestation of
<taxonomicName id="4C32BBF6FF90FFCAFA92BDF916F8FE52" box="[1327,1436,432,457]" class="Insecta" family="Muscidae" genus="Philornis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9461C67FF90FFCAFA92BDF916F8FE52" box="[1327,1436,432,457]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Philornis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
would be, at least during certain periods, lesser than in others. Such a question would raise the supposition that the pupae of those flies would suffer a diapause, ending up their development only with the arrival of a new breeding season for their hosts.”
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8DC075FF90FFCAFF7BBE19172AFC19" blockId="45.[151,1436,152,898]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
<collectingCountry id="F32580E5FF90FFCAFF7BBE191383FDF1" box="[198,231,592,618]" name="American Samoa" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">As</collectingCountry>
the breeding period of
<taxonomicName id="4C32BBF6FF90FFCAFE47BE1911E6FDF2" box="[506,642,592,617]" class="Aves" family="Furnariidae" genus="Anumbius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="annumbi">
<emphasis id="B9461C67FF90FFCAFE47BE1911E6FDF2" box="[506,642,592,617]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">A. annumbi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
ends in mid-December (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA3BD84FF90FFCAFC19BE19175FFDF1" author="Mason" box="[932,1083,592,618]" pageId="45" pageNumber="50" refString="Mason, P. (1985) The nesting biology of some passerines of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Ornithological Monographs, (36), 954 - 972." type="journal article" year="1985">Mason 1985</bibRefCitation>
), it is probable that the subsequent generations of
<emphasis id="B9461C67FF90FFCAFE32BE3112B0FD0A" box="[399,468,632,657]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">P. p i c i</emphasis>
infest different bird species during the summer and provide the pupal stage in the autumn in the nest of a bird with a late breeding period. The fact is that the latter generations of
<taxonomicName id="4C32BBF6FF90FFCAFB52BEE91638FD22" box="[1263,1372,672,697]" class="Insecta" family="Muscidae" genus="Philornis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9461C67FF90FFCAFB52BEE91638FD22" box="[1263,1372,672,697]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Philornis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were obtained during February after the breeding period of
<taxonomicName id="4C32BBF6FF90FFCAFCAFBE8110FDFD7A" box="[786,921,712,737]" class="Aves" family="Furnariidae" genus="Anumbius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="annumbi">
<emphasis id="B9461C67FF90FFCAFCAFBE8110FDFD7A" box="[786,921,712,737]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">A. annumbi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, thereby affecting any inquiline bird. These last adults to emerge in March require another bird host (not yet identified) after March in order to overwinter as pupae or pharate adults. Subsequently adults will emerge the following spring that will then infect the first brood of
<taxonomicName id="4C32BBF6FF90FFCAFEB9BF0912E8FCC2" box="[260,396,832,857]" class="Aves" family="Furnariidae" genus="Anumbius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="annumbi">
<emphasis id="B9461C67FF90FFCAFEB9BF0912E8FCC2" box="[260,396,832,857]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">A. annumbi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. No living pupae were found in any nest of
<taxonomicName id="4C32BBF6FF90FFCAFC24BF091746FCC2" box="[921,1058,832,857]" class="Aves" family="Furnariidae" genus="Anumbius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="annumbi">
<emphasis id="B9461C67FF90FFCAFC24BF091746FCC2" box="[921,1058,832,857]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">A. annumbi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
during autumn or winter (
<tableCitation id="C6B0F5CEFF90FFCAFAE4BF0913CCFC19" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="10.[151,239,151,175]" captionText="TABLE 2. Insects found in nests of Anumbius annumbi (Vieillot) [Aves: Furnaridae] from Argentina. Support trees are Ct, Celtis tala [Celtidaceae]; Gt, Gleditsia triacanthos [Caesalpiniaceae] (Buenos Aires); Ac, Acacia caven [Mimosaceae], Ec, Erythrina crista - galli [Fabaceae] (Santa Fe); P. sp., Populus sp. [Salicaceae] (Entre Ríos); G. d., Geoffroea decorticans [Caesalpiniaceae], P. c., Prosopis caldenia [Mimosaceae] (La Pampa) .. Santa Fe: AL, Arroyo Leyes; SV, Sauce Viejo; La Pampa: SR, Santa Rosa. Conditions of the nests were indicated as follows: IN, inhabited by a mating pair; I (Ne), inhabited with nestlings; I (In), inhabited by the inquiline bird (S. phryganophila); NI, non inhabited; RI, recently inhabited by the mating pair. L, larvae; P, puparia (Diptera); NC, non counted. Dead specimens are indicated between parenthesis." pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Table 2</tableCitation>
), showing that other bird species function as a “bridge” to the following spring.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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