210 lines
25 KiB
XML
210 lines
25 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="002C0A6035696F33FB2133A6AD6B0107">Cricetidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="E826FBCCD9D0A75C8B624D4E4FC018F5">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="A791648E4EFF292129C95C2426AC7628">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="5A7C1C325217C0663FCB7AF4503DF787">Thomas E. Lacher, Jr</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="9645F006D15765C209A04562255380F6">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 7 Rodents II</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03F06D13FFB82071085815EB0029F64D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6710430" ID-GBIF-Taxon="196220955" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6710430" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F06D13FFB82071085815EB0029F64D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F06D13FFB82071085815EB0029F64D" lastPageNumber="301" pageId="22" pageNumber="301">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFB82071085815EB0D9EFE3E" blockId="22.[1389,2417,439,563]" box="[1391,1449,439,485]" pageId="22" pageNumber="301">
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<heading id="D0AE6B69FFB82071085815EB0D9EFE3E" box="[1391,1449,439,485]" pageId="22" pageNumber="301">
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<figureCitation id="1362C080FFB82071085815EB0D9EFE3E" box="[1391,1449,439,485]" captionStart="Plate 11: Cricetidae" captionStartId="18.[107,137,3099,3124]" captionTargetBox="[25,2753,22,3645]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="34. Nearctic Collared Lemming (Dicrostonyx groenlandicus), 35. Ungava Collared Lemming (Dicrostonyx hudsonius), 36. Nelson's Collared Lemming (Dicrostonyx nelsoni), 37. Ogilvie Mountains Collared Lemming (Dicrostonyx nunatakensis), 38. Richardson’s Collared Lemming (Ducrostonyx richardsoni), 39. Palearctic Collared Lemming (Dicrostonyx torquatus), 40. Unalaska Collared Lemming (Dicrostonyx unalascensis), 41. Gray Red-backed Vole (Craseomys rufocanus), 42. Hokkaido Red-backed Vole (Craseomys rex), 43. Korean Red-backed Vole (Craseomys regulus), 44. Shanxi Red-backed Vole (Craseomys shanseius), 45. Anderson’s Red-backed Vole (Craseomys andersoni), 46. Smith’s Red-backed Vole (Craseomys smith), 47. Western Red-backed Vole (Myodes californicus), 48. Southern Red-backed Vole (Myodes gapperi), 49. Bank Vole (Mpyodes glareolus), 50. Tian Shan Red-backed Vole (Myodes centralis), 51. Large-eared Vole (Myodes macrotis), 52. Northern Red-backed Vole (Myodes rutilus), 53. Silver Mountain Vole (Alticola argentatus), 54. White-tailed Mountain Vole (Alticola albicauda), 55. Kashmir Mountain Vole (Alticola montosus), 56. Royle’s Mountain Vole (Alticola roylei), 57. Strelzov’s Mountain Vole (Alticola strelzouvi), 58. Tuva Mountain Vole (Alticola tuvinicus), 59. Gobi Altai Mountain Vole (Alticola barakshin), 60. null (null), 60. null (null), 61. Mongolian Mountain Vole (Alticola semicanus), 61. Mongolian Mountain Vole (Alticola semicanus), 62. Stoliczka’s Mountain Vole (Alticola stoliczkanus), 62. Stoliczka’s Mountain Vole (Alticola stoliczkanus), 63. Lemming Mountain Vole (Aschizomys lemminus), 63. Lemming Mountain Vole (Aschizomys lemminus), 64. Gansu Red-backed Vole (Caryomys eva), 64. Gansu Red-backed Vole (Caryomys eva), 65. Kolan Red-backed Vole (Caryomys inez), 65. Kolan Red-backed Vole (Caryomys inez), 66. Pere David's Red-backed Vole (Eothenomys melanogaster), 66. Pere David’s Red-backed Vole (Eothenomys melanogaster), 67. Yunnan Red-backed Vole (Eothenomys miletus), 68. Sichuan Red-backed Vole (Eothenomys chinensis), 69. Southwest China Red-backed Vole (Eothenomys custos), 70. Black-eared Red-backed Vole (Eothenomys olitor), 71. Yulongxuen Red-backed Vole (FEothenomys proditor), 72. Ward’s Red-backed Vole (Eothenomys wardi), 73. Hinton’s Red-backed Vole (Eothenomys hintoni), 74. Tarquinius Red-backed Vole (Eothenomys tarquinius), 75. Burrowing Vole (Hyperacrius fertilis), 76. Murree Vole (Hyperacrius wynnei)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6709261" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6709261/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="301">47.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFB82071088015EB0FFCFE3E" box="[1463,1995,439,485]" pageId="22" pageNumber="301" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFB82071088015EB0FFCFE3E" blockId="22.[1389,2417,439,563]" box="[1463,1995,439,485]" pageId="22" pageNumber="301">
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<heading id="D0AE6B69FFB82071088015EB0FFCFE3E" box="[1463,1995,439,485]" pageId="22" pageNumber="301">
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<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFFB82071088015EB0FFCFE3E" ID-CoL="454PY" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1890" box="[1463,1995,439,485]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Myodes" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Rodentia" pageId="22" pageNumber="301" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="californicus">Western Red-backed Vole</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFB82071052315EB0147FE3E" box="[2068,2416,439,485]" pageId="22" pageNumber="301" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFB82071052315EB0147FE3E" blockId="22.[1389,2417,439,563]" box="[2068,2416,439,485]" pageId="22" pageNumber="301">
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<heading id="D0AE6B69FFB82071052315EB0147FE3E" box="[2068,2416,439,485]" pageId="22" pageNumber="301">
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFB82071052315EB0147FE3E" ID-CoL="454PY" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1890" box="[2068,2416,439,485]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Myodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="22" pageNumber="301" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="californicus">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FFB82071052315EB0147FE3E" box="[2068,2416,439,485]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="301">Myodes californicus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFB82071085815AB0F43FDE8" pageId="22" pageNumber="301" type="vernacular_names">
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||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFB82071085815AB016AFDD7" blockId="22.[1389,2417,439,563]" box="[1391,2397,503,524]" pageId="22" pageNumber="301">
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<heading id="D0AE6B69FFB82071085815AB016AFDD7" box="[1391,2397,503,524]" pageId="22" pageNumber="301">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FFB82071085815AB0D8DFDD7" bold="true" box="[1391,1466,503,524]" pageId="22" pageNumber="301">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFFB8207108F415AB0E99FDD7" ID-CoL="454PY" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1890" box="[1475,1710,503,524]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Myodes" kingdom="Animalia" language="fra" order="Rodentia" pageId="22" pageNumber="301" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="californicus">Campagnol de Merriam</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FFB820710BF315AB0F29FDD7" bold="true" box="[1732,1822,503,524]" pageId="22" pageNumber="301">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFFB820710A1215AB0FCDFDD7" ID-CoL="454PY" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1890" box="[1829,2042,503,524]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Myodes" kingdom="Animalia" language="deu" order="Rodentia" pageId="22" pageNumber="301" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="californicus">Westliche Rotelmaus</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FFB82071053815AB005DFDD7" bold="true" box="[2063,2154,503,524]" pageId="22" pageNumber="301">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFFB82071055815AB016AFDD7" ID-CoL="454PY" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1890" box="[2159,2397,503,524]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Myodes" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Rodentia" pageId="22" pageNumber="301" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="californicus">Topillo rojo de California</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFB82071085916420F43FDE8" blockId="22.[1389,2417,439,563]" box="[1390,1908,542,563]" pageId="22" pageNumber="301">
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<heading id="D0AE6B69FFB82071085916420F43FDE8" box="[1390,1908,542,563]" pageId="22" pageNumber="301">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FFB82071085916420E52FDE8" bold="true" box="[1390,1637,542,563]" pageId="22" pageNumber="301">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFFB820710B5816420F43FDE8" ID-CoL="454PY" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1890" box="[1647,1908,542,563]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Myodes" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Rodentia" pageId="22" pageNumber="301" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="californicus">California Red-backed Vole</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFB820710AE516340193FD23" pageId="22" pageNumber="301" type="reference_group">
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||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFB820710AE516340062FD0B" blockId="22.[2002,2597,616,1035]" pageId="22" pageNumber="301">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FFB820710AE51634005AFD5A" bold="true" box="[2002,2157,616,641]" pageId="22" pageNumber="301">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFB8207105B016340020FD72" ID-CoL="454PY" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1890" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Myodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="22" pageNumber="301" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="californicus">Myodes californicus Merriam, 1890</taxonomicName>
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,
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<materialsCitation id="3B31D658FFB82071051C16CC0062FD0B" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3818814546" pageId="22" pageNumber="301">
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Eureka, Humboldt County,
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<collectingRegion id="499D12E7FFB82071048B16CC0FC8FD0B" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="22" pageNumber="301">California</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F34E9C95FFB82071052716EB0066FD0B" box="[2064,2129,695,720]" name="United States of America" pageId="22" pageNumber="301">USA</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFB820710AE5168B0193FD23" blockId="22.[2002,2597,616,1035]" box="[2002,2468,727,760]" pageId="22" pageNumber="301">Three subspecies are recognized.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFB820710AE4175E00C2FBE8" pageId="22" pageNumber="301" type="synonymic_list">
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<caption id="DF268C8DFFB820710AE4175E00C2FBE8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6760327" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6760327" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6760327/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="301" startId="22.[2003,2157,770,799]" targetBox="[1387,1979,617,1032]" targetPageId="22">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFB820710AE4175E0154FCC4" blockId="22.[2002,2597,616,1035]" box="[2003,2403,770,799]" pageId="22" pageNumber="301">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FFB820710AE4175E0154FCC4" bold="true" box="[2003,2403,770,799]" pageId="22" pageNumber="301">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFB820710AE317710081FC4E" blockId="22.[2002,2597,616,1035]" pageId="22" pageNumber="301">
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFB820710AE317710081FC4E" authority="Merriam, 1890" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1890" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Myodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="22" pageNumber="301" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="californicus" subSpecies="californicus">M.c.californicusMerriam,1890—fromNOregonSalongthecoasttoNBayAreainCalifornia,USA.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFB820710AE317C3002FFBD0" blockId="22.[2002,2597,616,1035]" pageId="22" pageNumber="301">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFB820710AE317C3002FFBD0" authority="Merriam, 1897" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1897" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Myodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="22" pageNumber="301" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="californicus" subSpecies="mazama">M.c.mazamaMerriam,1897—EsideofCascadeRangeinOregonandCalifornia,USA.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFB820710847104A00C2FBE8" blockId="22.[1389,2596,1046,2454]" box="[1392,2293,1046,1075]" pageId="22" pageNumber="301">
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFB820710847104A0ECAFBE8" authority="Merriam, 1897" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1897" box="[1392,1789,1046,1075]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Myodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="22" pageNumber="301" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="californicus" subSpecies="obscurus">M. c. obscurus Merriam, 1897</taxonomicName>
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— C Oregon to NC
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFB820710525104A00A8FBE8" box="[2066,2207,1046,1075]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Geraniaceae" genus="California" kingdom="Plantae" order="Geraniales" pageId="22" pageNumber="301" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">California</taxonomicName>
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, USA.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFB82071085910650DCBFA66" pageId="22" pageNumber="301" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFB82071085910650DCBFA66" blockId="22.[1389,2596,1046,2454]" pageId="22" pageNumber="301">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FFB82071085910650E45FB81" bold="true" box="[1390,1650,1081,1114]" pageId="22" pageNumber="301">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body 87-109 mm, tail 34-56 mm, hindfoot 17-21 mm, weight 15-40 g. The Western Red-backed Vole is larger than the Southern Redbacked Vole (
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFB820710B0110D00EF9FB72" authorityName="Vigors" authorityYear="1830" box="[1590,1742,1164,1193]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Myodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="22" pageNumber="301" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gapperi">M. gapperi</taxonomicName>
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). Dorsum has chestnut-brown to reddish brown stripe, but it is paler and tail is more bicolored than on the Southern Red-backed Vole, with whiter belly. The Western Red-backed Vole can be distinguished from other sympatric voles by M? that have four loops of enamel on lingual side and reentrant angles on M, that do not exceed one-half width of tooth. Unlike species of
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFB820710477117A0185FA9C" box="[2368,2482,1318,1351]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="22" pageNumber="301" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Microtus</taxonomicName>
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, molars are rooted. Posterior margin of palate has thin triangular shelf that distinguishes the Western Red-backed Vole from the Southern Red-backed Vole. Diploid number is 2n = 56.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFB820710859119B00D9F8C4" pageId="22" pageNumber="301" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFB820710859119B00D9F8C4" blockId="22.[1389,2596,1046,2454]" pageId="22" pageNumber="301">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFB820710859119B0DEAFA3F" bold="true" box="[1390,1501,1479,1508]" pageId="22" pageNumber="301">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Cool, moist microhabitats, particularly old fallen logs in mesic coniferous forests. Primary and secondary forests of coastal redwood (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFB8207105FA11B601E8F9D0" box="[2253,2527,1514,1547]" class="Pinopsida" family="Cupressaceae" genus="Sequoia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="22" pageNumber="301" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sempervirens">Sequoia sempervirens</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFB8207104C411B60E3EF9E8" class="Pinopsida" family="Cupressaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="22" pageNumber="301" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Cupressaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
); lodgepole pine (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFB820710A2B124E0F5FF9E8" authorityName="Perry" authorityYear="1811" box="[1820,1896,1554,1587]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="22" pageNumber="301" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Pinus</taxonomicName>
|
||
contorta), Sitka spruce (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFB8207105F0124E013BF9E8" authorityName="D.Don ex Loudon" authorityYear="1838" box="[2247,2316,1554,1587]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Picea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="22" pageNumber="301" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Picea</taxonomicName>
|
||
sitchensis), Douglas fir (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFB82071089212610E72F981" box="[1445,1605,1597,1626]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pseudotsuga" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="22" pageNumber="301" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Pseudotsuga</taxonomicName>
|
||
menziesit), and western hemlock (7suga
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFB8207105B71261012DF981" box="[2176,2330,1597,1626]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Tsuga" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="22" pageNumber="301" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="heterophylla">heterophylla</taxonomicName>
|
||
), all
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFB820710469126101EAF981" box="[2398,2525,1597,1626]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="22" pageNumber="301" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Pinaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
; and western redcedar (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFB820710B41123D0EFFF959" box="[1654,1736,1633,1666]" class="Pinopsida" family="Cupressaceae" genus="Thuja" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="22" pageNumber="301" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Thuja</taxonomicName>
|
||
plicata,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFB820710A00123D0FC2F959" box="[1847,2037,1633,1666]" class="Pinopsida" family="Cupressaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="22" pageNumber="301" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Cupressaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) in western Oregon and northern
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFB8207104D2123D0DF4F972" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Geraniaceae" genus="California" kingdom="Plantae" order="Geraniales" pageId="22" pageNumber="301" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">California</taxonomicName>
|
||
are prime habitats of the Western Red-backed Vole. Preferred habitat has high percentage of lichen cover, western hemlock canopy cover, more decaying logs, and less deciduous tree cover. At population highs, the Western Red-backed Vole also can be found in bearberry (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFB820710B8D135E0FA9F8C4" box="[1722,1950,1794,1823]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ericaceae" genus="Arctostaphylos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="22" pageNumber="301" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">Arctostaphylos sp.</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFB820710A98135E0001F8C4" box="[1967,2102,1794,1823]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ericaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="22" pageNumber="301" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Ericaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) brushlands.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFB82071085913760EBCF83F" pageId="22" pageNumber="301" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFB82071085913760EBCF83F" blockId="22.[1389,2596,1046,2454]" pageId="22" pageNumber="301">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFB82071085913760E40F89C" bold="true" box="[1390,1655,1834,1863]" pageId="22" pageNumber="301">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Hypogeous fungi (e.g. Rhizopogon sp., Gautieria sp.), in particular,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFB82071085813110E34F8B5" box="[1391,1539,1869,1902]" form="large" pageId="22" pageNumber="301" rank="form">form large</taxonomicName>
|
||
portion of the diet of the Western Red-backed Vole, which plays a role in disseminating hypogeous spores and bacteria that may be critical to forest function. High-elevation populations tend to have more variable diets, including higher consumption of lichens.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFB82071085913B6013FF7E8" pageId="22" pageNumber="301" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFB82071085913B6013FF7E8" blockId="22.[1389,2596,1046,2454]" pageId="22" pageNumber="301">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFB82071085913B60DC2F7D0" bold="true" box="[1390,1525,2026,2059]" pageId="22" pageNumber="301">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Western Red-backed Voles breed most often in February—October, but west of Cascade Range, breeding also has been documented all winter.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFB82071085A1C650059F759" pageId="22" pageNumber="301" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFB82071085A1C650059F759" blockId="22.[1389,2596,1046,2454]" pageId="22" pageNumber="301">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFB82071085A1C650E6FF781" bold="true" box="[1389,1624,2105,2138]" pageId="22" pageNumber="301">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Western Red-backed Voles stay active year-round and are mostly nocturnal. Mountain populations are active
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFB820710A901C3D0FE0F759" box="[1959,2007,2145,2178]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Ondatra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="22" pageNumber="301" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="day">day</taxonomicName>
|
||
and night.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFB8207108591CD40E82F6FB" pageId="22" pageNumber="301" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFB8207108591CD40E82F6FB" blockId="22.[1389,2596,1046,2454]" pageId="22" pageNumber="301">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFB8207108591CD4001BF772" bold="true" box="[1390,2092,2184,2217]" pageId="22" pageNumber="301">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
The Western Red-backed Vole uses log overhangs as runway corridors and cover to avoid predation. Average densities in coniferous forests are 1-2-7-9 ind/ha. Average home range was 4-6 ha for males and only 0-8 ha for females.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFB8207108581D7901BFF69D" box="[1391,2440,2341,2374]" pageId="22" pageNumber="301" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFB8207108581D7901BFF69D" blockId="22.[1389,2596,1046,2454]" box="[1391,2440,2341,2374]" pageId="22" pageNumber="301">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFB8207108581D790EFBF69D" bold="true" box="[1391,1740,2341,2374]" pageId="22" pageNumber="301">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFB8207108581D090029F64D" pageId="22" pageNumber="301" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFB8207108581D090029F64D" blockId="22.[1389,2596,1046,2454]" pageId="22" pageNumber="301">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFB8207108581D090E3FF6B5" bold="true" box="[1391,1544,2389,2414]" pageId="22" pageNumber="301">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Alexander & Verts (1992), Bradley, Ammerman et al. (2014), Cassola (20161), Hall (1981), Maser et al. (1981), Musser & Carleton (2005), Tallmon & Mills (1994).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |