574 lines
97 KiB
XML
574 lines
97 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="2A49DB549D84EB42944F0F930CCE522E">Short-legged daddy-long-leg spiders in North America: the genera Pholcophora and Tolteca (Araneae, Pholcidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="1175AB17FF72AC279FB7825A8226EFFE">Huber, Bernhard A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="55303F972B56C2C1C1FDAB511ECA2CEC">Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, LIB, Bonn, Germany. Laboratory of Arachnology (LATLAX), Institute of Biology, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México-Tlaxcala, San Miguel Contla, Santa Cruz Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, México. Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic. Campus Amílcar Ferreira Sobral, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Floriano, Piauí, Brazil.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="789AA73DCA86208CD6DED385AC780C77" type="email">b.huber@leibniz-lib.de</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="4AB22AB3873856D8D6D597B46040C174">Meng, Guanliang</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="E06F948D63E432F3B3CBEA80F1050C15">Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, LIB, Bonn, Germany. Laboratory of Arachnology (LATLAX), Institute of Biology, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México-Tlaxcala, San Miguel Contla, Santa Cruz Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, México. Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic. Campus Amílcar Ferreira Sobral, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Floriano, Piauí, Brazil.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="98D30692BB7B7AD8823BEA30373A481A" type="email">G.Meng@leibniz-lib.de</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="CD29A77EBD2BEFE450E42172AA8ED517">Valdez-Mondragón, Alejandro</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="A1C43F0B6D465B1B63B05B30AA1308D5" type="email">lat_mactans@yahoo.com.mx</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="E0A59CBAB60201D348BC178AD77DB2B9">Král, Jiří</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="03F087F1AC5BFFE6096D652FE73DFD93" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8160864" ID-GBIF-Taxon="211663650" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8160864" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F087F1AC5BFFE6096D652FE73DFD93" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F087F1AC5BFFE6096D652FE73DFD93" lastPageId="48" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
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Genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C594D64AC5BFFFB09DF652EE0BEFEF3" ID-CoL="7XJ4" authority="Huber, 2000" authorityName="Huber" authorityYear="2000" box="[715,955,264,291]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Tolteca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B92DEAF5AC5BFFFB09DF652EE027FEF3" bold="true" box="[715,802,264,291]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Tolteca</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC84B16AC5BFFFB083E652FE0BEFEF3" author="Huber B. A." box="[810,955,265,291]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="1 - 348" refId="ref34125" refString="Huber B. A. 2000. New World pholcid spiders (Araneae: Pholcidae): a revision at generic level. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 254: 1 - 348. https: // doi. org / brh 26 h" type="journal article" year="2000">Huber, 2000</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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<treatmentCitation id="0AF810F6AC5BFFFB0BA9656CE2ECFEB5" author="Huber B. A." box="[189,489,330,357]" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03ACD2768F20FF91FC8BFC6A41103E6A" page="117" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" year="2000">
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<taxonomicName id="4C594D64AC5BFFFB0BA9656CE2ECFEB5" ID-CoL="7XJ4" authority="Huber, 2000: 117" authorityName="Huber" authorityPageNumber="117" authorityYear="2000" box="[189,489,330,357]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Tolteca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B92DEAF5AC5BFFFB0BA9656CE217FEB4" box="[189,274,330,356]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Tolteca</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC84B16AC5BFFFB0A0E656CE2ECFEB5" author="Huber B. A." box="[282,489,330,357]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="1 - 348" refId="ref34125" refString="Huber B. A. 2000. New World pholcid spiders (Araneae: Pholcidae): a revision at generic level. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 254: 1 - 348. https: // doi. org / brh 26 h" type="journal article" year="2000">Huber, 2000: 117</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE636E7AC5BFFFB0AE0656DE756FEB5" blockId="45.[189,1107,330,357]" box="[500,1107,330,357]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
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<typeStatus id="54E28845AC5BFFFB0AE0656DE12BFEB5" box="[500,558,331,357]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Type</typeStatus>
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species:
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<taxonomicName id="4C594D64AC5BFFFB098E656CE74BFEB5" authority="Gertsch, 1982" authorityName="Gertsch" authorityYear="1982" box="[666,1102,330,357]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Pholcophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hesperia">
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<emphasis id="B92DEAF5AC5BFFFB098E656CE09AFEB4" box="[666,927,330,356]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Pholcophora hesperia</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC84B16AC5BFFFB08B3656CE74BFEB5" author="Gertsch W. J." box="[935,1102,330,357]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="95 - 144" refId="ref33706" refString="Gertsch W. J. 1982. The spider genera Pholcophora and Anopsicus (Araneae, Pholcidae) in North America, Central America and the West Indies. Association of Mexican Cave Studies, Bulletin 8: 95 - 144 / Texas Memorial Museum, Bulletin 28: 95 - 144." type="journal article" year="1982">Gertsch, 1982</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C343656CAC5BFFFB0BA965AAE78EFD3E" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8BE636E7AC5BFFFB0BA965AAE233FE76" blockId="45.[189,310,396,422]" box="[189,310,396,422]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
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<heading id="D0AE818BAC5BFFFB0BA965AAE233FE76" bold="true" box="[189,310,396,422]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" reason="3">
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<emphasis id="B92DEAF5AC5BFFFB0BA965AAE233FE76" bold="true" box="[189,310,396,422]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Diagnosis</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE636E7AC5BFFFB0BA9659CE78EFD3E" blockId="45.[187,1399,442,751]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
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Easily distinguished from only other North American
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<taxonomicName id="4C594D64AC5BFFFB0842659CE0CDFE04" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1890" box="[854,968,442,468]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ninetinae">Ninetinae</taxonomicName>
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genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C594D64AC5BFFFB0F30659CE7B8FE04" authorityName="Banks" authorityYear="1896" box="[1060,1213,442,468]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Pholcophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B92DEAF5AC5BFFFB0F30659CE7B8FE04" box="[1060,1213,442,468]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Pholcophora</emphasis>
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by small male cheliceral apophyses originating distally (
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<figureCitation id="13622A62AC5BFFFB09D065FBE05AFE28" box="[708,863,477,504]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="49.[189,232,1928,1954]" captionTargetBox="[227,1338,753,1881]" captionTargetId="figure-172@49.[191,1397,753,1886]" captionTargetPageId="49" captionText="Fig. 38. Tolteca hesperia (Gertsch, 1982), male from Mexico, Sinaloa, S of Rosario (ZFMK Ar 23953). A–B. Chelicerae, frontal and lateral views. C. Left palpal tarsus and procursus, retrolateral view. D–F. Left genital bulb, prolateral, dorsal, and retrolateral views. Scale bars = 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8155592" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8155592/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Figs 38A–B</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="13622A62AC5BFFFB086665F8E096FE28" box="[882,915,478,504]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="58.[189,232,1857,1883]" captionTargetBox="[272,1297,265,1810]" captionTargetId="figure-13@58.[193,1395,265,1810]" captionTargetPageId="58" captionText="Fig. 44. Tolteca spp., male chelicerae, frontal and lateral views, and left male palpal tarsi and procursi, retrolateral views. A–C. T. manzanillo Huber sp. nov., paratype from Mexico, Colima, E of Manzanillo (ZFMK Ar 23958).D–F. T. sinnombre Huber sp. nov., holotype from Mexico, Colima, S of Coquimatlán (LATLAX). G–I. T. huahua Huber sp. nov., paratype from Mexico, Michoacán, W of Huahua (ZFMK Ar 23957). Scale bars = 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8155613" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8155613/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">44</figureCitation>
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; in
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<taxonomicName id="4C594D64AC5BFFFB08D865FBE760FE27" authorityName="Banks" authorityYear="1896" box="[972,1125,477,503]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Pholcophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B92DEAF5AC5BFFFB08D865FBE760FE27" box="[972,1125,477,503]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Pholcophora</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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large and originating proximally); also by absence of stridulatory ridges on male chelicerae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13622A62AC5BFFFB0F016627E78DFDCB" box="[1045,1160,513,539]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="52.[189,232,1822,1848]" captionTargetBox="[194,1393,265,1781]" captionTargetId="figure-12@52.[194,1393,265,1781]" captionTargetPageId="52" captionText="Fig. 41. Tolteca hesperia (Gertsch, 1982), male and female from Mexico, Sinaloa, 3 km S of Rosario (ZFMK Ar23953 and Mex253). A. Male chelicerae, lateral view. B. Male right chelicera, frontal view. C. Left male palp, distal view. D. Right genital bulb (and procursus), dorso-distal view. E. Detail of male palpal tarsus showing position of tarsal organ (arrow). F. Male palpal tarsal organ. G. Female palpal tarsal organ. H. Male ALS and PMS. Abbreviations: b = genital bulb; fe = femur; p = procursus. Scale bars: A, C–D = 20 µm; B, E–F = 10 µm; G = 1 µm; H = 2 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8155607" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8155607/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Figs 41A</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13622A62AC5BFFFB0F836627E7CCFDCB" box="[1175,1225,513,539]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="60.[189,232,1776,1802]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,265,1727]" captionTargetId="figure-12@60.[189,1398,265,1727]" captionTargetPageId="60" captionText="Fig. 46. Tolteca manzanillo Huber sp. nov.; male from Mexico, Colima, 17 km E of Manzanillo (ZFMK Ar 23958). A. Right palp, retrolateral-distal view. B. Left palp, retrolateral-dorsal view. C–D. Palpal tarsal organ.E. Tarsal organ on tarsus 2.F. Lateral face of right chelicera, showing absence of stridulatory file. G. Gonopore. H. ALS. Abbreviations: b = genital bulb; p = procursus. Scale bars: A–B, F = 20 µm; C–D = 2 µm; E = 1 µm; G–H = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8155623" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8155623/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">46F</figureCitation>
|
||
); most species (except
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C594D64AC5BFFFB0A0F6603E2B7FDEE" authority="Huber & Meng & Valdez-Mondragón & Král & Ávila Herrera & Carvalho, 2023" authorityName="Huber & Meng & Valdez-Mondragón & Král & Ávila Herrera & Carvalho" authorityYear="2023" box="[283,434,548,574]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Tolteca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sinnombre" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92DEAF5AC5BFFFB0A0F6603E2B7FDEE" box="[283,434,548,574]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">T. sinnombre</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21E578EAC5BFFFB0AAD6603E111FDEE" box="[441,532,548,575]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
) also by knob-shaped structure between epigynum and pedicel (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13622A62AC5BFFFB0E166602E677FDEE" box="[1282,1394,548,574]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="55.[189,232,1750,1776]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,278,1689]" captionTargetId="figure-12@55.[189,1398,278,1689]" captionTargetPageId="55" captionText="Fig. 43. Tolteca jalisco (Gertsch, 1982), females from Mexico, Jalisco, N of La Quemada (ZFMK Ar 23956). A–D. Epigyna, ventral (A, C) and lateral (B, D) views; arrows point at anterior knob-shaped structure. E–G. Cleared female genitalia, ventral (E) and dorsal (F) views, and detail of median internal structures (G); arrows point at membranous sacs (cf. Fig. 55C). Abbreviations: ep = epigynum (main epigynal plate); pep = posterior epigynal plate. Scale bars: A–D = 0.2 mm; E–F = 0.1 mm; G = 0.05 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8155611" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8155611/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Figs 43A</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13622A62AC5BFFFB0BA96661E3F7FDB2" box="[189,242,583,610]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="59.[189,232,1892,1918]" captionTargetBox="[204,1384,510,1853]" captionTargetId="figure-74@59.[204,1384,510,1853]" captionTargetPageId="59" captionText="Fig. 45. Tolteca manzanillo Huber sp. nov., females from Mexico, Colima, E of Manzanillo (ZFMK Ar 23958). A–D. Epigyna, ventral (A, C) and lateral (B, D) views. E–G. Cleared female genitalia, ventral (E) and dorsal (F) views, and detail of median internal structures (G). Arrows point at anterior epigynal knob. Asterisk: membranous sac (cf. Fig. 55E). Scale bars: A–D = 0.2 mm; E, F = 0.1 mm; G = 0.05 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8155615" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8155615/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">45A</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13622A62AC5BFFFB0BE86661E236FDB1" box="[252,307,583,609]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="65.[189,232,1751,1777]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,265,1673]" captionTargetId="figure-12@65.[189,1398,265,1673]" captionTargetPageId="65" captionText="Fig. 49. Tolteca huahua Huber sp. nov., females from Mexico, Michoacán, W of Huahua (ZFMK Ar 23957). A–D. Epigyna, ventral (A, C) and lateral (B, D) views. E–G. Cleared female genitalia, ventral (E) and dorsal (F) views, and detail of median internal structures (G). Arrows point at knobshaped structure. Asterisk: membranous sac (cf. Fig. 55D). Abbreviation: gp = genital plug. Scale bars: A–D = 0.2 mm; E–F = 0.1 mm; G = 0.05 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8155629" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8155629/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">49A</figureCitation>
|
||
); from most species (except
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C594D64AC5BFFFB0963666EE1FBFDB1" authority="Huber & Meng & Valdez-Mondragón & Král & Ávila Herrera & Carvalho, 2023" authorityName="Huber & Meng & Valdez-Mondragón & Král & Ávila Herrera & Carvalho" authorityYear="2023" box="[631,766,583,609]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Pholcophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tehuacan" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92DEAF5AC5BFFFB0963666EE1FBFDB1" box="[631,766,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">P. tehuacan</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21E578EAC5BFFFB0817666EE05EFDB2" box="[771,859,584,610]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
) also by smaller size (body length ~1.1–1.4; in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C594D64AC5BFFFB0BAF664CE251FD54" authorityName="Banks" authorityYear="1896" box="[187,340,618,644]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Pholcophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92DEAF5AC5BFFFB0BAF664CE251FD54" box="[187,340,618,644]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Pholcophora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
~1.7–3.1) and shorter legs (tibia 1 <0.7, in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C594D64AC5BFFFB085B664CE0EDFD54" authorityName="Banks" authorityYear="1896" box="[847,1000,618,644]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Pholcophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92DEAF5AC5BFFFB085B664CE0EDFD54" box="[847,1000,618,644]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Pholcophora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
>1.0). From other geographically close genera (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C594D64AC5BFFFB0A7466A8E2EBFD77" authorityName="Huber" authorityYear="2000" box="[352,494,654,679]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Papiamenta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92DEAF5AC5BFFFB0A7466A8E2EBFD77" box="[352,494,654,679]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Papiamenta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C594D64AC5BFFFB0AE966ABE150FD77" authorityName="Huber" authorityYear="2000" box="[509,597,653,679]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Galapa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92DEAF5AC5BFFFB0AE966ABE150FD77" box="[509,597,653,679]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Galapa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) also by simple rod-shaped procursus (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13622A62AC5BFFFB0F3666ABE794FD78" box="[1058,1169,653,680]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="49.[189,232,1928,1954]" captionTargetBox="[227,1338,753,1881]" captionTargetId="figure-172@49.[191,1397,753,1886]" captionTargetPageId="49" captionText="Fig. 38. Tolteca hesperia (Gertsch, 1982), male from Mexico, Sinaloa, S of Rosario (ZFMK Ar 23953). A–B. Chelicerae, frontal and lateral views. C. Left palpal tarsus and procursus, retrolateral view. D–F. Left genital bulb, prolateral, dorsal, and retrolateral views. Scale bars = 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8155592" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8155592/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Figs 38C</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13622A62AC5BFFFB0F8966ABE7D4FD78" box="[1181,1233,653,680]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="68.[189,232,1919,1945]" captionTargetBox="[237,1375,736,1872]" captionTargetId="figure-102@68.[189,1398,736,1876]" captionTargetPageId="68" captionText="Fig. 51. Tolteca oaxaca Huber sp. nov., male paratype from Mexico, Oaxaca, N of San Pedro Totolapa (ZFMK Ar 23961). A–B. Chelicerae, frontal and lateral views. C. Left palpal tarsus and procursus, retrolateral view. D–F. Left genital bulb, prolateral, dorsal, and retrolateral views. Scale bars = 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8155633" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8155633/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">51C</figureCitation>
|
||
; much shorter in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C594D64AC5BFFFB0BF46694E26BFD1B" authorityName="Huber" authorityYear="2000" box="[224,366,690,715]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Papiamenta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92DEAF5AC5BFFFB0BF46694E26BFD1B" box="[224,366,690,715]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Papiamenta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; with dorsal process in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C594D64AC5BFFFB098E6697E1F7FD1B" authorityName="Huber" authorityYear="2000" box="[666,754,689,715]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Galapa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92DEAF5AC5BFFFB098E6697E1F7FD1B" box="[666,754,689,715]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Galapa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), by presence of humps on male sternum (absent in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C594D64AC5BFFFB0BA966F3E24EFD3E" authorityName="Huber" authorityYear="2000" box="[189,331,725,750]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Papiamenta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92DEAF5AC5BFFFB0BA966F3E24EFD3E" box="[189,331,725,750]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Papiamenta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and by unmodified male cheliceral fangs (with processes in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C594D64AC5BFFFB0F3766F2E77EFD3E" authorityName="Huber" authorityYear="2000" box="[1059,1147,724,750]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Galapa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92DEAF5AC5BFFFB0F3766F2E77EFD3E" box="[1059,1147,724,750]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Galapa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C343656CAC5BFFF80BA96733E1CCFACC" lastPageId="46" lastPageNumber="47" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE636E7AC5BFFFB0BA96733E24BFCFF" blockId="45.[189,334,789,815]" box="[189,334,789,815]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<heading id="D0AE818BAC5BFFFB0BA96733E24BFCFF" bold="true" box="[189,334,789,815]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" reason="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92DEAF5AC5BFFFB0BA96733E24BFCFF" bold="true" box="[189,334,789,815]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Description</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE636E7AC5BFFFB0BFF6762E22EFC8E" blockId="45.[189,1399,836,968]" box="[235,299,836,862]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92DEAF5AC5BFFFB0BFF6762E22EFC8E" bold="true" box="[235,299,836,862]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Male</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE636E7AC5BFFFB0BA9674EE240FC17" blockId="45.[189,1399,836,968]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D00A03BAC5BFFFB0BA9674EE26AFC50" baselines="891,891" box="[189,367,872,898]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="title" normString="Measurements" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">MEASUREMENTS</smallCapsWord>
|
||
. Total body length 1.1–1.4, carapace width 0.45–0.55. Legs very short, tibia 1 ~0.45– 0.60; tibia 1 ~1.0–1.1 x carapace width; tibia 1 L/d 7–9; tibia 2 much shorter than tibia 4 (tibia 2 / tibia 4: 0.6–0.7).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE636E7AC5BFFFB0BA967C9E07DFBA2" blockId="45.[189,1399,1007,1138]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D00A03BAC5BFFFB0BA967C9E21DFBD8" baselines="1026,1027" box="[189,280,1007,1033]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="title" normString="Colour" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">COLOUR</smallCapsWord>
|
||
. Live specimens reddish brown (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13622A62AC5BFFFB09BA67C9E00CFBD9" box="[686,777,1007,1033]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="47.[188,229,1822,1848]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,658,1774]" captionTargetId="figure-99@47.[189,1398,658,1774]" captionTargetPageId="47" captionText="Fig. 36. Tolteca Huber, 2000 live specimens. A–B. T. hesperia (Gertsch, 1982), male and female with egg-sac from Mexico, Sinaloa, S of Rosario. C–D. T. jalisco (Gertsch, 1982), females with egg-sacs from Mexico, Jalisco, N of La Quemada. E–F. T. manzanillo Huber sp. nov., male and female with egg-sac from Mexico, Colima, E of Manzanillo. G–H. T. sinnombre Huber sp. nov., male and female from Mexico, Colima, S of Coquimatlán. I–J. T. huahua Huber sp. nov., male and female from Mexico, Michoacán, W of Huahua. K–L. T. oaxaca Huber sp. nov., male and female with egg-sac from Mexico, Oaxaca, NW of Tehuantepec." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8155586" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8155586/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Fig. 36</figureCitation>
|
||
); carapace usually monochromous, sometimes with very indistinct darker median line widening anteriorly behind ocular area; abdomen colour slightly variable, usually monochromous, sometimes with indistinct dorsal marks; legs without dark or light bands. Colour in ethanol similar but paler, rather yellowish.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE636E7AC5BFFFB0BA960BDE21DFA1E" blockId="45.[189,1399,1178,1486]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D00A03BAC5BFFFB0BA960BDE3FBFB63" baselines="1198,1198" box="[189,254,1179,1205]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="title" normString="Body" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">BODY</smallCapsWord>
|
||
. Ocular area barely raised, eight eyes, AME relatively large, diameter ~25–30 µm, ~60–80% of PME diameter; Carapace without thoracic groove or with very indistinct low median indentation (visible in frontal view only). Clypeus unmodified or with rim slightly more sclerotized than in female. Sternum wider than long, with pair of distinct anterior processes near leg coxae 1. Abdomen globular; presence of epiandrous spigots unclear (reported as present in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC84B16AC5BFFFB08A46101E747FA91" author="Huber B. A." box="[944,1090,1319,1345]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="1 - 348" refId="ref34125" refString="Huber B. A. 2000. New World pholcid spiders (Araneae: Pholcidae): a revision at generic level. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 254: 1 - 348. https: // doi. org / brh 26 h" type="journal article" year="2000">Huber 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 126; not seen in two newly examined males of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C594D64AC5BFFFB0AE8616DE184FAB4" authorityName="Gertsch" authorityYear="1982" box="[508,641,1354,1380]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Pholcophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hesperia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92DEAF5AC5BFFFB0AE8616DE184FAB4" box="[508,641,1354,1380]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">T. hesperia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C594D64AC5BFFFB09D4616DE0B0FAB4" authority="Huber" authorityName="Huber & Meng & Valdez-Mondragón & Král & Ávila Herrera & Carvalho" authorityYear="2023" box="[704,949,1354,1380]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Tolteca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="manzanillo" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92DEAF5AC5BFFFB09D4616DE064FAB4" box="[704,865,1354,1380]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">T. manzanillo</emphasis>
|
||
Huber
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21E578EAC5BFFFB08AB616DE725FAB5" box="[959,1056,1355,1381]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="13622A62AC5BFFFB0F3B616CE79AFAB4" box="[1071,1183,1354,1380]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="60.[189,232,1776,1802]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,265,1727]" captionTargetId="figure-12@60.[189,1398,265,1727]" captionTargetPageId="60" captionText="Fig. 46. Tolteca manzanillo Huber sp. nov.; male from Mexico, Colima, 17 km E of Manzanillo (ZFMK Ar 23958). A. Right palp, retrolateral-distal view. B. Left palp, retrolateral-dorsal view. C–D. Palpal tarsal organ.E. Tarsal organ on tarsus 2.F. Lateral face of right chelicera, showing absence of stridulatory file. G. Gonopore. H. ALS. Abbreviations: b = genital bulb; p = procursus. Scale bars: A–B, F = 20 µm; C–D = 2 µm; E = 1 µm; G–H = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8155623" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8155623/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Fig. 46G</figureCitation>
|
||
); ALS with seven spigots each (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13622A62AC5BFFFB0A72614BE2D3FA58" box="[358,470,1389,1416]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="71.[189,232,1727,1753]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,267,1672]" captionTargetId="figure-12@71.[189,1398,267,1672]" captionTargetPageId="71" captionText="Fig. 54. Tolteca oaxaca Huber sp. nov., female from Mexico, Oaxaca, 3 km N of San Pedro Totolapa (ZFMK Mex362).A. Epigynum, ventral view (arrow: knob-shaped structure). B. Knob-shaped structure between epigynum and pedicel. C. ALS and PMS. D. Prolateral trichobothrium on tibia 3. E. Palpal tarsal organ. F. Tarsal organ on tarsus 2. G. Tip of left tarsus 2, retrolateral view. H. Tip of right tarsus 4, prolateral view, showing comb hair (arrow). Abbreviations: ep = epigynum (main epigynal plate); pep = posterior epigynal plate. Scale bars: A = 100 µm; B–D, G–H = 10 µm; E–F = 2 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8155643" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8155643/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Fig. 54C</figureCitation>
|
||
): one strongly widened spigot, one long pointed spigot, and five cylindrical spigots (one of which is unusually large); PMS with two short, pointed spigots (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13622A62AC5BFFFB0F7761B6E7CAFA7B" box="[1123,1231,1424,1451]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="71.[189,232,1727,1753]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,267,1672]" captionTargetId="figure-12@71.[189,1398,267,1672]" captionTargetPageId="71" captionText="Fig. 54. Tolteca oaxaca Huber sp. nov., female from Mexico, Oaxaca, 3 km N of San Pedro Totolapa (ZFMK Mex362).A. Epigynum, ventral view (arrow: knob-shaped structure). B. Knob-shaped structure between epigynum and pedicel. C. ALS and PMS. D. Prolateral trichobothrium on tibia 3. E. Palpal tarsal organ. F. Tarsal organ on tarsus 2. G. Tip of left tarsus 2, retrolateral view. H. Tip of right tarsus 4, prolateral view, showing comb hair (arrow). Abbreviations: ep = epigynum (main epigynal plate); pep = posterior epigynal plate. Scale bars: A = 100 µm; B–D, G–H = 10 µm; E–F = 2 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8155643" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8155643/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Fig. 54C</figureCitation>
|
||
); PLS without spigots.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE636E7AC5BFFFB0BA961D3E284F9E2" blockId="45.[189,1399,1525,1586]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D00A03BAC5BFFFB0BA961D3E241F9DE" baselines="1544,1545" box="[189,324,1525,1551]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="title" normString="Chelicerae" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">CHELICERAE</smallCapsWord>
|
||
. With one pair of simple frontal apophyses (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13622A62AC5BFFFB085861D3E0DBF9DF" box="[844,990,1525,1551]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="49.[189,232,1928,1954]" captionTargetBox="[227,1338,753,1881]" captionTargetId="figure-172@49.[191,1397,753,1886]" captionTargetPageId="49" captionText="Fig. 38. Tolteca hesperia (Gertsch, 1982), male from Mexico, Sinaloa, S of Rosario (ZFMK Ar 23953). A–B. Chelicerae, frontal and lateral views. C. Left palpal tarsus and procursus, retrolateral view. D–F. Left genital bulb, prolateral, dorsal, and retrolateral views. Scale bars = 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8155592" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8155592/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Figs 38A–B</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13622A62AC5BFFFB08FE61D3E746F9DF" box="[1002,1091,1525,1551]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="52.[189,232,1822,1848]" captionTargetBox="[194,1393,265,1781]" captionTargetId="figure-12@52.[194,1393,265,1781]" captionTargetPageId="52" captionText="Fig. 41. Tolteca hesperia (Gertsch, 1982), male and female from Mexico, Sinaloa, 3 km S of Rosario (ZFMK Ar23953 and Mex253). A. Male chelicerae, lateral view. B. Male right chelicera, frontal view. C. Left male palp, distal view. D. Right genital bulb (and procursus), dorso-distal view. E. Detail of male palpal tarsus showing position of tarsal organ (arrow). F. Male palpal tarsal organ. G. Female palpal tarsal organ. H. Male ALS and PMS. Abbreviations: b = genital bulb; fe = femur; p = procursus. Scale bars: A, C–D = 20 µm; B, E–F = 10 µm; G = 1 µm; H = 2 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8155607" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8155607/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">41A–B</figureCitation>
|
||
); without stridulatory files (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13622A62AC5BFFFB0BD2623EE233F9E2" box="[198,310,1560,1586]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="52.[189,232,1822,1848]" captionTargetBox="[194,1393,265,1781]" captionTargetId="figure-12@52.[194,1393,265,1781]" captionTargetPageId="52" captionText="Fig. 41. Tolteca hesperia (Gertsch, 1982), male and female from Mexico, Sinaloa, 3 km S of Rosario (ZFMK Ar23953 and Mex253). A. Male chelicerae, lateral view. B. Male right chelicera, frontal view. C. Left male palp, distal view. D. Right genital bulb (and procursus), dorso-distal view. E. Detail of male palpal tarsus showing position of tarsal organ (arrow). F. Male palpal tarsal organ. G. Female palpal tarsal organ. H. Male ALS and PMS. Abbreviations: b = genital bulb; fe = femur; p = procursus. Scale bars: A, C–D = 20 µm; B, E–F = 10 µm; G = 1 µm; H = 2 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8155607" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8155607/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Figs 41A</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13622A62AC5BFFFB0A56623EE270F9E2" box="[322,373,1560,1586]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="60.[189,232,1776,1802]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,265,1727]" captionTargetId="figure-12@60.[189,1398,265,1727]" captionTargetPageId="60" captionText="Fig. 46. Tolteca manzanillo Huber sp. nov.; male from Mexico, Colima, 17 km E of Manzanillo (ZFMK Ar 23958). A. Right palp, retrolateral-distal view. B. Left palp, retrolateral-dorsal view. C–D. Palpal tarsal organ.E. Tarsal organ on tarsus 2.F. Lateral face of right chelicera, showing absence of stridulatory file. G. Gonopore. H. ALS. Abbreviations: b = genital bulb; p = procursus. Scale bars: A–B, F = 20 µm; C–D = 2 µm; E = 1 µm; G–H = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8155623" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8155623/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">46F</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE636E7AC5BFFFB0BA9627CE083F8F4" blockId="45.[189,1401,1626,1828]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D00A03BAC5BFFFB0BA9627CE204F9A2" baselines="1645,1645" box="[189,257,1626,1652]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="title" normString="Palps" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">PALPS</smallCapsWord>
|
||
. Coxa unmodified; trochanter barely modified (indistinct ventral projection); femur cylindrical, slightly widened distally, proximally without retrolateral hump; patella short; tibia globular, with two trichobothria; palpal tarsal organ raised, capsulate with small opening (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13622A62AC5BFFFB0F066286E79BF96A" box="[1042,1182,1696,1722]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="52.[189,232,1822,1848]" captionTargetBox="[194,1393,265,1781]" captionTargetId="figure-12@52.[194,1393,265,1781]" captionTargetPageId="52" captionText="Fig. 41. Tolteca hesperia (Gertsch, 1982), male and female from Mexico, Sinaloa, 3 km S of Rosario (ZFMK Ar23953 and Mex253). A. Male chelicerae, lateral view. B. Male right chelicera, frontal view. C. Left male palp, distal view. D. Right genital bulb (and procursus), dorso-distal view. E. Detail of male palpal tarsus showing position of tarsal organ (arrow). F. Male palpal tarsal organ. G. Female palpal tarsal organ. H. Male ALS and PMS. Abbreviations: b = genital bulb; fe = femur; p = procursus. Scale bars: A, C–D = 20 µm; B, E–F = 10 µm; G = 1 µm; H = 2 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8155607" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8155607/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Figs 41E–F</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13622A62AC5BFFFB0FB86286E600F96A" box="[1196,1285,1696,1722]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="60.[189,232,1776,1802]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,265,1727]" captionTargetId="figure-12@60.[189,1398,265,1727]" captionTargetPageId="60" captionText="Fig. 46. Tolteca manzanillo Huber sp. nov.; male from Mexico, Colima, 17 km E of Manzanillo (ZFMK Ar 23958). A. Right palp, retrolateral-distal view. B. Left palp, retrolateral-dorsal view. C–D. Palpal tarsal organ.E. Tarsal organ on tarsus 2.F. Lateral face of right chelicera, showing absence of stridulatory file. G. Gonopore. H. ALS. Abbreviations: b = genital bulb; p = procursus. Scale bars: A–B, F = 20 µm; C–D = 2 µm; E = 1 µm; G–H = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8155623" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8155623/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">46C–D</figureCitation>
|
||
; diameter of opening ~1.1–1.3 µm); procursus simple and straight (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13622A62AC5BFFFB086562E5E0E4F90D" box="[881,993,1731,1757]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="49.[189,232,1928,1954]" captionTargetBox="[227,1338,753,1881]" captionTargetId="figure-172@49.[191,1397,753,1886]" captionTargetPageId="49" captionText="Fig. 38. Tolteca hesperia (Gertsch, 1982), male from Mexico, Sinaloa, S of Rosario (ZFMK Ar 23953). A–B. Chelicerae, frontal and lateral views. C. Left palpal tarsus and procursus, retrolateral view. D–F. Left genital bulb, prolateral, dorsal, and retrolateral views. Scale bars = 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8155592" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8155592/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Figs 38C</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13622A62AC5BFFFB08FB62E5E74CF90D" box="[1007,1097,1731,1757]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="60.[189,232,1776,1802]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,265,1727]" captionTargetId="figure-12@60.[189,1398,265,1727]" captionTargetPageId="60" captionText="Fig. 46. Tolteca manzanillo Huber sp. nov.; male from Mexico, Colima, 17 km E of Manzanillo (ZFMK Ar 23958). A. Right palp, retrolateral-distal view. B. Left palp, retrolateral-dorsal view. C–D. Palpal tarsal organ.E. Tarsal organ on tarsus 2.F. Lateral face of right chelicera, showing absence of stridulatory file. G. Gonopore. H. ALS. Abbreviations: b = genital bulb; p = procursus. Scale bars: A–B, F = 20 µm; C–D = 2 µm; E = 1 µm; G–H = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8155623" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8155623/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">46A–B</figureCitation>
|
||
), without dorsal flap, not strongly elongated; genital bulb large (compared to palp size), with complex distal system of sclerites and folds, partly only visible in SEM (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13622A62AC5BFFFB0994632CE016F8F4" box="[640,787,1802,1828]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="52.[189,232,1822,1848]" captionTargetBox="[194,1393,265,1781]" captionTargetId="figure-12@52.[194,1393,265,1781]" captionTargetPageId="52" captionText="Fig. 41. Tolteca hesperia (Gertsch, 1982), male and female from Mexico, Sinaloa, 3 km S of Rosario (ZFMK Ar23953 and Mex253). A. Male chelicerae, lateral view. B. Male right chelicera, frontal view. C. Left male palp, distal view. D. Right genital bulb (and procursus), dorso-distal view. E. Detail of male palpal tarsus showing position of tarsal organ (arrow). F. Male palpal tarsal organ. G. Female palpal tarsal organ. H. Male ALS and PMS. Abbreviations: b = genital bulb; fe = femur; p = procursus. Scale bars: A, C–D = 20 µm; B, E–F = 10 µm; G = 1 µm; H = 2 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8155607" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8155607/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Figs 41C–D</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13622A62AC5BFFFB080B632CE07CF8F4" box="[799,889,1802,1828]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="60.[189,232,1776,1802]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,265,1727]" captionTargetId="figure-12@60.[189,1398,265,1727]" captionTargetPageId="60" captionText="Fig. 46. Tolteca manzanillo Huber sp. nov.; male from Mexico, Colima, 17 km E of Manzanillo (ZFMK Ar 23958). A. Right palp, retrolateral-distal view. B. Left palp, retrolateral-dorsal view. C–D. Palpal tarsal organ.E. Tarsal organ on tarsus 2.F. Lateral face of right chelicera, showing absence of stridulatory file. G. Gonopore. H. ALS. Abbreviations: b = genital bulb; p = procursus. Scale bars: A–B, F = 20 µm; C–D = 2 µm; E = 1 µm; G–H = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8155623" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8155623/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">46A–B</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE636E7AC5BFFF80BA9636AE074FEB9" blockId="45.[189,1399,1867,1999]" lastBlockId="46.[189,1400,265,361]" lastPageId="46" lastPageNumber="47" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D00A03BAC5BFFFB0BA9636AE3F3F8B4" baselines="1887,1887" box="[189,246,1868,1894]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="title" normString="Legs" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">LEGS</smallCapsWord>
|
||
. Without spines and curved hairs; with very short vertical hairs in higher density on tibia 1 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13622A62AC5BFFFB0BD26348E252F858" box="[198,343,1902,1928]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="53.[189,232,1724,1750]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,265,1657]" captionTargetId="figure-12@53.[189,1398,265,1657]" captionTargetPageId="53" captionText="Fig. 42. Tolteca hesperia (Gertsch, 1982), male and female from Mexico, Sinaloa, 3 km S of Rosario (ZFMK Ar23953 and Mex253). A. Male tibia 1, prolateral view. B. Male tibia 1, retrolateral view. C. Sexually dimorphic short vertical hair on male tibia 1. D. ‘Regular’ short vertical hair on male metatarsus 1. E. Tip of ‘regular’ short vertical hair, detail of preceding image. F. Male metatarsustarsus 1 joint, retrolateral-dorsal view. G. Tarsal organ on female tarsus 1. H. Tip of left male tarsus 2, retrolateral view. Scale bars: A–B, F, H = 10 µm; C–D, G = 2 µm; E = 1 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8155609" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8155609/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Fig. 42A–B</figureCitation>
|
||
; length of hairs ~20 µm). Trichobothria in usual arrangement: three on each tibia (except tibia 1: prolateral trichobothrium absent), one on each metatarsus; slightly feathered (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13622A62AC5BFFFB0FBF63B7E61CF87C" box="[1195,1305,1937,1964]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="71.[189,232,1727,1753]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,267,1672]" captionTargetId="figure-12@71.[189,1398,267,1672]" captionTargetPageId="71" captionText="Fig. 54. Tolteca oaxaca Huber sp. nov., female from Mexico, Oaxaca, 3 km N of San Pedro Totolapa (ZFMK Mex362).A. Epigynum, ventral view (arrow: knob-shaped structure). B. Knob-shaped structure between epigynum and pedicel. C. ALS and PMS. D. Prolateral trichobothrium on tibia 3. E. Palpal tarsal organ. F. Tarsal organ on tarsus 2. G. Tip of left tarsus 2, retrolateral view. H. Tip of right tarsus 4, prolateral view, showing comb hair (arrow). Abbreviations: ep = epigynum (main epigynal plate); pep = posterior epigynal plate. Scale bars: A = 100 µm; B–D, G–H = 10 µm; E–F = 2 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8155643" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8155643/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Fig. 54D</figureCitation>
|
||
); length of dorsal trichobothrium on tibia 1: ~100 µm; retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia
|
||
<quantity id="4CA19B02AC5BFFFB0FA36393E7EFF81F" box="[1207,1258,1973,1999]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" unit="in" value="1.0">1 in</quantity>
|
||
very distal position (at 59–65%). Tarsus 1 with 4–6 distinct pseudosegments; tarsus 4 distally with one comb-hair on prolateral side (cf.
|
||
<figureCitation id="13622A62AC58FFF80AD0650AE137FE97" box="[452,562,300,327]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="71.[189,232,1727,1753]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,267,1672]" captionTargetId="figure-12@71.[189,1398,267,1672]" captionTargetPageId="71" captionText="Fig. 54. Tolteca oaxaca Huber sp. nov., female from Mexico, Oaxaca, 3 km N of San Pedro Totolapa (ZFMK Mex362).A. Epigynum, ventral view (arrow: knob-shaped structure). B. Knob-shaped structure between epigynum and pedicel. C. ALS and PMS. D. Prolateral trichobothrium on tibia 3. E. Palpal tarsal organ. F. Tarsal organ on tarsus 2. G. Tip of left tarsus 2, retrolateral view. H. Tip of right tarsus 4, prolateral view, showing comb hair (arrow). Abbreviations: ep = epigynum (main epigynal plate); pep = posterior epigynal plate. Scale bars: A = 100 µm; B–D, G–H = 10 µm; E–F = 2 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8155643" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8155643/files/figure.png" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Fig. 54H</figureCitation>
|
||
); leg tarsal organs very small, capsulate with small opening (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13622A62AC58FFF80E1C650AE677FE96" box="[1288,1394,300,326]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="60.[189,232,1776,1802]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,265,1727]" captionTargetId="figure-12@60.[189,1398,265,1727]" captionTargetPageId="60" captionText="Fig. 46. Tolteca manzanillo Huber sp. nov.; male from Mexico, Colima, 17 km E of Manzanillo (ZFMK Ar 23958). A. Right palp, retrolateral-distal view. B. Left palp, retrolateral-dorsal view. C–D. Palpal tarsal organ.E. Tarsal organ on tarsus 2.F. Lateral face of right chelicera, showing absence of stridulatory file. G. Gonopore. H. ALS. Abbreviations: b = genital bulb; p = procursus. Scale bars: A–B, F = 20 µm; C–D = 2 µm; E = 1 µm; G–H = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8155623" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8155623/files/figure.png" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Fig. 46E</figureCitation>
|
||
; diameter of opening ~1.0–1.4 µm); three claws (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13622A62AC58FFF809E36569E060FEB9" box="[759,869,335,361]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="53.[189,232,1724,1750]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,265,1657]" captionTargetId="figure-12@53.[189,1398,265,1657]" captionTargetPageId="53" captionText="Fig. 42. Tolteca hesperia (Gertsch, 1982), male and female from Mexico, Sinaloa, 3 km S of Rosario (ZFMK Ar23953 and Mex253). A. Male tibia 1, prolateral view. B. Male tibia 1, retrolateral view. C. Sexually dimorphic short vertical hair on male tibia 1. D. ‘Regular’ short vertical hair on male metatarsus 1. E. Tip of ‘regular’ short vertical hair, detail of preceding image. F. Male metatarsustarsus 1 joint, retrolateral-dorsal view. G. Tarsal organ on female tarsus 1. H. Tip of left male tarsus 2, retrolateral view. Scale bars: A–B, F, H = 10 µm; C–D, G = 2 µm; E = 1 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8155609" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8155609/files/figure.png" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Fig. 42H</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE636E7AC58FFF80BFE65B7E240FE7B" blockId="46.[187,1400,401,815]" box="[234,325,401,427]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92DEAF5AC58FFF80BFE65B7E240FE7B" bold="true" box="[234,325,401,427]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Female</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE636E7AC58FFF80BA96593E72BFCFE" blockId="46.[187,1400,401,815]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
|
||
In general (size, colour) similar to male (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13622A62AC58FFF809B96592E000FE1E" box="[685,773,436,462]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="47.[188,229,1822,1848]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,658,1774]" captionTargetId="figure-99@47.[189,1398,658,1774]" captionTargetPageId="47" captionText="Fig. 36. Tolteca Huber, 2000 live specimens. A–B. T. hesperia (Gertsch, 1982), male and female with egg-sac from Mexico, Sinaloa, S of Rosario. C–D. T. jalisco (Gertsch, 1982), females with egg-sacs from Mexico, Jalisco, N of La Quemada. E–F. T. manzanillo Huber sp. nov., male and female with egg-sac from Mexico, Colima, E of Manzanillo. G–H. T. sinnombre Huber sp. nov., male and female from Mexico, Colima, S of Coquimatlán. I–J. T. huahua Huber sp. nov., male and female from Mexico, Michoacán, W of Huahua. K–L. T. oaxaca Huber sp. nov., male and female with egg-sac from Mexico, Oaxaca, NW of Tehuantepec." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8155586" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8155586/files/figure.png" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Fig. 36</figureCitation>
|
||
) but sternum without pair of anterior humps, palpal tarsal organ less strongly raised (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13622A62AC58FFF8092A65F1E1AEFE21" box="[574,683,471,497]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="52.[189,232,1822,1848]" captionTargetBox="[194,1393,265,1781]" captionTargetId="figure-12@52.[194,1393,265,1781]" captionTargetPageId="52" captionText="Fig. 41. Tolteca hesperia (Gertsch, 1982), male and female from Mexico, Sinaloa, 3 km S of Rosario (ZFMK Ar23953 and Mex253). A. Male chelicerae, lateral view. B. Male right chelicera, frontal view. C. Left male palp, distal view. D. Right genital bulb (and procursus), dorso-distal view. E. Detail of male palpal tarsus showing position of tarsal organ (arrow). F. Male palpal tarsal organ. G. Female palpal tarsal organ. H. Male ALS and PMS. Abbreviations: b = genital bulb; fe = femur; p = procursus. Scale bars: A, C–D = 20 µm; B, E–F = 10 µm; G = 1 µm; H = 2 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8155607" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8155607/files/figure.png" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Figs 41G</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13622A62AC58FFF809A365F1E1EEFE22" box="[695,747,471,498]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="71.[189,232,1727,1753]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,267,1672]" captionTargetId="figure-12@71.[189,1398,267,1672]" captionTargetPageId="71" captionText="Fig. 54. Tolteca oaxaca Huber sp. nov., female from Mexico, Oaxaca, 3 km N of San Pedro Totolapa (ZFMK Mex362).A. Epigynum, ventral view (arrow: knob-shaped structure). B. Knob-shaped structure between epigynum and pedicel. C. ALS and PMS. D. Prolateral trichobothrium on tibia 3. E. Palpal tarsal organ. F. Tarsal organ on tarsus 2. G. Tip of left tarsus 2, retrolateral view. H. Tip of right tarsus 4, prolateral view, showing comb hair (arrow). Abbreviations: ep = epigynum (main epigynal plate); pep = posterior epigynal plate. Scale bars: A = 100 µm; B–D, G–H = 10 µm; E–F = 2 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8155643" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8155643/files/figure.png" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">54E</figureCitation>
|
||
), and leg tibia 1 with usual low number of short vertical hairs; legs either slightly shorter than in males or of same length (only
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C594D64AC58FFF808FD65DDE75CFDC4" authority="Huber & Meng & Valdez-Mondragón & Král & Ávila Herrera & Carvalho, 2023" authorityName="Huber & Meng & Valdez-Mondragón & Král & Ávila Herrera & Carvalho" authorityYear="2023" box="[1001,1113,507,532]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Tolteca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oaxaca" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92DEAF5AC58FFF808FD65DDE75CFDC4" box="[1001,1113,507,532]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">T. oaxaca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21E578EAC58FFF80F7465DDE7BCFDC5" box="[1120,1209,507,533]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
with reasonable sample size: male/female tibia 1 length: 1.06). Spinnerets and comb-hairs as in male. Epigynum main (anterior) plate transversal band-shaped to crescent-shaped, weakly protruding in lateral view; posterior plate often indistinct, short but wide, usually with median anterior projection. Usually with distinct knob-shaped structure between epigynum and pedicel (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13622A62AC58FFF8081066A1E073FD71" box="[772,886,647,673]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="55.[189,232,1750,1776]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,278,1689]" captionTargetId="figure-12@55.[189,1398,278,1689]" captionTargetPageId="55" captionText="Fig. 43. Tolteca jalisco (Gertsch, 1982), females from Mexico, Jalisco, N of La Quemada (ZFMK Ar 23956). A–D. Epigyna, ventral (A, C) and lateral (B, D) views; arrows point at anterior knob-shaped structure. E–G. Cleared female genitalia, ventral (E) and dorsal (F) views, and detail of median internal structures (G); arrows point at membranous sacs (cf. Fig. 55C). Abbreviations: ep = epigynum (main epigynal plate); pep = posterior epigynal plate. Scale bars: A–D = 0.2 mm; E–F = 0.1 mm; G = 0.05 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8155611" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8155611/files/figure.png" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Figs 43A</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13622A62AC58FFF8089766A1E0BDFD72" box="[899,952,647,674]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="59.[189,232,1892,1918]" captionTargetBox="[204,1384,510,1853]" captionTargetId="figure-74@59.[204,1384,510,1853]" captionTargetPageId="59" captionText="Fig. 45. Tolteca manzanillo Huber sp. nov., females from Mexico, Colima, E of Manzanillo (ZFMK Ar 23958). A–D. Epigyna, ventral (A, C) and lateral (B, D) views. E–G. Cleared female genitalia, ventral (E) and dorsal (F) views, and detail of median internal structures (G). Arrows point at anterior epigynal knob. Asterisk: membranous sac (cf. Fig. 55E). Scale bars: A–D = 0.2 mm; E, F = 0.1 mm; G = 0.05 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8155615" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8155615/files/figure.png" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">45A</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13622A62AC58FFF808D166A1E0FFFD71" box="[965,1018,647,673]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="65.[189,232,1751,1777]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,265,1673]" captionTargetId="figure-12@65.[189,1398,265,1673]" captionTargetPageId="65" captionText="Fig. 49. Tolteca huahua Huber sp. nov., females from Mexico, Michoacán, W of Huahua (ZFMK Ar 23957). A–D. Epigyna, ventral (A, C) and lateral (B, D) views. E–G. Cleared female genitalia, ventral (E) and dorsal (F) views, and detail of median internal structures (G). Arrows point at knobshaped structure. Asterisk: membranous sac (cf. Fig. 55D). Abbreviation: gp = genital plug. Scale bars: A–D = 0.2 mm; E–F = 0.1 mm; G = 0.05 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8155629" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8155629/files/figure.png" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">49A</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13622A62AC58FFF80F1366A1E75AFD72" box="[1031,1119,647,674]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="71.[189,232,1727,1753]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,267,1672]" captionTargetId="figure-12@71.[189,1398,267,1672]" captionTargetPageId="71" captionText="Fig. 54. Tolteca oaxaca Huber sp. nov., female from Mexico, Oaxaca, 3 km N of San Pedro Totolapa (ZFMK Mex362).A. Epigynum, ventral view (arrow: knob-shaped structure). B. Knob-shaped structure between epigynum and pedicel. C. ALS and PMS. D. Prolateral trichobothrium on tibia 3. E. Palpal tarsal organ. F. Tarsal organ on tarsus 2. G. Tip of left tarsus 2, retrolateral view. H. Tip of right tarsus 4, prolateral view, showing comb hair (arrow). Abbreviations: ep = epigynum (main epigynal plate); pep = posterior epigynal plate. Scale bars: A = 100 µm; B–D, G–H = 10 µm; E–F = 2 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8155643" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8155643/files/figure.png" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">54A–B</figureCitation>
|
||
; absent in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C594D64AC58FFF80FCB66AEE67DFD71" authority="Huber & Meng & Valdez-Mondragón & Král & Ávila Herrera & Carvalho, 2023" authorityName="Huber & Meng & Valdez-Mondragón & Král & Ávila Herrera & Carvalho" authorityYear="2023" box="[1247,1400,647,673]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Tolteca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sinnombre" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92DEAF5AC58FFF80FCB66AEE67DFD71" box="[1247,1400,647,673]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">T. sinnombre</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21E578EAC58FFF80BAA668DE213FD15" box="[190,278,683,709]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
). Internal genitalia very simple, with pair of distinct transversal sclerites and pair of membranous sacs originating medially (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13622A62AC58FFF80AE266E8E14BFD38" box="[502,590,717,744]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="72.[189,232,1752,1778]" captionTargetBox="[197,1398,961,1619]" captionTargetId="figure-174@72.[189,1398,957,1631]" captionTargetPageId="72" captionText="Fig. 55. Tolteca Huber, 2000 internal female genitalia, median section of main transversal internal sclerite. A–B. T. hesperia (Gertsch, 1982); females from Mexico, Sinaloa, S of Rosario (ZFMK Ar 23953). C. T. jalisco (Gertsch, 1982), female from Mexico, Jalisco, N of La Quemada (ZFMK Ar 23956). D. T. huahua Huber sp. nov., female from Mexico, Michoacán, W of Huahua (ZFMK Ar 23957). E. T. manzanillo Huber sp. nov., female from Mexico, Colima, E of Manzanillo (ZFMK Ar 23958). F. T. sinnombre Huber sp. nov., female from Mexico, Colima, S of Coquimatlán (ZFMK Ar 23960). G–H. T. oaxaca Huber sp. nov., females from Mexico, Oaxaca, N of San Pedro Totolapa (ZFMK Ar 23961). Scale bar = 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8155648" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8155648/files/figure.png" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Fig. 55</figureCitation>
|
||
), sacs very short in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C594D64AC58FFF8085566E8E0B1FD37" authorityName="Huber & Meng & Valdez-Mondragón & Král & Ávila Herrera & Carvalho" authorityYear="2023" box="[833,948,718,743]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Tolteca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oaxaca">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92DEAF5AC58FFF8085566E8E0B1FD37" box="[833,948,718,743]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">T. oaxaca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(9–13 µm) and in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C594D64AC58FFF80F8266E8E207FCDB" authority="(Gertsch, 1982)" baseAuthorityName="Gertsch" baseAuthorityYear="1982" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Tolteca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jalisco">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92DEAF5AC58FFF80F8266E8E606FD38" box="[1174,1283,718,744]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">T. jalisco</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC84B16AC58FFF80E0666E8E3FFFCDB" author="Gertsch W. J." pageId="46" pageNumber="47" pagination="95 - 144" refId="ref33706" refString="Gertsch W. J. 1982. The spider genera Pholcophora and Anopsicus (Araneae, Pholcidae) in North America, Central America and the West Indies. Association of Mexican Cave Studies, Bulletin 8: 95 - 144 / Texas Memorial Museum, Bulletin 28: 95 - 144." type="journal article" year="1982">Gertsch, 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(18 µm), very long in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C594D64AC58FFF8091166D4E199FCDB" authorityName="Huber & Meng & Valdez-Mondragón & Král & Ávila Herrera & Carvalho" authorityYear="2023" box="[517,668,753,779]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Tolteca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sinnombre">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92DEAF5AC58FFF8091166D4E199FCDB" box="[517,668,753,779]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">T. sinnombre</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(85 µm); in other species ~42–48 µm; apparently without pore plates (possibly with very indistinct tiny groups of pores near median line).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE636E7AC58FFF80BA96773E262FCBF" blockId="46.[189,359,853,879]" box="[189,359,853,879]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
|
||
<heading id="D0AE818BAC58FFF80BA96773E262FCBF" bold="true" box="[189,359,853,879]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" reason="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92DEAF5AC58FFF80BA96773E262FCBF" bold="true" box="[189,359,853,879]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Relationships</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE636E7AC58FFF80BA967A2E061FBA1" blockId="46.[188,1399,900,1137]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
|
||
The genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C594D64AC58FFF80A2E67A2E28AFC4E" authorityName="Huber" authorityYear="2000" box="[314,399,900,926]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Tolteca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92DEAF5AC58FFF80A2E67A2E28AFC4E" box="[314,399,900,926]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Tolteca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was not included in the molecular analysis of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC84B16AC58FFF808BC67A2E788FC4E" author="Eberle J. & Dimitrov D. & Valdez-Mondragon A. & Huber B. A." box="[936,1165,900,926]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" pagination="141" refId="ref33384" refString="Eberle J., Dimitrov D., Valdez-Mondragon A. & Huber B. A. 2018. Microhabitat change drives diversification in pholcid spiders. BMC Evolutionary Biology 18: 141. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 12862 - 018 - 1244 - 8" type="journal article" year="2018">
|
||
Eberle
|
||
<emphasis id="B92DEAF5AC58FFF808EE67A3E731FC4E" box="[1018,1076,900,926]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2018)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Our new molecular data mostly suggest that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C594D64AC58FFF80ACD6781E12BFC11" authorityName="Huber" authorityYear="2000" box="[473,558,935,961]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Tolteca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92DEAF5AC58FFF80ACD6781E12BFC11" box="[473,558,935,961]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Tolteca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is sister to a clade consisting of true
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C594D64AC58FFF808C26781E76AFC11" authorityName="Banks" authorityYear="1896" box="[982,1135,935,961]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Pholcophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92DEAF5AC58FFF808C26781E76AFC11" box="[982,1135,935,961]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Pholcophora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and a Caribbean clade (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C594D64AC58FFF80BD367EDE2E8FC34" authority="Huber, 2000" authorityName="Huber" authorityYear="2000" box="[199,493,970,996]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Papiamenta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92DEAF5AC58FFF80BD367EDE250FC34" box="[199,341,971,996]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Papiamenta</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC84B16AC58FFF80A4F67ECE2E8FC34" author="Huber B. A." box="[347,493,970,996]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" pagination="1 - 348" refId="ref34125" refString="Huber B. A. 2000. New World pholcid spiders (Araneae: Pholcidae): a revision at generic level. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 254: 1 - 348. https: // doi. org / brh 26 h" type="journal article" year="2000">Huber, 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
+ Caribbean ‘
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C594D64AC58FFF8098067ECE028FC34" authorityName="Banks" authorityYear="1896" box="[660,813,970,996]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Pholcophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92DEAF5AC58FFF8098067ECE028FC34" box="[660,813,970,996]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Pholcophora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’). This supports a monophyletic North American-Caribbean clade of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C594D64AC58FFF80AB267CBE11DFBD7" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1890" box="[422,536,1005,1031]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ninetinae">Ninetinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13622A62AC58FFF8093D67CBE175FBD8" box="[553,624,1005,1032]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[188,231,866,892]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,277,817]" captionTargetId="figure-186@8.[189,1398,270,817]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 1. Relationships of Pholcophora Banks, 1896 and Tolteca Huber, 2000 derived from analysis of molecular data using IQ-Tree and the ClipKIT gappy trimming strategy. Newly generated CO1 sequences (codes starting with N) were combined with data from Eberle et al. (2018) (all other codes). Numbers on the branches are SH-aLRT supports (%). The tree shows only the ingroups and the Ninetinae outgroups. Clade colours are as in Figs 2 and 35. For the complete tree, and for clade support using different alignment strategies, see Supp. file 1: Fig. S76. Photos on the right from top to bottom: Tolteca manzanillo Huber sp. nov.; Papiamenta savonet Huber, 2000; Pholcophora papanoa Huber sp. nov." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8155476" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8155476/files/figure.png" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
; see also general results of molecular analyses above). The latter clade is also strongly supported in our preliminary analyses of UCE data (G. Meng, L. Podsiadlowski, B.A. Huber, unpubl. data), but in that case with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C594D64AC58FFF809FA6013E079FB9E" authorityName="Huber" authorityYear="2000" box="[750,892,1077,1102]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Papiamenta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92DEAF5AC58FFF809FA6013E079FB9E" box="[750,892,1077,1102]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Papiamenta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as sister to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C594D64AC58FFF80F126012E75EFB9E" authorityName="Huber" authorityYear="2000" box="[1030,1115,1076,1102]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Tolteca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92DEAF5AC58FFF80F126012E75EFB9E" box="[1030,1115,1076,1102]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Tolteca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
+ true
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C594D64AC58FFF80FBB6012E64DFB9E" authorityName="Banks" authorityYear="1896" box="[1199,1352,1076,1102]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Pholcophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92DEAF5AC58FFF80FBB6012E64DFB9E" box="[1199,1352,1076,1102]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Pholcophora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(no Caribbean ‘
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C594D64AC58FFF80A536071E2E5FBA1" authorityName="Banks" authorityYear="1896" box="[327,480,1111,1137]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Pholcophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92DEAF5AC58FFF80A536071E2E5FBA1" box="[327,480,1111,1137]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Pholcophora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’ is included in the UCE dataset).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE636E7AC58FFF80BA960BFE1CCFACC" blockId="46.[189,1399,1177,1309]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
|
||
Within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C594D64AC58FFF80A0260BFE26EFB63" authorityName="Huber" authorityYear="2000" box="[278,363,1177,1203]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Tolteca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92DEAF5AC58FFF80A0260BFE26EFB63" box="[278,363,1177,1203]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Tolteca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, our unpartitioned analysis suggests that the most southern species (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C594D64AC58FFF80F8360BFE60FFB62" authority="Huber & Meng & Valdez-Mondragón & Král & Ávila Herrera & Carvalho, 2023" authorityName="Huber & Meng & Valdez-Mondragón & Král & Ávila Herrera & Carvalho" authorityYear="2023" box="[1175,1290,1177,1202]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Tolteca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oaxaca" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92DEAF5AC58FFF80F8360BFE60FFB62" box="[1175,1290,1177,1202]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">T. oaxaca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21E578EAC58FFF80E0660BFE668FB63" box="[1298,1389,1177,1203]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
) is sister to all other species; among those,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C594D64AC58FFF809A2609BE03CFB06" authorityName="Gertsch" authorityYear="1982" box="[694,825,1212,1238]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Pholcophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hesperia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92DEAF5AC58FFF809A2609BE03CFB06" box="[694,825,1212,1238]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">T. hesperia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is sister to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C594D64AC58FFF808D7609BE72AFB06" baseAuthorityName="Gertsch" baseAuthorityYear="1982" box="[963,1071,1212,1238]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Tolteca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jalisco">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92DEAF5AC58FFF808D7609BE72AFB06" box="[963,1071,1212,1238]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">T. jalisco</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
+ (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C594D64AC58FFF80F4D609BE7FCFB06" authority="Huber & Meng & Valdez-Mondragón & Král & Ávila Herrera & Carvalho, 2023" authorityName="Huber & Meng & Valdez-Mondragón & Král & Ávila Herrera & Carvalho" authorityYear="2023" box="[1113,1273,1212,1238]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Tolteca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="manzanillo" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92DEAF5AC58FFF80F4D609BE7FCFB06" box="[1113,1273,1212,1238]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">T. manzanillo</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21E578EAC58FFF80E16609AE65BFB06" box="[1282,1374,1212,1238]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
+
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C594D64AC58FFF80BAA60C6E280FB29" authority="Huber" authorityName="Huber & Meng & Valdez-Mondragón & Král & Ávila Herrera & Carvalho" authorityYear="2023" box="[190,389,1247,1273]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Tolteca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="huahua" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92DEAF5AC58FFF80BAA60C6E230FB29" box="[190,309,1247,1273]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">T. huahua</emphasis>
|
||
Huber
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21E578EAC58FFF80A9B60C6E2EAFB29" box="[399,495,1247,1274]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
). Our unpublished UCE dataset does not include
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C594D64AC58FFF80F2B60C6E7B0FB29" authorityName="Huber & Meng & Valdez-Mondragón & Král & Ávila Herrera & Carvalho" authorityYear="2023" box="[1087,1205,1247,1273]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Tolteca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="huahua">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92DEAF5AC58FFF80F2B60C6E7B0FB29" box="[1087,1205,1247,1273]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">T. huahua</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but otherwise it supports the same intrageneric relationships.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF26666FAC58FFF80BA963E8E026F839" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8155584" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8155584" box="[189,803,1998,2025]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8155584/files/figure.png" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" startId="46.[189,232,1998,2024]" targetBox="[189,1397,1361,1951]" targetPageId="46">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE636E7AC58FFF80BA963E8E026F839" blockId="46.[189,803,1998,2025]" box="[189,803,1998,2025]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92DEAF5AC58FFF80BA963E8E21EF838" bold="true" box="[189,283,1998,2024]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Fig. 35.</emphasis>
|
||
Known distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C594D64AC58FFF8093A63E8E019F838" authority="Huber, 2000" authorityName="Huber" authorityYear="2000" box="[558,796,1998,2024]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Tolteca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92DEAF5AC58FFF8093A63E8E186F838" box="[558,643,1998,2024]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Tolteca</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC84B16AC58FFF8099E63E8E019F838" author="Huber B. A." box="[650,796,1998,2024]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" pagination="1 - 348" refId="ref34125" refString="Huber B. A. 2000. New World pholcid spiders (Araneae: Pholcidae): a revision at generic level. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 254: 1 - 348. https: // doi. org / brh 26 h" type="journal article" year="2000">Huber, 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C343656CAC59FFF90BA9652EE112FE6B" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE636E7AC59FFF90BA9652EE253FEF2" blockId="47.[189,342,264,290]" box="[189,342,264,290]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
|
||
<heading id="D0AE818BAC59FFF90BA9652EE253FEF2" bold="true" box="[189,342,264,290]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" reason="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92DEAF5AC59FFF90BA9652EE253FEF2" bold="true" box="[189,342,264,290]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Distribution</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE636E7AC59FFF90BA96511E112FE6B" blockId="47.[189,1399,311,443]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
|
||
The genus appears restricted to the Pacific Lowlands and Baja Californian biogeographic provinces of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34E7677AC59FFF90BA9657CE21FFEA4" box="[189,282,346,372]" name="Mexico" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
, as delimited in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC84B16AC59FFF90AF6657DE1E2FEA4" author="Morrone J. J. & Escalante T. & Rodriguez-Tapia G." box="[482,743,346,373]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" pagination="277 - 279" refId="ref35390" refString="Morrone J. J., Escalante T. & Rodriguez-Tapia G. 2017. Mexican biogeographic provinces: map and shapefiles. Zootaxa 4277: 277 - 279. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4277.2.8" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
Morrone
|
||
<emphasis id="B92DEAF5AC59FFF90940657DE18AFEA4" box="[596,655,346,372]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2017)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13622A62AC59FFF909ED657CE056FEA5" box="[761,851,346,373]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="46.[189,232,1998,2024]" captionTargetBox="[189,1397,1361,1951]" captionTargetId="figure-405@46.[189,1397,1361,1951]" captionTargetPageId="46" captionText="Fig. 35. Known distribution of Tolteca Huber, 2000." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8155584" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8155584/files/figure.png" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Fig. 35</figureCitation>
|
||
). The female specimens originating from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499DF805AC59FFF90E5E657CE246FE48" country="Mexico" name="San Luis Potosi" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">San Luis Potosí</collectingRegion>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499DF805AC59FFF90A6E655BE2CFFE47" box="[378,458,381,407]" country="Mexico" name="Puebla" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Puebla</collectingRegion>
|
||
provinces tentatively identified as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C594D64AC59FFF90848655BE0B4FE47" authorityName="Huber" authorityYear="2000" box="[860,945,381,407]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Tolteca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92DEAF5AC59FFF90848655BE0B4FE47" box="[860,945,381,407]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Tolteca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and briefly mentioned in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC84B16AC59FFF90FCE655BE3F7FE6B" author="Huber B. A." pageId="47" pageNumber="48" pagination="1 - 348" refId="ref34125" refString="Huber B. A. 2000. New World pholcid spiders (Araneae: Pholcidae): a revision at generic level. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 254: 1 - 348. https: // doi. org / brh 26 h" type="journal article" year="2000">Huber (2000: 120)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
are possibly not
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C594D64AC59FFF90AAF6587E115FE6B" authorityName="Huber" authorityYear="2000" box="[443,528,417,443]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Tolteca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92DEAF5AC59FFF90AAF6587E115FE6B" box="[443,528,417,443]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Tolteca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C343656CAC59FFE60BA965C4E728FE03" lastPageId="48" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE636E7AC59FFF90BA965C4E27BFE2C" blockId="47.[189,382,482,508]" box="[189,382,482,508]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
|
||
<heading id="D0AE818BAC59FFF90BA965C4E27BFE2C" bold="true" box="[189,382,482,508]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" reason="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92DEAF5AC59FFF90BA965C4E27BFE2C" bold="true" box="[189,382,482,508]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Natural history</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE636E7AC59FFE60BA96637E728FE03" blockId="47.[189,1399,528,590]" lastBlockId="48.[189,1400,265,468]" lastPageId="48" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
|
||
Most newly collected specimens were found in low, relatively dry forests (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13622A62AC59FFF90F326637E77BFDFB" box="[1062,1150,528,555]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="73.[189,232,1122,1148]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,270,1083]" captionTargetId="figure-247@73.[189,1398,270,1083]" captionTargetPageId="73" captionText="Fig. 56. Representative sample of habitats of Tolteca Huber, 2000 in Mexico. A. Sinaloa, 3 km S of Rosario (T. hesperia (Gertsch, 1982)). B. Colima, 17 km E of Manzanillo (type locality of T. manzanillo Huber sp. nov.; showing collection method). C–D. Oaxaca, 3 km N of San Pedro Totolapa (type locality of P. oaxaca Huber sp. nov.; overview and spot with high abundance of specimens)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8155650" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8155650/files/figure.png" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Fig. 56</figureCitation>
|
||
). Here they occupied the thin layers of leaf litter and sometimes the spaces under small stones and pebbles. They often shared the microhabitat with other species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C594D64AC46FFE6099B652FE003FEF3" authorityName="C. L. Koch" authorityYear="1850" box="[655,774,265,291]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pholcidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C594D64AC46FFE60850652FE09CFEF3" authorityName="Huber" authorityYear="2000" box="[836,921,265,291]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Tolteca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92DEAF5AC46FFE60850652FE09CFEF3" box="[836,921,265,291]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Tolteca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
appeared largely restricted to the dryer areas while other genera (mostly
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C594D64AC46FFE60950650AE1C0FE96" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1893" box="[580,709,300,326]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Modisimus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92DEAF5AC46FFE60950650AE1C0FE96" box="[580,709,300,326]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Modisimus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) seemed to prefer slightly more humid leaf litter. No webs were observed in the field, but the spiders built tiny silk mats in the glass vials. When disturbed, they ran rapidly and barely slowed down for several minutes. Females carried their disc-shaped egg-sacs under the prosoma (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13622A62AC46FFE60A4B65B0E2B2FE60" box="[351,439,406,432]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="47.[188,229,1822,1848]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,658,1774]" captionTargetId="figure-99@47.[189,1398,658,1774]" captionTargetPageId="47" captionText="Fig. 36. Tolteca Huber, 2000 live specimens. A–B. T. hesperia (Gertsch, 1982), male and female with egg-sac from Mexico, Sinaloa, S of Rosario. C–D. T. jalisco (Gertsch, 1982), females with egg-sacs from Mexico, Jalisco, N of La Quemada. E–F. T. manzanillo Huber sp. nov., male and female with egg-sac from Mexico, Colima, E of Manzanillo. G–H. T. sinnombre Huber sp. nov., male and female from Mexico, Colima, S of Coquimatlán. I–J. T. huahua Huber sp. nov., male and female from Mexico, Michoacán, W of Huahua. K–L. T. oaxaca Huber sp. nov., male and female with egg-sac from Mexico, Oaxaca, NW of Tehuantepec." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8155586" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8155586/files/figure.png" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Fig. 36</figureCitation>
|
||
); egg-sacs usually contained 5 or
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D5FFD6EAC46FFE6085265B0E091FE60" box="[838,916,406,432]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" type="egg">6 eggs</specimenCount>
|
||
, each with a diameter of ~
|
||
<quantity id="4CA19B02AC46FFE60FDF65B0E67DFE60" box="[1227,1400,406,433]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" metricValueMax="4.5" metricValueMin="3.5" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" unit="mm" value="0.4" valueMax="0.45" valueMin="0.35">0.35–0.45 mm</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC84B16AC46FFE60BD1659FE2CCFE03" author="Huber B. A. & Eberle J." box="[197,457,441,467]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="12349" refId="ref34307" refString="Huber B. A. & Eberle J. 2021. Mining a photo library: eggs and egg sacs in a major spider family. Invertebrate Biology 140: e 12349. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / ivb. 12349" type="journal article" year="2021">Huber & Eberle 2021</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Some females had a genital plug (cf.
|
||
<figureCitation id="13622A62AC46FFE60885659FE724FE03" box="[913,1057,441,467]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="65.[189,232,1751,1777]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,265,1673]" captionTargetId="figure-12@65.[189,1398,265,1673]" captionTargetPageId="65" captionText="Fig. 49. Tolteca huahua Huber sp. nov., females from Mexico, Michoacán, W of Huahua (ZFMK Ar 23957). A–D. Epigyna, ventral (A, C) and lateral (B, D) views. E–G. Cleared female genitalia, ventral (E) and dorsal (F) views, and detail of median internal structures (G). Arrows point at knobshaped structure. Asterisk: membranous sac (cf. Fig. 55D). Abbreviation: gp = genital plug. Scale bars: A–D = 0.2 mm; E–F = 0.1 mm; G = 0.05 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8155629" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8155629/files/figure.png" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Fig. 49A–B</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF26666FAC59FFF90BA86338E660F838" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8155586" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8155586" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8155586/files/figure.png" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" startId="47.[188,229,1822,1848]" targetBox="[189,1398,658,1774]" targetPageId="47">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE636E7AC59FFF90BA86338E660F838" blockId="47.[187,1400,1822,2025]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92DEAF5AC59FFF90BA86338E216F8E8" bold="true" box="[188,275,1822,1848]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Fig. 36.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C594D64AC59FFF90A0D6338E2FFF8E8" authority="Huber, 2000" authorityName="Huber" authorityYear="2000" box="[281,506,1822,1848]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Tolteca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92DEAF5AC59FFF90A0D6338E26EF8E8" box="[281,363,1822,1848]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Tolteca</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC84B16AC59FFF90A646338E2FFF8E8" author="Huber B. A." box="[368,506,1822,1848]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" pagination="1 - 348" refId="ref34125" refString="Huber B. A. 2000. New World pholcid spiders (Araneae: Pholcidae): a revision at generic level. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 254: 1 - 348. https: // doi. org / brh 26 h" type="journal article" year="2000">Huber, 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
live specimens.
|
||
<emphasis id="B92DEAF5AC59FFF909BA6338E1E1F8E8" bold="true" box="[686,740,1822,1848]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">A–B</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C594D64AC59FFF909E66339E726F8E8" authority="(Gertsch, 1982)" baseAuthorityName="Gertsch" baseAuthorityYear="1982" box="[754,1059,1822,1848]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Pholcophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hesperia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92DEAF5AC59FFF909E66339E068F8E8" box="[754,877,1822,1848]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">T. hesperia</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC84B16AC59FFF9086E6338E71EF8E8" author="Gertsch W. J." box="[890,1051,1822,1848]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" pagination="95 - 144" refId="ref33706" refString="Gertsch W. J. 1982. The spider genera Pholcophora and Anopsicus (Araneae, Pholcidae) in North America, Central America and the West Indies. Association of Mexican Cave Studies, Bulletin 8: 95 - 144 / Texas Memorial Museum, Bulletin 28: 95 - 144." type="journal article" year="1982">Gertsch, 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, male and female with egg-sac from Mexico, Sinaloa, S of Rosario.
|
||
<emphasis id="B92DEAF5AC59FFF909776367E19CF88B" bold="true" box="[611,665,1857,1883]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">C–D</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C594D64AC59FFF909BD6364E0CEF88C" authority="(Gertsch, 1982)" baseAuthorityName="Gertsch" baseAuthorityYear="1982" box="[681,971,1857,1884]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Tolteca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jalisco">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92DEAF5AC59FFF909BD6364E015F88B" box="[681,784,1857,1883]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">T. jalisco</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC84B16AC59FFF9080B6367E0C6F88C" author="Gertsch W. J." box="[799,963,1857,1884]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" pagination="95 - 144" refId="ref33706" refString="Gertsch W. J. 1982. The spider genera Pholcophora and Anopsicus (Araneae, Pholcidae) in North America, Central America and the West Indies. Association of Mexican Cave Studies, Bulletin 8: 95 - 144 / Texas Memorial Museum, Bulletin 28: 95 - 144." type="journal article" year="1982">Gertsch, 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, females with egg-sacs from Mexico, Jalisco, N of La Quemada.
|
||
<emphasis id="B92DEAF5AC59FFF90AE56343E121F8AF" bold="true" box="[497,548,1893,1919]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">E–F</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C594D64AC59FFF909266340E01DF8AF" authority="Huber" authorityName="Huber & Meng & Valdez-Mondragón & Král & Ávila Herrera & Carvalho" authorityYear="2023" box="[562,792,1893,1919]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Tolteca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="manzanillo" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92DEAF5AC59FFF909266340E1CFF8AF" box="[562,714,1893,1919]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">T. manzanillo</emphasis>
|
||
Huber
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21E578EAC59FFF9080B6343E07DF8AF" box="[799,888,1893,1919]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, male and female with egg-sac from Mexico, Colima, E of Manzanillo.
|
||
<emphasis id="B92DEAF5AC59FFF90AF363AEE124F872" bold="true" box="[487,545,1928,1954]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">G–H</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C594D64AC59FFF9093B63AFE015F872" authority="Huber" authorityName="Huber & Meng & Valdez-Mondragón & Král & Ávila Herrera & Carvalho" authorityYear="2023" box="[559,784,1928,1954]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Tolteca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sinnombre" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92DEAF5AC59FFF9093B63AFE1C7F872" box="[559,706,1928,1954]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">T. sinnombre</emphasis>
|
||
Huber
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21E578EAC59FFF9080C63AEE077F872" box="[792,882,1928,1954]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, male and female from Mexico, Colima, S of Coquimatlán.
|
||
<emphasis id="B92DEAF5AC59FFF90A4B638DE283F815" bold="true" box="[351,390,1963,1989]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">I–J</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C594D64AC59FFF90A83638AE159F815" authority="Huber" authorityName="Huber & Meng & Valdez-Mondragón & Král & Ávila Herrera & Carvalho" authorityYear="2023" box="[407,604,1963,1989]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Tolteca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="huahua" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92DEAF5AC59FFF90A83638AE10EF815" box="[407,523,1963,1989]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">T. huahua</emphasis>
|
||
Huber
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21E578EAC59FFF90972638AE1C7F816" box="[614,706,1964,1990]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, male and female from Mexico, Michoacán, W of Huahua.
|
||
<emphasis id="B92DEAF5AC59FFF90BA963E8E3F1F838" bold="true" box="[189,244,1998,2024]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">K–L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C594D64AC59FFF90A1663E9E2B9F838" authority="Huber" authorityName="Huber & Meng & Valdez-Mondragón & Král & Ávila Herrera & Carvalho" authorityYear="2023" box="[258,444,1998,2024]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Tolteca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oaxaca" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92DEAF5AC59FFF90A1663E9E26AF838" box="[258,367,1999,2024]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">T. oaxaca</emphasis>
|
||
Huber
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21E578EAC59FFF90AD663E9E11EF839" box="[450,539,1999,2025]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, male and female with egg-sac from Mexico, Oaxaca, NW of Tehuantepec.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C343656CAC46FFE60BA965DCE73DFD93" box="[189,1080,506,579]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE636E7AC46FFE60BA965DCE258FDC4" blockId="48.[189,349,506,532]" box="[189,349,506,532]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<heading id="D0AE818BAC46FFE60BA965DCE258FDC4" bold="true" box="[189,349,506,532]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" reason="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92DEAF5AC46FFE60BA965DCE258FDC4" bold="true" box="[189,349,506,532]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Composition</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE636E7AC46FFE60BA9660FE73DFD93" blockId="48.[189,1080,553,579]" box="[189,1080,553,579]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">The genus now includes six nominal species, all of which are treated below.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |