255 lines
27 KiB
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255 lines
27 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.11.e72764" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2828-11-e72764" ID-Pensoft-UUID="483CCF09D3A05B029A3B4B4A30E4CB79" ModsDocID="1314-2828-11-e72764" checkinTime="1673667829734" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Thomas-Cabianca, Arianna, Villet, Martin H., Martinez-Sanchez, Anabel & Rojo, Santos" docDate="2023" docId="42EFF2E171ED5A6AA593AAC575DB7660" docLanguage="en" docName="BiodivDatJour 11: e72764" docOrigin="Biodiversity Data Journal 11" docPubDate="2023-01-13" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.11.e72764" docTitle="Rhinia apicalis" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" id="483CCF09D3A05B029A3B4B4A30E4CB79" lastPageNumber="72764" masterDocId="483CCF09D3A05B029A3B4B4A30E4CB79" masterDocTitle="South African nose flies (Diptera, Calliphoridae, Rhiniinae): taxonomy, diversity, distribution and biology" masterLastPageNumber="72764" masterPageNumber="72764" pageNumber="72764" updateTime="1673667829734" updateUser="pensoft">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>South African nose flies (Diptera, Calliphoridae, Rhiniinae): taxonomy, diversity, distribution and biology</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Thomas-Cabianca, Arianna</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2126-6222</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resources, University of Alicante, E- 03080, Alicante, Spain</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">athomasbio@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Villet, Martin H.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4335-5667</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Rhodes University, Southern African Forensic Entomology Research Laboratory, Grahamstown, South Africa</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Martinez-Sanchez, Anabel</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resources, University of Alicante, E- 03080, Alicante, Spain</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Rojo, Santos</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2160-9643</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resources, University of Alicante, E- 03080, Alicante, Spain</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Biodiversity Data Journal</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2023</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2023-01-13</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>11</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>72764</mods:start>
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<mods:end>72764</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.11.e72764</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.11.e72764</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2828-11-e72764</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">483CCF09D3A05B029A3B4B4A30E4CB79</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:42EFF2E171ED5A6AA593AAC575DB7660" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/42EFF2E171ED5A6AA593AAC575DB7660" lastPageNumber="72764" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">
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<taxonomicName ID-CoL="4S7TT" ID-ENA="2680984" LSID="42EFF2E1-71ED-5A6A-A593-AAC575DB7660" authority="(Wiedemann, 1830)" baseAuthorityName="Wiedemann" baseAuthorityYear="1830" class="Insecta" family="Rhiniidae" genus="Rhinia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhinia apicalis" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apicalis">Rhinia apicalis (Wiedemann, 1830)</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Wiedemann" authorityYear="1830" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" genus="Idia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Idia apicalis" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apicalis">= Idia apicalis</taxonomicName>
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Wiedemann, 1830: 354.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">Type locality</emphasis>
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: Canary Island, Tenerife.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Robineau-Desvoidy" authorityYear="1830" class="Insecta" family="Rhiniidae" genus="Rhinia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhinia testacea" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="testacea">= Rhinia testacea</taxonomicName>
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Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830: 423.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">Type locality</emphasis>
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: France, I'lle de France [= Mauritius].
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Macquart" authorityYear="1843" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" genus="Idia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Idia flavipennis" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavipennis">= Idia flavipennis</taxonomicName>
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Macquart, 1844: 125.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">Type locality</emphasis>
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: Indonesia, Java.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Loew" authorityYear="1852" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" genus="Idia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Idia simulatrix" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="simulatrix">= Idia simulatrix</taxonomicName>
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Loew, 1852: 660.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">Type locality</emphasis>
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: Olifant-River, South Africa.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" genus="Idia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Idia punctata" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctata">= Idia punctata</taxonomicName>
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Bigot, 1858: 369.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">Type locality</emphasis>
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: Gabon.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Coquerel & Mondiere" authorityYear="1862" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" genus="Idia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Idia bigoti" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bigoti">= Idia bigoti</taxonomicName>
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Coquere, 1862: 96.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">Type locality</emphasis>
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: Senegal.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Thomson" authorityYear="1869" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" genus="Idia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Idia pleuralis" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pleuralis">= Idia pleuralis</taxonomicName>
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Thomson, 1869: 542.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">Type locality</emphasis>
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: Australia, Keeling [= Cocos (Keeling)] Islands.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Rondani" authorityYear="1873" class="Insecta" family="Rhiniidae" genus="Beccarimyia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Beccarimyia glossina" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="glossina">= Beccarimyia glossina</taxonomicName>
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Rondani, 1873: 287.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">Type locality</emphasis>
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: Abyssinia [= Ethiopia].
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Bigot" authorityYear="1874" class="Insecta" family="Rhiniidae" genus="Rhinia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhinia fulvipes" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fulvipes">= Rhinia fulvipes</taxonomicName>
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Bigot, 1874: 239.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">Type locality</emphasis>
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: Ceylon [= Sri Lanka].
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Speiser" authorityYear="1910" class="Insecta" family="Rhiniidae" genus="Idiella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Idiella trineuriformis" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trineuriformis">= Idiella trineuriformis</taxonomicName>
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Speiser, 1910: 153.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">Type locality</emphasis>
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: Tanzania, Kilimandjaro.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">Distribution</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">Afrotropical</emphasis>
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: Aldabra Island (Seychelles), Amirante Island (Seychelles), Angola, Benin*, Botswana, Burundi, Cameroon, Cosmoledo Island (Seychelles), Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Réunion">Reunion</normalizedToken>
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Island (France)*, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritus Island (Mauritius), Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Oman, Rodriguez Island (Mauritius), Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Socotra Island (Yemen), South Africa (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F6957286" captionText="Figure 5. Rhinia apicalis occurrence map in South Africa, including eSwatini (eSw) and Lesotho (Le); horizontal axis longitude east and vertical axis latitude south." figureDoi="10.3897/BDJ.10.e72764.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/534004" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">5</figureCitation>
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), Tanzania, Togo*, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, Yemen, Zanzibar Island (Tanzania) and Zimbabwe.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">Australasian</emphasis>
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: Australia, French Polynesia, Fiji, Hawaiian Islands, Micronesia Islands, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands and Vanatu.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">Palaearctic</emphasis>
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: Azores Islands (Portugal), Canary Islands (Spain), China, Egypt, Iran, Israel, Jordan, Morocco, Palestine, Saudi Arabia, Syria and Turkey.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">Oriental</emphasis>
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: China, Hong-Kong, India, Indian Ocean Islands, Indonesia, Malaysia, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand and Vietnam.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" type="notes">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">Notes</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">Preferred environment</emphasis>
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: associated with a variety of anthropogenic and natural environments including poultry farms and gardens, dune and sand forests, dry scrub forests,
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<taxonomicName class="Eudicots" family="Compositae" genus="Ficus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Ficus" order="Asterales" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">Ficus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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forest, grassy floodplain, woodland savannah, broad-leaved deciduous woodland and Succulent Karoo. In Namibia, it occurs in all biomes, being especially abundant in the Mesic Savannah Biome (
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<bibRefCitation author="Kurahashi, Hiromu" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" pagination="1 - 131" refId="B7071266" refString="Kurahashi, Hiromu, Kirk-Spriggs, Ashley H., 2006. The Calliphoridae of Namibia (Diptera: Oestroidea). Zootaxa 1322: 1 - 131" title="The Calliphoridae of Namibia (Diptera: Oestroidea)" volume="1322" year="2006">Kurahashi and Kirk-Spriggs 2006</bibRefCitation>
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). In Burundi, the species was collected on the shore of Lake Tanganyika and in Benin. It was associated with mature secondary forest, remnant forest, agricultural plots, lowland gallery forest and streambeds. In Cameroon, the species was associated with cultivated plots, degraded savannah forest, grasses and other vegetation environments and in
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Réunion">Reunion</normalizedToken>
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Island, with lowland tropical rainforest.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">Recorded elevation</emphasis>
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: 15-1000 m a.s.l.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">Seasonality</emphasis>
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: common species collected year-round, being most abundant in November, December and April and less abundant in August. In Namibia, abundance peaked in January and February (
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<bibRefCitation author="Kurahashi, Hiromu" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" pagination="1 - 131" refId="B7071266" refString="Kurahashi, Hiromu, Kirk-Spriggs, Ashley H., 2006. The Calliphoridae of Namibia (Diptera: Oestroidea). Zootaxa 1322: 1 - 131" title="The Calliphoridae of Namibia (Diptera: Oestroidea)" volume="1322" year="2006">Kurahashi and Kirk-Spriggs 2006</bibRefCitation>
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).
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">Behaviour and ecology</emphasis>
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: considered a common flower visitor. Males and females have been observed feeding on pollen at flowers (
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<bibRefCitation author="Peris, Salvador V" journalOrPublisher="Anales de la Estacion Experimental de Aula Dei" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" pagination="224 - 233" refId="B7070854" refString="Peris, Salvador V, 1952. Notas sobre Rhiniini con descripcion de nuevas formas. Anales de la Estacion Experimental de Aula Dei 2 (3-4): 224 - 233" title="Notas sobre Rhiniini con descripcion de nuevas formas" volume="2" year="1952">Peris 1952a</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Dear, J. P." journalOrPublisher="Australian Journal of Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" pagination="779 - 826" refId="B7073163" refString="Dear, J. P., 1977. A revision of Australian rhiniinae (diptera: Calliphoridae). Australian Journal of Zoology 25 (4): 779 - 826" title="A revision of Australian rhiniinae (diptera: Calliphoridae)" volume="25" year="1977">Dear 1977</bibRefCitation>
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) in Harare and Mutare, Zimbabwe (formerly Salisbury and Umtali, Rhodesia) during the late dry season (
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<bibRefCitation author="Cuthbertson, A" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings and Transaction of the Rhodesia Scientific Association" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" pagination="81 - 111" refId="B7073224" refString="Cuthbertson, A, 1933. The habits and life histories of some Diptera in Southern Rhodesia. Proceedings and Transaction of the Rhodesia Scientific Association 32 (May): 81 - 111" title="The habits and life histories of some Diptera in Southern Rhodesia" volume="32" year="1933">Cuthbertson 1933</bibRefCitation>
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). A female was reported attending the nests of sphecoid and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Pompilidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pompilidae</taxonomicName>
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wasps (KwaZulu-Natal) and another one on the beach around a barbeque fire (Eastern Cape).
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<bibRefCitation author="Hulley, P E" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" pagination="37 - 47" refId="B7071720" refString="Hulley, P E, 1983. A survey of the flies breeding in poultry manure, and their potential natural enemies. Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa 46: 37 - 47" title="A survey of the flies breeding in poultry manure, and their potential natural enemies" volume="46" year="1983">Hulley (1983)</bibRefCitation>
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reared adults from accumulated chicken manure in poultry houses from several locations in Eastern Cape. Additionally, adults have been observed at nests of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1775" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Bembix" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bembix" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">Bembix</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Fabricius and
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Cameron" authorityYear="1908" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Cerceris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerceris yngvei" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="yngvei">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">Cerceris yngvei</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Cameron (as
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Arnold" authorityYear="1931" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Cerceris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerceris vumbui" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vumbui">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">Cerceris vumbui</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Arn) (
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
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) and larvae were obtained from nests of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Handlirsch" authorityYear="1893" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Bembix" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bembix melanopa" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melanopa">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">Bembix melanopa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Handlirsh (
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<bibRefCitation author="Cuthbertson, Alexander" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Rhodesia Scientific Association" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" pagination="115 - 132" refId="B7073233" refString="Cuthbertson, Alexander, 1938. Biological notes on some Diptera in Southern Rhodesia. Transactions of the Rhodesia Scientific Association 36: 115 - 132" title="Biological notes on some Diptera in Southern Rhodesia" volume="36" year="1938">Cuthbertson 1938</bibRefCitation>
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). Adults were attracted to freshly-removed soil during gardening in Grahamstown (Eastern Cape) (Martin Villet, personal observation 2016). A male was caught hovering in a group of males of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="F. albitarsis" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" rank="species" species="albitarsis">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">F. albitarsis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in the Amatigulu Nature Reserve, north of Tugela Mouth, KwaZulu-Natal. In Namibia, specimens have been collected from fresh elephant dung in the Caprivi Strip (
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<bibRefCitation author="Kurahashi, Hiromu" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" pagination="1 - 131" refId="B7071266" refString="Kurahashi, Hiromu, Kirk-Spriggs, Ashley H., 2006. The Calliphoridae of Namibia (Diptera: Oestroidea). Zootaxa 1322: 1 - 131" title="The Calliphoridae of Namibia (Diptera: Oestroidea)" volume="1322" year="2006">Kurahashi and Kirk-Spriggs 2006</bibRefCitation>
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).
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<bibRefCitation author="Cuthbertson, A" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings and Transaction of the Rhodesia Scientific Association" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" pagination="81 - 111" refId="B7073224" refString="Cuthbertson, A, 1933. The habits and life histories of some Diptera in Southern Rhodesia. Proceedings and Transaction of the Rhodesia Scientific Association 32 (May): 81 - 111" title="The habits and life histories of some Diptera in Southern Rhodesia" volume="32" year="1933">Cuthbertson (1933)</bibRefCitation>
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reported females laying eggs in the soil at the bottom of aardvark burrows in Mbalabala (as Balla Balla, Zimbabwe) and in rich humus soil in thickets (Umzingwane, Zimbabwe).
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<bibRefCitation author="Cuthbertson, Alexander" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Rhodesia Scientific Association" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" pagination="115 - 132" refId="B7073233" refString="Cuthbertson, Alexander, 1938. Biological notes on some Diptera in Southern Rhodesia. Transactions of the Rhodesia Scientific Association 36: 115 - 132" title="Biological notes on some Diptera in Southern Rhodesia" volume="36" year="1938">Cuthbertson (1938)</bibRefCitation>
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also reports that females oviposit in soft earth excavated by driver ants (
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1793" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">Dorylus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Fabricius (
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1793" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
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).
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">Life cycle and developmental stages</emphasis>
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: oviparous species. Eggs, 3rd-instar larvae and puparia described and illustrated (
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<bibRefCitation author="Cuthbertson, Alexander" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Rhodesia Scientific Association" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" pagination="115 - 132" refId="B7073233" refString="Cuthbertson, Alexander, 1938. Biological notes on some Diptera in Southern Rhodesia. Transactions of the Rhodesia Scientific Association 36: 115 - 132" title="Biological notes on some Diptera in Southern Rhodesia" volume="36" year="1938">Cuthbertson 1938</bibRefCitation>
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).
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">Collection methods</emphasis>
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: usually not reported, but Malaise traps seem to be the most common. Collected by sweeping in Burundi, Malaise traps in Benin and
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Réunion">Reunion</normalizedToken>
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Island, Malaise traps and sweeping in Cameroon and UV-light, Malaise, yellow pans and pitfall traps in Namibia (
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<bibRefCitation author="Kurahashi, Hiromu" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" pagination="1 - 131" refId="B7071266" refString="Kurahashi, Hiromu, Kirk-Spriggs, Ashley H., 2006. The Calliphoridae of Namibia (Diptera: Oestroidea). Zootaxa 1322: 1 - 131" title="The Calliphoridae of Namibia (Diptera: Oestroidea)" volume="1322" year="2006">Kurahashi and Kirk-Spriggs 2006</bibRefCitation>
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).
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">Illustrations and photographs</emphasis>
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: male habitus as in Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6957290" captionText="Figure 6. Habitus, left lateral view of Rhinia apicalis male MZSUR from Kenya; scale bar = 2 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/BDJ.10.e72764.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/534009" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">6</figureCitation>
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. Wing fig. 7 in
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<bibRefCitation author="Dear, J. P." journalOrPublisher="Australian Journal of Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" pagination="779 - 826" refId="B7073163" refString="Dear, J. P., 1977. A revision of Australian rhiniinae (diptera: Calliphoridae). Australian Journal of Zoology 25 (4): 779 - 826" title="A revision of Australian rhiniinae (diptera: Calliphoridae)" volume="25" year="1977">Dear (1977)</bibRefCitation>
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. Male terminalia as in fig. 35 in
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<bibRefCitation author="Zumpt, Fritz" journalOrPublisher="[III] +" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" pagination="1 - 209" refId="B7073017" refString="Zumpt, Fritz, 1958. Calliphoridae (Diptera Cyclorrapha) Part II: Rhiniini. Exploration du Parc National Albert, Mission G. F. de Witte (1933-1935). [III] + 92: 1 - 209" title="Calliphoridae (Diptera Cyclorrapha) Part II: Rhiniini. Exploration du Parc National Albert, Mission G. F. de Witte (1933 - 1935)" volume="92" year="1958">Zumpt (1958)</bibRefCitation>
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, figs. IV. a, b, f in
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<bibRefCitation author="Baez, M" journalOrPublisher="Vieraea" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" pagination="1 - 22" refId="B7073103" refString="Baez, M, Santos-Pinto, E, 1975. Dipteros de Canarias. 1: Calliphoridae. Vieraea 5 (1-2): 1 - 22" title="Dipteros de Canarias. 1: Calliphoridae" volume="5" year="1975">Baez and Santos-Pinto 1975</bibRefCitation>
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, figs. 9, 21, 29, 37 in
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<bibRefCitation author="Dear, J. P." journalOrPublisher="Australian Journal of Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" pagination="779 - 826" refId="B7073163" refString="Dear, J. P., 1977. A revision of Australian rhiniinae (diptera: Calliphoridae). Australian Journal of Zoology 25 (4): 779 - 826" title="A revision of Australian rhiniinae (diptera: Calliphoridae)" volume="25" year="1977">Dear (1977)</bibRefCitation>
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, slide 4 in
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<bibRefCitation author="Gonzalez-Mora, MD" journalOrPublisher="Eos: Revista Espanola de Entomologia" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" pagination="91 - 139" refId="B7071339" refString="Gonzalez-Mora, MD, Peris, Salvador V, 1988. Los Calliphoridae de Espana: 1 Rhiniinae y Chrysomyinae (Diptera). Eos: Revista Espanola de Entomologia 64: 91 - 139" title="Los Calliphoridae de Espana: 1 Rhiniinae y Chrysomyinae (Diptera)" volume="64" year="1988">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="González-Mora">Gonzalez-Mora</normalizedToken>
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and Peris (1988)
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</bibRefCitation>
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and figs. 93-101 in
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<bibRefCitation author="Rognes, Knut" journalOrPublisher="Entomologica Scandinavica Supplements" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" pagination="1 - 148" refId="B7071504" refString="Rognes, Knut, 2002. Blowflies (Diptera, Calliphoridae) of Israel and adjacent areas, including a new species from Tunisia. Entomologica Scandinavica Supplements 59: 1 - 148" title="Blowflies (Diptera, Calliphoridae) of Israel and adjacent areas, including a new species from Tunisia" volume="59" year="2002">Rognes (2002)</bibRefCitation>
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. Female terminalia as in figs. 102, 103 in
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<bibRefCitation author="Rognes, Knut" journalOrPublisher="Entomologica Scandinavica Supplements" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" pagination="1 - 148" refId="B7071504" refString="Rognes, Knut, 2002. Blowflies (Diptera, Calliphoridae) of Israel and adjacent areas, including a new species from Tunisia. Entomologica Scandinavica Supplements 59: 1 - 148" title="Blowflies (Diptera, Calliphoridae) of Israel and adjacent areas, including a new species from Tunisia" volume="59" year="2002">Rognes (2002)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">Material examined</emphasis>
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: Suppl. materials 1, 2.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |