514 lines
68 KiB
XML
514 lines
68 KiB
XML
<document id="4C018FE2F3C8F50E6B1487A57480760A" ID-CLB-Dataset="24722" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4705.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="3e84f284-4d30-4c6e-a801-f9822d49edfc" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3563677" ID-ZooBank="F534C43A-AB09-4CB3-9B08-FD5BDFD90298" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1575538349781" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Weissman, David B. & Gray, David A." docDate="2019" docId="182387A809B5FF4551F6FDBF0008F901" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4705.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4705 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Gryllus sotol Weissman & Gray 2019, n. sp." docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="216" masterDocId="E41AFFD00961FF925161FFD20157FF9A" masterDocTitle="Crickets of the genus Gryllus in the United States (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Gryllinae)" masterLastPageNumber="277" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="213" updateTime="1698772641233" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo id="A9D52DBF88DD55B65D824F00D6EC4A78">
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<mods:title id="70C796B4535F4D5962BFF8E293A2502D">Crickets of the genus Gryllus in the United States (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Gryllinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="CF99464FE89808975749D4761895FB8A">Weissman, David B.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="3D4E5F9696313BB4A0068DB2E2D165BF" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="9E4E4C511BFCCAF783E763489F96AA22">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="647F37E3BE95FD2791BB31BB82B6EBC6">Gray, David A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="7D1F3413B9C36889005394CB50A41A2C">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="78088000DE1E1F477DAA0373DF4FD402">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="B1F16A0DF4A9B080E28BED4FFF9BC5A1">
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<mods:date id="1B12F1B5F903F62EE959FE9C06735A90">2019</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="3D80E8E77F83488CE72C4E8B6D9F162A">2019-12-05</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="95CBF0661F40784F80053C3DF1745A76">4705</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="4BC1B2EDA65D75AE8B1C92F9776FB0EF" type="issue">
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<mods:classification id="A43B2D68D54D14713EAE5D18C043FD9B">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="0F10B419039FAA86E524610E38BCBE53" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4705.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="8FF42DD49B3F50B06E34A54569A005A4" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="182387A809B5FF4551F6FDBF0008F901" ID-GBIF-Taxon="160630873" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:182387A809B5FF4551F6FDBF0008F901" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/182387A809B5FF4551F6FDBF0008F901" lastPageId="215" lastPageNumber="216" pageId="212" pageNumber="213">
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<subSubSection id="D890653509B5FF4651F6FDBF00A2FD31" pageId="212" pageNumber="213" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="903536BE09B5FF4651F6FDBF0338FD1D" blockId="212.[151,623,621,719]" box="[151,623,621,648]" pageId="212" pageNumber="213">
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<heading id="CB7D81D209B5FF4651F6FDBF0338FD1D" bold="true" box="[151,623,621,648]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="212" pageNumber="213" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC09B5FF4651F6FDBF0338FD1D" bold="true" box="[151,623,621,648]" pageId="212" pageNumber="213">
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<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D09B5FF4651F6FDBF0348FD1D" authority="Weissman & Gray" authorityName="Weissman & Gray" authorityYear="2019" box="[151,543,621,648]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="212" pageNumber="213" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sotol" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC09B5FF4651F6FDBF0066FD12" bold="true" box="[151,305,621,648]" italics="true" pageId="212" pageNumber="213">Gryllus sotol</emphasis>
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Weissman & Gray
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="B9CD57D709B5FF46534DFDBF0338FD1D" box="[556,623,621,647]" pageId="212" pageNumber="213" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="903536BE09B5FF4651F6FD4300A2FD31" blockId="212.[151,623,621,719]" box="[151,501,657,683]" pageId="212" pageNumber="213">Organ Mountains Field Cricket</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="D890653509B5FF4551F6FD670008F901" lastPageId="215" lastPageNumber="216" pageId="212" pageNumber="213" type="description">
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<paragraph id="903536BE09B5FF4651F6FD670356FD55" blockId="212.[151,623,621,719]" box="[151,513,692,719]" pageId="212" pageNumber="213">
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<figureCitation id="08B12A3B09B5FF4651F6FD670064FD55" box="[151,307,693,719]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 207" captionStart-1="FIGURE 208" captionStart-2="FIGURE 209" captionStartId-0="204.[151,250,1899,1924]" captionStartId-1="205.[151,250,1899,1924]" captionStartId-2="206.[151,250,1254,1279]" captionTargetBox-0="[157,1383,238,1773]" captionTargetBox-1="[157,1384,270,1791]" captionTargetBox-2="[151,1404,166,1233]" captionTargetId-0="figure@204.[151,1435,166,1879]" captionTargetId-1="figure@205.[151,1435,166,1879]" captionTargetId-2="figure@206.[151,1435,166,1234]" captionTargetPageId-0="204" captionTargetPageId-1="205" captionTargetPageId-2="206" captionText-0="FIGURE 207. Five second waveforms of typical calling songs of (A) G. lightfooti, (B) G. sotol, and (C) G. transpecos. (A) G. lightfooti: (R09-69) Cochise Co., AZ (S09-55), at 24°C; (B) G. sotol: (R17-44) from type locality (S17-4), at 24.1°C; (C) G. transpecos: (R09-93) Culberson Co., TX (S09-64), at 25°C." captionText-1="FIGURE 208. One second spectrograms of typical calling songs of (A) G. lightfooti, (B) G. sotol, and (C) G. transpecos, same males as in Fig. 207." captionText-2="FIGURE 209. ITS2 gene tree. Collection stop numbers for G. lightfooti samples (orange): S07-61 (G1099, G1206); S07-66 (G1218); S07-67 (G1222); S07-68 (G1133); S09-55 (G1369); S12-19 (G2253); S12-102 (G2404); S12-103 (G2414); S13-13 (G2518, G2528); S13-16 (G2480, G2513, G2519, G2520); S13-18 (G2484, G2696); S13-19 (G2505, G2527, G2533, G2592); S15-49 (G3104); S15-75 (G3061, G3063); S15-100 (G3340); S15-104 (G3328); S15-105 (G3317, G3332); S15-109 (G3333); S15-110 (G3214, G3228, G3235, G3236, G3237); S16-24 (G3435, G3445, G3448, G3450); S16-31 (G3438, G3444); S16- 33 (G3443). Collection stop numbers for G. sotol samples (purple): S15-77 (G3295); S17-4 (G3493, G3497, G3503, G3505, G3508, G3509, G3510, G3511). Collection stop numbers for G. transpecos samples (blue): S07-36 (G1081); S09-64 (G1370, G1384, G1393); S15-61 (G3189, G3279, G3346); S15-64 (G3314, G3348, G3349); S15-65 (G3117, G3138, G3139, G3274, G3327); S15-68 (G3062); S15-69 (G3067); S15-72 (G3059, G3060, G3065, G3069, G3350); S16-2 (G3376, G3377, G3383, G3384, G3389, G3391); S16-3 (G3379, G3385, G3388, G3395); S16-7 (G3375); S16-8 (G3368, G3417); S16-9 (G3396); S16- 10 (G3369); S16-12 (G3398); S16-14 (G3380). Note the two ITS2 clades of G. sotol." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3564070" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3564072" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3564074" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/3564070/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/3564072/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/3564074/files/figure.png" pageId="212" pageNumber="213">Figs 207–209</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="08B12A3B09B5FF46505FFD6600F4FD55" box="[318,419,692,719]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 213" captionStart-1="FIGURE 214" captionStart-2="FIGURE 215" captionStartId-0="212.[151,250,1626,1651]" captionStartId-1="213.[151,250,1503,1528]" captionStartId-2="214.[151,250,1171,1196]" captionTargetBox-0="[175,1410,791,1588]" captionTargetBox-1="[157,1383,963,1454]" captionTargetBox-2="[340,1247,186,1152]" captionTargetId-0="figure@212.[151,1435,733,1607]" captionTargetId-1="figure@213.[151,1435,911,1481]" captionTargetId-2="figure@214.[340,1247,186,1152]" captionTargetPageId-0="212" captionTargetPageId-1="213" captionTargetPageId-2="214" captionText-0="FIGURE 213. Holotype male of G. sotol. Female also from type locality (S17-4)." captionText-1="FIGURE 214. Calling song (R17-44) of G. sotol from type locality (S17-4), recorded at 24.1°C." captionText-2="FIGURE 215. Known distribution of G. sotol; known only from the type locality in NM despite extensive sampling of nearby regions." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3564082" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3564084" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3564086" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/3564082/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/3564084/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/3564086/files/figure.png" pageId="212" pageNumber="213">213–215</figureCitation>
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,
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<tableCitation id="DD08030509B5FF4650CFFD670356FD55" box="[430,513,693,719]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="17.[150,238,466,492]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="TABLE 1. Summary measurements for morphological and song characters for Gryllus species discussed in this paper." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/C4F566360970FF8351F7FE0004D1FE76" pageId="212" pageNumber="213" tableUuid="C4F566360970FF8351F7FE0004D1FE76">Table 1</tableCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="C4F5663609B5FF4651F6F9880280F9E9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3564082" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3564082" box="[151,983,1626,1651]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3564082/files/figure.png" pageId="212" pageNumber="213" startId="212.[151,250,1626,1651]" targetBox="[175,1410,791,1588]" targetPageId="212">
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<paragraph id="903536BE09B5FF4651F6F9880280F9E9" blockId="212.[151,983,1626,1651]" box="[151,983,1626,1651]" pageId="212" pageNumber="213">
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<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC09B5FF4651F6F988007AF9E9" bold="true" box="[151,301,1626,1651]" pageId="212" pageNumber="213">FIGURE 213.</emphasis>
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Holotype male of
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<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC09B5FF46508BF9890315F9E9" box="[490,578,1627,1651]" italics="true" pageId="212" pageNumber="213">
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<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D09B5FF46508BF989036AF9E9" authorityName="Weissman & Gray" authorityYear="2019" box="[490,573,1627,1651]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="212" pageNumber="213" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sotol">G. sotol</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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Female also from type locality (S17-4).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="903536BE09B5FF4651F6F9730409F921" blockId="212.[151,1437,1696,2012]" box="[151,1374,1696,1724]" pageId="212" pageNumber="213">
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<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC09B5FF4651F6F973007FF921" box="[151,296,1697,1723]" italics="true" pageId="212" pageNumber="213">Distribution.</emphasis>
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Known only from the sky island Organ Mountains of south central New
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<collectingCountry id="E89D762E09B5FF46553AF97305E4F921" box="[1115,1203,1697,1723]" name="Mexico" pageId="212" pageNumber="213">Mexico</collectingCountry>
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, above
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<quantity id="57729B5B09B5FF465469F972040DF921" box="[1288,1370,1696,1723]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.52" pageId="212" pageNumber="213" unit="m" value="1520.0">1520m</quantity>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="903536BE09B5FF4751A6F914018CFCC5" blockId="212.[151,1437,1696,2012]" lastBlockId="213.[151,1437,152,863]" lastPageId="213" lastPageNumber="214" pageId="212" pageNumber="213">
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<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC09B5FF4651A6F9140317F945" box="[199,576,1733,1759]" italics="true" pageId="212" pageNumber="213">Recognition characters and song</emphasis>
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.
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<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D09B5FF46532FF9170391F945" box="[590,710,1733,1759]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Alachua" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="212" pageNumber="213" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="medium">A medium</taxonomicName>
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to large, always short hind winged, generally black (except for inside of hind femur) cricket, whose cerci are always shorter than tip of ovipositor in situ (
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<figureCitation id="08B12A3B09B5FF4655EDF93B05B9F899" box="[1164,1262,1769,1795]" captionStart="FIGURE 213" captionStartId="212.[151,250,1626,1651]" captionTargetBox="[175,1410,791,1588]" captionTargetId="figure@212.[151,1435,733,1607]" captionTargetPageId="212" captionText="FIGURE 213. Holotype male of G. sotol. Female also from type locality (S17-4)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3564082" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3564082/files/figure.png" pageId="212" pageNumber="213">Fig. 213</figureCitation>
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). Intimately associated with sotol,
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<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D09B5FF465016F8DF0302F8BD" authorityName="S. Watson ex Rothr" authorityYear="1878" box="[375,597,1805,1831]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dasylirion" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="212" pageNumber="213" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="wheeleri">
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<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC09B5FF465016F8DF0302F8BD" box="[375,597,1805,1831]" italics="true" pageId="212" pageNumber="213">Dasylirion wheeleri</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, from which it frequently sings during the daytime.
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<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC09B5FF4655FFF8DC0581F8B2" box="[1182,1238,1806,1832]" italics="true" pageId="212" pageNumber="213">Song</emphasis>
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(
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<figureCitation id="08B12A3B09B5FF465587F8DF0411F8BD" box="[1254,1350,1805,1831]" captionStart="FIGURE 214" captionStartId="213.[151,250,1503,1528]" captionTargetBox="[157,1383,963,1454]" captionTargetId="figure@213.[151,1435,911,1481]" captionTargetPageId="213" captionText="FIGURE 214. Calling song (R17-44) of G. sotol from type locality (S17-4), recorded at 24.1°C." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3564084" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3564084/files/figure.png" pageId="212" pageNumber="213">Fig. 214</figureCitation>
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) a slow chirp, usually 3–5 p/c (range 3–6), with a chirp rate of 120–160 (range 82–170) and a
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<collectingRegion id="524EF85C09B5FF46551BF8E005CBF8D6" box="[1146,1180,1842,1868]" country="Brazil" name="Para" pageId="212" pageNumber="213">PR</collectingRegion>
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of 16.5–22.7 at 25°C. Dominant frequency 3463–4746 Hz. Distinguished from other Southwestern slow chirping
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<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D09B5FF4655ECF88705B6F8F5" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1165,1249,1877,1903]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="212" pageNumber="213" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC09B5FF4655ECF88705B6F8F5" box="[1165,1249,1877,1903]" italics="true" pageId="212" pageNumber="213">Gryllus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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as follows: from microsympatric
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<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D09B5FF46502FF8A800A5F809" box="[334,498,1913,1940]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="212" pageNumber="213" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longicercus">
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<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC09B5FF46502FF8A800A5F809" box="[334,498,1913,1940]" italics="true" pageId="212" pageNumber="213">G. longicercus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, which it greatly outnumbers, by (generally) having non-overlapping and lower file teeth number (
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<tableCitation id="DD08030509B5FF46505AF84F00C7F82D" box="[315,400,1949,1975]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="17.[150,238,466,492]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="TABLE 1. Summary measurements for morphological and song characters for Gryllus species discussed in this paper." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/C4F566360970FF8351F7FE0004D1FE76" pageId="212" pageNumber="213" tableUuid="C4F566360970FF8351F7FE0004D1FE76">Table 1</tableCitation>
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, p. 18), higher
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<collectingRegion id="524EF85C09B5FF465320F84C0331F822" box="[577,614,1950,1976]" country="Brazil" name="Para" pageId="212" pageNumber="213">PR</collectingRegion>
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, and shorter cerci never longer than ovipositor tip in situ (almost always longer in
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<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D09B5FF46506BF81000E5F841" box="[266,434,1985,2012]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="212" pageNumber="213" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longicercus">
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||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC09B5FF46506BF81000E5F841" box="[266,434,1985,2012]" italics="true" pageId="212" pageNumber="213">G. longicercus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Separated from more eastern, allopatric sister species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D09B5FF465520F81005B7F841" box="[1089,1248,1986,2012]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="212" pageNumber="213" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="transpecos">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC09B5FF465520F81005B7F841" box="[1089,1248,1986,2012]" italics="true" pageId="212" pageNumber="213">G. transpecos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(although some individuals [those in Clade 1—see below] with similar ITS2 DNA [see
|
||
<figureCitation id="08B12A3B09B4FF4752A1FF4B0573FF29" box="[960,1060,152,179]" captionStart="FIGURE 209" captionStartId="206.[151,250,1254,1279]" captionTargetBox="[151,1404,166,1233]" captionTargetId="figure@206.[151,1435,166,1234]" captionTargetPageId="206" captionText="FIGURE 209. ITS2 gene tree. Collection stop numbers for G. lightfooti samples (orange): S07-61 (G1099, G1206); S07-66 (G1218); S07-67 (G1222); S07-68 (G1133); S09-55 (G1369); S12-19 (G2253); S12-102 (G2404); S12-103 (G2414); S13-13 (G2518, G2528); S13-16 (G2480, G2513, G2519, G2520); S13-18 (G2484, G2696); S13-19 (G2505, G2527, G2533, G2592); S15-49 (G3104); S15-75 (G3061, G3063); S15-100 (G3340); S15-104 (G3328); S15-105 (G3317, G3332); S15-109 (G3333); S15-110 (G3214, G3228, G3235, G3236, G3237); S16-24 (G3435, G3445, G3448, G3450); S16-31 (G3438, G3444); S16- 33 (G3443). Collection stop numbers for G. sotol samples (purple): S15-77 (G3295); S17-4 (G3493, G3497, G3503, G3505, G3508, G3509, G3510, G3511). Collection stop numbers for G. transpecos samples (blue): S07-36 (G1081); S09-64 (G1370, G1384, G1393); S15-61 (G3189, G3279, G3346); S15-64 (G3314, G3348, G3349); S15-65 (G3117, G3138, G3139, G3274, G3327); S15-68 (G3062); S15-69 (G3067); S15-72 (G3059, G3060, G3065, G3069, G3350); S16-2 (G3376, G3377, G3383, G3384, G3389, G3391); S16-3 (G3379, G3385, G3388, G3395); S16-7 (G3375); S16-8 (G3368, G3417); S16-9 (G3396); S16- 10 (G3369); S16-12 (G3398); S16-14 (G3380). Note the two ITS2 clades of G. sotol." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3564074" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3564074/files/figure.png" pageId="213" pageNumber="214">Fig. 209</figureCitation>
|
||
]),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D09B4FF475521FF4B05CEFF29" authorityName="Weissman & Gray" authorityYear="2019" box="[1088,1177,153,179]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="213" pageNumber="214" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sotol">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC09B4FF475521FF4B05CEFF29" box="[1088,1177,153,179]" italics="true" pageId="213" pageNumber="214">G. sotol</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has more teeth, higher tooth density, shorter cerci never as long as ovipositor tip (almost always longer in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D09B4FF47555FFF6F058EFF4D" box="[1086,1241,189,215]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="213" pageNumber="214" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="transpecos">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC09B4FF47555FFF6F058EFF4D" box="[1086,1241,189,215]" italics="true" pageId="213" pageNumber="214">G. transpecos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), slower
|
||
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C09B4FF475422FF6F043FFF4D" box="[1347,1384,189,215]" country="Brazil" name="Para" pageId="213" pageNumber="214">PR</collectingRegion>
|
||
, and habitat: open, lower elevation, drier, rocky Chihuahuan Desert for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D09B4FF4752E7FF330575FF61" box="[902,1058,225,251]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="213" pageNumber="214" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="transpecos">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC09B4FF4752E7FF330575FF61" box="[902,1058,225,251]" italics="true" pageId="213" pageNumber="214">G. transpecos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
versus higher, cooler, low mountain bajadas and woodlands, with sotol, for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D09B4FF4753ECFED703B0FE85" authorityName="Weissman & Gray" authorityYear="2019" box="[653,743,261,287]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="213" pageNumber="214" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sotol">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC09B4FF4753ECFED703B0FE85" box="[653,743,261,287]" italics="true" pageId="213" pageNumber="214">G. sotol</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Additionally,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D09B4FF4752F3FED702BBFE85" authorityName="Weissman & Gray" authorityYear="2019" box="[914,1004,261,287]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="213" pageNumber="214" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sotol">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC09B4FF4752F3FED702BBFE85" box="[914,1004,261,287]" italics="true" pageId="213" pageNumber="214">G. sotol</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
frequently climbs into sotol while
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D09B4FF4754E0FED70047FED9" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="213" pageNumber="214" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="transpecos">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC09B4FF4754E0FED70047FED9" italics="true" pageId="213" pageNumber="214">G. transpecos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is only found on the ground, although sometimes on rocky cliff faces in road cut areas. Separated from lower elevation, also arboreal, later maturing (despite lower elevations and warmer habitat), more open Chihuahuan and Sonoran Desert grassland sister species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D09B4FF4753E4FEA30259FE11" authorityName="Weissman & Gray" authorityYear="2019" box="[645,782,369,395]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="213" pageNumber="214" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lightfooti">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC09B4FF4753E4FEA30259FE11" box="[645,782,369,395]" italics="true" pageId="213" pageNumber="214">G. lightfooti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, although some individuals (those in Clade 2—see below) with similar ITS2 DNA (see
|
||
<figureCitation id="08B12A3B09B4FF4750B8FE47036DFE35" box="[473,570,405,431]" captionStart="FIGURE 209" captionStartId="206.[151,250,1254,1279]" captionTargetBox="[151,1404,166,1233]" captionTargetId="figure@206.[151,1435,166,1234]" captionTargetPageId="206" captionText="FIGURE 209. ITS2 gene tree. Collection stop numbers for G. lightfooti samples (orange): S07-61 (G1099, G1206); S07-66 (G1218); S07-67 (G1222); S07-68 (G1133); S09-55 (G1369); S12-19 (G2253); S12-102 (G2404); S12-103 (G2414); S13-13 (G2518, G2528); S13-16 (G2480, G2513, G2519, G2520); S13-18 (G2484, G2696); S13-19 (G2505, G2527, G2533, G2592); S15-49 (G3104); S15-75 (G3061, G3063); S15-100 (G3340); S15-104 (G3328); S15-105 (G3317, G3332); S15-109 (G3333); S15-110 (G3214, G3228, G3235, G3236, G3237); S16-24 (G3435, G3445, G3448, G3450); S16-31 (G3438, G3444); S16- 33 (G3443). Collection stop numbers for G. sotol samples (purple): S15-77 (G3295); S17-4 (G3493, G3497, G3503, G3505, G3508, G3509, G3510, G3511). Collection stop numbers for G. transpecos samples (blue): S07-36 (G1081); S09-64 (G1370, G1384, G1393); S15-61 (G3189, G3279, G3346); S15-64 (G3314, G3348, G3349); S15-65 (G3117, G3138, G3139, G3274, G3327); S15-68 (G3062); S15-69 (G3067); S15-72 (G3059, G3060, G3065, G3069, G3350); S16-2 (G3376, G3377, G3383, G3384, G3389, G3391); S16-3 (G3379, G3385, G3388, G3395); S16-7 (G3375); S16-8 (G3368, G3417); S16-9 (G3396); S16- 10 (G3369); S16-12 (G3398); S16-14 (G3380). Note the two ITS2 clades of G. sotol." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3564074" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3564074/files/figure.png" pageId="213" pageNumber="214">Fig. 209</figureCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D09B4FF47532FFE470380FE35" authorityName="Weissman & Gray" authorityYear="2019" box="[590,727,405,431]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="213" pageNumber="214" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lightfooti">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC09B4FF47532FFE470380FE35" box="[590,727,405,431]" italics="true" pageId="213" pageNumber="214">G. lightfooti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, often associated with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D09B4FF4752B6FE44050FFE35" authorityName="Engelm" authorityYear="1882" baseAuthorityName="Engelm" box="[983,1112,405,431]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Yucca" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="213" pageNumber="214" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="elata">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC09B4FF4752B6FE44050FFE35" box="[983,1112,405,431]" italics="true" pageId="213" pageNumber="214">Yucca elata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, have longer cerci usually as long as ovipositor tip in situ, and females usually with light tegminal bar (of 21
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D09B4FF475577FE6B0538FE49" authorityName="Weissman & Gray" authorityYear="2019" box="[1046,1135,441,467]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="213" pageNumber="214" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sotol">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC09B4FF475577FE6B0538FE49" box="[1046,1135,441,467]" italics="true" pageId="213" pageNumber="214">G. sotol</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
females collected in 2017, only 2 have slight indications of tegminal bars despite their bodies being solid black, which would accentuate any overlying tegmina bar). Additionally, late instar
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D09B4FF4753A0FDD3024BFD81" authorityName="Weissman & Gray" authorityYear="2019" box="[705,796,513,539]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="213" pageNumber="214" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sotol">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC09B4FF4753A0FDD3024BFD81" box="[705,796,513,539]" italics="true" pageId="213" pageNumber="214">G. sotol</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
abdomens frequently with circular, dorsal stripes while those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D09B4FF47519AFDF700D1FDA5" authorityName="Weissman & Gray" authorityYear="2019" box="[251,390,549,575]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="213" pageNumber="214" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lightfooti">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC09B4FF47519AFDF700D1FDA5" box="[251,390,549,575]" italics="true" pageId="213" pageNumber="214">G. lightfooti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are usually tan and blotched. Separated from sky island
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D09B4FF475571FDF705DFFDA5" authorityName="Weissman and Gray" authorityYear="2019" box="[1040,1160,549,575]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="213" pageNumber="214" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="planeta">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC09B4FF475571FDF705DFFDA5" box="[1040,1160,549,575]" italics="true" pageId="213" pageNumber="214">G. planeta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the Davis Mts., in western
|
||
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C09B4FF475195FD9B006FFDF9" box="[244,312,585,611]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="213" pageNumber="214">Texas</collectingRegion>
|
||
, by the latter’s shorter cerci and oak-forested habitat and distinct multilocus DNA (Gray
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC09B4FF475477FD980419FDF9" box="[1302,1358,585,611]" italics="true" pageId="213" pageNumber="214">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2019). Separated from allopatric, earlier maturing (despite higher, cooler elevation), more western
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D09B4FF4755F0FDBF05A9FD1D" authorityName="Weissman & Gray" authorityYear="2019" box="[1169,1278,621,647]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="213" pageNumber="214" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="montis">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC09B4FF4755F0FDBF05A9FD1D" box="[1169,1278,621,647]" italics="true" pageId="213" pageNumber="214">G. montis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by multilocus DNA (Gray
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC09B4FF475041FD40000FFD31" box="[288,344,657,683]" italics="true" pageId="213" pageNumber="214">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2019), more teeth/mm in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D09B4FF475318FD430386FD31" authorityName="Weissman & Gray" authorityYear="2019" box="[633,721,657,683]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="213" pageNumber="214" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sotol">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC09B4FF475318FD430386FD31" box="[633,721,657,683]" italics="true" pageId="213" pageNumber="214">G. sotol</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and habitat, with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D09B4FF4752FEFD43055BFD31" authorityName="Weissman & Gray" authorityYear="2019" box="[927,1036,657,683]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="213" pageNumber="214" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="montis">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC09B4FF4752FEFD43055BFD31" box="[927,1036,657,683]" italics="true" pageId="213" pageNumber="214">G. montis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurring under mountain-top trees and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D09B4FF4751A9FD670076FD55" authorityName="Weissman & Gray" authorityYear="2019" box="[200,289,693,719]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="213" pageNumber="214" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sotol">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC09B4FF4751A9FD670076FD55" box="[200,289,693,719]" italics="true" pageId="213" pageNumber="214">G. sotol</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurring in more open Chihuahuan Desert. Separated from more western
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D09B4FF475519FD6705AFFD55" authorityName="Weissman & Gray" authorityYear="2019" box="[1144,1272,693,719]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="213" pageNumber="214" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="saxatilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC09B4FF475519FD6705AFFD55" box="[1144,1272,693,719]" italics="true" pageId="213" pageNumber="214">G. saxatilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the latter’s longer cerci, habitat (likes rocks and almost never up in plants) and DNA. Separated from more western
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D09B4FF475479FD0B04CAFD69" authorityName="Weissman & Gray" authorityYear="2019" box="[1304,1437,729,755]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="213" pageNumber="214" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vulcanus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC09B4FF475479FD0B04CAFD69" box="[1304,1437,729,755]" italics="true" pageId="213" pageNumber="214">G. vulcanus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by lower, non-overlapping
|
||
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C09B4FF4750A5FD2F00B1FC8D" box="[452,486,765,791]" country="Brazil" name="Para" pageId="213" pageNumber="214">PR</collectingRegion>
|
||
in the latter and differences in habitat (sotol obligate vs. lava bed obligate) and multilocus DNA (Gray
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC09B4FF475003FCF000C5FCA1" box="[354,402,801,827]" italics="true" pageId="213" pageNumber="214">et al</emphasis>
|
||
2019). Separated from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D09B4FF4753F9FCF303B5FCA1" authorityName="Weissman & Gray" authorityYear="2019" box="[664,738,801,827]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="213" pageNumber="214" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leei">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC09B4FF4753F9FCF303B5FCA1" box="[664,738,801,827]" italics="true" pageId="213" pageNumber="214">G. leei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by habitat (sotol obligate vs. lava bed obligate) and multilocus DNA.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="C4F5663609B4FF4751F6FA0D053CFA62" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3564084" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3564084" box="[151,1131,1503,1528]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3564084/files/figure.png" pageId="213" pageNumber="214" startId="213.[151,250,1503,1528]" targetBox="[157,1383,963,1454]" targetPageId="213">
|
||
<paragraph id="903536BE09B4FF4751F6FA0D053CFA62" blockId="213.[151,1131,1503,1528]" box="[151,1131,1503,1528]" pageId="213" pageNumber="214">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC09B4FF4751F6FA0D007AFA62" bold="true" box="[151,301,1503,1528]" pageId="213" pageNumber="214">FIGURE 214.</emphasis>
|
||
Calling song (R17-44) of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D09B4FF475359FA3203DFFA6D" authorityName="Weissman & Gray" authorityYear="2019" box="[568,648,1503,1527]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="213" pageNumber="214" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sotol">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC09B4FF475359FA3203DFFA6D" box="[568,648,1503,1527]" italics="true" pageId="213" pageNumber="214">G. sotol</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from type locality (S17-4), recorded at 24.1°C.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="903536BE09B4FF4751A6F9F403C1F94A" blockId="213.[151,1437,1574,2032]" pageId="213" pageNumber="214">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="20E23CE309B4FF4751A6F9F403C1F94A" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2464588502" collectingDate="2017-07-03" collectionCode="MN, CAS" collectorName="D. B. Weissman & D. W. Weissman. & GenBank & Right & Type" country="United States of America" county="Dona Ana Co." location="Organ Mountains-Desert Peaks National Monument" municipality="Male" pageId="213" pageNumber="214" specimenCode="ITS2" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="New Mexico" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC09B4FF4751A6F9F40079F9DA" box="[199,302,1574,1600]" italics="true" pageId="213" pageNumber="214">
|
||
<typeStatus id="4F31881C09B4FF4751A6F9F40079F9DA" box="[199,302,1574,1600]" pageId="213" pageNumber="214" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="7051ACC409B4FF47505AF9F40022F9DA" box="[315,373,1574,1600]" pageId="213" pageNumber="214">Male</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="08B12A3B09B4FF4750E2F9F400B1F9DA" box="[387,486,1574,1600]" captionStart="FIGURE 213" captionStartId="212.[151,250,1626,1651]" captionTargetBox="[175,1410,791,1588]" captionTargetId="figure@212.[151,1435,733,1607]" captionTargetPageId="212" captionText="FIGURE 213. Holotype male of G. sotol. Female also from type locality (S17-4)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3564082" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3564082/files/figure.png" pageId="213" pageNumber="214">Fig. 213</figureCitation>
|
||
):
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E89D762E09B4FF475099F9F40364F9DA" box="[504,563,1574,1600]" name="United States of America" pageId="213" pageNumber="214">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C09B4FF47535CF9F40387F9DA" box="[573,720,1574,1600]" country="United States of America" name="New Mexico" pageId="213" pageNumber="214">New Mexico</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCounty id="79544E3209B4FF4753BAF9F4022CF9DA" box="[731,891,1574,1600]" pageId="213" pageNumber="214">Dona Ana Co.</collectingCounty>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="9555606509B4FF4752E7F9F40185F9FE" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:182387A809B5FF4551F6FDBF0008F901:9555606509B4FF4752E7F9F40185F9FE" country="United States of America" county="Dona Ana Co." municipality="Male" name="Organ Mountains-Desert Peaks National Monument" pageId="213" pageNumber="214" stateProvince="New Mexico">Organ Mountains-Desert Peaks National Monument</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="9555606509B4FF4751BFF9980363F9FE" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:182387A809B5FF4551F6FDBF0008F901:9555606509B4FF4751BFF9980363F9FE" box="[222,564,1610,1636]" country="United States of America" county="Dona Ana Co." municipality="Male" name="Aguirre Springs Campground" pageId="213" pageNumber="214" stateProvince="New Mexico">Aguirre Springs Campground</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="E434107E09B4FF475323F99803ECF9FE" box="[578,699,1610,1636]" pageId="213" pageNumber="214" value="2017-07-03">
|
||
<collectingDate id="F470E99609B4FF475323F99803ECF9FE" box="[578,699,1610,1636]" pageId="213" pageNumber="214" value="2017-07-03">3-vii-2017</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
, 5807’, 32° 22’ 12.72” -106° 33’ 41.18”.
|
||
<collectorName id="3D7F536809B4FF4755C0F9980403F9FE" box="[1185,1364,1610,1636]" pageId="213" pageNumber="214">D.B. Weissman</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName id="3D7F536809B4FF475403F9980046F912" pageId="213" pageNumber="214">D.W. Weissman.</collectorName>
|
||
S17-4, R17-26, DNA (
|
||
<specimenCode id="C02C9EC509B4FF47537CF9BC0301F912" box="[541,598,1646,1672]" collectionCode="ITS" pageId="213" pageNumber="214">ITS2</specimenCode>
|
||
and multilocus) sample G3493.
|
||
<collectorName id="3D7F536809B4FF4752ACF9BC0560F912" box="[973,1079,1646,1672]" pageId="213" pageNumber="214">GenBank</collectorName>
|
||
accession #
|
||
<specimenCode id="C02C9EC509B4FF4755AAF9BC045FF912" box="[1227,1288,1646,1672]" collectionCode="ITS" pageId="213" pageNumber="214">ITS2</specimenCode>
|
||
:
|
||
<accessionNumber id="8FD9AB5D09B4FF475475F9BC04CEF912" box="[1300,1433,1646,1672]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/MN136862" pageId="213" pageNumber="214">
|
||
<collectionCode id="F69BAE7B09B4FF475475F9BC0414F912" box="[1300,1347,1646,1672]" country="Brazil" name="Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro" pageId="213" pageNumber="214">MN</collectionCode>
|
||
136862
|
||
</accessionNumber>
|
||
. BL 20.66, HF 11.89, right cercus 12.63.
|
||
<collectorName id="3D7F536809B4FF475303F94003F7F936" box="[610,672,1682,1708]" pageId="213" pageNumber="214">Right</collectorName>
|
||
tegmen removed: 152 teeth, file length 3.3, TL 10.9, TW 4.3.
|
||
<collectorName id="3D7F536809B4FF475404F94004CAF936" box="[1381,1437,1682,1708]" pageId="213" pageNumber="214">Type</collectorName>
|
||
deposited in
|
||
<collectionCode id="F69BAE7B09B4FF475047F9640008F94A" box="[294,351,1718,1744]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15690" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34700" name="California Academy of Sciences" pageId="213" pageNumber="214" type="Museum">CAS</collectionCode>
|
||
, Entomology Type #19279.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="903536BE09B4FF4751A6F90900C8F8A6" blockId="213.[151,1437,1574,2032]" pageId="213" pageNumber="214">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC09B4FF4751A6F9090017F96E" box="[199,320,1755,1780]" italics="true" pageId="213" pageNumber="214">
|
||
<typeStatus id="4F31881C09B4FF4751A6F909006BF96E" box="[199,316,1755,1780]" pageId="213" pageNumber="214" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(total
|
||
<specimenCount id="868CFD3709B4FF4750E9F90800EEF96E" box="[392,441,1754,1780]" pageId="213" pageNumber="214" type="male">33♂</specimenCount>
|
||
<specimenCount id="868CFD3709B4FF4750A1F90800A6F96F" box="[448,497,1754,1781]" pageId="213" pageNumber="214" type="female">36♀</specimenCount>
|
||
) Type locality,
|
||
<date id="E434107E09B4FF4753FFF90B024DF96E" box="[670,794,1753,1780]" pageId="213" pageNumber="214" value="1985-06-24">24-vi-1985</date>
|
||
(S85-93), D.C. Lightfoot,
|
||
<specimenCount id="868CFD3709B4FF475524F908053FF96E" box="[1093,1128,1754,1780]" pageId="213" pageNumber="214" type="male">2♂</specimenCount>
|
||
<specimenCount id="868CFD3709B4FF47550EF90805C4F96E" box="[1135,1171,1754,1780]" pageId="213" pageNumber="214" type="female">3♀</specimenCount>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation id="20E23CE309B4FF4755C1F9080099F882" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2464588674" collectorName="D. C. Lightfoot" location="June" pageId="213" pageNumber="214" specimenCount="15" specimenCount-female="6" specimenCount-male="9" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
early
|
||
<location id="9555606509B4FF4755BEF9080442F96E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:182387A809B5FF4551F6FDBF0008F901:9555606509B4FF4755BEF9080442F96E" box="[1247,1301,1754,1780]" name="June" pageId="213" pageNumber="214">June</location>
|
||
, 1994 (S94- 29),
|
||
<collectorName id="3D7F536809B4FF4751AAF92C0023F882" box="[203,372,1790,1816]" pageId="213" pageNumber="214">D.C. Lightfoot</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount id="868CFD3709B4FF47501EF92C00F4F882" box="[383,419,1790,1816]" pageId="213" pageNumber="214" type="male">9♂</specimenCount>
|
||
<specimenCount id="868CFD3709B4FF4750CBF92C0099F882" box="[426,462,1790,1816]" pageId="213" pageNumber="214" type="female">6♀</specimenCount>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<date id="E434107E09B4FF4750BDF92F0305F882" box="[476,594,1789,1816]" pageId="213" pageNumber="214" value="2015-07-03">3-vii-2015</date>
|
||
(S15-77),
|
||
<specimenCount id="868CFD3709B4FF4753AAF92C03B9F882" box="[715,750,1790,1816]" pageId="213" pageNumber="214" type="male">4♂</specimenCount>
|
||
<specimenCount id="868CFD3709B4FF475397F92C024CF882" box="[758,795,1790,1816]" pageId="213" pageNumber="214" type="female">4♀</specimenCount>
|
||
;
|
||
<date id="E434107E09B4FF475249F92C02CBF882" box="[808,924,1790,1816]" pageId="213" pageNumber="214" value="2017-05-19">19-v-2017</date>
|
||
(S17-4)
|
||
<specimenCount id="868CFD3709B4FF475560F92C0565F882" box="[1025,1074,1790,1816]" pageId="213" pageNumber="214" type="male">17♂</specimenCount>
|
||
(including
|
||
<typeStatus id="4F31881C09B4FF4755D5F92C044FF883" box="[1204,1304,1790,1817]" pageId="213" pageNumber="214" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
)
|
||
<materialsCitation id="20E23CE309B4FF475447F92C040EF882" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2464588364" box="[1318,1369,1790,1816]" collectorName="D. C. Lightfoot" isTailEnumeration="true" location="June" pageId="213" pageNumber="214" specimenCount="23" specimenCount-female="23" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<specimenCount id="868CFD3709B4FF475447F92C040EF882" box="[1318,1369,1790,1816]" pageId="213" pageNumber="214" type="female">23♀</specimenCount>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
, most raised from late instars.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="903536BE09B4FF4751A6F8950279F81E" blockId="213.[151,1437,1574,2032]" pageId="213" pageNumber="214">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC09B4FF4751A6F89500FAF8FA" box="[199,429,1862,1888]" italics="true" pageId="213" pageNumber="214">Derivation of name.</emphasis>
|
||
Named for its association with sotol,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D09B4FF475206F894051FF8FA" authorityName="S. Watson ex Rothr" authorityYear="1878" box="[871,1096,1862,1888]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dasylirion" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="213" pageNumber="214" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="wheeleri">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC09B4FF475206F894051FF8FA" box="[871,1096,1862,1888]" italics="true" pageId="213" pageNumber="214">Dasylirion wheeleri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in the Organ Mts. Sotol is a distilled spirit made by a process similar to that for mescal.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="903536BE09B4FF4751A6F85C03E4F86A" blockId="213.[151,1437,1574,2032]" pageId="213" pageNumber="214">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC09B4FF4751A6F85C00FCF832" box="[199,427,1934,1960]" italics="true" pageId="213" pageNumber="214">Geographical range</emphasis>
|
||
. Currently known only from the Organ Mts. (
|
||
<figureCitation id="08B12A3B09B4FF4752CDF85C0559F832" box="[940,1038,1933,1960]" captionStart="FIGURE 215" captionStartId="214.[151,250,1171,1196]" captionTargetBox="[340,1247,186,1152]" captionTargetId="figure@214.[340,1247,186,1152]" captionTargetPageId="214" captionText="FIGURE 215. Known distribution of G. sotol; known only from the type locality in NM despite extensive sampling of nearby regions." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3564086" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3564086/files/figure.png" pageId="213" pageNumber="214">Fig. 215</figureCitation>
|
||
), however the Transmountain Road through the Franklin Mountains to the south of the Organ Mountains, should be checked for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D09B4FF4755F2F86005BDF856" authorityName="Weissman & Gray" authorityYear="2019" box="[1171,1258,1970,1996]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="213" pageNumber="214" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sotol">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC09B4FF4755F2F86005BDF856" box="[1171,1258,1970,1996]" italics="true" pageId="213" pageNumber="214">G. sotol</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the appropriate habitat. Highest peak there is almost
|
||
<quantity id="57729B5B09B4FF47533CF80403F8F86A" box="[605,687,2006,2032]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.194" pageId="213" pageNumber="214" unit="m" value="2194.0">2194m</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="C4F5663609B7FF4451F6FB4101BEFB4A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3564086" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3564086" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3564086/files/figure.png" pageId="214" pageNumber="215" startId="214.[151,250,1171,1196]" targetBox="[340,1247,186,1152]" targetPageId="214">
|
||
<paragraph id="903536BE09B7FF4451F6FB4101BEFB4A" blockId="214.[151,1436,1171,1232]" pageId="214" pageNumber="215">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC09B7FF4451F6FB41007AFB36" bold="true" box="[151,301,1171,1196]" pageId="214" pageNumber="215">FIGURE 215.</emphasis>
|
||
Known distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D09B7FF44537AFB46033CFB36" authorityName="Weissman & Gray" authorityYear="2019" box="[539,619,1172,1196]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="214" pageNumber="215" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sotol">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC09B7FF44537AFB46033CFB36" box="[539,619,1172,1196]" italics="true" pageId="214" pageNumber="215">G. sotol</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; known only from the type locality in NM despite extensive sampling of nearby regions.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="903536BE09B7FF4451A6FB2C0449FAFB" blockId="214.[151,1437,1278,2025]" pageId="214" pageNumber="215">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC09B7FF4451A6FB2C004AFA82" box="[199,285,1278,1304]" italics="true" pageId="214" pageNumber="215">Habitat</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="4F31881C09B7FF44504BFB2D0035FA83" box="[298,354,1279,1305]" pageId="214" pageNumber="215">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality with short oaks and other trees, various shrubs, sotol, and some cactus. The site is at the transition of two Level IV, Chihuahuan Desert ecoregion zones: 24c (Low Mountains and Bajadas) and 24d (Chihuahuan Montane Woodlands). See https://www.epa.gov/eco-research/level-iii-and-iv-ecoregions-state.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="903536BE09B7FF4451A6FAB8004CF9C6" blockId="214.[151,1437,1278,2025]" pageId="214" pageNumber="215">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC09B7FF4451A6FAB80308FA1E" box="[199,607,1386,1412]" italics="true" pageId="214" pageNumber="215">Life cycle and seasonal occurrence</emphasis>
|
||
. No egg diapause (S17-4). Apparently one generation/year in the field, based on our observations of them overwintering as mid-late instars with first adults appearing mid-May. Few adult males heard singing during spring stops in 1994 (early June) and 2017 (
|
||
<date id="E434107E09B7FF4452DDFA60057CFA57" box="[956,1067,1458,1485]" pageId="214" pageNumber="215">May 19th</date>
|
||
) but oatmeal laid on dirt trails in campground area, during both visits, resulted in many late instars being collected. No singing males were heard during mid to late-summer nighttime visits on
|
||
<date id="E434107E09B7FF44531DFA28025FF98E" box="[636,776,1530,1556]" pageId="214" pageNumber="215" value="1993-08-17">17-viii-1993</date>
|
||
(S93-70) and DC Lightfoot visit on
|
||
<date id="E434107E09B7FF4455C3FA280476F98E" box="[1186,1313,1530,1556]" pageId="214" pageNumber="215" value="2018-09-16">16-ix-2018</date>
|
||
, consistent with one generation/year. And, most importantly, no nymphs and only
|
||
<specimenCount id="868CFD3709B7FF4452DBF9CC055FF9A2" box="[954,1032,1566,1592]" pageId="214" pageNumber="215" type="adult">1 adult</specimenCount>
|
||
female came to
|
||
<quantity id="57729B5B09B7FF4455A4F9CD05AFF9A2" box="[1221,1272,1566,1593]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="7.0" pageId="214" pageNumber="215" unit="kg" value="7.0">7 kg</quantity>
|
||
of oatmeal on
|
||
<date id="E434107E09B7FF4451F6F9900040F9C6" box="[151,279,1602,1628]" pageId="214" pageNumber="215" value="2018-09-16">16-ix-2018</date>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="903536BE09B7FF4451A6F9B403DBF83B" blockId="214.[151,1437,1278,2025]" pageId="214" pageNumber="215">
|
||
Interpretation of this apparently straightforward field situation is complicated by laboratory data: Nymphs collected
|
||
<date id="E434107E09B7FF445183F959002AF93E" box="[226,381,1673,1701]" pageId="214" pageNumber="215" value="2017-05-19">
|
||
May 19
|
||
<superScript id="67FF9BF609B7FF44505BF95B0069F90D" attach="left" box="[314,318,1673,1687]" fontSize="6" pageId="214" pageNumber="215">,</superScript>
|
||
2017
|
||
</date>
|
||
, were raised to adult under ambient light conditions, at fluctuating temperatures between 18- 30°C, and allowed to mate. Adult females were then isolated in cartons with moist sand, for oviposition, starting on
|
||
<date id="E434107E09B7FF4451F6F90100D2F976" box="[151,389,1746,1773]" pageId="214" pageNumber="215">June 13 and June 24.</date>
|
||
Very good egg hatch commenced on
|
||
<date id="E434107E09B7FF445251F9000556F976" box="[816,1025,1746,1772]" pageId="214" pageNumber="215">July 8 and July 13</date>
|
||
, respectively, indicating the absence of an obligate egg diapause. Many, but not all, nymphs in both cultures grew rapidly with the first adults appearing around
|
||
<date id="E434107E09B7FF44518DF8C800CBF8AE" box="[236,412,1818,1844]" pageId="214" pageNumber="215">September 12th</date>
|
||
in both containers, confirming the possibility of 2 generations/year. Males were heard singing starting on
|
||
<date id="E434107E09B7FF44505EF8EC00B6F8C2" box="[319,481,1854,1880]" pageId="214" pageNumber="215">September 16.</date>
|
||
Still, a fair number of nymphs were only mid-instar in mid-September. So, while this species could have 2 field generations/year, on-site observations are necessary to confirm if those results from
|
||
<date id="E434107E09B7FF445405F8B001A8F83A" pageId="214" pageNumber="215" value="1993" valueMax="2018">1993 and 2018</date>
|
||
are representative of most seasons.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="903536BE09B7FF4551A6F87901A6FD55" blockId="214.[151,1437,1278,2025]" lastBlockId="215.[151,1437,153,1691]" lastPageId="215" lastPageNumber="216" pageId="214" pageNumber="215">
|
||
We believe the following could explain this puzzling situation:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D09B7FF4452F1F87802B3F85E" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[912,996,1962,1988]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="214" pageNumber="215" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC09B7FF4452F1F87802B3F85E" box="[912,996,1962,1988]" italics="true" pageId="214" pageNumber="215">Gryllus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
eggs need to absorb liquid water, from the substrate, to grow (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F09B7FF4450FBF81C037AF872" author="Hinton, H. E." box="[410,557,1998,2024]" pageId="214" pageNumber="215" refId="ref162805" refString="Hinton, H. E. (1981) Biology of insect eggs. Vol. I. Pergamon Press, New York, 1500 pp." type="book" year="1981">Hinton 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Oviposition into constantly moist sand satisfies this requirement and can re- sult in the rapid hatching of such eggs and the appearance of second generation adults in late summer. But for eggs laid in the field, where Southwestern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E89D762E09B6FF45535FFF6F0335FF4D" box="[574,610,189,215]" name="United States of America" pageId="215" pageNumber="216">US</collectingCountry>
|
||
monsoon rains typically first arrive in July and August, there may not be adequate time for second generation adults to appear before the arrival of cool fall temperatures, if egg development only first starts with the arrival of moisture. We suspect that if the first rains arrive in July, there will be enough time for some second-generation adults, although their contribution to the following year’s population is unknown. What is apparent from the laboratory data is that since many nymphs from first-generation adults grow slowly, there will still be many individuals overwintering as late instars even in years with early July monsoon rainfall. Such a range of maturation dates results in flexibility, depending on rainfall and temperatures, within the population: early hatching would give the nymphs a chance to mature the same summer rather than overwintering as late instars and becoming adults the following spring. We would also like to see research into how long
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D09B6FF455509FE0F05EBFE6D" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1128,1212,477,503]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="215" pageNumber="216" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC09B6FF455509FE0F05EBFE6D" box="[1128,1212,477,503]" italics="true" pageId="215" pageNumber="216">Gryllus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
eggs can remain viable in dry soil, since one predicted result of climate change is increased droughts in certain areas. This information may be particularly relevant in the Southwestern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E89D762E09B6FF4553A8FDF703BAFDA5" box="[713,749,549,575]" name="United States of America" pageId="215" pageNumber="216">US</collectingCountry>
|
||
since
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F09B6FF455259FDF70286FDA5" author="Hinton, H. E." box="[824,977,549,575]" pageId="215" pageNumber="216" refId="ref162805" refString="Hinton, H. E. (1981) Biology of insect eggs. Vol. I. Pergamon Press, New York, 1500 pp." type="book" year="1981">Hinton (1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 177) notes that among insects “there are no kinds of eggs that will enter a state of cryptobiosis (i.e. reversible standstill of metabolism) by dehydration at physiological temperatures.” Also, do crickets in areas with monsoon rains have more variable instar development than those in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C09B6FF455013FD4300B3FD31" box="[370,484,657,683]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="215" pageNumber="216">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
with its predictable summer drought periods and a Mediterranean climate—rainfall regime?
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="903536BE09B6FF4551A6FD0805ACFC8D" blockId="215.[151,1437,153,1691]" pageId="215" pageNumber="216">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC09B6FF4551A6FD080060FD69" box="[199,311,730,755]" italics="true" pageId="215" pageNumber="216">Variation.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC09B6FF45505DFD0A00D7FD69" bold="true" box="[316,384,728,755]" pageId="215" pageNumber="216">Color</emphasis>
|
||
: Three 2017, laboratory maturing adult females with a light colored, central, longitudinal belly strip that darkened post-mortem.
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC09B6FF45536DFD2E0324FC8D" bold="true" box="[524,627,764,791]" pageId="215" pageNumber="216">Tegmina</emphasis>
|
||
: One 1994, laboratory maturing female with tan tegmina.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="903536BE09B6FF4551A6FCF30193FB89" blockId="215.[151,1437,153,1691]" pageId="215" pageNumber="216">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC09B6FF4551A6FCF301A8FCA1" box="[199,255,801,827]" italics="true" pageId="215" pageNumber="216">DNA</emphasis>
|
||
. Eight males and one female of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D09B6FF455304FCF303EBFCA1" authorityName="Weissman & Gray" authorityYear="2019" box="[613,700,801,827]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="215" pageNumber="216" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sotol">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC09B6FF455304FCF303EBFCA1" box="[613,700,801,827]" italics="true" pageId="215" pageNumber="216">G. sotol</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were sequenced for ITS2, and yielded 2 clades at the
|
||
<typeStatus id="4F31881C09B6FF455473FCF30415FCA1" box="[1298,1346,801,827]" pageId="215" pageNumber="216">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality (S15-77 & S17-4) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="08B12A3B09B6FF455011FC970084FCC5" box="[368,467,837,863]" captionStart="FIGURE 209" captionStartId="206.[151,250,1254,1279]" captionTargetBox="[151,1404,166,1233]" captionTargetId="figure@206.[151,1435,166,1234]" captionTargetPageId="206" captionText="FIGURE 209. ITS2 gene tree. Collection stop numbers for G. lightfooti samples (orange): S07-61 (G1099, G1206); S07-66 (G1218); S07-67 (G1222); S07-68 (G1133); S09-55 (G1369); S12-19 (G2253); S12-102 (G2404); S12-103 (G2414); S13-13 (G2518, G2528); S13-16 (G2480, G2513, G2519, G2520); S13-18 (G2484, G2696); S13-19 (G2505, G2527, G2533, G2592); S15-49 (G3104); S15-75 (G3061, G3063); S15-100 (G3340); S15-104 (G3328); S15-105 (G3317, G3332); S15-109 (G3333); S15-110 (G3214, G3228, G3235, G3236, G3237); S16-24 (G3435, G3445, G3448, G3450); S16-31 (G3438, G3444); S16- 33 (G3443). Collection stop numbers for G. sotol samples (purple): S15-77 (G3295); S17-4 (G3493, G3497, G3503, G3505, G3508, G3509, G3510, G3511). Collection stop numbers for G. transpecos samples (blue): S07-36 (G1081); S09-64 (G1370, G1384, G1393); S15-61 (G3189, G3279, G3346); S15-64 (G3314, G3348, G3349); S15-65 (G3117, G3138, G3139, G3274, G3327); S15-68 (G3062); S15-69 (G3067); S15-72 (G3059, G3060, G3065, G3069, G3350); S16-2 (G3376, G3377, G3383, G3384, G3389, G3391); S16-3 (G3379, G3385, G3388, G3395); S16-7 (G3375); S16-8 (G3368, G3417); S16-9 (G3396); S16- 10 (G3369); S16-12 (G3398); S16-14 (G3380). Note the two ITS2 clades of G. sotol." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3564074" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3564074/files/figure.png" pageId="215" pageNumber="216">Fig. 209</figureCitation>
|
||
):
|
||
<specimenCount id="868CFD3709B6FF455084FC97036CFCC5" box="[485,571,837,863]" pageId="215" pageNumber="216" type="male">4 males</specimenCount>
|
||
and
|
||
<specimenCount id="868CFD3709B6FF455310FC970385FCC5" box="[625,722,837,863]" pageId="215" pageNumber="216" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
|
||
(G3493, G3497, G3503, G3505, G3508) were in Clade 1, more similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D09B6FF455067FCBB00F7FC19" box="[262,416,873,899]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="215" pageNumber="216" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="transpecos">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC09B6FF455067FCBB00F7FC19" box="[262,416,873,899]" italics="true" pageId="215" pageNumber="216">G. transpecos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; and
|
||
<specimenCount id="868CFD3709B6FF4550BDFCBB0366FC19" box="[476,561,873,899]" pageId="215" pageNumber="216" type="male">4 males</specimenCount>
|
||
(G3295, G3509, G3510, G3511) were in Clade 2, more similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D09B6FF45546FFCBB04C1FC19" authorityName="Weissman & Gray" authorityYear="2019" box="[1294,1430,873,899]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="215" pageNumber="216" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lightfooti">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC09B6FF45546FFCBB04C1FC19" box="[1294,1430,873,899]" italics="true" pageId="215" pageNumber="216">G. lightfooti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. We suspect that this may be an artifact of poor alignment of ITS2 data (see general DNA discussions, pp 14 & 16). Multilocus sequence data (Gray
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC09B6FF455365FC60036AFC51" box="[516,573,945,971]" italics="true" pageId="215" pageNumber="216">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2019), including individuals from each
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D09B6FF455560FC63050EFC51" authorityName="Weissman & Gray" authorityYear="2019" box="[1025,1113,945,971]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="215" pageNumber="216" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sotol">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC09B6FF455560FC63050EFC51" box="[1025,1113,945,971]" italics="true" pageId="215" pageNumber="216">G. sotol</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ITS2 clade, suggests that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D09B6FF4554E0FC63019AFC75" authorityName="Weissman & Gray" authorityYear="2019" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="215" pageNumber="216" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sotol">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC09B6FF4554E0FC63019AFC75" italics="true" pageId="215" pageNumber="216">G. sotol</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is genetically cohesive and most closely related to frequently arboreal
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D09B6FF45528BFC070523FC75" authorityName="Weissman & Gray" authorityYear="2019" box="[1002,1140,981,1007]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="215" pageNumber="216" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lightfooti">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC09B6FF45528BFC070523FC75" box="[1002,1140,981,1007]" italics="true" pageId="215" pageNumber="216">G. lightfooti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and terrestrial
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D09B6FF45547CFC0701EBFB89" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="215" pageNumber="216" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="transpecos">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC09B6FF45547CFC0701EBFB89" italics="true" pageId="215" pageNumber="216">G. transpecos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="903536BE09B6FF4551A6FBCC0406FB5D" blockId="215.[151,1437,153,1691]" pageId="215" pageNumber="216">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC09B6FF4551A6FBCC0015FBAD" box="[199,322,1054,1079]" italics="true" pageId="215" pageNumber="216">Discussion</emphasis>
|
||
. On arrival, between 17:00 and 17:30, at the
|
||
<typeStatus id="4F31881C09B6FF45522DFBCF022BFBAD" box="[844,892,1053,1079]" pageId="215" pageNumber="216">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality in
|
||
<date id="E434107E09B6FF455561FBCE05FBFBAD" box="[1024,1196,1052,1079]" pageId="215" pageNumber="216" value="2015" valueMax="2017">2015 and 2017</date>
|
||
, males heard singing from sotol plants despite bright, sunny, warm weather. The plants with the most singers were those with live blades near the top but with dead flower stalks and dead skirts on lower three to four feet. Breaking off such plants at ground level and pounding the main stalk on open ground resulted in individuals being thrown onto the ground. Displaced individuals quickly attempted, many times successfully, to jump back into the plant being beaten.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="903536BE09B6FF4551A6FB0302AAFAE1" blockId="215.[151,1437,153,1691]" pageId="215" pageNumber="216">
|
||
We heard probable
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D09B6FF4550FFFB0300A2FB71" authorityName="Weissman & Gray" authorityYear="2019" box="[414,501,1233,1259]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="215" pageNumber="216" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sotol">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC09B6FF4550FFFB0300A2FB71" box="[414,501,1233,1259]" italics="true" pageId="215" pageNumber="216">G. sotol</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
males singing some
|
||
<quantity id="57729B5B09B6FF4553BDFB030259FB71" box="[732,782,1233,1259]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="215" pageNumber="216" unit="m" value="90.0">90m</quantity>
|
||
lower (32° 23’ 14.05” -106° 33’ 4.83”) off Aguirre Springs Road but none could be collected, despite repeated attempts, with oatmeal trails, over several years. Once into more open and dryer Chihuahuan Desert at
|
||
<quantity id="57729B5B09B6FF455320FACA03C6FAA9" box="[577,657,1304,1331]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.536" pageId="215" pageNumber="216" unit="m" value="1536.0">1536m</quantity>
|
||
, where we found
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D09B6FF455238FAC8028DFAA9" authorityName="Engelm" authorityYear="1882" baseAuthorityName="Engelm" box="[857,986,1305,1331]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Yucca" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="215" pageNumber="216" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="elata">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC09B6FF455238FAC8028DFAA9" box="[857,986,1305,1331]" italics="true" pageId="215" pageNumber="216">Yucca elata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, no
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D09B6FF45556DFACB0537FAA9" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1036,1120,1305,1331]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="215" pageNumber="216" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC09B6FF45556DFACB0537FAA9" box="[1036,1120,1305,1331]" italics="true" pageId="215" pageNumber="216">Gryllus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
crickets, including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D09B6FF45545CFACB019DFACD" authorityName="Weissman & Gray" authorityYear="2019" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="215" pageNumber="216" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lightfooti">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC09B6FF45545CFACB019DFACD" italics="true" pageId="215" pageNumber="216">G. lightfooti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, were heard. The time was 22:25 and the air temperature was 15.6°C, so the locality should be rechecked later in the season since mid-May, 2017, may be too early for singing
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D09B6FF45520CFAB302A1FAE1" authorityName="Weissman & Gray" authorityYear="2019" box="[877,1014,1377,1403]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="215" pageNumber="216" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lightfooti">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC09B6FF45520CFAB302A1FAE1" box="[877,1014,1377,1403]" italics="true" pageId="215" pageNumber="216">G. lightfooti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="903536BE09B6FF4551A6FA57056CF9B5" blockId="215.[151,1437,153,1691]" pageId="215" pageNumber="216">Oatmeal trail most productive where sotol plants occurred. In fact, this technique was much more successful than collecting later in summer when most of population is adult because, during the latter period, adult males seldom wander and infrequently come to oatmeal trails. Much greater success comes from collecting late instars and raising them to adult, especially at this site where collecting of singing adult males is extremely difficult due to their calling from impenetrable locations under, and within sharp, succulent sotol plants.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="903536BE09B6FF4551A6F9EB0008F901" blockId="215.[151,1437,153,1691]" pageId="215" pageNumber="216">
|
||
This is one of only 2
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D09B6FF4550DFF9EB0345F9C9" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[446,530,1593,1619]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="215" pageNumber="216" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC09B6FF4550DFF9EB0345F9C9" box="[446,530,1593,1619]" italics="true" pageId="215" pageNumber="216">Gryllus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
commonly associated with an arboreal habitat, and both it and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D09B6FF455586F9EB0425F9C9" authorityName="Weissman & Gray" authorityYear="2019" box="[1255,1394,1593,1619]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="215" pageNumber="216" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lightfooti">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC09B6FF455586F9EB0425F9C9" box="[1255,1394,1593,1619]" italics="true" pageId="215" pageNumber="216">G. lightfooti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are sister species [Note: several other species do occasionally climb vegetation, and that occurrence is noted under each respective taxon.]
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |