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<document id="65A4E4B27F3954661FFC9D7044DB5381" ID-CLB-Dataset="24722" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4705.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="3e84f284-4d30-4c6e-a801-f9822d49edfc" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3563677" ID-ZooBank="F534C43A-AB09-4CB3-9B08-FD5BDFD90298" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1575538349781" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Weissman, David B. &amp; Gray, David A." docDate="2019" docId="182387A8090CFFE451F6FBCF037AFBE5" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4705.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4705 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Gryllus armatus Scudder" docType="treatment" docVersion="12" lastPageNumber="119" masterDocId="E41AFFD00961FF925161FFD20157FF9A" masterDocTitle="Crickets of the genus Gryllus in the United States (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Gryllinae)" masterLastPageNumber="277" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="110" updateTime="1698772641233" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="3C7201D44E7FB88D6371057537C0878F">Crickets of the genus Gryllus in the United States (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Gryllinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="23E14A07565C1F8179C472CE72FE51C4">Weissman, David B.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="5A28AD2F27ADE06D38B65B3E5C0F7CD8">Gray, David A.</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="182387A8090CFFE451F6FBCF037AFBE5" ID-GBIF-Taxon="160630898" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:182387A8090CFFE451F6FBCF037AFBE5" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/182387A8090CFFE451F6FBCF037AFBE5" lastPageId="118" lastPageNumber="119" pageId="109" pageNumber="110">
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<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D090CFFFF51F6FBCF009CFBAD" authority="Scudder" box="[151,459,1053,1080]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="109" pageNumber="110" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armatus">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC090CFFFF51F6FBCF009CFBAD" bold="true" box="[151,459,1053,1080]" pageId="109" pageNumber="110">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC090CFFFF51F6FBCF000CFBAD" bold="true" box="[151,347,1053,1080]" italics="true" pageId="109" pageNumber="110">Gryllus armatus</emphasis>
Scudder
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<paragraph id="903536BE090CFFFF51F6FB930028FBC1" blockId="109.[151,582,1053,1151]" box="[151,383,1089,1115]" pageId="109" pageNumber="110">Armed Field Cricket</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="D8906535090CFFFF51F6FBB70311FBE5" box="[151,582,1125,1151]" pageId="109" pageNumber="110" type="description">
<paragraph id="903536BE090CFFFF51F6FBB70311FBE5" blockId="109.[151,582,1053,1151]" box="[151,582,1125,1151]" pageId="109" pageNumber="110">
<figureCitation id="08B12A3B090CFFFF51F6FBB701BBFBE5" box="[151,236,1125,1151]" captionStart="FIGURE 87" captionStartId="93.[151,250,790,815]" captionTargetBox="[178,1392,172,746]" captionTargetId="figure@93.[151,1405,166,770]" captionTargetPageId="93" captionText="FIGURE 87. Regression of file teeth number vs. hind femur length in G. texensis vs. G. armatus showing overlap but generally more teeth in latter." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563843" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3563843/files/figure.png" pageId="109" pageNumber="110">Figs 87</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="08B12A3B090CFFFF5199FBB70016FBE5" box="[248,321,1125,1151]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 96" captionStart-1="FIGURE 97" captionStart-2="FIGURE 98" captionStartId-0="101.[151,250,1887,1912]" captionStartId-1="102.[151,250,1847,1872]" captionStartId-2="103.[151,250,1001,1026]" captionTargetBox-0="[158,1383,226,1759]" captionTargetBox-1="[157,1334,265,1730]" captionTargetBox-2="[180,1414,212,937]" captionTargetId-0="figure@101.[151,1435,164,1829]" captionTargetId-1="figure@102.[151,1435,166,1827]" captionTargetId-2="figure@103.[151,1435,166,981]" captionTargetPageId-0="101" captionTargetPageId-1="102" captionTargetPageId-2="103" captionText-0="FIGURE 96. Five second waveforms of typical calling songs of (A) G. integer, (B) G. armatus with introductory trill, and (C) G. armatus without introductory trill. (A) G. integer: (R16-60) Tulare Co., CA (S16-21), at 24.2°C; (B) G. armatus: (R15-177) Artesia, NM (S15-58), at 25.1°C; (C) G. armatus (2003-170) Bernalillo Co., NM, at 20.6°C." captionText-1="FIGURE 97. One second spectrograms of (A) G. integer, (B) G. armatus, and (C) G. armatus; same male recordings as in Fig. 96." captionText-2="FIGURE 98. ITS2 gene tree and distribution map for both G. armatus and G. integer showing both geographic separation and zone of possible hybridization. Collection stop numbers for G. armatus: S04-121 (G358, G359); S05-110 (G511, G512, G513, G515); S07-26 (G1165); S07-33 (G1077); S07-79 (G1228); S10-62 (G1918); S10-63 (G1899); S11-90 (G2172); S12- 36 (G2264); S12-104 (G2411); S13-18 (G2473); S13-46 (G2566); S15-54 (G3096, G3077, G3081); S15-71 (G3101, G3074); S15-73 (G3072); Albuquerque, NM (2003-175); Cordes Junction, AZ (2006-241); Agua Fria, AZ (2006-244). Collection stop numbers for G. integer: S03-100 (G58, G59); S04-36 (G243); S04-40 (G210); S0455 (G245, G246); S04-60 (G218); S04-128 (G370); S05-23 (G477); S05-99 (G499); S06-77 (G629); S09-109 (G1439); S09-114 (G1441, G1445); S11-72 (G2113, G2148); S11-73 (G2143); S12-116 (G2431); S15-80 (G3195, G3316); S15-91 (G3178, G3265); S15-95 (G3292); S16-21 (G3416); S17-6 (G3502, G3525); S16-5 (G3374, G3381); S16-12 (G3366); Hwy 276 mile 30 Sinclair Gas, Garfield Co., UT (2003-038, 2003-039, 2003-041); Winslow, AZ (2003-312, 2012-029, 2012-030, 2012-031, 2012-032)." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563859" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563861" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563863" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/3563859/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/3563861/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/3563863/files/figure.png" pageId="109" pageNumber="110">96–98</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="08B12A3B090CFFFF502DFBB7002FFBE5" box="[332,376,1125,1151]" captionStart="FIGURE 100" captionStartId="105.[151,250,1482,1507]" captionTargetBox="[151,1397,294,1452]" captionTargetId="figure@105.[151,1397,294,1463]" captionTargetPageId="105" captionText="FIGURE 100. Known US distribution, G. integer, along with sister species G. armatus, showing zone of possible hybridization in the Four Corners area." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563867" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3563867/files/figure.png" pageId="109" pageNumber="110">100</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="08B12A3B090CFFFF50E5FBB700BFFBE5" box="[388,488,1125,1151]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 104" captionStart-1="FIGURE 105" captionStart-2="FIGURE 106" captionStart-3="FIGURE 107" captionStart-4="FIGURE 108" captionStart-5="FIGURE 109" captionStart-6="FIGURE 110" captionStart-7="FIGURE 111" captionStart-8="FIGURE 112" captionStartId-0="108.[151,250,1670,1695]" captionStartId-1="110.[151,250,1313,1338]" captionStartId-2="111.[151,250,1393,1418]" captionStartId-3="112.[151,250,1913,1938]" captionStartId-4="113.[151,250,1044,1069]" captionStartId-5="114.[151,250,1866,1891]" captionStartId-6="115.[151,250,1297,1322]" captionStartId-7="116.[151,250,1790,1815]" captionStartId-8="117.[151,250,1727,1752]" captionTargetBox-0="[161,1425,559,1631]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1365,327,1291]" captionTargetBox-2="[151,1435,166,1361]" captionTargetBox-3="[179,1423,777,1882]" captionTargetBox-4="[155,1413,179,1011]" captionTargetBox-5="[187,1409,790,1829]" captionTargetBox-6="[196,1416,197,1253]" captionTargetBox-7="[153,1398,581,1710]" captionTargetId-0="figure@108.[151,1435,546,1651]" captionTargetId-1="figure@110.[151,1435,327,1291]" captionTargetId-2="figure@111.[151,1435,166,1373]" captionTargetId-3="figure@112.[151,1435,762,1894]" captionTargetId-4="figure@113.[151,1435,166,1024]" captionTargetId-5="figure@114.[151,1435,762,1847]" captionTargetId-6="figure@115.[151,1435,166,1278]" captionTargetId-7="figure@116.[151,1435,366,1771]" captionTargetId-8="figure@117.[340,1247,291,1705]" captionTargetPageId-0="108" captionTargetPageId-1="110" captionTargetPageId-2="111" captionTargetPageId-3="112" captionTargetPageId-4="113" captionTargetPageId-5="114" captionTargetPageId-6="115" captionTargetPageId-7="116" captionTargetPageId-8="117" captionText-0="FIGURE 104. 16S gene tree with G. integer samples in blue and G. armatus samples in purple. Locality information follows all ID numbers. Note the two 16S clades within G. armatus." captionText-1="FIGURE 105. Lectotype male, G. armatus, specimen and labels." captionText-2="FIGURE 106. Known US distribution, G. armatus, along with sister species G. integer, showing zone of possible hybridization in the Four Corners area." captionText-3="FIGURE 107. Five second waveforms of typical calling songs G. armatus with (top) an introductory trill (R15-177) Artesia, NM (S15-58), at 25.1°C, and without (bottom) (2003-170) Bernalillo Co., NM, at 20.6°C." captionText-4="FIGURE 108. One second waveforms of typical calling song of G. armatus, same males as in Fig. 107, showing presence (top) and absence (bottom) of an introductory trill in a burst." captionText-5="FIGURE 109. Atypical, irregular trill calling song of G. armatus (R05-43) Baker, CA (S05-110), at 21.5°C. Top: 5 sec. waveform; Bottom: 1 sec. spectrogram." captionText-6="FIGURE 110. Atypical calling song of G. armatus (R13-52) Bisbee, AZ, at 24°C, with introductory trill followed by 2-10 pulse chirps. Top: 5 sec. waveform; Bottom: 1 sec. spectrogram." captionText-7="FIGURE 111. Color variation seen in second generation (summer) G. armatus, with both pictured male individuals from Baker, CA (S05-110)." captionText-8="FIGURE 112. Dark colored male G. armatus from Cornudas, TX (S01-65, R01-177)." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563875" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563877" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563879" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563883" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563885" figureDoi-5="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563887" figureDoi-6="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563889" figureDoi-7="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563891" figureDoi-8="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3616139" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/3563875/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/3563877/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/3563879/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/3563883/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/3563885/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/3563887/files/figure.png" httpUri-6="https://zenodo.org/record/3563889/files/figure.png" httpUri-7="https://zenodo.org/record/3563891/files/figure.png" httpUri-8="https://zenodo.org/record/3616139/files/figure.png" pageId="109" pageNumber="110">104–112</figureCitation>
,
<tableCitation id="DD080305090CFFFF5092FBB70311FBE5" box="[499,582,1125,1151]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="17.[150,238,466,492]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="TABLE 1. Summary measurements for morphological and song characters for Gryllus species discussed in this paper." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/C4F566360970FF8351F7FE0004D1FE76" pageId="109" pageNumber="110" tableUuid="C4F566360970FF8351F7FE0004D1FE76">Table 1</tableCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D8906535090CFFFF51F6FB7B02B8F982" pageId="109" pageNumber="110" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="903536BE090CFFFF51F6FB7B0479FA6E" blockId="109.[151,1437,1193,1560]" pageId="109" pageNumber="110">
1902
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D090CFFFF51B0FB7B0370FB58" authority="Scudder. Psyche" authorityName="Scudder. Psyche" box="[209,551,1193,1218]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="109" pageNumber="110" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armatus">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC090CFFFF51B0FB7B002FFB5B" box="[209,376,1193,1217]" italics="true" pageId="109" pageNumber="110">Gryllus armatus</emphasis>
Scudder. Psyche
</taxonomicName>
9: p. 293.
<typeStatus id="4F31881C090CFFFF53F6FB7803ABFB58" box="[663,764,1194,1218]" pageId="109" pageNumber="110" type="lectotype">Lectotype</typeStatus>
male here designated (
<figureCitation id="08B12A3B090CFFFF528AFB7B0514FB58" box="[1003,1091,1193,1218]" captionStart="FIGURE 105" captionStartId="110.[151,250,1313,1338]" captionTargetBox="[151,1365,327,1291]" captionTargetId="figure@110.[151,1435,327,1291]" captionTargetPageId="110" captionText="FIGURE 105. Lectotype male, G. armatus, specimen and labels." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563877" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3563877/files/figure.png" pageId="109" pageNumber="110">Fig. 105</figureCitation>
, photos courtesy of J. Weintraub) “Palmer’s assorting no. 1072. Ari.
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D090CFFFF534CFB1A03F2FB45" authority="Scudder" authorityName="Scudder" box="[557,677,1224,1248]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="109" pageNumber="110" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armatus">Gr. armatus</taxonomicName>
Scudder’s type, 1901. Red label, Type no. 14067.” Labeled cotype #7 by D.C. Rentz, 1979. Scudder’s
<typeStatus id="4F31881C090CFFFF5099FB340302FB65" box="[504,597,1254,1279]" pageId="109" pageNumber="110" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
and type series at ANSP, now consists of four males and one female (Scudder’s original series listed as
<specimenCount id="868CFD37090CFFFF50D5FAD70355FA84" box="[436,514,1285,1310]" pageId="109" pageNumber="110" type="male">6 males</specimenCount>
and
<specimenCount id="868CFD37090CFFFF5352FAD703DAFA84" box="[563,653,1285,1310]" pageId="109" pageNumber="110" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
) representing at least two and possibility three species. While the
<typeStatus id="4F31881C090CFFFF5449FAD704D2FA84" box="[1320,1413,1285,1310]" pageId="109" pageNumber="110" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
is missing both hind legs and may be distorted due to past alcohol preservation, it clearly agrees with
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F090CFFFF55C9FAF10412FAA6" author="Scudder, S. H." box="[1192,1349,1315,1340]" pageId="109" pageNumber="110" pagination="291 - 296" refId="ref166597" refString="Scudder, S. H. (1902) The species of Gryllus found in the United States east of the Sierra Nevadas. Psyche, 9, 291 - 296. https: // doi. org / 10.1155 / 1902 / 35962" type="journal article" year="1902">Scudder’s 1902</bibRefCitation>
description as follows: (1) locality of
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C090CFFFF509DFA900319FAC1" box="[508,590,1346,1371]" country="United States of America" name="Arizona" pageId="109" pageNumber="110">Arizona</collectingRegion>
(either Ehrenberg or Fort Whipple [the latter site near Prescott],
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C090CFFFF5581FA900461FAC1" box="[1248,1334,1346,1371]" country="United States of America" name="Arizona" pageId="109" pageNumber="110">Arizona</collectingRegion>
); (2) head and pronotum shining black; (3) contrasting two toned black pronotum and beige tegmina; and (4) long hind wings.
<typeStatus id="4F31881C090CFFFF543BFAB001A4FA02" pageId="109" pageNumber="110" type="lectotype">Lectotype</typeStatus>
measurements: body length 17.5, PW 5.9, PL 3.5. Right tegmen removed: 120 teeth, file length 3.1, TL 14.1, TW 4.15. Currently,
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F090CFFFF5054FA4C0344FA2D" author="Cigliano, M. M. &amp; Braun, H. &amp; Eades, D. C." box="[309,531,1438,1463]" pageId="109" pageNumber="110" refId="ref159687" refString="Cigliano, M. M., Braun, H., Eades, D. C. &amp; Otte. D. (2019) Orthoptera Species File. Version 5.0 / 5.0. Available from: http: // Orthoptera. SpeciesFile. org (accessed 20 January 2019)" type="url" year="2019">
Cigliano
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC090CFFFF50F5FA4D0095FA2D" box="[404,450,1439,1463]" italics="true" pageId="109" pageNumber="110">et al</emphasis>
. (2019)
</bibRefCitation>
list a male
<typeStatus id="4F31881C090CFFFF53EFFA4C03BCFA2D" box="[654,747,1438,1463]" pageId="109" pageNumber="110" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
from “
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C090CFFFF5257FA4C02DBFA2D" box="[822,908,1438,1463]" country="United States of America" name="Arizona" pageId="109" pageNumber="110">Arizona</collectingRegion>
, Ehrenberg or Ft Whipple”, repeating an erroneous 2013
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D090CFFFF5061FA6F0039FA4C" ID-CoL="8NKFC" authorityName="Olivier" authorityYear="1789" box="[256,366,1469,1494]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="109" pageNumber="110" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Orthoptera</taxonomicName>
Species File iteration that discussed how Weissman
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC090CFFFF521EFA6C02FCFA4F" box="[895,939,1469,1493]" italics="true" pageId="109" pageNumber="110">et al</emphasis>
. (1980) designated a
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for
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D090CFFFF5468FA6C042CFA4F" box="[1289,1403,1470,1493]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="109" pageNumber="110" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armatus">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC090CFFFF5468FA6C042CFA4F" box="[1289,1403,1470,1493]" italics="true" pageId="109" pageNumber="110">G. armatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In fact, we made no such formal designation in 1980 but only discussed, on p. 345, Scudder’s original type series.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="903536BE090CFFFF51F6F9D202B8F982" blockId="109.[151,1437,1193,1560]" box="[151,1007,1535,1560]" pageId="109" pageNumber="110">
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D090CFFFF51F6F9D20065F982" authority="Weissman et al. (1980)" authorityName="Weissman et al." authorityYear="(1980)" box="[151,306,1536,1560]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="109" pageNumber="110" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="integer">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC090CFFFF51F6F9D20065F982" box="[151,306,1536,1560]" italics="true" pageId="109" pageNumber="110">Gryllus integer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(in part) of Weissman
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC090CFFFF5378F9D30311F982" box="[537,582,1536,1560]" italics="true" pageId="109" pageNumber="110">et al</emphasis>
. (1980). ‘
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D090CFFFF53C7FA2D03A1F982" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[678,758,1535,1560]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="109" pageNumber="110" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Gryllus</taxonomicName>
#6’ of DBW notebooks.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D8906535090CFFE451F6F994037AFBE5" lastPageId="118" lastPageNumber="119" pageId="109" pageNumber="110" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="903536BE090CFFFF51F6F99403C3F9FA" blockId="109.[151,1437,1606,2029]" box="[151,660,1606,1632]" pageId="109" pageNumber="110">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC090CFFFF51F6F994007FF9FA" box="[151,296,1606,1632]" italics="true" pageId="109" pageNumber="110">Distribution.</emphasis>
Southwest and southcentral
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.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="903536BE090CFFFC51A6F9B900E3FE85" blockId="109.[151,1437,1606,2029]" lastBlockId="110.[151,1437,153,287]" lastPageId="110" lastPageNumber="111" pageId="109" pageNumber="110">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC090CFFFF51A6F9B9031EF91E" box="[199,585,1642,1668]" italics="true" pageId="109" pageNumber="110">Recognition characters and song.</emphasis>
A small to medium sized cricket with long, narrow tegmina, always long hind-winged (except in certain dealate individuals), probably 2 generations/year with the second summer generation frequently of contrasting solid black head and usually black pronotum coupled with beige/straw colored tegmina (see
<figureCitation id="08B12A3B090CFFFF51ACF904007BF96A" box="[205,300,1749,1776]" captionStart="FIGURE 105" captionStartId="110.[151,250,1313,1338]" captionTargetBox="[151,1365,327,1291]" captionTargetId="figure@110.[151,1435,327,1291]" captionTargetPageId="110" captionText="FIGURE 105. Lectotype male, G. armatus, specimen and labels." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563877" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3563877/files/figure.png" pageId="109" pageNumber="110">Fig. 105</figureCitation>
) and legs. Morphologically indistinguishable from sister species
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D090CFFFF5573F90505D2F96A" box="[1042,1157,1751,1777]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="109" pageNumber="110" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="integer">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC090CFFFF5573F90505D2F96A" box="[1042,1157,1751,1777]" italics="true" pageId="109" pageNumber="110">G. integer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but separated by habitat and geography, slight song differences, and consistent DNA differences, as follows: (1)
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D090CFFFF5517F92905A2F88E" box="[1142,1269,1787,1813]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="109" pageNumber="110" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armatus">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC090CFFFF5517F92905A2F88E" box="[1142,1269,1787,1813]" italics="true" pageId="109" pageNumber="110">G. armatus</emphasis>
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is from hotter, more southern desert
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locations (see
<figureCitation id="08B12A3B090CFFFF5338F8CC03ECF8A3" box="[601,699,1822,1849]" captionStart="FIGURE 106" captionStartId="111.[151,250,1393,1418]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,166,1361]" captionTargetId="figure@111.[151,1435,166,1373]" captionTargetPageId="111" captionText="FIGURE 106. Known US distribution, G. armatus, along with sister species G. integer, showing zone of possible hybridization in the Four Corners area." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563879" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3563879/files/figure.png" pageId="109" pageNumber="110">Fig. 106</figureCitation>
); (2) Most, but not all
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D090CFFFF52DCF8CD056BF8A2" box="[957,1084,1823,1849]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="109" pageNumber="110" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armatus">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC090CFFFF52DCF8CD056BF8A2" box="[957,1084,1823,1849]" italics="true" pageId="109" pageNumber="110">G. armatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, have an “introductory trill” of 2–8 evenly spaced pulses at the beginning of each burst of chirps (see
<figureCitation id="08B12A3B090CFFFF52A2F890057FF8C6" box="[963,1064,1858,1884]" captionStart="FIGURE 107" captionStartId="112.[151,250,1913,1938]" captionTargetBox="[179,1423,777,1882]" captionTargetId="figure@112.[151,1435,762,1894]" captionTargetPageId="112" captionText="FIGURE 107. Five second waveforms of typical calling songs G. armatus with (top) an introductory trill (R15-177) Artesia, NM (S15-58), at 25.1°C, and without (bottom) (2003-170) Bernalillo Co., NM, at 20.6°C." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563883" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3563883/files/figure.png" pageId="109" pageNumber="110">Figs 107</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="08B12A3B090CFFFF5557F8900535F8C6" box="[1078,1122,1858,1884]" captionStart="FIGURE 108" captionStartId="113.[151,250,1044,1069]" captionTargetBox="[155,1413,179,1011]" captionTargetId="figure@113.[151,1435,166,1024]" captionTargetPageId="113" captionText="FIGURE 108. One second waveforms of typical calling song of G. armatus, same males as in Fig. 107, showing presence (top) and absence (bottom) of an introductory trill in a burst." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563885" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3563885/files/figure.png" pageId="109" pageNumber="110">108</figureCitation>
, S
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captionTargetPageId-77="97" captionTargetPageId-78="98" captionTargetPageId-79="99" captionTargetPageId-8="41" captionTargetPageId-80="100" captionTargetPageId-81="101" captionTargetPageId-82="102" captionTargetPageId-83="103" captionTargetPageId-84="104" captionTargetPageId-85="105" captionTargetPageId-86="106" captionTargetPageId-87="106" captionTargetPageId-88="107" captionTargetPageId-89="108" captionTargetPageId-9="42" captionTargetPageId-90="110" captionTargetPageId-91="111" captionTargetPageId-92="112" captionTargetPageId-93="113" captionTargetPageId-94="114" captionTargetPageId-95="115" captionTargetPageId-96="116" captionTargetPageId-97="117" captionTargetPageId-98="119" captionTargetPageId-99="120" captionText-0="FIGURE 15. Five second calling song of G. locorojo: (R12-3) commercial pet store, at 22°C." captionText-1="FIGURE 16. One second spectrogram of G. locorojo, same male as in Fig. 15." captionText-10="FIGURE 25. Calling song of G. thinos (R07-125) Cameron Co., TX (S07-25), at 25°C: (A) five second waveform, (B) one second spectrogram." captionText-100="FIGURE 115. ITS2 gene tree. G. vernalis samples: S03-56 (G27, G1739); S03-62 (G31, G33). G. fultoni samples: S03-62 (G32, G34); S03-64 (G35), S07-22 (G1138)." captionText-101="FIGURE 116. Lectotype female, G. vernalis, specimen and labels." captionText-102="FIGURE 117. Allolectotype male, G. vernalis, specimen and labels." captionText-103="FIGURE 118. Pair of G. vernalis from Crawford Co., Indiana (S03-62). Note separation of tegmina of female (left)." captionText-104="FIGURE 119. Calling song (R03-104) of G. vernalis from Jefferson Co., MO (S03-56), recorded at 24.5°C." captionText-105="FIGURE 120. Size and color comparison of G. vernalis (left, S03-56, Jefferson Co., MO) vs. G. fultoni (right, S03-62, Crawford Co., IN)." captionText-106="FIGURE 121. Populations of G. vernalis that we studied." captionText-107="FIGURE 122. 16S gene tree and distribution map showing two 16S Clades for both G. vernalis and G. fultoni (the latter situation is discussed, below, under G. fultoni). G. vernalis samples: S03-56 (G26, G27, G1740); S03-57 (G28, G1700, G1701, G1738); S03-62 (G31, G33, G440); S14-35 (G2754, G2755). G. fultoni samples: S01-47 (G1704); S03-56 (G38, G1703); S03- 62 (G32, G34); S03-64 (G35, G1712); S07-22 (G1020, G1138)." captionText-108="FIGURE 123. Holotype male (upper) G. fultoni and allotype female (bottom), with labels." captionText-109="FIGURE 124. Color variation in G. fultoni: female (left) and both males (middle and right), all three from Crawford Co., IN (S03-62). Note narrow heads, especially in male on right, and separation of female tegmina." captionText-11="FIGURE 26. Known distribution of G. thinos." captionText-110="FIGURE 125. Calling song (R03-86) of G. fultoni from Hocking Co., Ohio (S03-64), recorded at 25°C." captionText-111="FIGURE 126. Populations of G. fultoni that we studied. See Walker (2019) for more eastern localities." captionText-112="FIGURE 127. Holotype male of G. cayensis, with labels." captionText-113="FIGURE 128. Allotype female of G. cayensis, with labels." captionText-114="FIGURE 129. Photograph of live G. cayensis female used in multilocus sequencing." captionText-115="FIGURE 130. Five second waveforms of calling songs of (A) G. veletis and (B) G. planeta. G. veletis: (R03-118) near type locality (S03-58), at 24°C; G. planeta: (R15-160) near type locality (S15-61), at 24.9°C." captionText-116="FIGURE 131. One second spectrograms of (A) G. veletis and (B) G. planeta, same males as in Fig. 130." captionText-117="FIGURE 132. ITS2 gene tree. G. planeta samples: S15-61 (G3088, G3094, G3114, G3135, G3344, G3345, G3347); S15-63 (G3130). G. veletis samples: S03-58 (G39); S03-60 (G30); S15-9 (G2939); S15-13 (G2884, G2929); S15-16 (G2927, G2934); S15-21 (G2894, G2895, G2896, G2899, G2942); S15-24 (G2936); S15-25 (G2963, G2968, G2983); S15-53 (G3304, G3343); S15-62 (G3131, G3134); S15-67 (G3137, G3144); S15-78 (G3145, G3147); Salt Lake City, UT (2009-013). Most ITS2 sequenced western US G. veletis samples match closely with the two eastern US samples from near the type locality, but a few samples from eastern NV, central NM, and west TX are genetically somewhat divergent. G. montis Clade 1 ITS2 sequences fall within this Group, but alternative placements are supported by different genes and analysis methods (see under G. montis, page 201, for discussion)." captionText-118="FIGURE 133. Holotype male (left) G. veletis and allotype female (right), with labels." captionText-119="FIGURE 134. Body size variation in G. veletis: smallest males (left, S03-52) from North Dakota vs. largest males (right, S03- 60) from western Texas. These are typical body sizes at each locality." captionText-12="FIGURE 27. ITS2 gene tree showing some separation between Padre Island and Boca Chica samples of G. thinos." captionText-120="FIGURE 135. Calling song (R03-118) of G. veletis from near type locality (S03-58), recorded at 24°C." captionText-121="FIGURE 136. Regression of hind femur length vs. cerci length of Davis Mts., Texas, G. veletis vs. G. planeta, to show separation." captionText-122="FIGURE 137. Regression of number file teeth vs. hind femur length in G. veletis vs. G. veletisoides." captionText-123="FIGURE 138. Regression of hind femur length vs. ovipositor length in G. veletis vs. G. veletisoides." captionText-124="FIGURE 139. Regression of hind femur length vs. cerci length in G. veletis vs. G. pennsylvanicus." captionText-125="FIGURE 140. Distribution of G. veletis specimens that we studied." captionText-126="FIGURE 141. Map of G. veletis file tooth counts showing geographic variation. Tooth counts vary from 116 (Pecos, NM, S01- 45) to 175 (La Junta, CO, S87-65)." captionText-127="FIGURE 142. Atypical G. veletis song with 4-10 p/c (R09-73) from near Roswell, NM (S09-58), recorded at 26°C." captionText-128="FIGURE 143. Radial 16S gene tree showing large and distinct 16S clade (in purple) in central Utah. Labels indicate County and State; the ‘G. utahensis’ 16S clade is in purple, whereas geographically widespread G. veletis samples (including other Utah samples) are in blue." captionText-129="FIGURE 144. Regression latitude vs. body length in G. veletis." captionText-13="FIGURE 28. Five second waveforms of calling songs of (A) G. pennsylvanicus and (B) G. firmus. G. pennsylvanicus (R04-110) Whatcom Co., WA (S04-91), at 25°C. G. firmus: (R03-255) Gainesville, FL (S03-85), at 25°C." captionText-130="FIGURE 145. Regression latitude vs. hind femur length in G. veletis." captionText-131="FIGURE 146. Regression latitude vs. pronotal width in G. veletis." captionText-132="FIGURE 147. Regression latitude vs. file teeth number in G. veletis." captionText-133="FIGURE 148. Regression latitude vs. file length in G. veletis." captionText-134="FIGURE 149. Regression latitude vs. teeth/mm in G. veletis." captionText-135="FIGURE 150. Regression latitude vs. pulse rate in G. veletis." captionText-136="FIGURE 151. Regression hind femur length vs. length cerci in G. planeta vs. G. veletis, in the Davis Mts., TX, showing separation between these sympatric species." captionText-137="FIGURE 152. Calling song (R15-160) of G. planeta from the type locality (S15-61), recorded at 24.9°C." captionText-138="FIGURE 153. Holotype male (left) G. planeta. Female (right) also from type locality." captionText-139="FIGURE 154. Known distribution of G. planeta." captionText-14="FIGURE 29. One second spectrograms of (A) G. pennsylvanicus and (B) G. firmus; same males as in Fig. 28." captionText-140="FIGURE 155. Five second waveforms of calling songs of (A) typical G. cohni and (B) G. vocalis. G. cohni: (R15-289) Pima Co., AZ (S15-108), at 25.3°C; G. vocalis: (R09-17) San Diego Co., CA (S09-18), at 23.5°C." captionText-141="FIGURE 156. One second spectrograms of (A) G. cohni and (B) G. vocalis, same males as in Fig. 155." captionText-142="FIGURE 157. ITS2 gene tree. G. cohni samples: S95-81 (G102); S14-53, 20 km S Mazatlán, Mexico (G2756, G2757, G2776, G2843,G2844, G2846); S15-107 (G3248); S15-108 (G3217);Cordes Junction,Yavapai Co.,AZ (2003-294, 2003-295A); Bloody Basin x Pueblo la Plata, Agua Fria National Monument, Yavapai Co., AZ (2006-248). G. vocalis samples: S05-68 (G487); S05- 99 (G505); S11-102 (G2185); S12-20 (G2244); S12-26 (G2265); S13-13 (G2531); S13-14 (G2479); S13-16 (G2481); S15-110 (G3215); S15-111 (G3219, G3224, G3227, G3290, G3291); S16-18 (G3405); S16-28 (G3423); Wet Beaver Creek Campground, Yavapai Co., AZ (2007-172, 2007-174); California State University Northridge, Los Angeles Co., CA (2016-043). G. alogus, type locality, Albuquerque, NM (G3335, G3337)." captionText-143="FIGURE 158. Holotype male G. vocalis, with labels." captionText-144="FIGURE 159. Holotype female of G. alogus, with labels." captionText-145="FIGURE 160. Regression of hind femur length vs. ovipositor length for all Gryllus species in the Albuquerque, NM, area, which is the type locality of G. alogus." captionText-146="FIGURE 161. Typical color in G. vocalis, this male from Shoshone, CA (S03-37)." captionText-147="FIGURE 162. Calling song (R09-17) of G. vocalis from San Diego Co., CA (S09-18), recorded at 23.5°C." captionText-148="FIGURE 163. Known US distribution of G. vocalis." captionText-149="FIGURE 164. Holotype male of G. cohni, with labels." captionText-15="FIGURE 30. ITS2 gene tree. G. firmus samples: S03-85 (G60, G61, G62); S07-25 (G1073, G1074); S07-26 (G1186, G1235); S10-63 (G1920, G1922); S10-67 (G1915); S11-29 (G2165, G2029, G2034); S13-41 (G2709); S13-59 (G2716); G. pennsylvanicus samples: S08-74 (G709, G710); S11-107 (G2208); S11-108 (G2211)." captionText-150="FIGURE 165. Female G. cohni from Pima Co, AZ (S98-71)." captionText-151="FIGURE 166. ‘Typical’ songs of G. cohni illustrating the extreme variability in pulse numbers both within and among individuals. (A) 2003-295 Cordes Junction, Yavapai Co., AZ, at 22.0°C. (B) R15-289 Pima Co., AZ (S15-108), at 25.3°C." captionText-152="FIGURE 167. One second spectrograms of G. cohni showing atypical calling songs. (A) Agua Fria, AZ (2006-260), showing pulses grouped into 3s, at 22.8°C. (B) near Mazatlán, Mexico (R14-30, S14-53), showing an irregular trilling pattern, at 26°C. (C) near Mazatlán, Mexico (R14-36, S14-53), showing an almost uninterrupted trill, at 25.7°C." captionText-153="FIGURE 168. In sympatry in central Arizona, female G. cohni and G. regularis differ in relative ovipositor length, however not diagnostically so. All females are from Agua Fria National Monument, with species ID via song of lab reared sons." captionText-154="FIGURE 169. Known distribution of G. cohni." captionText-155="FIGURE 170. Five second waveforms of typical calling songs of (A) G. lineaticeps, (B) G. personatus, and (C) G. staccato. (A) G. lineaticeps: (R11-15) Mendocino Co., CA (S11-22), recorded at 24°C; (B) G. personatus: (R07-74) from Alpine, TX (S07-41), recorded at 25°C; (C) G. staccato (R15-291) from Gila Bend, AZ (S15-111), recorded at 25.1°C." captionText-156="FIGURE 171. One second spectrograms of typical calling songs of (A) G. lineaticeps, (B) G. personatus, and (C) G. staccato, same males as in Fig. 170." captionText-157="FIGURE 172. Known distribution (from Gray et al. 2016b) showing, basically, allopatric localities of the three Lineaticeps Group taxa." captionText-158="FIGURE 173. Separation of species within the Lineaticeps Group by song (from Gray et al. 2016b). Most points represent lab-reared individuals; therefore, it is possible that field-caught individuals (see Table 1, p. 18) would show somewhat less clear separation given known effects of developmental temperature on song in field crickets (Walker 2000)." captionText-159="FIGURE 174. ITS2 gene tree. Collection stop numbers for G. lineaticeps samples: S00-15, Guadalupe Island, Mexico (G273); S04-64 (G352); S05-39 (G463); S09-28 (G1303); S09-37 (G1315). Collection stop numbers for G. personatus samples: S99- 84, Durango, Mexico (G393); S03-127, from Coahuila, Mexico (G75, G76); S07-41 (G1014); S09-58 (G1372); S09-151, from near Janos, Mexico (G1462, G1463); S16-6 (G3371). Collection stop numbers for G. staccato samples: S04-121 (G376); S09- 54 (G1397); S09-103 (G1407); S11-102 (G2186). See also Gray et al. (2016b)." captionText-16="FIGURE 31. Five second calling song of G. pennsylvanicus (R04-110) Whatcom Co., WA (S04-91), at 25°C." captionText-160="FIGURE 175. Neotype male of G. lineaticeps, with labels." captionText-161="FIGURE 176. Calling song (R11-15) of G. lineaticeps from Mendocino Co., CA (S11-22), recorded at 25°C; lower panel shows structure of a single chirp." captionText-162="FIGURE 177. Color variation in G. lineaticeps: Reddish male (A) and female (C) from Madera Co., CA (S15-91); black male (B) from Tuolumne Co., CA (S10-13)." captionText-17="FIGURE 32. Populations of G. pennsylvanicus studied by us." captionText-18="FIGURE 33. Size differences, in G. pennsylvanicus, between northern (right) from Berrien Co., Michigan, and southern (left) from Saline Co., KS [S02-49])." captionText-19="FIGURE 34. Map of G. pennsylvanicus showing variation in file tooth number across the United States. File teeth range from 124 (Vancouver, S00-54)) to 223 (Oklahoma City, S02-48)." captionText-2="FIGURE 17. ITS2 gene tree. G. brevicaudus samples: S03-8 (G5); S16-1 (G3354, G3393); G. insularis samples: Guadalupe Island, Baja California Norte, Mexico; G. bryanti samples: Andros Island, Bahamas; G. alexanderi sample: Clarion Island, Colima, Mexico." captionText-20="FIGURE 35. Long ovipositor G. pennsylvanicus from Saline Co., KS (S02-49)." captionText-21="FIGURE 36. Regression G. pennsylvanicus showing a weak correlation between number of file teeth and hind femur length, the latter a proxy for body size." captionText-22="FIGURE 37. Regression G. pennsylvanicus vs. G. veletis demonstrating longer ovipositors in the former taxa. Specimens from only the 6 localities discussed in text." captionText-23="FIGURE 38. Lectotype male, G. firmus, specimen and labels." captionText-24="FIGURE 39. Populations of G. firmus that we studied." captionText-25="FIGURE 40. Five second calling song in G. firmus: (R03-255) Gainesville, FL (S03-85), at 25°C." captionText-26="FIGURE 41. Color variation in Texas G. firmus: lighter, coastal specimens, with head stripes (2 upper photos and lower left), Cameron Co., TX, S07-26 vs. darker, inland specimen (lower right, Schulenburg, TX, S10-65)." captionText-27="FIGURE 42. Egg hatch from single field collected G. firmus (S13-65) from near Schulenburg, TX, showing a mixed egg diapause pattern." captionText-28="FIGURE 43. Regression file tooth number vs. length hind femur in ‘G. #19’ vs. ‘G. near #19.’" captionText-29="FIGURE 44. Regression length ovipositor vs. length hind femur in ‘G. #19’ vs. ‘G. near #19.’" captionText-3="FIGURE 18. Holotype male, and labels, of G. brevicaudus." captionText-30="FIGURE 45. Regression body length vs. ovipositor length using combined data for G. firmus and G. pennsylvanicus from Larson et al. (2013)." captionText-31="FIGURE 46. Regression pronotal width vs. ovipositor length using combined data for G. firmus and G. pennsylvanicus from Larson et al. (2013)." captionText-32="FIGURE 47. Regression hind femur length vs. ovipositor length using combined data for G. firmus and G. pennsylvanicus from Larson et al. (2013)." captionText-33="FIGURE 48. Regression hind femur length vs. ovipositor length in G. firmus vs. G. pennsylvanicus." captionText-34="FIGURE 49. Regression cercus length vs. ovipositor length in G. firmus vs. G. pennsylvanicus." captionText-35="FIGURE 50. Regression cercus length vs. hind femur length in G. firmus vs. G. pennsylvanicus." captionText-36="FIGURE 51. Regression number of file teeth vs. pulse rate in G. firmus." captionText-37="FIGURE. 52. Regression number of file teeth vs. pulse rate in G. pennsylvanicus showing males with higher numbers of file teeth have lower pulse rates." captionText-38="FIGURE 53. Regression number of file teeth vs. pulse rate for combined comparison between G. firmus and G. pennsylvanicus." captionText-39="FIGURE 54. ITS2 gene tree. G. multipulsator sample: S03-41 (G577); G. assimilis samples: S10-64 (G1901); S16-12 (G3367, G3373); G. locorojo sample: type locality (Rainbow Mealworms); G. veintinueve samples: S02-39 (G134); S07-21 (G1139); S07-27 (G1140, G1211); S09-71 (G1451); OK, Love Co., Hwy 32 at Boggy Creek (2015-055)." captionText-4="FIGURE 19. Top: Live male (Jasper Ridge, S92-44) G. brevicaudus showing distinctive yellow-orange markings that contrast with rest of black cricket. Bottom: Female from Palo Alto, CA (S87-33) showing short ovipositor." captionText-40="FIGURE 55. Five second waveform (A) and one second spectrogram (B) of calling song (R09-89) of G. veintinueve from type locality (S09-71), recorded at 25°C." captionText-41="FIGURE 56. Regression width pronotum vs. length hind femur in G. veintinueve vs. sympatric G. veletis, showing near morphological separation." captionText-42="FIGURE 57. ITS2 gene tree. G. veintinueve samples: S02-39 (G134); S07-21 (G1139); S07-27 (G1140, G1211); S09-71 (G1451); OK, Love Co., Hwy 32 at Boggy Creek (2015-055). G. vernalis samples: S03-56 (G27, G1739); S03-62 (G31, G33). G. fultoni samples: S03-62 (G32, G34); S03-64 (G35), S07-22 (G1138). G. veletis samples: S03-58 (G39); S03-60 (G30); S15-9 (G2939); S15-16 (G2927, G2934); S15-21 (G2899); S15-24 (G2936); S15-25 (G2963, G2968, G2983); S15-53 (G3304, G3343)." captionText-43="FIGURE 58. Holotype male (left), G. veintinueve, paratype (middle) female (S09-71), and color variant (right) male (S02- 46)." captionText-44="FIGURE 59.. Known US distribution of G. veintinueve." captionText-45="FIGURE 60. Five second waveforms of calling songs of (A) G. assimilis and (B) G. multipulsator. (A) G. assimilis: (R13-231) Rio Hondo, TX (S13-44), at 25°C; (B) G. multipulsator: (R15-325) Pima Co., AZ (S15-108), at 25.4°C." captionText-46="FIGURE 61. One second spectrograms of G. assimilis (A) and G. multipulsator (B), same males as in Fig. 60." captionText-47="FIGURE 62. ITS2 gene tree. G. assimilis samples: S10-64 (G1901); S16-12 (G3367, G3373); G. multipulsator sample: S03- 41 (G577); G. locorojo sample: type locality (Rainbow Mealworms); G. veintinueve samples: S02-39 (G134); S07-21 (G1139); S07-27 (G1140, G1211); S09-71 (G1451); OK, Love Co., Hwy 32 at Boggy Creek (2015-055)." captionText-48="FIGURE 63. Neotype male, Gryllus assimilis, photographs and labels." captionText-49="FIGURE 64. Color variation in G. assimilis from reddish female (left, Brackettville, TX, S10-63) to dark male (right, Quintana Roo, Mexico, S02-12). Note head narrower than pronotum and hirsute and dull pronotum surface." captionText-5="FIGURE 20. Five second waveform (A) and one second spectrogram (B) of calling song (R03-8) of G. brevicaudus from San Benito Co., CA (S03-8), recorded at 24.5°C." captionText-50="FIGURE 65. Top: Five second waveform of calling song of G. assimilis (R13-231) Rio Hondo, TX (S13-44), at 25°C; Bottom: One second waveform of same song showing individual pulses." captionText-51="FIGURE 66. Known US distribution, G. assimilis within native range (also found introduced in south Florida, see SINA: https://sina.orthsoc.org/)." captionText-52="FIGURE 67. Holotype male, Gryllus multipulsator, specimen and labels." captionText-53="FIGURE 68. Color variation in G. multipulsator, from reddish male (left, Riverside Co., CA, S03-41); brown female (middle, Santa Cruz Island, CA, S04-65); black male (right, Riverside Co., CA, S03-41)." captionText-54="FIGURE 69. Top: Five second waveform of calling song of G. multipulsator (R15-325) Pima Co., AZ (S15-108), at 25.4°C; Middle: One second waveform of same song showing individual pulses; Bottom: Expansion of an individual chirp showing decreasing pulse rate towards end of chirp." captionText-55="FIGURE 70. Known US distribution, G. multipulsator." captionText-56="FIGURE 71. Five second waveforms of calling songs of (A) G. rubens, (B) G. texensis, and (C) G. regularis. (A) G. rubens: (R13-220) Tulsa, OK (S13-68), at 25°C; (B) G. texensis: (R13-224) Rio Hondo, TX (S13-44), at 26°C; (C) G. regularis (R99- 211) Sinaloa, MX (S99-86), at 25.5°C." captionText-57="FIGURE 72. One second spectrograms of (A) G. rubens, (B) G. texensis, and (C) G. regularis, same males as in Fig. 71." captionText-58="FIGURE 73. ITS2 gene tree. G. rubens samples: Orlando, FL (F122); Lake City &amp; Ocala, FL (Genbank SRA, Berdan et al. 2016); G. regularis samples: S07-2 (G1101); S07-41 (G1085); S15-67 (G3154); S15-102 (G3280); G. texensis samples: S15-43 (G3048); S16-12 (G3382, G3403, G3404, G3421); Uvalde, TX (d102); Bastrop, TX (d1042)." captionText-59="FIGURE 74. Holotype female G. rubens, with labels." captionText-6="FIGURE 21. Known distribution for G. brevicaudus. Star shows type locality." captionText-60="FIGURE 75. Regression of pronotum width vs. ovipositor length in the only two trilling eastern US taxa shows that holotype most consistent with G. rubens." captionText-61="FIGURE 76. Populations of G. rubens that we studied." captionText-62="FIGURE 77. One second waveform, pulse rate of 56, of calling song of G. rubens: (R13-220) Tulsa, OK (S13-68), at 25°C." captionText-63="FIGURE 78. Regression of number file teeth vs. hind femur length showing separation of sympatric G. rubens from G. texensis." captionText-64="FIGURE 79. Regression of number file teeth vs. teeth/mm showing separation of sympatric G. rubens from G. texensis." captionText-65="FIGURE 80. Color variation in G. rubens, all three individuals from Cape Girardeau Co., MO (S02-58)." captionText-66="FIGURE 81. Atypical G. rubens calling song: (R02-74) Cape Girardeau Co., MO (S02-58), at 26°C." captionText-67="FIGURE 82. Left: Regression of sympatric G. rubens and G. texensis from Tulsa, OK (S13-68) showing lack of separation in individuals for pulse rate vs. file teeth number. Right: Histogram of pulse rates of these same males." captionText-68="FIGURE 83. Neotype male, G. texensis, specimen and labels." captionText-69="FIGURE 84. One second waveform, pulse rate of 75, of calling song of G. texensis: (R13-224) Rio Hondo, TX (S13-44), at 26°C" captionText-7="FIGURE 22. Left Panel: G. bryanti (on left) vs. sympatric G. assimilis (right), both from Bahamas. Note head wider than pronotum in G. bryanti. Right Panel: Three second waveform of typical single-pulse chirp calling song of G. bryanti (neotype male, GBM08, Andros Island, at 25 °C)." captionText-70="FIGURE 85. Regression of file teeth number vs. hind femur in G. texensis vs. G. rubens showing overlap but lower number of teeth in latter." captionText-71="FIGURE 86. Regression of pronotum width vs. ovipositor length in G. texensis vs. G. rubens showing generally shorter ovipositor length in former." captionText-72="FIGURE 87. Regression of file teeth number vs. hind femur length in G. texensis vs. G. armatus showing overlap but generally more teeth in latter." captionText-73="FIGURE 88. Populations of US G. texensis that we studied." captionText-74="FIGURE 89. Color variation in G. texensis, both pictured individuals from Brackettville, TX (S10-63)." captionText-75="FIGURE 90. Regression of file teeth vs. teeth/mm showing separation of sympatric G. rubens from G. texensis." captionText-76="FIGURE 91. One second waveform, pulse rate of 39, of calling song of G. regularis (R99-211) from Sinaloa, MX (S99-86), recorded at 25.5°C" captionText-77="FIGURE 92. Regression of width pronotum vs. hind femur length in G. regularis vs. G. cohni showing narrower pronotum in the latter." captionText-78="FIGURE 93. Holotype male (left) and paratype female (right), both from the type locality (S07-61)" captionText-79="FIGURE 94. Known US distribution of G. regularis." captionText-8="FIGURE 23. Male holotype (right) and female allotype (left) G. ovisopis." captionText-80="FIGURE 95. G. regularis with subtle pairing of pulses (R11-167), from Yavapai Co., AZ (S11-105), at 21°C." captionText-81="FIGURE 96. Five second waveforms of typical calling songs of (A) G. integer, (B) G. armatus with introductory trill, and (C) G. armatus without introductory trill. (A) G. integer: (R16-60) Tulare Co., CA (S16-21), at 24.2°C; (B) G. armatus: (R15-177) Artesia, NM (S15-58), at 25.1°C; (C) G. armatus (2003-170) Bernalillo Co., NM, at 20.6°C." captionText-82="FIGURE 97. One second spectrograms of (A) G. integer, (B) G. armatus, and (C) G. armatus; same male recordings as in Fig. 96." captionText-83="FIGURE 98. ITS2 gene tree and distribution map for both G. armatus and G. integer showing both geographic separation and zone of possible hybridization. Collection stop numbers for G. armatus: S04-121 (G358, G359); S05-110 (G511, G512, G513, G515); S07-26 (G1165); S07-33 (G1077); S07-79 (G1228); S10-62 (G1918); S10-63 (G1899); S11-90 (G2172); S12- 36 (G2264); S12-104 (G2411); S13-18 (G2473); S13-46 (G2566); S15-54 (G3096, G3077, G3081); S15-71 (G3101, G3074); S15-73 (G3072); Albuquerque, NM (2003-175); Cordes Junction, AZ (2006-241); Agua Fria, AZ (2006-244). Collection stop numbers for G. integer: S03-100 (G58, G59); S04-36 (G243); S04-40 (G210); S0455 (G245, G246); S04-60 (G218); S04-128 (G370); S05-23 (G477); S05-99 (G499); S06-77 (G629); S09-109 (G1439); S09-114 (G1441, G1445); S11-72 (G2113, G2148); S11-73 (G2143); S12-116 (G2431); S15-80 (G3195, G3316); S15-91 (G3178, G3265); S15-95 (G3292); S16-21 (G3416); S17-6 (G3502, G3525); S16-5 (G3374, G3381); S16-12 (G3366); Hwy 276 mile 30 Sinclair Gas, Garfield Co., UT (2003-038, 2003-039, 2003-041); Winslow, AZ (2003-312, 2012-029, 2012-030, 2012-031, 2012-032)." captionText-84="FIGURE 99. Lectotype male, G. integer, specimen and labels." captionText-85="FIGURE 100. Known US distribution, G. integer, along with sister species G. armatus, showing zone of possible hybridization in the Four Corners area." captionText-86="FIGURE 101. Five second waveform of typical calling song of G. integer (R16-60) Tulare Co., CA (S16-21), at 24.2°C." captionText-87="FIGURE 102. One second waveform of typical calling song of G. integer (R16-60) Tulare Co., CA (S16-21), at 24.2°C revealing the typical fast 3 pulse/chirp structure." captionText-88="FIGURE 103. Anomalous song (top) of G. integer (R98-123) Churchill Co., NV (S98-95), at 25°C, without distinctive 3 pulse chirp structure. Spectrogram (bottom) of same male, but note different time scale." captionText-89="FIGURE 104. 16S gene tree with G. integer samples in blue and G. armatus samples in purple. Locality information follows all ID numbers. Note the two 16S clades within G. armatus." captionText-9="FIGURE 24. Holotype male (left), G. thinos. Female (right) from type locality showing typical, linear head stripes." captionText-90="FIGURE 105. Lectotype male, G. armatus, specimen and labels." captionText-91="FIGURE 106. Known US distribution, G. armatus, along with sister species G. integer, showing zone of possible hybridization in the Four Corners area." captionText-92="FIGURE 107. Five second waveforms of typical calling songs G. armatus with (top) an introductory trill (R15-177) Artesia, NM (S15-58), at 25.1°C, and without (bottom) (2003-170) Bernalillo Co., NM, at 20.6°C." captionText-93="FIGURE 108. One second waveforms of typical calling song of G. armatus, same males as in Fig. 107, showing presence (top) and absence (bottom) of an introductory trill in a burst." captionText-94="FIGURE 109. Atypical, irregular trill calling song of G. armatus (R05-43) Baker, CA (S05-110), at 21.5°C. Top: 5 sec. waveform; Bottom: 1 sec. spectrogram." captionText-95="FIGURE 110. Atypical calling song of G. armatus (R13-52) Bisbee, AZ, at 24°C, with introductory trill followed by 2-10 pulse chirps. Top: 5 sec. waveform; Bottom: 1 sec. spectrogram." captionText-96="FIGURE 111. Color variation seen in second generation (summer) G. armatus, with both pictured male individuals from Baker, CA (S05-110)." captionText-97="FIGURE 112. Dark colored male G. armatus from Cornudas, TX (S01-65, R01-177)." captionText-98="FIGURE 113. Five second waveforms of calling songs of (A) G. fultoni and (B) G. vernalis. G. fultoni: (R03-86) Hocking Co., OH (S03-64), at 25°C; G. vernalis: (R03-104) Jefferson Co., MO (S03-56), at 24.5°C." captionText-99="FIGURE 114. 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R15-177</figureCitation>
), usually followed by 2 (range 1–3) p/c until that burst is over. In contrast,
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D090CFFFF5213F8B502B4F81A" box="[882,995,1895,1921]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="109" pageNumber="110" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="integer">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC090CFFFF5213F8B502B4F81A" box="[882,995,1895,1921]" italics="true" pageId="109" pageNumber="110">G. integer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
usually with no introductory trill and 3 p/c, although some males sing with 2–4p/c); and (3) there is a congruent, and consistent association between those males with 2p/c and parallel differences in the ITS2 gene sequences when compared with
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D090CFFFF5516F87D05BFF852" box="[1143,1256,1967,1993]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="109" pageNumber="110" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="integer">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC090CFFFF5516F87D05BFF852" box="[1143,1256,1967,1993]" italics="true" pageId="109" pageNumber="110">G. integer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see
<figureCitation id="08B12A3B090CFFFF5440F87C0424F852" box="[1313,1395,1966,1992]" captionStart="FIGURE 98" captionStartId="103.[151,250,1001,1026]" captionTargetBox="[180,1414,212,937]" captionTargetId="figure@103.[151,1435,166,981]" captionTargetPageId="103" captionText="FIGURE 98. ITS2 gene tree and distribution map for both G. armatus and G. integer showing both geographic separation and zone of possible hybridization. Collection stop numbers for G. armatus: S04-121 (G358, G359); S05-110 (G511, G512, G513, G515); S07-26 (G1165); S07-33 (G1077); S07-79 (G1228); S10-62 (G1918); S10-63 (G1899); S11-90 (G2172); S12- 36 (G2264); S12-104 (G2411); S13-18 (G2473); S13-46 (G2566); S15-54 (G3096, G3077, G3081); S15-71 (G3101, G3074); S15-73 (G3072); Albuquerque, NM (2003-175); Cordes Junction, AZ (2006-241); Agua Fria, AZ (2006-244). Collection stop numbers for G. integer: S03-100 (G58, G59); S04-36 (G243); S04-40 (G210); S0455 (G245, G246); S04-60 (G218); S04-128 (G370); S05-23 (G477); S05-99 (G499); S06-77 (G629); S09-109 (G1439); S09-114 (G1441, G1445); S11-72 (G2113, G2148); S11-73 (G2143); S12-116 (G2431); S15-80 (G3195, G3316); S15-91 (G3178, G3265); S15-95 (G3292); S16-21 (G3416); S17-6 (G3502, G3525); S16-5 (G3374, G3381); S16-12 (G3366); Hwy 276 mile 30 Sinclair Gas, Garfield Co., UT (2003-038, 2003-039, 2003-041); Winslow, AZ (2003-312, 2012-029, 2012-030, 2012-031, 2012-032)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563863" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3563863/files/figure.png" pageId="109" pageNumber="110">Fig. 98</figureCitation>
). In distribution map
<figureCitation id="08B12A3B090CFFFF5035F80000E4F876" box="[340,435,2002,2028]" captionStart="FIGURE 106" captionStartId="111.[151,250,1393,1418]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,166,1361]" captionTargetId="figure@111.[151,1435,166,1373]" captionTargetPageId="111" captionText="FIGURE 106. Known US distribution, G. armatus, along with sister species G. integer, showing zone of possible hybridization in the Four Corners area." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563879" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3563879/files/figure.png" pageId="109" pageNumber="110">Fig. 106</figureCitation>
, note a possible zone of hybridization in the Four Corners area of southeastern
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C090CFFFF547DF8000402F876" box="[1308,1365,2002,2028]" country="United States of America" name="Utah" pageId="109" pageNumber="110">Utah</collectingRegion>
, west- central
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C090FFFFC518BFF4B0002FF29" box="[234,341,153,179]" country="United States of America" name="Colorado" pageId="110" pageNumber="111">Colorado</collectingRegion>
, and north-eastern
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C090FFFFC5347FF4B03D7FF29" box="[550,640,153,179]" country="United States of America" name="Arizona" pageId="110" pageNumber="111">Arizona</collectingRegion>
where males sing more like
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D090FFFFC52DCFF4B056DFF29" box="[957,1082,153,179]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="110" pageNumber="111" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armatus">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC090FFFFC52DCFF4B056DFF29" box="[957,1082,153,179]" italics="true" pageId="110" pageNumber="111">G. armatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but possess
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D090FFFFC55A5FF4B0462FF29" box="[1220,1333,153,179]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="110" pageNumber="111" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="integer">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC090FFFFC55A5FF4B0462FF29" box="[1220,1333,153,179]" italics="true" pageId="110" pageNumber="111">G. integer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
DNA. In this paper, we arbitrarily give priority to the DNA and consider such populations to be
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC090FFFFC550EFF6F05B1FF4D" box="[1135,1254,189,215]" italics="true" pageId="110" pageNumber="111">
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D090FFFFC550EFF6F05B5FF4D" box="[1135,1250,189,215]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="110" pageNumber="111" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="integer">G. integer</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Nevertheless, it is the extensive DNA/song congruity that ultimately convinced us to consider these two taxa as different and retain both of Scudder’s names.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="903536BE090FFFFC51F6FAF30279FAA0" blockId="110.[151,814,1313,1338]" box="[151,814,1313,1338]" pageId="110" pageNumber="111">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC090FFFFC51F6FAF3007AFAA0" bold="true" box="[151,301,1313,1338]" pageId="110" pageNumber="111">FIGURE 105.</emphasis>
Lectotype male,
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC090FFFFC50BDFAF00302FAA3" box="[476,597,1314,1337]" italics="true" pageId="110" pageNumber="111">
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D090FFFFC50BDFAF00306FAA3" box="[476,593,1314,1337]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="110" pageNumber="111" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armatus">G. armatus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
specimen and labels.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="903536BE090FFFFC51A6FABA042CFA3C" blockId="110.[151,1437,1384,1950]" pageId="110" pageNumber="111">
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F090FFFFC51A6FABA0023FA18" author="Scudder, S. H." box="[199,372,1384,1410]" pageId="110" pageNumber="111" pagination="291 - 296" refId="ref166597" refString="Scudder, S. H. (1902) The species of Gryllus found in the United States east of the Sierra Nevadas. Psyche, 9, 291 - 296. https: // doi. org / 10.1155 / 1902 / 35962" type="journal article" year="1902">Scudder (1902)</bibRefCitation>
notes that, in
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC090FFFFC536EFABA03C4FA18" box="[527,659,1384,1410]" italics="true" pageId="110" pageNumber="111">
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D090FFFFC536EFABA03C7FA18" box="[527,656,1384,1410]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="110" pageNumber="111" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armatus">G. armatus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
the “Pronotum rather more than half as broad again as long…” While this condition exists in some individuals of
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D090FFFFC531EFA5E03AAFA3C" box="[639,765,1420,1446]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="110" pageNumber="111" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armatus">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC090FFFFC531EFA5E03AAFA3C" box="[639,765,1420,1446]" italics="true" pageId="110" pageNumber="111">G. armatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, it is not universal nor diagnostic of any
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D090FFFFC55A9FA5E044BFA3C" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1224,1308,1420,1446]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="110" pageNumber="111" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC090FFFFC55A9FA5E044BFA3C" box="[1224,1308,1420,1446]" italics="true" pageId="110" pageNumber="111">Gryllus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="903536BE090FFFFC51A6FA620232F804" blockId="110.[151,1437,1384,1950]" pageId="110" pageNumber="111">
Song easily distinguished from other Southwestern crickets, except
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC090FFFFC52A4FA62056CFA50" box="[965,1083,1456,1482]" italics="true" pageId="110" pageNumber="111">
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D090FFFFC52A4FA620560FA50" box="[965,1079,1456,1482]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="110" pageNumber="111" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="integer">G. integer</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
because none have a combination of 2–3p/c, 700–1000 c/m, and a
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C090FFFFC5351FA060305FA74" box="[560,594,1492,1518]" country="Brazil" name="Para" pageId="110" pageNumber="111">PR</collectingRegion>
&gt; 70. Most easily separated from
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC090FFFFC52ACFA060515FA74" box="[973,1090,1492,1518]" italics="true" pageId="110" pageNumber="111">
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D090FFFFC52ACFA060569FA74" box="[973,1086,1492,1518]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="110" pageNumber="111" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="integer">G. integer</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
as discussed above, and by the distribution map (
<figureCitation id="08B12A3B090FFFFC503CFA2A00E8F989" box="[349,447,1528,1555]" captionStart="FIGURE 106" captionStartId="111.[151,250,1393,1418]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,166,1361]" captionTargetId="figure@111.[151,1435,166,1373]" captionTargetPageId="111" captionText="FIGURE 106. Known US distribution, G. armatus, along with sister species G. integer, showing zone of possible hybridization in the Four Corners area." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563879" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3563879/files/figure.png" pageId="110" pageNumber="111">Fig. 106</figureCitation>
). Because different males within the same population have variable songs, we emphasize the significance of, and need for, multiple male song analysis. A couple of examples of song variation in
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D090FFFFC5479F9CE04C2F9AC" box="[1304,1429,1564,1590]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="110" pageNumber="111" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armatus">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC090FFFFC5479F9CE04C2F9AC" box="[1304,1429,1564,1590]" italics="true" pageId="110" pageNumber="111">G. armatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, within the same population, are here provided: (1) All
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from Deming, NM (S07-79) had introductory trills and 2p/c. (2) In contrast to the “clean and uniform” situation at Deming, of
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collected in Baker, CA (S05- 110),
<specimenCount id="868CFD37090FFFFC51B6F955007AF938" box="[215,301,1671,1698]" pageId="110" pageNumber="111" type="male">5 males</specimenCount>
had introductory trills and then 2 (occasionally 3) p/c;
<specimenCount id="868CFD37090FFFFC52F3F95A028BF938" box="[914,988,1672,1698]" pageId="110" pageNumber="111" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
had no introductory trill but 2 (rarely 3) p/c; and the 7
<superScript id="67FF9BF6090FFFFC504DF979006EF923" attach="left" box="[300,313,1707,1721]" fontSize="6" pageId="110" pageNumber="111">th</superScript>
male sang with an irregular trill (
<figureCitation id="08B12A3B090FFFFC53CBF97E025EF95C" box="[682,777,1708,1734]" captionStart="FIGURE 109" captionStartId="114.[151,250,1866,1891]" captionTargetBox="[187,1409,790,1829]" captionTargetId="figure@114.[151,1435,762,1847]" captionTargetPageId="114" captionText="FIGURE 109. Atypical, irregular trill calling song of G. armatus (R05-43) Baker, CA (S05-110), at 21.5°C. Top: 5 sec. waveform; Bottom: 1 sec. spectrogram." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563887" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3563887/files/figure.png" pageId="110" pageNumber="111">Fig. 109</figureCitation>
, R05-43). The latter male also had a red pronotum (see
<figureCitation id="08B12A3B090FFFFC5411F97E0198F971" captionStart="FIGURE 111" captionStartId="116.[151,250,1790,1815]" captionTargetBox="[153,1398,581,1710]" captionTargetId="figure@116.[151,1435,366,1771]" captionTargetPageId="116" captionText="FIGURE 111. Color variation seen in second generation (summer) G. armatus, with both pictured male individuals from Baker, CA (S05-110)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563891" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3563891/files/figure.png" pageId="110" pageNumber="111">Fig. 111b</figureCitation>
) and a low
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of 38.5, yet his ITS2 DNA mapped with the other
<specimenCount id="868CFD37090FFFFC52F9F90202BBF970" box="[920,1004,1744,1770]" pageId="110" pageNumber="111" type="male">6 males</specimenCount>
from this stop (
<figureCitation id="08B12A3B090FFFFC55F8F90205BCF970" box="[1177,1259,1744,1770]" captionStart="FIGURE 98" captionStartId="103.[151,250,1001,1026]" captionTargetBox="[180,1414,212,937]" captionTargetId="figure@103.[151,1435,166,981]" captionTargetPageId="103" captionText="FIGURE 98. ITS2 gene tree and distribution map for both G. armatus and G. integer showing both geographic separation and zone of possible hybridization. Collection stop numbers for G. armatus: S04-121 (G358, G359); S05-110 (G511, G512, G513, G515); S07-26 (G1165); S07-33 (G1077); S07-79 (G1228); S10-62 (G1918); S10-63 (G1899); S11-90 (G2172); S12- 36 (G2264); S12-104 (G2411); S13-18 (G2473); S13-46 (G2566); S15-54 (G3096, G3077, G3081); S15-71 (G3101, G3074); S15-73 (G3072); Albuquerque, NM (2003-175); Cordes Junction, AZ (2006-241); Agua Fria, AZ (2006-244). Collection stop numbers for G. integer: S03-100 (G58, G59); S04-36 (G243); S04-40 (G210); S0455 (G245, G246); S04-60 (G218); S04-128 (G370); S05-23 (G477); S05-99 (G499); S06-77 (G629); S09-109 (G1439); S09-114 (G1441, G1445); S11-72 (G2113, G2148); S11-73 (G2143); S12-116 (G2431); S15-80 (G3195, G3316); S15-91 (G3178, G3265); S15-95 (G3292); S16-21 (G3416); S17-6 (G3502, G3525); S16-5 (G3374, G3381); S16-12 (G3366); Hwy 276 mile 30 Sinclair Gas, Garfield Co., UT (2003-038, 2003-039, 2003-041); Winslow, AZ (2003-312, 2012-029, 2012-030, 2012-031, 2012-032)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563863" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3563863/files/figure.png" pageId="110" pageNumber="111">Fig. 98</figureCitation>
), and consistent with
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D090FFFFC51AEF926001AF894" box="[207,333,1780,1806]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="110" pageNumber="111" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armatus">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC090FFFFC51AEF926001AF894" box="[207,333,1780,1806]" italics="true" pageId="110" pageNumber="111">G. armatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Morphologically, this long-winged male agreed with typical
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D090FFFFC529DF926052DF894" box="[1020,1146,1780,1806]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="110" pageNumber="111" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armatus">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC090FFFFC529DF926052DF894" box="[1020,1146,1780,1806]" italics="true" pageId="110" pageNumber="111">G. armatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. (3) In Big Bend National Park, TX (S91-43 &amp; S16-12), 3 of
<specimenCount id="868CFD37090FFFFC5340F8CA0320F8A8" box="[545,631,1816,1842]" pageId="110" pageNumber="111" type="male">6 males</specimenCount>
had introductory trills followed by 2p/c while the other
<specimenCount id="868CFD37090FFFFC5593F8CA041EF8A8" box="[1266,1353,1816,1842]" pageId="110" pageNumber="111" type="male">3 males</specimenCount>
had no introductory trills and 2p/c. (4) At Shoshone, CA (S92-60), some males sang with an introductory trill and then 2p/c while other males sang with no trill and 3p/c. (5) The only male heard in Bisbee, AZ (
<figureCitation id="08B12A3B090FFFFC550BF8B2059BF8E0" box="[1130,1228,1888,1914]" captionStart="FIGURE 110" captionStartId="115.[151,250,1297,1322]" captionTargetBox="[196,1416,197,1253]" captionTargetId="figure@115.[151,1435,166,1278]" captionTargetPageId="115" captionText="FIGURE 110. Atypical calling song of G. armatus (R13-52) Bisbee, AZ, at 24°C, with introductory trill followed by 2-10 pulse chirps. Top: 5 sec. waveform; Bottom: 1 sec. spectrogram." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563889" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3563889/files/figure.png" pageId="110" pageNumber="111">Fig. 110</figureCitation>
, R
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captionTargetId-33="figure@63.[151,1435,1060,1794]" captionTargetId-34="figure@64.[151,1435,174,1109]" captionTargetId-35="figure@64.[151,1435,1203,1808]" captionTargetId-36="figure@65.[151,1435,174,939]" captionTargetId-37="figure@65.[151,1435,998,1674]" captionTargetId-38="figure@66.[151,1435,911,1705]" captionTargetId-39="figure@67.[151,1435,409,1159]" captionTargetId-4="figure@35.[151,1435,455,769]" captionTargetId-5="figure@35.[151,1435,900,1697]" captionTargetId-6="figure@36.[151,1435,373,1797]" captionTargetId-7="figure@37.[151,1435,625,1821]" captionTargetId-8="figure@38.[151,1435,174,1831]" captionTargetId-9="figure@39.[151,1437,1137,1543]" captionTargetPageId-0="32" captionTargetPageId-1="33" captionTargetPageId-10="41" captionTargetPageId-11="42" captionTargetPageId-12="43" captionTargetPageId-13="44" captionTargetPageId-14="44" captionTargetPageId-15="45" captionTargetPageId-16="46" captionTargetPageId-17="46" captionTargetPageId-18="47" captionTargetPageId-19="48" captionTargetPageId-2="34" captionTargetPageId-20="48" captionTargetPageId-21="49" captionTargetPageId-22="50" captionTargetPageId-23="51" captionTargetPageId-24="51" captionTargetPageId-25="54" captionTargetPageId-26="55" captionTargetPageId-27="56" captionTargetPageId-28="57" captionTargetPageId-29="58" captionTargetPageId-3="34" captionTargetPageId-30="59" captionTargetPageId-31="59" captionTargetPageId-32="63" captionTargetPageId-33="63" captionTargetPageId-34="64" captionTargetPageId-35="64" captionTargetPageId-36="65" captionTargetPageId-37="65" captionTargetPageId-38="66" captionTargetPageId-4="35" captionTargetPageId-5="35" captionTargetPageId-6="36" captionTargetPageId-7="37" captionTargetPageId-8="38" captionTargetPageId-9="39" captionText-0="FIGURE 13. One second spectrogram of G. bimaculatus, same male as in Fig. 12." captionText-1="FIGURE 14. Head on view of male G. locorojo showing head stripes." captionText-10="FIGURE 23. Male holotype (right) and female allotype (left) G. ovisopis." captionText-11="FIGURE 24. Holotype male (left), G. thinos. Female (right) from type locality showing typical, linear head stripes." captionText-12="FIGURE 25. Calling song of G. thinos (R07-125) Cameron Co., TX (S07-25), at 25°C: (A) five second waveform, (B) one second spectrogram." captionText-13="FIGURE 26. Known distribution of G. thinos." captionText-14="FIGURE 27. ITS2 gene tree showing some separation between Padre Island and Boca Chica samples of G. thinos." captionText-15="FIGURE 28. Five second waveforms of calling songs of (A) G. pennsylvanicus and (B) G. firmus. G. pennsylvanicus (R04-110) Whatcom Co., WA (S04-91), at 25°C. G. firmus: (R03-255) Gainesville, FL (S03-85), at 25°C." captionText-16="FIGURE 29. One second spectrograms of (A) G. pennsylvanicus and (B) G. firmus; same males as in Fig. 28." captionText-17="FIGURE 30. ITS2 gene tree. G. firmus samples: S03-85 (G60, G61, G62); S07-25 (G1073, G1074); S07-26 (G1186, G1235); S10-63 (G1920, G1922); S10-67 (G1915); S11-29 (G2165, G2029, G2034); S13-41 (G2709); S13-59 (G2716); G. pennsylvanicus samples: S08-74 (G709, G710); S11-107 (G2208); S11-108 (G2211)." captionText-18="FIGURE 31. Five second calling song of G. pennsylvanicus (R04-110) Whatcom Co., WA (S04-91), at 25°C." captionText-19="FIGURE 32. Populations of G. pennsylvanicus studied by us." captionText-2="FIGURE 15. Five second calling song of G. locorojo: (R12-3) commercial pet store, at 22°C." captionText-20="FIGURE 33. Size differences, in G. pennsylvanicus, between northern (right) from Berrien Co., Michigan, and southern (left) from Saline Co., KS [S02-49])." captionText-21="FIGURE 34. Map of G. pennsylvanicus showing variation in file tooth number across the United States. File teeth range from 124 (Vancouver, S00-54)) to 223 (Oklahoma City, S02-48)." captionText-22="FIGURE 35. Long ovipositor G. pennsylvanicus from Saline Co., KS (S02-49)." captionText-23="FIGURE 36. Regression G. pennsylvanicus showing a weak correlation between number of file teeth and hind femur length, the latter a proxy for body size." captionText-24="FIGURE 37. Regression G. pennsylvanicus vs. G. veletis demonstrating longer ovipositors in the former taxa. Specimens from only the 6 localities discussed in text." captionText-25="FIGURE 38. Lectotype male, G. firmus, specimen and labels." captionText-26="FIGURE 39. Populations of G. firmus that we studied." captionText-27="FIGURE 40. Five second calling song in G. firmus: (R03-255) Gainesville, FL (S03-85), at 25°C." captionText-28="FIGURE 41. Color variation in Texas G. firmus: lighter, coastal specimens, with head stripes (2 upper photos and lower left), Cameron Co., TX, S07-26 vs. darker, inland specimen (lower right, Schulenburg, TX, S10-65)." captionText-29="FIGURE 42. Egg hatch from single field collected G. firmus (S13-65) from near Schulenburg, TX, showing a mixed egg diapause pattern." captionText-3="FIGURE 16. One second spectrogram of G. locorojo, same male as in Fig. 15." captionText-30="FIGURE 43. Regression file tooth number vs. length hind femur in ‘G. #19’ vs. ‘G. near #19.’" captionText-31="FIGURE 44. Regression length ovipositor vs. length hind femur in ‘G. #19’ vs. ‘G. near #19.’" captionText-32="FIGURE 45. Regression body length vs. ovipositor length using combined data for G. firmus and G. pennsylvanicus from Larson et al. (2013)." captionText-33="FIGURE 46. Regression pronotal width vs. ovipositor length using combined data for G. firmus and G. pennsylvanicus from Larson et al. (2013)." captionText-34="FIGURE 47. Regression hind femur length vs. ovipositor length using combined data for G. firmus and G. pennsylvanicus from Larson et al. (2013)." captionText-35="FIGURE 48. Regression hind femur length vs. ovipositor length in G. firmus vs. G. pennsylvanicus." captionText-36="FIGURE 49. Regression cercus length vs. ovipositor length in G. firmus vs. G. pennsylvanicus." captionText-37="FIGURE 50. Regression cercus length vs. hind femur length in G. firmus vs. G. pennsylvanicus." captionText-38="FIGURE 51. Regression number of file teeth vs. pulse rate in G. firmus." captionText-39="FIGURE. 52. Regression number of file teeth vs. pulse rate in G. pennsylvanicus showing males with higher numbers of file teeth have lower pulse rates." captionText-4="FIGURE 17. ITS2 gene tree. G. brevicaudus samples: S03-8 (G5); S16-1 (G3354, G3393); G. insularis samples: Guadalupe Island, Baja California Norte, Mexico; G. bryanti samples: Andros Island, Bahamas; G. alexanderi sample: Clarion Island, Colima, Mexico." captionText-5="FIGURE 18. Holotype male, and labels, of G. brevicaudus." captionText-6="FIGURE 19. Top: Live male (Jasper Ridge, S92-44) G. brevicaudus showing distinctive yellow-orange markings that contrast with rest of black cricket. Bottom: Female from Palo Alto, CA (S87-33) showing short ovipositor." captionText-7="FIGURE 20. Five second waveform (A) and one second spectrogram (B) of calling song (R03-8) of G. brevicaudus from San Benito Co., CA (S03-8), recorded at 24.5°C." captionText-8="FIGURE 21. Known distribution for G. brevicaudus. Star shows type locality." captionText-9="FIGURE 22. Left Panel: G. bryanti (on left) vs. sympatric G. assimilis (right), both from Bahamas. Note head wider than pronotum in G. bryanti. Right Panel: Three second waveform of typical single-pulse chirp calling song of G. bryanti (neotype male, GBM08, Andros Island, at 25 °C)." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563703" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3616085" figureDoi-10="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563723" figureDoi-11="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563725" figureDoi-12="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563727" figureDoi-13="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563729" figureDoi-14="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563731" figureDoi-15="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563733" figureDoi-16="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563735" figureDoi-17="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3616095" figureDoi-18="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563737" figureDoi-19="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563739" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563705" figureDoi-20="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563741" figureDoi-21="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563743" figureDoi-22="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563745" figureDoi-23="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563749" figureDoi-24="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563751" figureDoi-25="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563753" figureDoi-26="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563755" figureDoi-27="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563757" figureDoi-28="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563759" figureDoi-29="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563761" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563707" figureDoi-30="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563763" figureDoi-31="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563765" figureDoi-32="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563767" figureDoi-33="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563769" figureDoi-34="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563771" figureDoi-35="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563773" figureDoi-36="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563775" figureDoi-37="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563777" figureDoi-38="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563779" figureDoi-39="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3616105" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563709" figureDoi-5="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563711" figureDoi-6="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563713" figureDoi-7="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563715" figureDoi-8="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563717" figureDoi-9="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563719" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/3563703/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/3616085/files/figure.png" httpUri-10="https://zenodo.org/record/3563723/files/figure.png" httpUri-11="https://zenodo.org/record/3563725/files/figure.png" httpUri-12="https://zenodo.org/record/3563727/files/figure.png" httpUri-13="https://zenodo.org/record/3563729/files/figure.png" httpUri-14="https://zenodo.org/record/3563731/files/figure.png" httpUri-15="https://zenodo.org/record/3563733/files/figure.png" httpUri-16="https://zenodo.org/record/3563735/files/figure.png" httpUri-17="https://zenodo.org/record/3616095/files/figure.png" httpUri-18="https://zenodo.org/record/3563737/files/figure.png" httpUri-19="https://zenodo.org/record/3563739/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/3563705/files/figure.png" httpUri-20="https://zenodo.org/record/3563741/files/figure.png" httpUri-21="https://zenodo.org/record/3563743/files/figure.png" httpUri-22="https://zenodo.org/record/3563745/files/figure.png" httpUri-23="https://zenodo.org/record/3563749/files/figure.png" httpUri-24="https://zenodo.org/record/3563751/files/figure.png" httpUri-25="https://zenodo.org/record/3563753/files/figure.png" httpUri-26="https://zenodo.org/record/3563755/files/figure.png" httpUri-27="https://zenodo.org/record/3563757/files/figure.png" httpUri-28="https://zenodo.org/record/3563759/files/figure.png" httpUri-29="https://zenodo.org/record/3563761/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/3563707/files/figure.png" httpUri-30="https://zenodo.org/record/3563763/files/figure.png" httpUri-31="https://zenodo.org/record/3563765/files/figure.png" httpUri-32="https://zenodo.org/record/3563767/files/figure.png" httpUri-33="https://zenodo.org/record/3563769/files/figure.png" httpUri-34="https://zenodo.org/record/3563771/files/figure.png" httpUri-35="https://zenodo.org/record/3563773/files/figure.png" httpUri-36="https://zenodo.org/record/3563775/files/figure.png" httpUri-37="https://zenodo.org/record/3563777/files/figure.png" httpUri-38="https://zenodo.org/record/3563779/files/figure.png" httpUri-39="https://zenodo.org/record/3616105/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/3563709/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/3563711/files/figure.png" httpUri-6="https://zenodo.org/record/3563713/files/figure.png" httpUri-7="https://zenodo.org/record/3563715/files/figure.png" httpUri-8="https://zenodo.org/record/3563717/files/figure.png" httpUri-9="https://zenodo.org/record/3563719/files/figure.png" pageId="110" pageNumber="111">13-52, S13-18</figureCitation>
), had an introductory trill and then groups of 2 to 10 pulses/chirp.
</paragraph>
<caption id="C4F56636090EFFFD51F6FAA300C2FA37" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563879" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3563879" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3563879/files/figure.png" pageId="111" pageNumber="112" startId="111.[151,250,1393,1418]" targetBox="[151,1435,166,1361]" targetPageId="111">
<paragraph id="903536BE090EFFFD51F6FAA300C2FA37" blockId="111.[151,1436,1393,1454]" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC090EFFFD51F6FAA3007BFA10" bold="true" box="[151,300,1393,1418]" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">FIGURE 106.</emphasis>
Known US distribution,
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D090EFFFD5349FAA003CEFA13" box="[552,665,1394,1417]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="111" pageNumber="112" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armatus">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC090EFFFD5349FAA003CEFA13" box="[552,665,1394,1417]" italics="true" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">G. armatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, along with sister species
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D090EFFFD52FEFAA00552FA13" box="[927,1029,1394,1417]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="111" pageNumber="112" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="integer">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC090EFFFD52FEFAA00552FA13" box="[927,1029,1394,1417]" italics="true" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">G. integer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, showing zone of possible hybridization in the Four Corners area.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="903536BE090EFFFD51A6FA0E0509F91C" blockId="111.[151,1437,1500,2030]" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">
Distinguished from
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D090EFFFD50C6FA0E0375FA6C" box="[423,546,1500,1526]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="111" pageNumber="112" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="texensis">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC090EFFFD50C6FA0E0375FA6C" box="[423,546,1500,1526]" italics="true" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">G. texensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, with which it overlaps in the eastern part of
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC090EFFFD557FFA0E05F5FA6C" box="[1054,1186,1500,1526]" italics="true" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">G. armatus’</emphasis>
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C090EFFFD55C8FA0E05BDFA6C" box="[1193,1258,1500,1526]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">Texas</collectingRegion>
distribution, by
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC090EFFFD51F6F9D2004CF980" box="[151,283,1536,1562]" italics="true" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">G. armatus’</emphasis>
generally higher number of file teeth vs. shorter hind femur length, and always long hind wings. Some 22% of
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D090EFFFD5191F9F6003BF9A4" box="[240,364,1572,1598]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="111" pageNumber="112" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="texensis">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC090EFFFD5191F9F6003BF9A4" box="[240,364,1572,1598]" italics="true" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">G. texensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have short hind wings and are never as clearly two-toned as seen in
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D090EFFFD550FF9F605BAF9A4" box="[1134,1261,1572,1598]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="111" pageNumber="112" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armatus">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC090EFFFD550FF9F605BAF9A4" box="[1134,1261,1572,1598]" italics="true" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">G. armatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D090EFFFD5442F9F604C2F9A4" box="[1315,1429,1572,1598]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="111" pageNumber="112" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="integer">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC090EFFFD5442F9F604C2F9A4" box="[1315,1429,1572,1598]" italics="true" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">G. integer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Very warm (&gt;35°C) field-singing individuals of
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D090EFFFD53CFF99A0249F9F8" box="[686,798,1608,1634]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="111" pageNumber="112" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vocalis">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC090EFFFD53CFF99A0249F9F8" box="[686,798,1608,1634]" italics="true" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">G. vocalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can sound like
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D090EFFFD52A8F99A0511F9F8" box="[969,1094,1608,1634]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="111" pageNumber="112" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armatus">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC090EFFFD52A8F99A0511F9F8" box="[969,1094,1608,1634]" italics="true" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">G. armatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but are clearly identified when they sing in the laboratory, around 25°C, because of their slower chirp and pulse rates.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="903536BE090EFFFD51A6F9430397F83C" blockId="111.[151,1437,1500,2030]" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC090EFFFD51A6F94300FAF930" box="[199,429,1680,1706]" italics="true" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">Derivation of name.</emphasis>
“arma” is Latin meaning weapons, and “-atus” is Latin meaning provided with, having the nature of, pertaining to, apparently in reference to the increased number of spines on the outer side of the hind tibia (seven to eight) when compared with the three other
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D090EFFFD5242F90A0220F968" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[803,887,1752,1778]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="111" pageNumber="112" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC090EFFFD5242F90A0220F968" box="[803,887,1752,1778]" italics="true" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">Gryllus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species that
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F090EFFFD5569F90A05E1F968" author="Scudder, S. H." box="[1032,1206,1752,1778]" pageId="111" pageNumber="112" pagination="291 - 296" refId="ref166597" refString="Scudder, S. H. (1902) The species of Gryllus found in the United States east of the Sierra Nevadas. Psyche, 9, 291 - 296. https: // doi. org / 10.1155 / 1902 / 35962" type="journal article" year="1902">Scudder (1902)</bibRefCitation>
believed to occur in the “southern Rocky Mountain region (
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C090EFFFD5335F92E0396F88C" box="[596,705,1788,1814]" country="United States of America" name="Colorado" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">Colorado</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C090EFFFD53ACF92E0251F88C" box="[717,774,1788,1814]" country="United States of America" name="Utah" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">Utah</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C090EFFFD5273F92E02F2F88C" box="[786,933,1788,1814]" country="United States of America" name="New Mexico" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">New Mexico</collectingRegion>
and
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C090EFFFD52BDF92E0569F88D" box="[988,1086,1788,1815]" country="United States of America" name="Arizona" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">Arizona</collectingRegion>
).”
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F090EFFFD553AF92E045EF88C" author="Scudder, S. H." box="[1115,1289,1788,1814]" pageId="111" pageNumber="112" pagination="291 - 296" refId="ref166597" refString="Scudder, S. H. (1902) The species of Gryllus found in the United States east of the Sierra Nevadas. Psyche, 9, 291 - 296. https: // doi. org / 10.1155 / 1902 / 35962" type="journal article" year="1902">Scudder (1902)</bibRefCitation>
notes that in the southern
<collectingCountry id="E89D762E090EFFFD504AF8F20006F8A0" box="[299,337,1824,1850]" name="United States of America" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">US</collectingCountry>
, both
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D090EFFFD50F9F8F20353F8A0" box="[408,516,1824,1850]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="111" pageNumber="112" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="firmus">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC090EFFFD50F9F8F20353F8A0" box="[408,516,1824,1850]" italics="true" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">G. firmus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D090EFFFD535CF8F203FAF8A0" authorityName="Scudder. Randell" authorityYear="1964" box="[573,685,1824,1850]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="111" pageNumber="112" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubens">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC090EFFFD535CF8F203FAF8A0" box="[573,685,1824,1850]" italics="true" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">G. rubens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have 7–8 spines on the hind tibia. In fact, since the
<typeStatus id="4F31881C090EFFFD5465F8F20463F8A0" box="[1284,1332,1824,1850]" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">type</typeStatus>
series of
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D090EFFFD51F6F8960041F8C4" box="[151,278,1860,1886]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="111" pageNumber="112" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armatus">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC090EFFFD51F6F8960041F8C4" box="[151,278,1860,1886]" italics="true" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">G. armatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is comprised of at least two, and possibly three species, his hind tibia spine distinction is useless. Plus, a quick comparison of our extensive, song-associated series, shows variation of between 5 to 7 spines in both
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D090EFFFD54E0F8BA01A4F83C" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="111" pageNumber="112" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armatus">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC090EFFFD54E0F8BA01A4F83C" italics="true" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">G. armatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D090EFFFD5048F85E00CCF83C" box="[297,411,1932,1958]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="111" pageNumber="112" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="integer">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC090EFFFD5048F85E00CCF83C" box="[297,411,1932,1958]" italics="true" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">G. integer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
within many populations.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="903536BE090EFFE251A6F86201A7FF4D" blockId="111.[151,1437,1500,2030]" lastBlockId="112.[151,1437,153,755]" lastPageId="112" lastPageNumber="113" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC090EFFFD51A6F86200F6F850" box="[199,417,1968,1994]" italics="true" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">Geographic range.</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="08B12A3B090EFFFD50D5F862034DF851" box="[436,538,1968,1995]" captionStart="FIGURE 106" captionStartId="111.[151,250,1393,1418]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,166,1361]" captionTargetId="figure@111.[151,1435,166,1373]" captionTargetPageId="111" captionText="FIGURE 106. Known US distribution, G. armatus, along with sister species G. integer, showing zone of possible hybridization in the Four Corners area." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563879" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3563879/files/figure.png" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">Fig. 106</figureCitation>
). Southwestern
<collectingCountry id="E89D762E090EFFFD53B4F86203AEF850" box="[725,761,1968,1994]" name="United States of America" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">US</collectingCountry>
deserts including the eastern Mohave, Sonoran, and Chihuahuan Deserts with other non-desert populations in southwestern
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C090EFFFD52C0F8060280F874" box="[929,983,2004,2030]" country="United States of America" name="Utah" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">Utah</collectingRegion>
on the edge of the Great Basin Desert, northeastern
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C0911FFE25046FF4B00D3FF29" box="[295,388,153,179]" country="United States of America" name="Arizona" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">Arizona</collectingRegion>
, northern
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C0911FFE25095FF4B03DFFF29" box="[500,648,153,179]" country="United States of America" name="New Mexico" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">New Mexico</collectingRegion>
, eastern
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C0911FFE25388FF4B0206FF29" box="[745,849,153,179]" country="United States of America" name="Colorado" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">Colorado</collectingRegion>
<materialsCitation id="20E23CE30911FFE25239FF4B045CFF29" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2464587981" box="[856,1291,153,179]" location="Rocky Mts." pageId="112" pageNumber="113" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Texas">
east of the
<location id="955560650911FFE252B0FF4B0501FF29" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:182387A8090CFFE451F6FBCF037AFBE5:955560650911FFE252B0FF4B0501FF29" box="[977,1110,153,179]" name="Rocky Mts." pageId="112" pageNumber="113" stateProvince="Texas">Rocky Mts.</location>
, southern
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C0911FFE255A6FF4B045CFF29" box="[1223,1291,153,179]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">Texas</collectingRegion>
</materialsCitation>
, and western
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C0911FFE251F6FF6F01BCFF4D" box="[151,235,189,215]" country="United States of America" name="Kansas" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">Kansas</collectingRegion>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="903536BE0911FFE251A6FF3301AEFEF2" blockId="112.[151,1437,153,755]" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0911FFE251A6FF330073FF61" box="[199,292,225,251]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">Habitat.</emphasis>
From near sea level to
<quantity id="57729B5B0911FFE2535BFF3303DFFF61" box="[570,648,225,251]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.19" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" unit="m" value="2190.0">2190m</quantity>
(El Malpais National Monument, NM, S96-68). Often in towns and associated with a variety of microhabitats: watered lawns, garbage dump areas, cracks in concrete and dry ground, around florescent lights at gas stations, soil cracks in dry pond and lake beds (El Malpais National Monument, NM, S96-68).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="903536BE0911FFE251A6FEA30525FE49" blockId="112.[151,1437,153,755]" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0911FFE251A6FEA3030DFE11" box="[199,602,369,395]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">Life cycle and seasonal occurrence.</emphasis>
No egg diapause: Cottonwood Cove, NV (S90-44);
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C0911FFE255C6FEA30456FE11" box="[1191,1281,369,395]" country="United States of America" name="Arizona" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">Arizona</collectingRegion>
Western College (S90-54); Van Horn, TX (S91-48); near Goffs, CA (S16-32). Probably two generations/year but not sure if drought conditions at certain times of year, can limit populations to one generation/year.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="903536BE0911FFE251A6FE0C03F5FD69" blockId="112.[151,1437,153,755]" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0911FFE251A6FE0C0060FE6D" box="[199,311,478,503]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">Variation.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0911FFE25020FE0E00D9FE6D" bold="true" box="[321,398,476,503]" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">Color:</emphasis>
Second generation adults frequently contrasting two toned with black head and (usually) black pronotum but beige/straw tegmina and legs. Male G513 from Baker, CA (S05-110), with a reddish pronotum (
<figureCitation id="08B12A3B0911FFE251C1FDF7005AFDDA" box="[160,269,549,576]" captionStart="FIGURE 111" captionStartId="116.[151,250,1790,1815]" captionTargetBox="[153,1398,581,1710]" captionTargetId="figure@116.[151,1435,366,1771]" captionTargetPageId="116" captionText="FIGURE 111. Color variation seen in second generation (summer) G. armatus, with both pictured male individuals from Baker, CA (S05-110)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563891" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3563891/files/figure.png" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">Fig. 111b</figureCitation>
). A male from Cornudas, TX (
<figureCitation id="08B12A3B0911FFE2533DFDF703ECFDA5" box="[604,699,549,575]" captionStart="FIGURE 112" captionStartId="117.[151,250,1727,1752]" captionTargetId="figure@117.[340,1247,291,1705]" captionTargetPageId="117" captionText="FIGURE 112. Dark colored male G. armatus from Cornudas, TX (S01-65, R01-177)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3616139" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3616139/files/figure.png" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">Fig. 112</figureCitation>
, S01-65, R01-177) darker than those Baker,
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C0911FFE255C8FDF7044CFDA5" box="[1193,1307,549,575]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">California</collectingRegion>
specimens.
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0911FFE251F6FD9A0039FDF9" bold="true" box="[151,366,584,611]" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">Hind wing length:</emphasis>
Always with long hind wings although these are occasionally shed in field collected adult males (Weissman
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0911FFE2507CFDBC0006FD1D" box="[285,337,621,647]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">et al</emphasis>
. 1980). Of 268 song-confirmed
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0911FFE253ABFDBF021CFD1D" box="[714,843,621,647]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armatus">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0911FFE253ABFDBF021CFD1D" box="[714,843,621,647]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">G. armatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
males, all but 4 had intact long hind wings. Those without long hind wings were, in fact, dealate, a condition discussed elsewhere for
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0911FFE25526FD43044FFD31" box="[1095,1304,657,683]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Acheta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="domesticus">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0911FFE25526FD43044FFD31" box="[1095,1304,657,683]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">Acheta domesticus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F0911FFE25449FD430010FD55" author="Weissman, D. B. &amp; Rentz, D. C. F." pageId="112" pageNumber="113" pagination="246 - 248" refId="ref168639" refString="Weissman, D. B. &amp; Rentz, D. C. F. (1977 b) Feral house crickets Acheta domesticus (L.) (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) in southern Calif. Entomological News, 88, 246 - 248." type="journal article" year="1977">Weissman &amp; Rentz 1977b</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F0911FFE25032FD6700B0FD55" author="Walker, T. J." box="[339,487,693,719]" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" pagination="602" refId="ref167852" refString="Walker, T. J. (1977) Re-examination of monopterous and &quot; micropterous &quot; house crickets (Acheta domesticus). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 70, 602. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 70.4.602" type="journal article" year="1977">Walker 1977</bibRefCitation>
). Ninety-nine field collected females all had long hind wings.
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0911FFE255CAFD6605B8FD55" bold="true" box="[1195,1263,692,719]" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">Song:</emphasis>
See discussion above under
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0911FFE25049FD0803F5FD69" box="[296,674,729,755]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">Recognition characters and song.</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<caption id="C4F566360911FFE251F6F8AB057EF82C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563883" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3563883" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3563883/files/figure.png" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" startId="112.[151,250,1913,1938]" targetBox="[179,1423,777,1882]" targetPageId="112">
<paragraph id="903536BE0911FFE251F6F8AB057EF82C" blockId="112.[151,1437,1913,1974]" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0911FFE251F6F8AB0079F808" bold="true" box="[151,302,1913,1938]" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">FIGURE 107.</emphasis>
Five second waveforms of typical calling songs
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0911FFE25244F8A802CEF808" box="[805,921,1914,1938]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armatus">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0911FFE25244F8A802CEF808" box="[805,921,1914,1938]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">G. armatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with (top) an introductory trill (R15-177) Artesia, NM (S15-58), at 25.1°C, and without (bottom) (2003-170) Bernalillo Co., NM, at 20.6°C.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="C4F566360910FFE351F6FBC60392FBCB" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563885" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3563885" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3563885/files/figure.png" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" startId="113.[151,250,1044,1069]" targetBox="[155,1413,179,1011]" targetPageId="113">
<paragraph id="903536BE0910FFE351F6FBC60392FBCB" blockId="113.[151,1436,1044,1105]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0910FFE351F6FBC6007BFBB7" bold="true" box="[151,300,1044,1069]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">FIGURE 108.</emphasis>
One second waveforms of typical calling song of
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0910FFE35244FBC702C1FBB6" box="[805,918,1045,1068]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armatus">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0910FFE35244FBC702C1FBB6" box="[805,918,1045,1068]" italics="true" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">G. armatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, same males as in Fig. 107, showing presence (top) and absence (bottom) of an introductory trill in a burst.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="903536BE0910FFE051A6FBAD0083FD69" blockId="113.[151,1437,1150,2041]" lastBlockId="114.[151,1437,153,755]" lastPageId="114" lastPageNumber="115" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0910FFE351A6FBAD00EDFB03" box="[199,442,1151,1177]" italics="true" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">Specimens examined.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0910FFE350A2FBAC037AFB03" bold="true" box="[451,557,1150,1177]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">Arizona:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0910FFE35356FBAD0275FB03" authority="Co., Bisbee" authorityName="Co., Bisbee" box="[567,802,1151,1177]" class="Insecta" family="Delphacidae" genus="Cochise" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0910FFE35356FBAD039EFB03" box="[567,713,1151,1177]" italics="true" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">Cochise Co.,</emphasis>
Bisbee
</taxonomicName>
, 5500’,
<date id="E434107E0910FFE352E3FBAD02A6FB03" box="[898,1009,1151,1177]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" value="2013-06-01">1-vi-2013</date>
(S13-18).
<quantity id="57729B5B0910FFE3550EFBAD05C4FB03" box="[1135,1171,1151,1177]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" unit="m" value="2.0">2m</quantity>
E Bowie,
<date id="E434107E0910FFE35470FBAD04CFFB03" box="[1297,1432,1151,1177]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" value="1981-07-30">30-vii-1981</date>
, (S81-39).
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0910FFE3506AFB7100E7FB27" box="[267,432,1187,1213]" italics="true" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">Coconino Co.,</emphasis>
Tuba City area,
<date id="E434107E0910FFE35312FB7103A3FB27" box="[627,756,1187,1213]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" value="1991-08-06">6-viii-1991</date>
, 4800’ (S91-82). Hwy 99
<quantity id="57729B5B0910FFE35543FB70053FFB27" box="[1058,1128,1186,1213]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.85" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" unit="m" value="6.85">6.85m</quantity>
NW intersection with
<date id="E434107E0910FFE35411FB7104CEFB27" box="[1392,1433,1187,1213]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" value="1940-01">I40</date>
.
<date id="E434107E0910FFE351F6FB150042FB7B" box="[151,277,1223,1249]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" value="1991-08-08">8-viii-1991</date>
4900’ (S91-89).
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0910FFE350B0FB1503B3FB7B" authority="Co., Coolidge Dam" authorityName="Co., Coolidge Dam" authorityYear="2400" box="[465,740,1223,1249]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Gila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0910FFE350B0FB15036FFB7B" box="[465,568,1223,1249]" italics="true" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">Gila Co.,</emphasis>
Coolidge Dam
</taxonomicName>
,
<date id="E434107E0910FFE3538FFB150222FB7B" box="[750,885,1223,1249]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" value="1981-07-30">30-vii-1981</date>
, 2400’ (S81-43). Globe,
<date id="E434107E0910FFE355E6FB150459FB7B" box="[1159,1294,1223,1249]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" value="1981-07-30">30-vii-1981</date>
, 3548’ (S81- 44);
<date id="E434107E0910FFE351ACFB39001AFA9F" box="[205,333,1259,1285]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" value="2012-06-10">10-vi-2012</date>
, (S12-21).
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0910FFE350ACFB390335FA9F" box="[461,610,1259,1285]" italics="true" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">Graham Co.,</emphasis>
Safford,
<date id="E434107E0910FFE353AFFB390202FA9F" box="[718,853,1259,1285]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" value="1981-07-30">30-vii-1981</date>
, 2920’ (S81-41);
<date id="E434107E0910FFE3557FFB3905CCFA9F" box="[1054,1179,1259,1285]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" value="1990-06-16">16-vi-1990</date>
(S90-51);
<date id="E434107E0910FFE35479FB3804CAFA9F" box="[1304,1437,1258,1285]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" value="2015-07-28">28-vii-2015</date>
(S15-103). Prison Hwy 366 near junction Hwy 191, 3333’,
<date id="E434107E0910FFE35226FADC029CFAB3" box="[839,971,1294,1321]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" value="2015-07-28">28-vii-2015</date>
(S15-102).
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0910FFE35537FAC20589FAB3" box="[1110,1246,1295,1321]" italics="true" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">La Paz Co.,</emphasis>
Ehrenberg,
<date id="E434107E0910FFE3540DFADD0185FAD7" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" value="2008-02-03">3-ii- 2008</date>
, 190’ (S08-4). Quartzsite, 1000’,
<date id="E434107E0910FFE35330FAE10399FAD7" box="[593,718,1331,1357]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" value="1980-06-26">26-vi-1980</date>
(S80-46);
<date id="E434107E0910FFE3522BFAE10299FAD7" box="[842,974,1331,1357]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" value="1981-07-27">27-vii-1981</date>
(S81-33);
<date id="E434107E0910FFE3552AFAE10580FAD7" box="[1099,1239,1331,1357]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" value="1982-08-26">26-viii-1982</date>
(S82-104). Wenden,
<date id="E434107E0910FFE351AEFA850019FAEB" box="[207,334,1367,1393]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" value="2011-09-14">14-ix-2011</date>
, 1800’ (S11-87).
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0910FFE35374FA8A0246FAEB" authority="Co., Aquila" authorityName="Co., Aquila" box="[533,785,1367,1393]" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" genus="Maricopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0910FFE35374FA8A03FAFAEB" box="[533,685,1367,1393]" italics="true" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">Maricopa Co</emphasis>
., Aquila
</taxonomicName>
,
<date id="E434107E0910FFE3527FFA8502F2FAEB" box="[798,933,1367,1393]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" value="1990-07-23">23-vii-1990</date>
, 2100’ (S90-71). Buckeye,
<date id="E434107E0910FFE35581FA850409FAEB" box="[1248,1374,1367,1393]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" value="2011-09-18">18-ix-2011</date>
, 840’ (S11-102). Goodyear,
<date id="E434107E0910FFE350F5FAA9034FFA0F" box="[404,536,1403,1429]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" value="1981-07-31">31-vii-1981</date>
(S81-46).
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0910FFE353F4FAA9024EFA0F" box="[661,793,1403,1429]" italics="true" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">Mohave Co</emphasis>
., Bullhead City,
<date id="E434107E0910FFE352BAFAA9050DFA0F" box="[987,1114,1403,1429]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" value="1990-06-14">14-vi-1990</date>
, 500’ (S90-47). Davis Dam,
<date id="E434107E0910FFE351F6FA4D0041FA23" box="[151,278,1439,1465]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" value="1990-06-14">14-vi-1990</date>
, 900’ (S90-46).
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0910FFE350B7FA720337FA23" box="[470,608,1439,1465]" italics="true" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">Navajo Co.,</emphasis>
Holbrook,
<date id="E434107E0910FFE35386FA4D0200FA23" box="[743,855,1439,1465]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" value="1999-09-08">8-ix-1999</date>
, 5080’ (S99-116); 2002-032,
<date id="E434107E0910FFE355D1FA4D0465FA23" box="[1200,1330,1439,1465]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" value="2002-08-09">9-viii-2002</date>
. Hwy 77
<quantity id="57729B5B0910FFE351F6FA1101B7FA47" box="[151,224,1475,1501]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" metricValueMax="12.0" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" unit="m" value="6.0" valueMax="12.0" valueMin="0.0">0-12m</quantity>
N
<date id="E434107E0910FFE35065FA11007AFA47" box="[260,301,1475,1501]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" value="1940-01">I40</date>
,
<date id="E434107E0910FFE35059FA1100EEFA47" box="[312,441,1475,1501]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" value="1991-08-07">7-viii-1991</date>
, 5400’ (S91-86).
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0910FFE3531EFA16020FFA47" authority="Co., Catalina" authorityName="Co., Catalina" box="[639,856,1475,1501]" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" genus="Pima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0910FFE3531EFA1603A7FA47" box="[639,752,1475,1501]" italics="true" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">Pima Co.,</emphasis>
Catalina
</taxonomicName>
,
<date id="E434107E0910FFE35205FA1102A5FA47" box="[868,1010,1475,1501]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" value="1998-08-18">18-viii-1998</date>
, 2940’ (S98-65). Tucson,
<date id="E434107E0910FFE35479FA1104CBFA47" box="[1304,1436,1475,1501]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" value="1981-07-28">28-vii-1981</date>
(S81-35);
<date id="E434107E0910FFE3506BFA3500CEF99B" box="[266,409,1511,1537]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" value="1998-08-17">17-viii-1998</date>
, 1920’ (S98-63).
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0910FFE3533FFA3A03B9F99B" box="[606,750,1511,1537]" italics="true" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">Yavapai Co.,</emphasis>
Camp Verde,
<date id="E434107E0910FFE352F1FA350548F99B" box="[912,1055,1511,1537]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" value="2012-08-21">21-viii-2012</date>
, 3151’ (S12-107).
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0910FFE35593FA3A0431F99B" box="[1266,1382,1511,1537]" italics="true" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0910FFE35593FA3A0436F99B" authority="Co." authorityName="Co." box="[1266,1377,1511,1537]" class="Insecta" genus="Yuma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Yuma Co.</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
Arizona Western College,
<date id="E434107E0910FFE350FEF9D90379F9BF" box="[415,558,1547,1573]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" value="1988-08-10">10-viii-1988</date>
, 200’ (S88-89);
<date id="E434107E0910FFE35389F9D90233F9BF" box="[744,868,1547,1573]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" value="1990-06-18">18-vi-1990</date>
(S90-54). Telegraph Pass,
<date id="E434107E0910FFE355FBF9D8044FF9BF" box="[1178,1304,1546,1573]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" value="2011-09-15">15-ix-2011</date>
, 676’ (S11- 92).
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0910FFE351A8F9FD005AF9D3" box="[201,269,1583,1609]" class="Insecta" genus="Yuma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="113" pageNumber="223" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Yuma</taxonomicName>
,
<date id="E434107E0910FFE35079F9FD00CBF9D3" box="[280,412,1583,1609]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" value="1981-07-31">31-vii-1981</date>
(S81-48).
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0910FFE35372F9FC03CFF9D3" bold="true" box="[531,664,1582,1609]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">California:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0910FFE353FFF9E202CBF9D3" authority="Co., Death Valley" authorityName="Co., Death Valley" box="[670,924,1583,1609]" class="Insecta" family="Bombyliidae" genus="Inyo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0910FFE353FFF9E20252F9D3" box="[670,773,1583,1609]" italics="true" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">Inyo Co.,</emphasis>
Death Valley
</taxonomicName>
National Park, Furnace Creek, 0’,
<date id="E434107E0910FFE35441F9FD04CBF9D3" box="[1312,1436,1583,1609]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" value="1980-06-23">23-vi-1980</date>
(S80-32);
<date id="E434107E0910FFE3506CF980002CF9F7" box="[269,379,1618,1645]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" value="1983-06-05">5-vi-1983</date>
(S83-60);
<date id="E434107E0910FFE3509AF9800320F9F7" box="[507,631,1618,1645]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" value="1992-06-25">25-vi-1992</date>
(S92-61); Stovepipe Wells, 5’,
<date id="E434107E0910FFE35288F9800500F9F7" box="[1001,1111,1618,1645]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" value="1983-06-05">5-vi-1983</date>
(S83-59);
<date id="E434107E0910FFE355B6F9800404F9F7" box="[1239,1363,1618,1645]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" value="1992-06-25">25-vi-1992</date>
(S92- 62). Shoshone,
<date id="E434107E0910FFE3502AF9A4009CF90B" box="[331,459,1654,1681]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" value="1992-06-25">25-vi-1992</date>
, 1560’ (S92-60).
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0910FFE353F6F9A5026EF90B" box="[663,825,1655,1681]" italics="true" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">Riverside Co.,</emphasis>
Blythe, 400’,
<date id="E434107E0910FFE35282F9A50508F90B" box="[995,1119,1655,1681]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" value="1980-06-26">26-vi-1980</date>
(S80-47);
<date id="E434107E0910FFE355BEF9A5040AF90B" box="[1247,1373,1655,1681]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" value="2011-09-14">14-ix-2011</date>
, 240’ (S11-90). Indio,
<date id="E434107E0910FFE35035F9490085F92F" box="[340,466,1691,1717]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" value="1988-08-06">6-viii-1988</date>
(S88-74). Palm Springs,
<date id="E434107E0910FFE35397F9490233F92F" box="[758,868,1691,1717]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" value="1989-04-02">2-iv-1989</date>
(S89-8).
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0910FFE352B2F94905EAF92F" box="[979,1213,1691,1717]" italics="true" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">San Bernardino Co.,</emphasis>
Baker,
<date id="E434107E0910FFE35476F94904CFF92F" box="[1303,1432,1691,1717]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" value="1991-08-04">4-viii-1991</date>
, 1000’ (S91-72);
<date id="E434107E0910FFE3502EF96C0089F943" box="[335,478,1726,1753]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" value="2005-08-30">30-viii-2005</date>
, (S05-110). Barstow,
<date id="E434107E0910FFE353B0F96D0208F943" box="[721,863,1727,1753]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" value="1998-08-16">16-viii-1998</date>
, 2420’ (S98-58);
<date id="E434107E0910FFE35542F96D05C8F943" box="[1059,1183,1727,1753]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" value="2003-06-28">28-vi-2003</date>
(S03-73);
<date id="E434107E0910FFE35479F96D04CBF943" box="[1304,1436,1727,1753]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" value="2016-07-22">22-vii-2016</date>
(S16-28). Havasu Lake,
<date id="E434107E0910FFE350D4F9310374F967" box="[437,547,1763,1789]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" value="1983-06-06">6-vi-1983</date>
(S83-62);
<date id="E434107E0910FFE353C2F9310276F967" box="[675,801,1763,1789]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" value="2011-09-13">13-ix-2011</date>
, 460’ (S11-84). Ludlow, 2060’,
<date id="E434107E0910FFE355FBF9310470F967" box="[1178,1319,1763,1789]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" value="1998-08-16">16-viii-1998</date>
(S98-60);
<date id="E434107E0910FFE351F6F8D5004CF8BB" box="[151,283,1799,1825]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" value="2016-07-23">23-vii-2016</date>
(S16-30). Newberry Springs,
<date id="E434107E0910FFE3531BF8D5025EF8BB" box="[634,777,1799,1825]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" value="1998-08-16">16-viii-1998</date>
, 2160’ (S98-59). Truck stop at Goffs exit off
<date id="E434107E0910FFE3547FF8D50411F8BB" box="[1310,1350,1799,1825]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" value="1940-01">I40</date>
, 2103’,
<date id="E434107E0910FFE351F6F8F9004CF8DF" box="[151,283,1835,1861]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" value="2016-07-23">23-vii-2016</date>
(S16-32).
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0910FFE350F2F8F9036AF8DF" box="[403,573,1835,1861]" italics="true" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">San Diego Co.,</emphasis>
Borrego Springs,
<date id="E434107E0910FFE35268F8F902D0F8DF" box="[777,903,1835,1861]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" value="1988-08-08">8-viii-1988</date>
(S88-83).
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0910FFE3529EF8F8052EF8DF" bold="true" box="[1023,1145,1834,1861]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">Colorado:</emphasis>
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0910FFE3551EF8F90445F8DF" box="[1151,1298,1835,1861]" italics="true" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">Crowley Co.,</emphasis>
Manzanola,
<date id="E434107E0910FFE351F6F89D0071F8F3" box="[151,294,1871,1897]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" value="1989-08-26">26-viii-1989</date>
, 4200’ (S89-65).
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0910FFE3508CF89D0333F8F3" box="[493,612,1871,1897]" italics="true" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">Otero Co.,</emphasis>
La Junta,
<date id="E434107E0910FFE353BDF89D023FF8F3" box="[732,872,1871,1897]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" value="1989-08-26">26-viii-1989</date>
(S89-66).
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0910FFE35282F89D053EF8F3" box="[995,1129,1871,1897]" italics="true" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">Pueblo Co.,</emphasis>
Baxter,
<date id="E434107E0910FFE355ABF89D0401F8F3" box="[1226,1366,1871,1897]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" value="1989-08-26">26-viii-1989</date>
(S89- 63). Boone,
<date id="E434107E0910FFE35042F8A100E5F817" box="[291,434,1907,1933]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" value="1989-08-26">26-viii-1989</date>
, 4350’ (S89-64).
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0910FFE35316F8A1038FF817" bold="true" box="[631,728,1907,1933]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">Kansas:</emphasis>
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0910FFE35381F8A1021AF817" box="[736,845,1907,1933]" italics="true" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">Ford Co.,</emphasis>
Dodge City,
<date id="E434107E0910FFE35285F8A10524F817" box="[996,1139,1907,1933]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" value="1989-08-27">27-viii-1989</date>
, 2400’ (S89-71).
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0910FFE35458F8A104CBF817" bold="true" box="[1337,1436,1907,1933]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">Nevada:</emphasis>
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0910FFE351F6F845005BF82B" box="[151,268,1943,1969]" italics="true" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">Clark Co.,</emphasis>
Cottonwood Cove, 800’,
<date id="E434107E0910FFE3534EF84503FCF82B" box="[559,683,1943,1969]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" value="1980-06-24">24-vi-1980</date>
(S80-36);
<date id="E434107E0910FFE35245F84502FFF82B" box="[804,936,1943,1969]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" value="1981-07-26">26-vii-1981</date>
(S81-31);
<date id="E434107E0910FFE35540F84505CAF82B" box="[1057,1181,1943,1969]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" value="1990-06-14">14-vi-1990</date>
(S90-44). Searchlight, 3512’,
<date id="E434107E0910FFE35187F869003DF84F" box="[230,362,1979,2005]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" value="1981-07-26">26-vii-1981</date>
(S81-30);
<date id="E434107E0910FFE35083F8690331F84F" box="[482,614,1979,2005]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" value="2016-07-23">23-vii-2016</date>
(S16-32).
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0910FFE353BCF869022EF84F" bold="true" box="[733,889,1978,2005]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">
New
<collectingCountry id="E89D762E0910FFE35278F8680223F84F" box="[793,884,1978,2005]" name="Mexico" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">Mexico</collectingCountry>
:
</emphasis>
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0910FFE3521EF8690571F84F" box="[895,1062,1979,2005]" italics="true" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">Bernalillo Co.,</emphasis>
Albuquerque,
<date id="E434107E0910FFE355ADF8690400F84F" box="[1228,1367,1979,2005]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" value="1982-08-22">22-viii-1982</date>
(S82- 89);
<date id="E434107E0910FFE351AAF80D0016F863" box="[203,321,2015,2041]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" value="1994-07-01">1-vii-1994</date>
(S94-33).
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0910FFE350D9F80D036CF863" box="[440,571,2015,2041]" italics="true" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">Catron Co.,</emphasis>
Reserve,
<date id="E434107E0910FFE353C8F80D0276F863" box="[681,801,2015,2041]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" value="1994-07-03">3-vii-1994</date>
, 5770’ (S94-50).
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0910FFE35283F80D0534F863" box="[994,1123,2015,2041]" italics="true" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">Cibola Co.,</emphasis>
El Malpais National Monu- ment, Hwy 117, 31m S Hwy 40,
<date id="E434107E0913FFE05375FF4B03C4FF29" box="[532,659,153,179]" pageId="114" pageNumber="115" value="1996-06-14">14-vi-1996</date>
, 7200’ (S96-68).
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0913FFE0523AFF480552FF29" box="[859,1029,153,179]" italics="true" pageId="114" pageNumber="115">Dona Ana Co.,</emphasis>
Las Cruces,
<date id="E434107E0913FFE055FDFF4B047EFF29" box="[1180,1321,153,179]" pageId="114" pageNumber="115" value="1982-08-23">23-viii-1982</date>
(S82-99);
<date id="E434107E0913FFE051F6FF6F0044FF4D" box="[151,275,189,215]" pageId="114" pageNumber="115" value="1983-06-26">26-vi-1983</date>
(S83-103);
<date id="E434107E0913FFE050FCFF6F034DFF4D" box="[413,538,189,215]" pageId="114" pageNumber="115" value="1986-06-16">16-vi-1986</date>
(S86-40);
<date id="E434107E0913FFE053F4FF6E025BFF4D" box="[661,780,188,215]" pageId="114" pageNumber="115" value="1986-07-05">5-vii-1986</date>
(S86-78);
<date id="E434107E0913FFE052E6FF6F0554FF4D" box="[903,1027,189,215]" pageId="114" pageNumber="115" value="1990-04-26">26-iv-1990</date>
(S90-35);
<date id="E434107E0913FFE0551EFF6F05ABFF4D" box="[1151,1276,189,215]" pageId="114" pageNumber="115" value="1992-09-26">26-ix-1992</date>
(S92-127);
<date id="E434107E0913FFE054E4FF6F01B9FF61" pageId="114" pageNumber="115" value="2004-06-01">1- vi-2004</date>
(S04-37).
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0913FFE05007FF330082FF61" box="[358,469,225,251]" italics="true" pageId="114" pageNumber="115">Eddy Co.,</emphasis>
Artesia, 3428’,
<date id="E434107E0913FFE053E8FF320251FF61" box="[649,774,224,251]" pageId="114" pageNumber="115" value="2015-06-30">30-vi-2015</date>
(S15-58). Hope, 4095’,
<date id="E434107E0913FFE05576FF3205C3FF61" box="[1047,1172,224,251]" pageId="114" pageNumber="115" value="2015-06-30">30-vi-2015</date>
(S15-57).
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0913FFE0546AFF3304CBFF61" box="[1291,1436,225,251]" italics="true" pageId="114" pageNumber="115">
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C0913FFE0546AFF330430FF61" box="[1291,1383,225,251]" country="Mexico" name="Hidalgo" pageId="114" pageNumber="115">Hidalgo</collectingRegion>
Co.,
</emphasis>
Roadforks,
<date id="E434107E0913FFE05078FED700C8FE85" box="[281,415,261,287]" pageId="114" pageNumber="115" value="1981-07-29">29-vii-1981</date>
, 4195’ (S81-38);
<date id="E434107E0913FFE05300FED703BAFE85" box="[609,749,261,287]" pageId="114" pageNumber="115" value="2012-08-19">19-viii-2012</date>
(S12-104).
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0913FFE05213FED40570FE85" authority="Co., Eunice" authorityName="Co., Eunice" box="[882,1063,261,287]" class="Insecta" family="Phaneropteridae" genus="Lea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="114" pageNumber="115" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0913FFE05213FED40287FE85" box="[882,976,261,287]" italics="true" pageId="114" pageNumber="115">Lea Co.,</emphasis>
Eunice
</taxonomicName>
,
<date id="E434107E0913FFE05550FED705F5FE85" box="[1073,1186,261,287]" pageId="114" pageNumber="115" value="2010-09-06">6-ix-2010</date>
, 3420’ (S10-62).
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0913FFE05402FED40191FED9" italics="true" pageId="114" pageNumber="115">Luna Co.,</emphasis>
Deming,
<date id="E434107E0913FFE0505BFEFB0096FED9" box="[314,449,297,323]" pageId="114" pageNumber="115" value="2007-07-21">21-vii-2007</date>
, (S07-79).
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0913FFE05323FEFB0384FED9" box="[578,723,297,323]" italics="true" pageId="114" pageNumber="115">Socorro Co.,</emphasis>
Socorro, 4420’,
<date id="E434107E0913FFE052F6FEFA0544FED9" box="[919,1043,296,323]" pageId="114" pageNumber="115" value="2015-06-29">29-vi-2015</date>
(S15-54). Hwy 25
<quantity id="57729B5B0913FFE05594FEFB044EFED9" box="[1269,1305,297,323]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="114" pageNumber="115" unit="m" value="1.0">1m</quantity>
S La Joya,
<date id="E434107E0913FFE051F6FE9E0071FEFD" box="[151,294,332,359]" pageId="114" pageNumber="115" value="1993-08-15">15-viii-1993</date>
, 4850’ (S93-68). Socorro,
<date id="E434107E0913FFE05331FE9F0398FEFD" box="[592,719,333,359]" pageId="114" pageNumber="115" value="2007-06-13">13-vi-2007</date>
, 4460’ (S07-50).
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0913FFE052F3FE9F0288FEFD" bold="true" box="[914,991,333,359]" pageId="114" pageNumber="115">Texas:</emphasis>
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0913FFE05287FE9C0528FEFD" box="[998,1151,333,359]" italics="true" pageId="114" pageNumber="115">Brewster Co.,</emphasis>
Alpine,
<date id="E434107E0913FFE05580FE9E0406FEFD" box="[1249,1361,332,359]" pageId="114" pageNumber="115" value="1991-06-05">5-vi-1991</date>
, 4200’ (S91-44);
<date id="E434107E0913FFE05069FEA300D2FE11" box="[264,389,369,395]" pageId="114" pageNumber="115" value="2007-06-12">12-vi-2007</date>
(S07-41);
<date id="E434107E0913FFE0509DFEA20325FE11" box="[508,626,368,395]" pageId="114" pageNumber="115" value="2015-07-02">2-vii-2015</date>
(S15-73). Big Bend National Park, Rio Grande Village,
<date id="E434107E0913FFE05583FEA20405FE11" box="[1250,1362,368,395]" pageId="114" pageNumber="115" value="1991-06-05">5-vi-1991</date>
, 1860’ (S91-43);
<date id="E434107E0913FFE05068FE470029FE35" box="[265,382,405,431]" pageId="114" pageNumber="115" value="2016-05-28">28-v-2016</date>
(S16-12). Hwy 118 near Terlingua, 2566’,
<date id="E434107E0913FFE05203FE46028EFE35" box="[866,985,404,431]" pageId="114" pageNumber="115" value="2015-07-02">2-vii-2015</date>
(S15-72).
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0913FFE05530FE4705BAFE35" box="[1105,1261,405,431]" italics="true" pageId="114" pageNumber="115">Cameron Co.,</emphasis>
Rio Hondo, 8’,
<date id="E434107E0913FFE051F6FE6B004CFE49" box="[151,283,441,467]" pageId="114" pageNumber="115" value="2013-07-10">10-vii-2013</date>
(S13-44); Hwy 4
<quantity id="57729B5B0913FFE05086FE6B0377FE49" box="[487,544,441,467]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.1" pageId="114" pageNumber="115" unit="m" value="3.1">3.1m</quantity>
W Boca Chica State Park,
<date id="E434107E0913FFE05230FE6B0287FE49" box="[849,976,441,467]" pageId="114" pageNumber="115" value="2007-06-10">10-vi-2007</date>
, 10’ (S07-26).
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0913FFE05519FE6B0475FE49" box="[1144,1314,441,467]" italics="true" pageId="114" pageNumber="115">Culberson Co.,</emphasis>
Van Horn,
<date id="E434107E0913FFE051F6FE0F005FFE6D" box="[151,264,477,503]" pageId="114" pageNumber="115" value="1991-06-06">6-vi-1991</date>
, 4100’ (S91-48).
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0913FFE050B3FE0F0332FE6D" box="[466,613,477,503]" italics="true" pageId="114" pageNumber="115">
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C0913FFE050B3FE0F0379FE6D" box="[466,558,477,503]" country="Mexico" name="Hidalgo" pageId="114" pageNumber="115">Hidalgo</collectingRegion>
Co.,
</emphasis>
Bentsen-Rio Grande State Park, 110’,
<date id="E434107E0913FFE05544FE0F05F4FE6D" box="[1061,1187,477,503]" pageId="114" pageNumber="115" value="2002-08-03">3-viii-2002</date>
(S02-34),
<date id="E434107E0913FFE05441FE0F04CBFE6D" box="[1312,1436,477,503]" pageId="114" pageNumber="115" value="2007-06-10">10-vi-2007</date>
(S07-27).
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0913FFE0506BFDD300CBFD81" box="[266,412,513,539]" italics="true" pageId="114" pageNumber="115">Howard Co.,</emphasis>
Big Springs VA hospital grounds,
<date id="E434107E0913FFE0524AFDD302FEFD81" box="[811,937,513,539]" pageId="114" pageNumber="115" value="2009-06-30">30-vi-2009</date>
, (S09-72).
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0913FFE0554BFDD3059BFD81" box="[1066,1228,513,539]" italics="true" pageId="114" pageNumber="115">Hudspeth Co.,</emphasis>
Cornudas,
<date id="E434107E0913FFE05431FDD30185FDA5" pageId="114" pageNumber="115" value="2001-07-13">13-vii- 2001</date>
, 4420’ (S01-65).
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0913FFE050F7FDF70369FDA5" box="[406,574,549,575]" italics="true" pageId="114" pageNumber="115">Jeff Davis Co.,</emphasis>
Ft. Davis, 4852’,
<date id="E434107E0913FFE0526AFDF602D6FDA5" box="[779,897,548,575]" pageId="114" pageNumber="115" value="2015-07-01">1-vii-2015</date>
(S15-67).
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0913FFE0529AFDF405D7FDA5" box="[1019,1152,549,575]" italics="true" pageId="114" pageNumber="115">Kinney Co.,</emphasis>
Brackettville,
<date id="E434107E0913FFE05446FDF704CFFDA5" box="[1319,1432,549,575]" pageId="114" pageNumber="115" value="1991-06-04">4-vi-1991</date>
, 1100’ (S91-40);
<date id="E434107E0913FFE05031FD9B009BFDF9" box="[336,460,585,611]" pageId="114" pageNumber="115" value="2007-06-11">11-vi-2007</date>
(S07-32);
<date id="E434107E0913FFE05327FD9B03E2FDF9" box="[582,693,585,611]" pageId="114" pageNumber="115" value="2010-09-07">7-ix-2010</date>
(S10-63).
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0913FFE0524EFD9B0294FDF9" box="[815,963,585,611]" italics="true" pageId="114" pageNumber="115">Presidio Co.,</emphasis>
Presidio, 2580’,
<date id="E434107E0913FFE055E4FD9B05ADFDF9" box="[1157,1274,585,611]" pageId="114" pageNumber="115" value="2016-05-27">27-v-2016</date>
(S16-5). Hwy 67 just S Shafter, 3920’,
<date id="E434107E0913FFE050C8FDBF0349FD1D" box="[425,542,621,647]" pageId="114" pageNumber="115" value="2016-05-27">27-v-2016</date>
(S16-3).
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0913FFE053E6FDBF0273FD1D" box="[647,804,621,647]" italics="true" pageId="114" pageNumber="115">Val Verde Co.,</emphasis>
Del Rio,
<date id="E434107E0913FFE052EEFDBF055AFD1D" box="[911,1037,621,647]" pageId="114" pageNumber="115" value="2007-06-11">11-vi-2007</date>
, 1000’ (S07-33).
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0913FFE055AFFDBF046AFD1D" box="[1230,1341,621,647]" italics="true" pageId="114" pageNumber="115">Ward Co.,</emphasis>
Monahans,
<date id="E434107E0913FFE051AAFD430016FD31" box="[203,321,657,683]" pageId="114" pageNumber="115" value="1986-07-02">2-vii-1986</date>
(S86-69).
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0913FFE050DBFD430313FD31" box="[442,580,657,683]" italics="true" pageId="114" pageNumber="115">Willacy Co.,</emphasis>
Raymondville,
<date id="E434107E0913FFE05398FD43022AFD31" box="[761,893,657,683]" pageId="114" pageNumber="115" value="2013-07-10">10-vii-2013</date>
(S13-47); Farm Road 1420
<quantity id="57729B5B0913FFE055DAFD4305ABFD31" box="[1211,1276,657,683]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.1" pageId="114" pageNumber="115" unit="m" value="3.1">3.1 m</quantity>
N Farm Road 1018,
<date id="E434107E0913FFE051BDFD670035FD55" box="[220,354,693,719]" pageId="114" pageNumber="115" value="2013-07-10">10-vii-2013</date>
, 15’ (S13-46).
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0913FFE05367FD67031DFD55" bold="true" box="[518,586,693,719]" pageId="114" pageNumber="115">Utah:</emphasis>
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0913FFE05331FD67025FFD55" box="[592,776,693,719]" italics="true" pageId="114" pageNumber="115">Washington Co.,</emphasis>
La Verkin,
<date id="E434107E0913FFE052E9FD670551FD55" box="[904,1030,693,719]" pageId="114" pageNumber="115" value="2004-09-11">11-ix-2004</date>
, 3420’ (S04-121).
<quantity id="57729B5B0913FFE055B2FD6705A0FD55" box="[1235,1271,693,719]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="114" pageNumber="115" unit="m" value="1.0">1m</quantity>
NE La Verkin,
<date id="E434107E0913FFE051F6FD0B004FFD69" box="[151,280,729,755]" pageId="114" pageNumber="115" value="1991-08-09">9-viii-1991</date>
, 3700’ (S91-95).
</paragraph>
<caption id="C4F566360913FFE051F6F89800A3F812" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563887" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3563887" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3563887/files/figure.png" pageId="114" pageNumber="115" startId="114.[151,250,1866,1891]" targetBox="[187,1409,790,1829]" targetPageId="114">
<paragraph id="903536BE0913FFE051F6F89800A3F812" blockId="114.[151,1436,1866,1928]" pageId="114" pageNumber="115">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0913FFE051F6F898007AF8F9" bold="true" box="[151,301,1866,1891]" pageId="114" pageNumber="115">FIGURE 109.</emphasis>
Atypical, irregular trill calling song of
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0913FFE053DCF89E0267F8F9" box="[701,816,1868,1891]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="114" pageNumber="115" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armatus">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0913FFE053DCF89E0267F8F9" box="[701,816,1868,1891]" italics="true" pageId="114" pageNumber="115">G. armatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(R05-43) Baker, CA (S05-110), at 21.5°C. Top: 5 sec. waveform; Bottom: 1 sec. spectrogram.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="C4F566360912FFE151F6FAC303BFFAD4" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563889" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3563889" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3563889/files/figure.png" pageId="115" pageNumber="116" startId="115.[151,250,1297,1322]" targetBox="[196,1416,197,1253]" targetPageId="115">
<paragraph id="903536BE0912FFE151F6FAC303BFFAD4" blockId="115.[151,1436,1297,1358]" pageId="115" pageNumber="116">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0912FFE151F6FAC3007CFAB0" bold="true" box="[151,299,1297,1322]" pageId="115" pageNumber="116">FIGURE 110.</emphasis>
Atypical calling song of
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0912FFE15346FAC003CFFAB0" box="[551,664,1298,1322]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="115" pageNumber="116" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armatus">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0912FFE15346FAC003CFFAB0" box="[551,664,1298,1322]" italics="true" pageId="115" pageNumber="116">G. armatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(R13-52) Bisbee, AZ, at 24°C, with introductory trill followed by 2-10 pulse chirps. Top: 5 sec. waveform; Bottom: 1 sec. spectrogram.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="903536BE0912FFE151A6FAAF044AF998" blockId="115.[151,1437,1403,2043]" pageId="115" pageNumber="116">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0912FFE151A6FAAF0050FA0D" box="[199,263,1405,1431]" italics="true" pageId="115" pageNumber="116">DNA.</emphasis>
Multilocus G3439 (Goffs, CA, S16-32) and G3374 (Presidio, TX, S16-5) map together and nearest to
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0912FFE154E0FAAF01B1FA20" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="115" pageNumber="116" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="integer">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0912FFE154E0FAAF01B1FA20" italics="true" pageId="115" pageNumber="116">G. integer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Tulare Co., CA (Gray
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0912FFE1534BFA730333FA20" box="[554,612,1440,1466]" italics="true" pageId="115" pageNumber="116">et al.</emphasis>
2019).
<figureCitation id="08B12A3B0912FFE153DDFA72025BFA20" box="[700,780,1440,1466]" captionStart="FIGURE 98" captionStartId="103.[151,250,1001,1026]" captionTargetBox="[180,1414,212,937]" captionTargetId="figure@103.[151,1435,166,981]" captionTargetPageId="103" captionText="FIGURE 98. ITS2 gene tree and distribution map for both G. armatus and G. integer showing both geographic separation and zone of possible hybridization. Collection stop numbers for G. armatus: S04-121 (G358, G359); S05-110 (G511, G512, G513, G515); S07-26 (G1165); S07-33 (G1077); S07-79 (G1228); S10-62 (G1918); S10-63 (G1899); S11-90 (G2172); S12- 36 (G2264); S12-104 (G2411); S13-18 (G2473); S13-46 (G2566); S15-54 (G3096, G3077, G3081); S15-71 (G3101, G3074); S15-73 (G3072); Albuquerque, NM (2003-175); Cordes Junction, AZ (2006-241); Agua Fria, AZ (2006-244). Collection stop numbers for G. integer: S03-100 (G58, G59); S04-36 (G243); S04-40 (G210); S0455 (G245, G246); S04-60 (G218); S04-128 (G370); S05-23 (G477); S05-99 (G499); S06-77 (G629); S09-109 (G1439); S09-114 (G1441, G1445); S11-72 (G2113, G2148); S11-73 (G2143); S12-116 (G2431); S15-80 (G3195, G3316); S15-91 (G3178, G3265); S15-95 (G3292); S16-21 (G3416); S17-6 (G3502, G3525); S16-5 (G3374, G3381); S16-12 (G3366); Hwy 276 mile 30 Sinclair Gas, Garfield Co., UT (2003-038, 2003-039, 2003-041); Winslow, AZ (2003-312, 2012-029, 2012-030, 2012-031, 2012-032)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563863" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3563863/files/figure.png" pageId="115" pageNumber="116">Fig. 98</figureCitation>
shows the distribution of ITS2 mapping done for both
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0912FFE154E0FA7301A4FA44" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="115" pageNumber="116" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armatus">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0912FFE154E0FA7301A4FA44" italics="true" pageId="115" pageNumber="116">G. armatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0912FFE15049FA1700CEFA44" box="[296,409,1477,1503]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="115" pageNumber="116" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="integer">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0912FFE15049FA1700CEFA44" box="[296,409,1477,1503]" italics="true" pageId="115" pageNumber="116">G. integer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Sequence identity of ITS2 sequences (N = 684 aligned positions) was 98.5 ± 0.87 % within N = 29
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0912FFE1518DFA3B003DF998" box="[236,362,1513,1539]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="115" pageNumber="116" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armatus">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0912FFE1518DFA3B003DF998" box="[236,362,1513,1539]" italics="true" pageId="115" pageNumber="116">G. armatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 99.0 ± 0.77% within N = 34
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0912FFE153D8FA3B027CF998" box="[697,811,1513,1539]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="115" pageNumber="116" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="integer">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0912FFE153D8FA3B027CF998" box="[697,811,1513,1539]" italics="true" pageId="115" pageNumber="116">G. integer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 95.7 ± 0.78% between the two species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="903536BE0912FFE651A6F9DF0311FEFD" blockId="115.[151,1437,1403,2043]" lastBlockId="116.[151,1437,153,359]" lastPageId="116" lastPageNumber="117" pageId="115" pageNumber="116">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0912FFE151A6F9DF001DF9BC" box="[199,330,1549,1574]" italics="true" pageId="115" pageNumber="116">Discussion.</emphasis>
Scudder’s series includes
<specimenCount id="868CFD370912FFE15311F9DE0391F9BC" box="[624,710,1548,1574]" pageId="115" pageNumber="116" type="male">3 males</specimenCount>
(our
<typeStatus id="4F31881C0912FFE15263F9DE023EF9BC" box="[770,873,1548,1574]" pageId="115" pageNumber="116" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
and D.C. Rentz’s cotypes labeled #4 and #6) from “
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C0912FFE151C0F9E20054F9D0" box="[161,259,1584,1610]" country="United States of America" name="Arizona" pageId="115" pageNumber="116">Arizona</collectingRegion>
”, but none are further labeled as to locality. We collected an Ehrenberg, AZ (S08-4) specimen, of
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0912FFE15456F9E301EFF9F4" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="115" pageNumber="116" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armatus">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0912FFE15456F9E301EFF9F4" italics="true" pageId="115" pageNumber="116">G. armatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, that sang (R08-04 &amp; R08-06) with an introductory trill and 2p/c and maps with
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0912FFE15553F98705F8F9F4" box="[1074,1199,1621,1647]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="115" pageNumber="116" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armatus">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0912FFE15553F98705F8F9F4" box="[1074,1199,1621,1647]" italics="true" pageId="115" pageNumber="116">G. armatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
for ITS2, confirming the ID of one AZ type locality. The other possible AZ type series locality, Fort Whipple, is located near Prescott. While we have no specimens of
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0912FFE1536AF94F03DCF92C" box="[523,651,1693,1719]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="115" pageNumber="116" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armatus">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0912FFE1536AF94F03DCF92C" box="[523,651,1693,1719]" italics="true" pageId="115" pageNumber="116">G. armatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Prescott, that area is still within the geographic range of
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0912FFE15436F94F018DF940" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="115" pageNumber="116" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armatus">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0912FFE15436F94F018DF940" italics="true" pageId="115" pageNumber="116">G. armatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see
<figureCitation id="08B12A3B0912FFE15076F912002EF941" box="[279,377,1728,1755]" captionStart="FIGURE 106" captionStartId="111.[151,250,1393,1418]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,166,1361]" captionTargetId="figure@111.[151,1435,166,1373]" captionTargetPageId="111" captionText="FIGURE 106. Known US distribution, G. armatus, along with sister species G. integer, showing zone of possible hybridization in the Four Corners area." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563879" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3563879/files/figure.png" pageId="115" pageNumber="116">Fig. 106</figureCitation>
). Other specimens in the type series include D.C. Rentz’s labeled
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C0912FFE15505F91205CDF940" box="[1124,1178,1728,1754]" country="United States of America" name="Utah" pageId="115" pageNumber="116">Utah</collectingRegion>
cotypes #5 (male) and #8 (female). This male and female from
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C0912FFE1533AF93603C6F964" box="[603,657,1764,1790]" country="United States of America" name="Utah" pageId="115" pageNumber="116">Utah</collectingRegion>
(Beaver Dam), are both well preserved, short hind winged specimens that may represent
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0912FFE1500CF8DB0089F8B8" box="[365,478,1800,1827]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="115" pageNumber="116" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vocalis">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0912FFE1500CF8DB0089F8B8" box="[365,478,1800,1827]" italics="true" pageId="115" pageNumber="116">G. vocalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. While
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F0912FFE15359F8DA03B2F8B8" author="Scudder, S. H." box="[568,741,1800,1826]" pageId="115" pageNumber="116" pagination="291 - 296" refId="ref166597" refString="Scudder, S. H. (1902) The species of Gryllus found in the United States east of the Sierra Nevadas. Psyche, 9, 291 - 296. https: // doi. org / 10.1155 / 1902 / 35962" type="journal article" year="1902">Scudder (1902)</bibRefCitation>
lists the
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C0912FFE1522BF8DA02D7F8B8" box="[842,896,1800,1826]" country="United States of America" name="Utah" pageId="115" pageNumber="116">Utah</collectingRegion>
locality as Beaver Dam, this is probably not the unincorporated community of Beaver Dam in
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0912FFE153C7F8FF021BF8DC" authority="Elder Co." authorityName="Elder Co." box="[678,844,1836,1863]" family="Sparidae" genus="Box" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="115" pageNumber="116" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Box Elder Co.</taxonomicName>
,
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C0912FFE15238F8FE02C5F8DC" box="[857,914,1836,1862]" country="United States of America" name="Utah" pageId="115" pageNumber="116">Utah</collectingRegion>
, some
<quantity id="57729B5B0912FFE15282F8FE054AF8DC" box="[995,1053,1836,1862]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="115" pageNumber="116" unit="km" value="4.0">4 km</quantity>
E Fielding. Rather, Richard Baumann of BYU (pers. comm. to DBW, September, 2012) believes this original Beaver Dam locality is actually the Beaver Dam Wash,
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C0912FFE15012F8A600AFF814" box="[371,504,1908,1934]" country="United States of America" name="Washington" pageId="115" pageNumber="116">Washington</collectingRegion>
Co.,
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C0912FFE15352F8A6033BF814" box="[563,620,1908,1934]" country="United States of America" name="Utah" pageId="115" pageNumber="116">Utah</collectingRegion>
, a seasonal stream near the southwestern Utah-Nevada border that occurs upstream from the unincorporated community of Beaver Dam, Mohave Co.,
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C0912FFE15563F84A0537F828" box="[1026,1120,1944,1970]" country="United States of America" name="Arizona" pageId="115" pageNumber="116">Arizona</collectingRegion>
. According to R. Baumann, BYU has many labeled specimens that say Beaver Dam,
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C0912FFE15275F86E021AF84C" box="[788,845,1980,2006]" country="United States of America" name="Utah" pageId="115" pageNumber="116">Utah</collectingRegion>
, and they are from Beaver Dam Wash in
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C0912FFE15476F86E04CBF84C" box="[1303,1436,1980,2006]" country="United States of America" name="Washington" pageId="115" pageNumber="116">Washington</collectingRegion>
Co. This area is possibly near Lytle Ranch Preserve, a field station owned by BYU since 1986 (S. Clark, collection manager BYU, pers. comm. to DBW, January, 2017). Vasco M. Tanner did much collecting there after his arrival at BYU in 1925. In any case, we have collected
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0915FFE653D9FF6F0261FF4D" box="[696,822,189,215]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="116" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armatus">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0915FFE653D9FF6F0261FF4D" box="[696,822,189,215]" italics="true" pageId="116" pageNumber="117">G. armatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C0915FFE6521AFF6F0557FF4D" box="[891,1024,189,215]" country="United States of America" name="Washington" pageId="116" pageNumber="117">Washington</collectingRegion>
Co.,
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C0915FFE6555FFF6F0523FF4D" box="[1086,1140,189,215]" country="United States of America" name="Utah" pageId="116" pageNumber="117">Utah</collectingRegion>
(S91-95 &amp; S04-121). The Beaver Dam in
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0915FFE6502AFF3300A6FF61" authority="Elder Co." authorityName="Elder Co." box="[331,497,225,251]" family="Sparidae" genus="Box" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="116" pageNumber="117" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Box Elder Co.</taxonomicName>
,
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C0915FFE6509FFF330360FF61" box="[510,567,225,251]" country="United States of America" name="Utah" pageId="116" pageNumber="117">Utah</collectingRegion>
, is near Cutler Dam. The nearest
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0915FFE652D4FF3305A2FF61" authority="Elder Co., Beaver Dam" authorityName="Elder Co., Beaver Dam" box="[949,1269,225,251]" family="Sparidae" genus="Box" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="116" pageNumber="117" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Box Elder Co., Beaver Dam</taxonomicName>
appropriatelysinging cricket that we collected was from S87-51, 19 km north Tooele in Tooele Co., and the one male there usually sang with 3p/c (occasionally 2p/c) without an introductory trill. Given our absence of genetic data, he is tentatively identified as
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0915FFE65049FE9F00CEFEFD" box="[296,409,333,359]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="116" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="integer">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0915FFE65049FE9F00CEFEFD" box="[296,409,333,359]" italics="true" pageId="116" pageNumber="117">G. integer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on song.
</paragraph>
<caption id="C4F566360915FFE651F6F92C0023F8A1" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563891" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3563891" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3563891/files/figure.png" pageId="116" pageNumber="117" startId="116.[151,250,1790,1815]" targetBox="[153,1398,581,1710]" targetPageId="116">
<paragraph id="903536BE0915FFE651F6F92C0023F8A1" blockId="116.[151,1436,1790,1851]" pageId="116" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0915FFE651F6F92C007AF88D" bold="true" box="[151,301,1790,1815]" pageId="116" pageNumber="117">FIGURE 111.</emphasis>
Color variation seen in second generation (summer)
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0915FFE65208F8D202B3F88D" box="[873,996,1792,1815]" italics="true" pageId="116" pageNumber="117">
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0915FFE65208F8D202B6F88D" box="[873,993,1792,1815]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="116" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armatus">G. armatus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
with both pictured male individuals from Baker, CA (S05-110).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="903536BE0915FFE751A6F8B80519FE85" blockId="116.[151,1437,1897,2032]" lastBlockId="117.[151,1437,153,287]" lastPageId="117" lastPageNumber="118" pageId="116" pageNumber="117">
Our initial 16S genetic data showed clear separation between
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0915FFE652F1F8B80554F819" box="[912,1027,1898,1924]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="116" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="integer">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0915FFE652F1F8B80554F819" box="[912,1027,1898,1924]" italics="true" pageId="116" pageNumber="117">G. integer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0915FFE6555EF8B805E8F819" box="[1087,1215,1898,1924]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="116" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armatus">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0915FFE6555EF8B805E8F819" box="[1087,1215,1898,1924]" italics="true" pageId="116" pageNumber="117">G. armatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see
<figureCitation id="08B12A3B0915FFE6559EF8BB0437F81E" box="[1279,1376,1897,1924]" captionStart="FIGURE 104" captionStartId="108.[151,250,1670,1695]" captionTargetBox="[161,1425,559,1631]" captionTargetId="figure@108.[151,1435,546,1651]" captionTargetPageId="108" captionText="FIGURE 104. 16S gene tree with G. integer samples in blue and G. armatus samples in purple. Locality information follows all ID numbers. Note the two 16S clades within G. armatus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563875" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3563875/files/figure.png" pageId="116" pageNumber="117">Fig. 104</figureCitation>
), but given our previous documentation of multiple 16S clades, in species
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0915FFE652F2F85C0533F83D" box="[915,1124,1933,1960]" italics="true" pageId="116" pageNumber="117">
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0915FFE652F2F85C0545F83D" authorityName="Blatchley. Randell" authorityYear="1964" box="[915,1042,1933,1960]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="116" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vernalis">G. vernalis</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0915FFE6557DF85F0533F83D" box="[1052,1124,1933,1959]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="116" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="veletis">veletis</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
, and
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0915FFE655C1F85F0450F83D" authorityName="Weissman &amp; Gray" authorityYear="2019" box="[1184,1287,1933,1959]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="116" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lightfooti">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0915FFE655C1F85F0450F83D" box="[1184,1287,1933,1959]" italics="true" pageId="116" pageNumber="117">lightfooti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, we were unsure of this significance. With our subsequent incorporation of the ITS2 gene, such separation was again confirmed. Nevertheless, several populations along the song-boundary between
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0915FFE652C8F804054AF875" box="[937,1053,2006,2032]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="116" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="integer">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0915FFE652C8F804054AF875" box="[937,1053,2006,2032]" italics="true" pageId="116" pageNumber="117">G. integer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0915FFE65538F80405B7F875" box="[1113,1248,2006,2032]" italics="true" pageId="116" pageNumber="117">
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0915FFE65538F804058BF875" box="[1113,1244,2006,2032]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="116" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armatus">G. armatus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
have
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0915FFE65449F80404CBF875" box="[1320,1436,2006,2032]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="116" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="integer">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0915FFE65449F80404CBF875" box="[1320,1436,2006,2032]" italics="true" pageId="116" pageNumber="117">G. integer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
ITS2 DNA and a mostly
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0914FFE750D1FF4B0378FF29" box="[432,559,153,179]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="117" pageNumber="118" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armatus">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0914FFE750D1FF4B0378FF29" box="[432,559,153,179]" italics="true" pageId="117" pageNumber="118">G. armatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
song. These populations are discussed more completely under
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0914FFE75597FF4B0430FF29" box="[1270,1383,153,179]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="117" pageNumber="118" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="integer">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0914FFE75597FF4B0430FF29" box="[1270,1383,153,179]" italics="true" pageId="117" pageNumber="118">G. integer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see p. 104). We also entertained the thought that the
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0914FFE753DFFF6F029FFF4D" box="[702,968,189,215]" italics="true" pageId="117" pageNumber="118">
G. integer—G.
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0914FFE7520DFF6C029FFF4D" box="[876,968,190,215]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="117" pageNumber="118" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armatus">armatus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
complex could represent one widespread species with a west to east cline in song pattern. Again, subsequent DNA data corresponding with song differences and temperature regimes, persuaded us that two sister taxa were a better explanation.
</paragraph>
<caption id="C4F566360914FFE751F6F96D0557F942" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3616139" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3616139" box="[151,1024,1727,1752]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3616139/files/figure.png" pageId="117" pageNumber="118" targetBox="[340,1247,293,1705]" targetPageId="117">
<paragraph id="903536BE0914FFE751F6F96D0557F942" blockId="117.[151,1024,1727,1752]" box="[151,1024,1727,1752]" pageId="117" pageNumber="118">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0914FFE751F6F96D007CF942" bold="true" box="[151,299,1727,1752]" pageId="117" pageNumber="118">FIGURE 112.</emphasis>
Dark colored male
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0914FFE75095F9130331F942" box="[500,614,1729,1752]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="117" pageNumber="118" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armatus">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0914FFE75095F9130331F942" box="[500,614,1729,1752]" italics="true" pageId="117" pageNumber="118">G. armatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Cornudas, TX (S01-65, R01-177).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="903536BE0914FFE451A6F8D50190FE85" blockId="117.[151,1437,1798,2041]" lastBlockId="118.[151,1437,153,1151]" lastPageId="118" lastPageNumber="119" pageId="117" pageNumber="118">
We suggest that a minimum of 3-
<specimenCount id="868CFD370914FFE75326F8D403C8F8BA" box="[583,671,1798,1825]" pageId="117" pageNumber="118" type="male">5 males</specimenCount>
per population be analyzed with sonograms, because of individual variation and because subtle song differences between
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0914FFE75268F8F905D8F8DE" box="[777,1167,1834,1861]" italics="true" pageId="117" pageNumber="118">
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0914FFE75268F8F9022BF8DE" box="[777,892,1835,1861]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="117" pageNumber="118" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="integer">G. integer</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0914FFE752E8F8F9055CF8DE" box="[905,1035,1835,1861]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="117" pageNumber="118" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armatus">G. armatus</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0914FFE75579F8F905DCF8DE" authorityName="Scudder. Randell" authorityYear="1964" box="[1048,1163,1834,1861]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="117" pageNumber="118" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubens">G. rubens</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0914FFE755A8F8F90412F8DE" box="[1225,1349,1835,1861]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="117" pageNumber="118" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="texensis">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0914FFE755A8F8F90412F8DE" box="[1225,1349,1835,1861]" italics="true" pageId="117" pageNumber="118">G. texensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are not audible to most human ears. If the majority of males have an introductory trill followed by 2p/c, then they are probably
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0914FFE751B0F8A1000EF816" box="[209,345,1907,1933]" italics="true" pageId="117" pageNumber="118">
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0914FFE751B0F8A10002F816" box="[209,341,1907,1933]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="117" pageNumber="118" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armatus">G. armatus</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Likewise, several males with no introductory trill and 3p/c are likely
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0914FFE755E5F8A105AAF816" box="[1156,1277,1907,1933]" italics="true" pageId="117" pageNumber="118">
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0914FFE755E5F8A105AEF816" box="[1156,1273,1907,1933]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="117" pageNumber="118" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="integer">G. integer</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
But select
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0914FFE754E0F8A101A4F82A" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="117" pageNumber="118" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armatus">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0914FFE754E0F8A101A4F82A" italics="true" pageId="117" pageNumber="118">G. armatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-DNA males can also have no trill and 2p/c and, rarely, no trill and 3p/c. And to complicate matters, males with
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0914FFE751B1F8690016F84E" box="[208,321,1979,2005]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="117" pageNumber="118" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="integer">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0914FFE751B1F8690016F84E" box="[208,321,1979,2005]" italics="true" pageId="117" pageNumber="118">G. integer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
DNA can have a short introductory trill of 1–3 pulses followed by 2–4p/c and, rarely, a pure trill. In the face of such variation, multiple male analysis from the same population has usually given us a definitive answer. Additionally, it appears that the farther east one goes within the distribution of
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0917FFE4557BFF4B05F7FF29" box="[1050,1184,153,179]" italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0917FFE4557BFF4B05CAFF29" box="[1050,1181,153,179]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="118" pageNumber="119" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armatus">G. armatus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
the higher percentage of males have introductory trills followed by 2p/c, although all
<specimenCount id="868CFD370917FFE45239FF6F02FAFF4D" box="[856,941,189,215]" pageId="118" pageNumber="119" type="male">3 males</specimenCount>
from
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C0917FFE45290FF6F0562FF4D" box="[1009,1077,189,215]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">Texas</collectingRegion>
, Bentsen-Rio Grande State Park (S02-34 and S07-27), where
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0917FFE450BCFF33030CFF61" box="[477,603,225,251]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="118" pageNumber="119" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armatus">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0917FFE450BCFF33030CFF61" box="[477,603,225,251]" italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">G. armatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurs microsympatric with
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0917FFE452C2FF330573FF61" box="[931,1060,225,251]" italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0917FFE452C2FF330577FF61" box="[931,1056,225,251]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="118" pageNumber="119" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="texensis">G. texensis</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
had 2p/c without an introductory trill.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="903536BE0917FFE451A6FEFB0541FE6D" blockId="118.[151,1437,153,1151]" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">
Interestingly, two males changed their song with time. One male recorded (R91-143) in the field from Tuba City, AZ (S91-82), had a short introductory trill at 22°C and then 2p/c, consistent with
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0917FFE4550BFE9F05BFFEFD" box="[1130,1256,333,359]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="118" pageNumber="119" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armatus">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0917FFE4550BFE9F05BFFEFD" box="[1130,1256,333,359]" italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">G. armatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Five days later in the laboratory at 25°C, this male sang (R91-155) without an introductory trill and with 2–3p/c, more consistent with
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0917FFE451AEFE470068FE35" box="[207,319,405,431]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="118" pageNumber="119" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="integer">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0917FFE451AEFE470068FE35" box="[207,319,405,431]" italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">G. integer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
song. He was not teneral upon capture. No DNA could be isolated more than 15 years later. A second male (2006-241) from Cordes Junction, AZ, was initially recorded at 20.8°C, with no introductory trill and 2p/c. A subsequent recording, at 22.4°, showed an introductory trill and 2 (rarely 3) p/c.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="903536BE0917FFE451ACFDD30268FD36" blockId="118.[151,1437,153,1151]" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">
Rare field collected adult males of
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0917FFE4532EFDD3039AFD81" box="[591,717,513,539]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="118" pageNumber="119" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armatus">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0917FFE4532EFDD3039AFD81" box="[591,717,513,539]" italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">G. armatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sing a pure trill song of 1p/c: Coolidge Dam (S81-43) and Buckeye (S11-102), AZ; Las Cruces, NM (S82-99); and Baker, CA (S05-110)], or predominantly so (Cottonwood Cove, NV [S90-44]; Globe, AZ [S82-103]; Las Cruces, NM [S83-103]; and Van Horn, TX [S91-48]) but, in all cases, the fast
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C0917FFE451A9FDBF01BDFD1D" box="[200,234,621,647]" country="Brazil" name="Para" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">PR</collectingRegion>
separates them from other trillers
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0917FFE45313FDBF03ACFD1D" authorityName="Weissman &amp; Gray" authorityYear="2019" box="[626,763,621,647]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="118" pageNumber="119" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="regularis">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0917FFE45313FDBF03ACFD1D" box="[626,763,621,647]" italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">G. regularis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0917FFE45252FDBF02C3FD1D" box="[819,916,621,647]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="118" pageNumber="119" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cohni">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0917FFE45252FDBF02C3FD1D" box="[819,916,621,647]" italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">G. cohni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the Southwest,
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0917FFE45509FDBF0580FD1D" authorityName="Scudder. Randell" authorityYear="1964" box="[1128,1239,621,647]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="118" pageNumber="119" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubens">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0917FFE45509FDBF0580FD1D" box="[1128,1239,621,647]" italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">G. rubens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C0917FFE4559CFDBF0416FD1D" box="[1277,1345,621,647]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">Texas</collectingRegion>
, but not from
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0917FFE451B4FD430007FD31" box="[213,336,657,683]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="118" pageNumber="119" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="texensis">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0917FFE451B4FD430007FD31" box="[213,336,657,683]" italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">G. texensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in
<collectingRegion id="524EF85C0917FFE45012FD4300E3FD31" box="[371,436,657,683]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">Texas</collectingRegion>
(see discussion in next paragraph).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="903536BE0917FFE451A6FD6700F1FC75" blockId="118.[151,1437,153,1151]" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0917FFE451A6FD67001EFD55" box="[199,329,693,719]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="118" pageNumber="119" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armatus">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0917FFE451A6FD67001EFD55" box="[199,329,693,719]" italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">G. armatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is sympatric with the Southeast fast trilling field cricket,
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0917FFE4528EFD670539FD55" box="[1007,1134,693,719]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="118" pageNumber="119" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="texensis">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0917FFE4528EFD670539FD55" box="[1007,1134,693,719]" italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">G. texensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, at the Texas localities of Alpine (S91-44, S07-41, along with the slower triller
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0917FFE45261FD0B02DDFD69" authorityName="Weissman &amp; Gray" authorityYear="2019" box="[768,906,729,755]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="118" pageNumber="119" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="regularis">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0917FFE45261FD0B02DDFD69" box="[768,906,729,755]" italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">G. regularis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); Brackettville (S91-40, S07-32, S10-63); Rio Hondo (S13-44); town of Van Horn (S91-48); Big Springs (S09-72); Rio Grande Village in Big Bend National Park (S91-43, S02-34); and Bentsen-Rio Grande State Park (S02-34, S07-27); in Kansas at Dodge City (S89-71); and in New
<collectingCountry id="E89D762E0917FFE451B2FC97007EFCC5" box="[211,297,837,863]" name="Mexico" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">Mexico</collectingCountry>
at Eunice (S10-62). When both
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0917FFE453F4FC970244FCC5" box="[661,787,837,863]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="118" pageNumber="119" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armatus">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0917FFE453F4FC970244FCC5" box="[661,787,837,863]" italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">G. armatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0917FFE4522BFC970292FCC5" box="[842,965,837,863]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="118" pageNumber="119" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="texensis">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0917FFE4522BFC970292FCC5" box="[842,965,837,863]" italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">G. texensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are singing adjacent to each other, and
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0917FFE454E0FC9701A4FC19" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="118" pageNumber="119" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armatus">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0917FFE454E0FC9701A4FC19" italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">G. armatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is singing with 2 or 3p/c, differences in song, especially evenness and pitch, are apparent to “young” ears. When singing isolated from each other, we do not appreciate such song differences as easily. Because some 22% of adult
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0917FFE451B7FC630006FC51" box="[214,337,945,971]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="118" pageNumber="119" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="texensis">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0917FFE451B7FC630006FC51" box="[214,337,945,971]" italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">G. texensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have short hind wings, the taxa can sometimes be separated in the field even though both have PR between 70-100 at 25°C
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="903536BE0917FFE451A6FC2B00EDFBAD" blockId="118.[151,1437,153,1151]" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">
The population of crickets from Aguila, AZ, studied by
<bibRefCitation id="F41B4B4F0917FFE4525DFC2B0530FB8E" author="Hedrick, A. V. &amp; Kortet, R." box="[828,1127,1017,1044]" pageId="118" pageNumber="119" pagination="1111 - 1118" refId="ref162571" refString="Hedrick, A. V. &amp; Kortet, R. (2006) Hiding behavior in two cricket populations that differ in predation pressure. Animal Behaviour, 72, 1111 - 1118. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. anbehav. 2006.03.018" type="journal article" year="2006">Hedrick and Kortet (2006)</bibRefCitation>
under the name
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0917FFE45442FC2B04C2FB89" box="[1315,1429,1017,1043]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="118" pageNumber="119" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="integer">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0917FFE45442FC2B04C2FB89" box="[1315,1429,1017,1043]" italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">G. integer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, is most likely
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0917FFE45054FBCF00E4FBAD" box="[309,435,1053,1079]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="118" pageNumber="119" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armatus">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0917FFE45054FBCF00E4FBAD" box="[309,435,1053,1079]" italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">G. armatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="903536BE0917FFE451A6FB93037AFBE5" blockId="118.[151,1437,153,1151]" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">
The tachinid
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0917FFE45000FB93034BFBC1" baseAuthorityName="Bigot" baseAuthorityYear="1889" box="[353,540,1089,1115]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Ormia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="118" pageNumber="119" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ochracea">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0917FFE45000FB93034BFBC1" box="[353,540,1089,1115]" italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">Ormia ochracea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
recovered from
<taxonomicName id="578A4D3D0917FFE453BEFB930237FBC1" box="[735,864,1089,1115]" class="Insecta" family="Haglotettigoniidae" genus="Gryllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="118" pageNumber="119" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armatus">
<emphasis id="A2FEEAAC0917FFE453BEFB930237FBC1" box="[735,864,1089,1115]" italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">G. armatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from single males collected at Havasu Lake, CA (S11-84) and Wenden, AZ (S11-87).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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