214 lines
27 KiB
XML
214 lines
27 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="E43569F6D1019D80B72A1E64D473E05F">Cricetidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="73036CBBBA0A31702E851FACDA179622">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="B2E02109CE1B6DBEDA7B3ED96A249AC5">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="2A3767EC2E8BAB3F8EA0702C6E9531C3">Thomas E. Lacher, Jr</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="6412C2BB9C213282E793B7125F21A1D4">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 7 Rodents II</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03F06D13FFEA2022084412F60A8EFB83" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6727923" ID-GBIF-Taxon="196220900" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6727923" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F06D13FFEA2022084412F60A8EFB83" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F06D13FFEA2022084412F60A8EFB83" lastPageId="69" lastPageNumber="346" pageId="68" pageNumber="345">
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFEA2023084412F60DF4F90B" box="[1395,1475,1706,1744]" pageId="68" pageNumber="345" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFEA2023084412F60DF4F90B" blockId="68.[1391,2360,1706,1782]" box="[1395,1475,1706,1744]" pageId="68" pageNumber="345">
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<heading id="D0AE6B69FFEA2023084412F60DF4F90B" box="[1395,1475,1706,1744]" pageId="68" pageNumber="345">
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<figureCitation id="1362C080FFEA2023084412F60DF4F90B" box="[1395,1475,1706,1744]" captionStart="On" captionStartId="64.[116,146,3216,3241]" captionTargetBox="[13,2749,15,3648]" captionTargetPageId="63" captionText="On following pages: 149. Meadow Vole (Microtus pennsyivanicus); 150. Long-tailed Vole (Microtus longicaudus); 151. Creeping Vole (Microtus oregoni); 152. Major's Pine Vole (Microtus majori); 153. Common Pine Vole (Microtus subterraneus); 154. Caucasian Pine Vole (Microtus daghestanicus); 155. Alpine Pine Vole (Microtus multiplex); 156. Liechtenstein’s Pine Vole (Microtus liechtensteini); 157. Tatra Pine Vole (Microtus tatricus): 158. Mediterranean Pine Vole (Microtus duodecimcostatus); 159. Lusitanian Pine Vole (Microtus lusitanicus); 160. Pyrenean Pine Vole (Microtus gerbil); 161. Savi's Pine Vole (Microtus savii): 162. Calabria Pine Vole (Microtus brachycercus); 163. Sicilian Pine Vole (Microtus nebrodensis); 164. Thomas's Pine Vole (Microtus thomasi); 165. Balkan Pine Vole (Microtus felteni); 166. Schelkovnikov's Pine Vole (Microtus schelkovnikovi): 167. Harting's Vole (Microtus hartingi); 168. Levant Vole (Microtus guentheri); 169. Dogramaci’s Vole (Microtus dogramacii); 170. Cyrenaica Vole (Microtus mustersi); 171. Social Vole (Microtus socialis): 172. Anatolian Vole (Microtus anatolicus): 173. Iranian Vole (Microtus iran); 174. Kopet Dag Pine Vole (Microtus paradoxus); 175. Common Vole (Microtus arvalis); 176. Altai Vole (Microtus obscurus); 177. East European Vole (Microtus mystacinus); 178. Kerman Vole (Microtus kermanensis); 179. Transcaspian Vole (Microtus transcaspicus); 180. Tian Shan Vole (Microtus ilaeus)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6708419" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6708419/files/figure.png" pageId="68" pageNumber="345">159.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFEA202308E412F60FB6F90B" box="[1491,1921,1706,1744]" pageId="68" pageNumber="345" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFEA202308E412F60FB6F90B" blockId="68.[1391,2360,1706,1782]" box="[1491,1921,1706,1744]" pageId="68" pageNumber="345">
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<heading id="D0AE6B69FFEA202308E412F60FB6F90B" box="[1491,1921,1706,1744]" pageId="68" pageNumber="345">
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<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFFEA202308E412F60FB6F90B" ID-CoL="7VV8R" baseAuthorityName="Gerbe" baseAuthorityYear="1879" box="[1491,1921,1706,1744]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Rodentia" pageId="68" pageNumber="345" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lusitanicus">Lusitanian Pine Vole</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFEA20230A8112F6010FF90B" box="[1974,2360,1706,1744]" pageId="68" pageNumber="345" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFEA20230A8112F6010FF90B" blockId="68.[1391,2360,1706,1782]" box="[1974,2360,1706,1744]" pageId="68" pageNumber="345">
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<heading id="D0AE6B69FFEA20230A8112F6010FF90B" box="[1974,2360,1706,1744]" pageId="68" pageNumber="345">
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEA20230A8112F6010FF90B" ID-CoL="7VV8R" baseAuthorityName="Gerbe" baseAuthorityYear="1879" box="[1974,2360,1706,1744]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="68" pageNumber="345" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lusitanicus">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FFEA20230A8112F6010FF90B" box="[1974,2360,1706,1744]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="345">Microtus lusitanicus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFEA2023085812BD008CF92D" box="[1391,2235,1761,1782]" pageId="68" pageNumber="345" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFEA2023085812BD008CF92D" blockId="68.[1391,2360,1706,1782]" box="[1391,2235,1761,1782]" pageId="68" pageNumber="345">
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<heading id="D0AE6B69FFEA2023085812BD008CF92D" box="[1391,2235,1761,1782]" pageId="68" pageNumber="345">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FFEA2023085812BD0D8CF92D" bold="true" box="[1391,1467,1761,1782]" pageId="68" pageNumber="345">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFFEA202308F312BD0EB4F92D" ID-CoL="7VV8R" baseAuthorityName="Gerbe" baseAuthorityYear="1879" box="[1476,1667,1761,1782]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" language="fra" order="Rodentia" pageId="68" pageNumber="345" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lusitanicus">Campagnol basque</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FFEA20230BAF12BD0EC4F92D" bold="true" box="[1688,1779,1761,1782]" pageId="68" pageNumber="345">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFFEA20230BCA12BD0F85F92D" ID-CoL="7VV8R" baseAuthorityName="Gerbe" baseAuthorityYear="1879" box="[1789,1970,1761,1782]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" language="deu" order="Rodentia" pageId="68" pageNumber="345" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lusitanicus">Iberien-Wiihimaus</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FFEA20230AF012BD0014F92D" bold="true" box="[1991,2083,1761,1782]" pageId="68" pageNumber="345">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFFEA2023051F12BD008CF92D" ID-CoL="7VV8R" baseAuthorityName="Gerbe" baseAuthorityYear="1879" box="[2088,2235,1761,1782]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Rodentia" pageId="68" pageNumber="345" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lusitanicus">Topillo lusitano</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFEA20230AE413740139F8B6" pageId="68" pageNumber="345" type="reference_group">
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||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFEA20230AE413740139F8B6" blockId="68.[2003,2598,1832,2255]" pageId="68" pageNumber="345">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FFEA20230AE413740059F89E" bold="true" box="[2003,2158,1832,1861]" pageId="68" pageNumber="345">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEA202305B6137400B6F8B6" authority="Gerbe, 1879" authorityName="Gerbe" authorityYear="1879" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Arvicola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="68" pageNumber="345" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lusitanicus" subGenus="Microtus">Arvicola (Microtus) lusitanicus Gerbe, 1879</taxonomicName>
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,
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<materialsCitation id="3B31D658FFEA202305A6130C0139F8B6" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3818814508" box="[2193,2318,1872,1901]" pageId="68" pageNumber="345">
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<collectingCountry id="F34E9C95FFEA202305A6130C013DF8B6" box="[2193,2314,1872,1901]" name="Portugal" pageId="68" pageNumber="345">Portugal</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFEA20230AE3132B0042F7E9" pageId="68" pageNumber="345" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFEA20230AE3132B0042F7E9" blockId="68.[2003,2598,1832,2255]" pageId="68" pageNumber="345">
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEA20230AE3132B00EEF84F" baseAuthorityName="Gerbe" baseAuthorityYear="1879" box="[2004,2265,1911,1940]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="68" pageNumber="345" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lusitanicus">Microtus lusitanicus</taxonomicName>
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is in subgenus Terricola and
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEA2023052013C200C6F860" baseAuthorityName="Selys-Longchamps" baseAuthorityYear="1839" box="[2071,2289,1950,1979]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="68" pageNumber="345" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="duodecimcostatus">duodecimcostatus</taxonomicName>
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species group. It is a sister species to
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEA2023058F139E01F3F838" baseAuthorityName="Selys-Longchamps" baseAuthorityYear="1839" box="[2232,2500,1986,2019]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="68" pageNumber="345" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="duodecimcostatus">M. duodecimcostatus</taxonomicName>
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. It was classified in genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEA202305EA13B50109F7D1" box="[2269,2366,2025,2058]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Pitymys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="68" pageNumber="345" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Pitymys</taxonomicName>
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. Two subspecies recognized.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFEA20230AE41C640217F72D" pageId="68" pageNumber="345" type="synonymic_list">
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<caption id="DF268C8DFFEA20230AE41C640217F72D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6760657" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6760657" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6760657/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="345" startId="68.[2003,2157,2104,2137]" targetBox="[1388,1979,1838,2252]" targetPageId="68">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFEA20230AE41C640154F782" blockId="68.[2003,2598,1832,2255]" box="[2003,2403,2104,2137]" pageId="68" pageNumber="345">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FFEA20230AE41C640154F782" bold="true" box="[2003,2403,2104,2137]" pageId="68" pageNumber="345">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFEA20230AE31C380184F714" blockId="68.[2003,2598,1832,2255]" pageId="68" pageNumber="345">
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEA20230AE31C380184F714" authority="Gerbe, 1879" authorityName="Gerbe" authorityYear="1879" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="68" pageNumber="345" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="lusitanicus" subSpecies="lusitanicus">M.l.lusitanicusGerbe,1879—regionsofPortugalandSpainthatareundertheinfluenceofMediterraneanclimate.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFEA202308471C890217F72D" blockId="68.[1389,2595,2261,3476]" box="[1392,2592,2261,2294]" pageId="68" pageNumber="345">
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEA202308471C890F2EF72D" authority="Forsyth Major, 1905" authorityName="Forsyth Major" authorityYear="1905" box="[1392,1817,2261,2294]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="68" pageNumber="345" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="lusitanicus" subSpecies="mariae">M. l. mariae Forsyth Major, 1905</taxonomicName>
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— humid parts N of the range in SW France and N Spain.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFEA202308591CA100ACF5D1" pageId="68" pageNumber="345" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFEA202308591CA100ACF5D1" blockId="68.[1389,2595,2261,3476]" pageId="68" pageNumber="345">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FFEA202308591CA10E5FF6C5" bold="true" box="[1390,1640,2301,2334]" pageId="68" pageNumber="345">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head—body 80-94 mm,tail 23-31 mm; weight 14-23 ¢. The Lusitanian Pine Vole is small, with short tail. Although closely related to the Mediterranean Pine Vole (
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEA20230B3B1D170F28F6B7" baseAuthorityName="Selys-Longchamps" baseAuthorityYear="1839" box="[1548,1823,2379,2412]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="68" pageNumber="345" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="duodecimcostatus">M. duodecimcostatus</taxonomicName>
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), the Lusitanian Pine Vole is more gracile and less fossorial. Females have two pairs of inguinal nipples. Dorsal fur is dark brown, and belly is gray. Skull is lightly built, with moderately expanded zygomatic arches and wide interorbital region. Alveolar process is weak. Upper incisors are only slightly proodont. Enamel pattern is similar to the Mediterranean Pine Vole.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFEA202308591E450EA3F52E" pageId="68" pageNumber="345" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFEA202308591E450EA3F52E" blockId="68.[1389,2595,2261,3476]" pageId="68" pageNumber="345">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FFEA202308591E450DEAF5E9" bold="true" box="[1390,1501,2585,2610]" pageId="68" pageNumber="345">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Wide variety of habitats such as meadows, pastures, oak and chestnut woods, shrubs, and agricultural areas from sea level to elevations of ¢.2000 m. The Lusitanian Pine Vole finds optimal habitat in fine-scale mosaic of vineyards, olive groves, and crop fields. Compared with the Mediterranean Pine Vole, the Lusitanian Pine Vole prefers higher elevation sites, with higher cover of shrubs, soil with lower clay content, and less shade of tree canopy.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFEA2023085A1F5D0E80F3A4" pageId="68" pageNumber="345" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFEA2023085A1F5D0E80F3A4" blockId="68.[1389,2595,2261,3476]" pageId="68" pageNumber="345">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FFEA2023085A1F5D0EB7F4C5" bold="true" box="[1389,1664,2817,2846]" pageId="68" pageNumber="345">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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Leaves and stems are staple foods of the Lusitanian Pine Vole during the growing season in winter and spring. During the rest of the year,it feeds on tubers, roots, and bulbs of various geophytes, and seeds of grasses (e.g. animated oat,
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEA20230B761F2B0EA1F44F" authorityName="Opitz" authorityYear="2011" box="[1601,1686,2935,2964]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Avena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="68" pageNumber="345" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Avena</taxonomicName>
|
||
sterilis,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEA20230A301F2B0FB2F44F" box="[1799,1925,2935,2964]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="68" pageNumber="345" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Poaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Important dietary plants are buttercup oxalis (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEA202308931FC60DCBF460" box="[1444,1532,2970,3003]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Oxalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="68" pageNumber="345" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Oxalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
pes-caprae,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEA20230BA81FC60F6DF460" box="[1695,1882,2970,3003]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="68" pageNumber="345" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Oxalidaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
); sedge (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEA20230AD71FC6007BF460" box="[2016,2124,2970,3003]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyperaceae" genus="Cyperus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="68" pageNumber="345" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Cyperus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEA202305681FC6013AF460" box="[2143,2317,2970,3003]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyperaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="68" pageNumber="345" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Cyperaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
); annual bluegrass (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEA2023084D1F9D0D99F439" authorityName="K.Koch" authorityYear="1896" box="[1402,1454,3009,3042]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Poa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="68" pageNumber="345" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Poa</taxonomicName>
|
||
annua), goatgrass (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEA20230BE71F9D0F71F439" authorityName="Hall" authorityYear="1850" box="[1744,1862,3009,3042]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Aegilops" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="68" pageNumber="345" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Aegilops</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and couch grass (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEA202305541F9D00EDF439" authorityName="Spix" authorityYear="1829" box="[2147,2266,3009,3042]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Cynodon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="68" pageNumber="345" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Cynodon</taxonomicName>
|
||
dactylon), all
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEA202304951F9D022DF439" box="[2466,2586,3009,3042]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="68" pageNumber="345" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Poaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
; common beet (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEA20230B611FB10F39F3D1" box="[1622,1806,3053,3082]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Amaranthaceae" genus="Beta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="68" pageNumber="345" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="vulgaris">Beta vulgaris</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEA20230A151FB10038F3D1" box="[1826,2063,3053,3082]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Amaranthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="68" pageNumber="345" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Amaranthaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
); and blue clover (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEA202304031FB10226F3D1" box="[2356,2577,3053,3082]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Medicago" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="68" pageNumber="345" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigra">Medicago nigra</taxonomicName>
|
||
), lupine (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEA202308DF184C0E56F3EA" box="[1512,1633,3088,3121]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Lupinus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="68" pageNumber="345" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Lupinus</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and clover (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEA20230A0C184C0FF5F3EA" authorityName="Travassos" authorityYear="1922" box="[1851,1986,3088,3121]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Trifolium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="68" pageNumber="345" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Trifolium</taxonomicName>
|
||
), all
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEA20230524184C00ACF3EA" box="[2067,2203,3088,3121]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="68" pageNumber="345" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. At high densities (up to 300 ind/ha), Lusitanian Pine Voles can damage orchards and vegetable crops such as carrot and potatoes.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFEA2022085A18DB0B14FEB7" lastPageId="69" lastPageNumber="346" pageId="68" pageNumber="345" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFEA2023085A18DB0229F24F" blockId="68.[1389,2595,2261,3476]" pageId="68" pageNumber="345">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFEA2023085A18DB0DC4F373" bold="true" box="[1389,1523,3207,3240]" pageId="68" pageNumber="345">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Under favorable conditions, Lusitanian Pine Voles are reproductively active throughout the year, but breeding season can be interrupted by summer drought. Gestation lasts 22-24 days, and females have 1-5 embryos, most often 2-3 (mean 2-3). Litters in captivity have 1-3 young (mean 2). Newborns weigh 1-5-1-6 g, are blind and hairless, and have closed ears. Ears open at 4 days old, and eyes open at 12-13 days old. Hair starts growing at 6 days old,fur is fully developed at 13-14 days old, and individuals molt into adult pelage at 25-70 days old. Adult weight is achieved at ¢.40 days old.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFEB20220D8E15780B14FEB7" blockId="69.[183,1393,292,1115]" pageId="69" pageNumber="346">Females mature at 35 days old and males at 50 days old. Captive females have litters every 28 days and display postpartum estrus.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFEB20220D80152E0B7FFD5B" pageId="69" pageNumber="346" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFEB20220D80152E0B7FFD5B" blockId="69.[183,1393,292,1115]" pageId="69" pageNumber="346">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFEB20220D80152E0991FE48" bold="true" box="[183,422,370,403]" pageId="69" pageNumber="346">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
The Lusitanian Pine Vole is active throughout the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEB202209AC152E0CFEFE48" box="[1179,1225,370,403]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Ondatra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="69" pageNumber="346" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="day">day</taxonomicName>
|
||
, frequently alternating one hour periods of activity with three hours of inactivity. Although less fossorial than the Mediterranean Pine Vole, the Lusitanian Pine Vole also excavates extensive burrow systems with forefeet and teeth. Galleries are 15 cm deep, but nest chamber and caches are deeper, up to 40 cm. Where dense vegetation provides sufficient cover, or if soil is too hard to dig, Lusitanian Pine Voles are active aboveground and hide nests in plant clumps or under rocks.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFEB20220D8E16DA0D32FC4F" pageId="69" pageNumber="346" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFEB20220D8E16DA0D32FC4F" blockId="69.[183,1393,292,1115]" pageId="69" pageNumber="346">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFEB20220D8E16DA0B46FD7C" bold="true" box="[185,881,646,679]" pageId="69" pageNumber="346">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
In central Portugal, home ranges of Lusitanian Pine Voles are 1042 m® for males and 862 m?* for females. Distance between two most remote points of a home range averages 65-3 m. Mean intersexual overlap of home ranges is 75-5%, and overlap between female ranges averages 58-7%. Largest daily movements were recorded for sexually mature males, and mean speed was 72-8 m/
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEB20220C1C17100957FCB6" box="[299,352,844,877]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Ondatra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="69" pageNumber="346" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="day">day</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Lusitanian Pine Voles have a monogamous mating system. Basic social unitis a breeding pair and its offspring. Adults frequently share the same nest.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFEB20220D8E17C60994FBD1" pageId="69" pageNumber="346" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFEB20220D8E17C60994FBD1" blockId="69.[183,1393,292,1115]" pageId="69" pageNumber="346">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFEB20220D8E17C60A2FFC60" bold="true" box="[185,536,922,955]" pageId="69" pageNumber="346">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Lusitanian Pine Vole is abundant throughoutits distribution and locally controlled as an agricultural pest.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFEB20220D8E10450A8EFB83" pageId="69" pageNumber="346" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFEB20220D8E10450A8EFB83" blockId="69.[183,1393,292,1115]" pageId="69" pageNumber="346">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFEB20220D8E10450965FBE9" bold="true" box="[185,338,1049,1074]" pageId="69" pageNumber="346">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Bastos-Silveira et al. (2012), Niethammer (1982g), Mira & Mathias (2002), Santos, Lourenco et al. (2010), Santos, Mathias & Mira (2010, 2011).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |