223 lines
29 KiB
XML
223 lines
29 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="E5FECF88E34ED7130BF7CE67D84E8F74">Cricetidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="243DACF3F7B58565C63DA59D6264D5BD">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="77EF5DE50170446976FC3549F753C795">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="B5A6829D73F79B2FA24A706CB9D6659D">Thomas E. Lacher, Jr</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="03F06D13FFA4206D0D4015E900BCFEB5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6710582" ID-GBIF-Taxon="196221291" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6710582" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F06D13FFA4206D0D4015E900BCFEB5" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F06D13FFA4206D0D4015E900BCFEB5" lastPageNumber="289" pageId="10" pageNumber="289">
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<figureCitation id="1362C080FFA4206D0D4015E90887FE38" box="[119,176,437,483]" captionStart="Plate 10: Cricetidae" captionStartId="2.[121,151,3210,3235]" captionTargetBox="[13,2742,14,3646]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="1. Roborovski’s Desert Hamster (Phodopus roborouskii), 2. Campbell's Desert Hamster (Phodopus campbelli), 3. Striped Desert Hamster (Phodopus sungorus), 4. Golden Hamster (Mesocricetus auratus), 5. Ciscaucasian Hamster (Mesocricetus radder), 6. Brandt's Hamster (Mesocricetus brandii), 7. Romanian Hamster (Mesocricetus newtoni), 8. Gray Dwarf Hamster (Cricetulus migratorius), 9. Long-tailed Dwarf Hamster (Cricetulus longicaudatus), 10. Striped Dwarf Hamster (Cricetulus barabensis), 11. Sokolov’s Dwarf Hamster (Cricetulus sokolouvi), 12. Ladakh Dwarf Hamster (Cricetulus alticola), 13. Tibetan Dwarf Hamster (Cricetulus kamensis), 14. Gansu Hamster (Cansumys canus), 15. Greater Long-tailed Hamster (Tscherskia triton), 16. Mongolian Hamster (Allocricetulus curtatus), 17. Eversmann’s Hamster (Allocricetulus eversmanni), 18. Common Hamster (Cricetus cricetus), 19. Long-clawed Mole Vole (Prometheomys schaposchnikowi), 20. Round-tailed Muskrat (Neofiber alleni), 21. Common Muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus), 22. Western Heather Vole (Phenacomys intermedius), 23. Eastern Heather Vole (Phenacomys ungava), 24. White-footed Vole (Arborimus albipes), 25. Red Tree Vole (Arborvmus longicaudus), 26. Sonoma Tree Vole (Arborimus pomo), 27. Northern Bog Lemming (Synaptomys borealis), 28. Southern Bog Lemming (Synaptomys cooperi), 29. Wood Lemming (Myopus schisticolor), 30. Amur Brown Lemming (Lemmus amurensis), 31. Norway Brown Lemming (Lemmus lemmus), 32. Siberian Brown Lemming (Lemmus sibiricus), 33. Nearctic Brown Lemming (Lemmus trimucronatus)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6708369" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6708369/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="289">21.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFA4206D0DF515E90A76FE38" box="[194,577,437,483]" pageId="10" pageNumber="289" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFA4206D0DF515E90A76FE38" blockId="10.[116,980,437,560]" box="[194,577,437,483]" pageId="10" pageNumber="289">
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<heading id="D0AE6B69FFA4206D0DF515E90A76FE38" box="[194,577,437,483]" pageId="10" pageNumber="289">
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<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFFA4206D0DF515E90A76FE38" ID-CoL="49JSC" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1766" box="[194,577,437,483]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Ondatra" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zibethicus">Common Muskrat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFA4206D0FBD15E90BE3FE38" box="[650,980,437,483]" pageId="10" pageNumber="289" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFA4206D0FBD15E90BE3FE38" blockId="10.[116,980,437,560]" box="[650,980,437,483]" pageId="10" pageNumber="289">
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<heading id="D0AE6B69FFA4206D0FBD15E90BE3FE38" box="[650,980,437,483]" pageId="10" pageNumber="289">
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA4206D0FBD15E90BE3FE38" ID-CoL="49JSC" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1766" box="[650,980,437,483]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Ondatra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zibethicus">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FFA4206D0FBD15E90BE3FE38" box="[650,980,437,483]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="289">Ondatra zibethicus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFA4206D0D4115AF0A67FDEB" pageId="10" pageNumber="289" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFA4206D0D4115AF0BA1FDD3" blockId="10.[116,980,437,560]" box="[118,918,499,520]" pageId="10" pageNumber="289">
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<heading id="D0AE6B69FFA4206D0D4115AF0BA1FDD3" box="[118,918,499,520]" pageId="10" pageNumber="289">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FFA4206D0D4115AF08F5FDD3" bold="true" box="[118,194,499,520]" pageId="10" pageNumber="289">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFFA4206D0DFC15AF0994FDD3" ID-CoL="49JSC" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1766" box="[203,419,499,520]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Ondatra" kingdom="Animalia" language="fra" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zibethicus">Rat-musqué commun</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FFA4206D0C8F15AF0A24FDD3" bold="true" box="[440,531,499,520]" pageId="10" pageNumber="289">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFFA4206D0F2A15AF0AB0FDD3" ID-CoL="49JSC" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1766" box="[541,647,499,520]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Ondatra" kingdom="Animalia" language="deu" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zibethicus">Bisamratte</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FFA4206D0FAB15AF0AC0FDD3" bold="true" box="[668,759,499,520]" pageId="10" pageNumber="289">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFFA4206D0E3615AF0BA1FDD3" ID-CoL="49JSC" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1766" box="[769,918,499,520]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Ondatra" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zibethicus">Rata almizclera</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFA4206D0D4116470A67FDEB" blockId="10.[116,980,437,560]" box="[118,592,539,560]" pageId="10" pageNumber="289">
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<heading id="D0AE6B69FFA4206D0D4116470A67FDEB" box="[118,592,539,560]" pageId="10" pageNumber="289">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FFA4206D0D411647095AFDEB" bold="true" box="[118,365,539,560]" pageId="10" pageNumber="289">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFFA4206D0C40164709C7FDEB" ID-CoL="49JSC" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1766" box="[375,496,539,560]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Ondatra" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zibethicus">Muskbeaver</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFFA4206D0CC816470A67FDEB" ID-CoL="49JSC" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1766" box="[511,592,539,560]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Ondatra" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zibethicus">Muskrat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFA4206D0FEC163B0C88FD15" pageId="10" pageNumber="289" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFA4206D0FEC163B0C38FD7C" blockId="10.[731,1321,615,1034]" pageId="10" pageNumber="289">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FFA4206D0FEC163B0B41FD5B" bold="true" box="[731,886,615,640]" pageId="10" pageNumber="289">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA4206D0EAC163B0B17FD7C" ID-CoL="RQPX" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1766" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zibethicus">Castor zbethicus Linnaeus, 1766</taxonomicName>
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,
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<materialsCitation id="3B31D658FFA4206D0E0716D60C38FD7C" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3818814369" box="[816,1039,650,679]" pageId="10" pageNumber="289">
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eastern
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<collectingCountry id="F34E9C95FFA4206D0EA816D60C3CFD7C" box="[927,1035,650,679]" name="Canada" pageId="10" pageNumber="289">Canada</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFA4206D0FEB16F10C88FD15" blockId="10.[731,1321,615,1034]" box="[732,1215,685,718]" pageId="10" pageNumber="289">Sixteen subspecies are recognized.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFA4206D0FEC16890AFCF849" pageId="10" pageNumber="289" type="synonymic_list">
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<caption id="DF268C8DFFA4206D0FEC16890AFCF849" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6760210" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6760210" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6760210/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="289" startId="10.[731,885,725,758]" targetBox="[116,707,614,1028]" targetPageId="10">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFA4206D0FEC16890C5BFD2D" blockId="10.[731,1321,615,1034]" box="[731,1132,725,758]" pageId="10" pageNumber="289">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FFA4206D0FEC16890C5BFD2D" bold="true" box="[731,1132,725,758]" pageId="10" pageNumber="289">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFA4206D0FE9175C0B82FC39" blockId="10.[731,1321,615,1034]" pageId="10" pageNumber="289">
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA4206D0FE9175C0B82FC39" authority="Linnaeus, 1766" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1766" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1766" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Ondatra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="zibethicus" subSpecies="zibethicus">O.z.zibethicusLinnaeus,1766—fromextremeSEManitoba,COntario,andCQuebec,Canada,SthroughEUSAtoextremeNETexas,extremeNLouisiana,Mississippi,Alabama,NGeorgia,andNWSouthCarolina.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFA4206D0FE917B10A6AFBEB" blockId="10.[731,1321,615,1034]" lastBlockId="10.[109,1320,1043,3474]" pageId="10" pageNumber="289">
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA4206D0FE917B10D10FBD1" authority="Sabine, 1823" authorityName="Sabine" authorityYear="1823" box="[734,1319,1005,1034]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Ondatra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="zibethicus" subSpecies="albus">O.z.albusSabine,1823—Saskatchewan,</taxonomicName>
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Manitoba,andNOntario,Canada.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFA4206D0D4F106B0BDAFB83" blockId="10.[109,1320,1043,3474]" box="[120,1005,1079,1112]" pageId="10" pageNumber="289">
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA4206D0D4F106B0BDAFB83" authority="Bangs, 1899" authorityName="Bangs" authorityYear="1899" box="[120,1005,1079,1112]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Ondatra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="zibethicus" subSpecies="aquilonius">O.z.aquiloniusBangs,1899—NQuebecandLabrador,Canada.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFA4206D0D4F103A0B1BFB7D" blockId="10.[109,1320,1043,3474]" pageId="10" pageNumber="289">
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA4206D0D4F103A0B1BFB7D" authority=": Goldman, 1932" authorityName=": Goldman" authorityYear="1932" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Ondatra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="zibethicus" subSpecies="bernard">O.z.bernard:Goldman,1932—SNevada,SECalifornia,andWArizona,USA,andNBajaCaliforniaandextremeNWSonora,Mexico.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFA4206D0D4010E90AB0FB2E" blockId="10.[109,1320,1043,3474]" pageId="10" pageNumber="289">0.z.aannamominusHollister,1910—fromSEAlberta,SSaskatchewan,andSManitoba,Canada,SthroughCUSAtoNTexas.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFA4206D0D4011580C59FAC6" blockId="10.[109,1320,1043,3474]" box="[119,1134,1284,1309]" pageId="10" pageNumber="289">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA4206D0D4011580C59FAC6" authority="Huey, 1938" authorityName="Huey" authorityYear="1938" box="[119,1134,1284,1309]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Ondatra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="zibethicus" subSpecies="goldmani">O.z.goldmaniHuey,1938—SWUtah,SENevada,andNWArizona,USA.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFA4206D0D40117F08C8FAB1" blockId="10.[109,1320,1043,3474]" pageId="10" pageNumber="289">
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA4206D0D40117F08C8FAB1" authority="Merriam, 1897" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1897" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Ondatra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="zibethicus" subSpecies="macrodon">O.z.macrodonMerriam,1897—fromSEPennsylvaniaSalongthecoasttoNorthCarolina,USA.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
|
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFA4206D0D40112A0978FA62" blockId="10.[109,1320,1043,3474]" pageId="10" pageNumber="289">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA4206D0D40112A0978FA62" authority="Hollister, 1910" authorityName="Hollister" authorityYear="1910" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Ondatra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="zibethicus" subSpecies="mergens">O.z.mergensHollister,1910—SEOregon,NC&NECalifornia,NNevada,andextremeNWUtah,USA.</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFA4206D0D4011940B7CFA3A" blockId="10.[109,1320,1043,3474]" box="[119,843,1480,1505]" pageId="10" pageNumber="289">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA4206D0D4011940B7CFA3A" authority="Bangs, 1894" authorityName="Bangs" authorityYear="1894" box="[119,843,1480,1505]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Ondatra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="zibethicus" subSpecies="obscurus">O.z.obscurusBangs,1894—Newfoundland,Canada.</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFA4206D0D4011B40BCAF9D2" blockId="10.[109,1320,1043,3474]" box="[119,1021,1512,1545]" pageId="10" pageNumber="289">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA4206D0D4011B40BCAF9D2" authority="Elliot, 1903" authorityName="Elliot" authorityYear="1903" box="[119,1021,1512,1545]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Ondatra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="zibethicus" subSpecies="ocapitalis">O.z.ocapitalisElliot,1903—WWashingtonandWOregon,USA.</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFA4206D0D40124F0AD3F98C" blockId="10.[109,1320,1043,3474]" pageId="10" pageNumber="289">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA4206D0D40124F0D10F9EB" authority="Lord, 1863" authorityName="Lord" authorityYear="1863" box="[119,1319,1555,1584]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Ondatra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="zibethicus" subSpecies="osoyoosensis">O.z.osoyoosensisLord,1863—fromSBritishColumbiaandSWAlberta,Canada,S</taxonomicName>
|
||
alongtheRockyMtstoNNewMexico,USA.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFA4206D0D40123A0C52F9A4" blockId="10.[109,1320,1043,3474]" box="[119,1125,1638,1663]" pageId="10" pageNumber="289">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA4206D0D40123A0C52F9A4" authority="Mearns, 1890" authorityName="Mearns" authorityYear="1890" box="[119,1125,1638,1663]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Ondatra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="zibethicus" subSpecies="pallidus">O.z.pallidusMearns,1890—fromSCArizonaEtoWNewMexico,USA.</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFA4206D0D4112D90CE0F97D" blockId="10.[109,1320,1043,3474]" box="[118,1239,1669,1702]" pageId="10" pageNumber="289">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA4206D0D4112D90CE0F97D" authority="Bailey, 1902" authorityName="Bailey" authorityYear="1902" baseAuthorityName="Bailey" baseAuthorityYear="1902" box="[118,1239,1669,1702]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Ondatra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="zibethicus" subSpecies="nipensis">O.z.nipensisBailey,1902—fromCNewMexico,USAStoNChihuahua,Mexico.</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFA4206D0D4112E90CC4F915" blockId="10.[109,1320,1043,3474]" box="[118,1267,1717,1742]" pageId="10" pageNumber="289">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA4206D0D4112E90CC4F915" authority="Bangs, 1895" authorityName="Bangs" authorityYear="1895" box="[118,1267,1717,1742]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Ondatra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="zibethicus" subSpecies="nwalicius">O.z.nwaliciusBangs,1895—fromSEcoastalTexasEtoextremeNWFlorida,USA.</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFA4206D0D4112800B12F8C7" blockId="10.[109,1320,1043,3474]" pageId="10" pageNumber="289">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA4206D0D4112800B12F8C7" authority="Osgood, 1900" authorityName="Osgood" authorityYear="1900" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Ondatra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="zibethicus" subSpecies="spatulatus">O.z.spatulatusOsgood,1900—fromPacificCoastofCAlaska,USA,SEtoSBritishColumbia,AlbertaandWSaskatchewan,Canada.</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFA4206D0D4113770AFCF849" blockId="10.[109,1320,1043,3474]" pageId="10" pageNumber="289">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA4206D0D41137709CDF89F" authority="Hollister, 1910" authorityName="Hollister" authorityYear="1910" box="[118,506,1835,1860]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Ondatra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="zibethicus" subSpecies="zalophus">O. z. zalophus Hollister, 1910</taxonomicName>
|
||
— SW & SC Alaska, USA. Introduced to most of Europe, Siberia, C Asia, Russian Far East, China, NE Korea, Japan (Honshu), S Chile, and S
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA4206D0F00132D0AF0F849" box="[567,711,1905,1938]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Argentina" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="10" pageNumber="289" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Argentina</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFA4206D0D4513C10C92F6B0" pageId="10" pageNumber="289" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFA4206D0D4513C10C92F6B0" blockId="10.[109,1320,1043,3474]" pageId="10" pageNumber="289">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFA4206D0D4513C10959F861" bold="true" box="[114,366,1949,1978]" pageId="10" pageNumber="289">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
|
||
Head-body 256-299 mm, tail 200-254 mm, ear 20-21 mm, hindfoot 65-78 mm; weight 700-1800 g. The Common Muskratis the largest arvicoline; the largest individuals reach up to 700 mm in total length. Fur is dark black or brownish to white and silver, with venter lighter than dorsum. Underfuris waterproof. Skull is massive and has interorbital ridge. Incisors are slightly procumbent, unrooted, and without grooves. Lips can be closed behind incisors to allow gnawing underwater. Molars are rooted, and first molar has six triangles. Incisive foramina are long and narrow, and there is a spine at posterior edge of palate. Tail is long, laterally flattened, scaled, and nearly naked, except sparse fringe of hair along ventral keel. Large hindfeet are partially webbed, and toes are lined by stiff guard hairs providing greater surface area for swimming. Front feet are relatively small and used primarily for digging and manipulating food. Karyotype is 2n = 54, and sex chromosomes are acrocentric.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFA4206D0D461D290C4AF649" box="[113,1149,2421,2450]" pageId="10" pageNumber="289" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFA4206D0D461D290C4AF649" blockId="10.[109,1320,1043,3474]" box="[113,1149,2421,2450]" pageId="10" pageNumber="289">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFA4206D0D461D2908D7F649" bold="true" box="[113,224,2421,2450]" pageId="10" pageNumber="289">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Mesic habitats, such as streams, rivers, lakes, ponds, and marshes.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFA4206D0D461DC10AFAF5F4" pageId="10" pageNumber="289" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFA4206D0D461DC10AFAF5F4" blockId="10.[109,1320,1043,3474]" pageId="10" pageNumber="289">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFA4206D0D461DC1094BF661" bold="true" box="[113,380,2461,2490]" pageId="10" pageNumber="289">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Common Muskrats eat aquatic vegetation such as cattails (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA4206D09E31DC108E1F639" class="Liliopsida" family="Typhaceae" genus="Typha" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="10" pageNumber="289" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="latifolia">Typha latifolia</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA4206D0DD11D9D09B6F639" box="[230,385,2497,2530]" class="Liliopsida" family="Typhaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="10" pageNumber="289" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Typhaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), foraging especially on roots and basal parts of plants. They also eat animals including crayfish (Cambarus spp.), numerous fish species, turtles, and freshwater mussels (Unio sp., Anodonta sp.).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFA4206D0D461E6B0C27F4C7" pageId="10" pageNumber="289" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFA4206D0D461E6B0C27F4C7" blockId="10.[109,1320,1043,3474]" pageId="10" pageNumber="289">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFA4206D0D461E6B08C0F583" bold="true" box="[113,247,2615,2648]" pageId="10" pageNumber="289">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
In the southern USA, Common Muskrats breed year-round; those in northern latitudes reproduce primarily in spring and summer, with earliest litters born in late April or May. Average litter size is 4-8 young, which are born nearly hairless, blind, and with relative short round tails. At c¢.2 weeks old, young are haired and capable of swimming, and they are weaned by c.4 weeks. At c¢.2 months old, tail has become laterally compressed. At higher latitudes, 2-3 litters/year are common.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFA4206D0D581F7E09A7F4B1" pageId="10" pageNumber="289" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFA4206D0D581F7E09A7F4B1" blockId="10.[109,1320,1043,3474]" pageId="10" pageNumber="289">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFA4206D0D581F7E096DF498" bold="true" box="[111,346,2850,2883]" pageId="10" pageNumber="289">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Common Muskrats are highly aquatic and can be active
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA4206D094D1F7E0C9EF498" box="[1146,1193,2850,2883]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Ondatra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="day">day</taxonomicName>
|
||
or night throughout the year.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFA4206D0D471F2D0A09F2B2" pageId="10" pageNumber="289" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFA4206D0D471F2D0A09F2B2" blockId="10.[109,1320,1043,3474]" pageId="10" pageNumber="289">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFA4206D0D471F2D0B0FF449" bold="true" box="[112,824,2929,2962]" pageId="10" pageNumber="289">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Up to 40% of Common Muskrats disperse in spring (March-April) in an attempt to establish new territories in vacant areas. Dispersal is male-biased and averages c.3 km at high latitudes. Weather conditions, densities, age, and hormonal changes also might impact dispersal. Common Muskrats construct burrows or conical mud houses above water but with multiple underwater access burrows. Nest chambers within these are lined with fresh leaves and twigs. Two distinct kinds of houses are built, either main dwelling or smaller feeding houses. Home ranges are relative small with most activity occurring within 15 m of burrows or conical mud homes, although much larger territories have been noted. Females defend territories more aggressive than males. The common name, muskrat, refers to odor secreted by perineal musk glands located near base oftail. Males and females secrete musk from these glands, and odoris thought to communicate important reproductive and territorial cues.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFA4206D0D4719290CBFF249" box="[112,1160,3445,3474]" pageId="10" pageNumber="289" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFA4206D0D4719290CBFF249" blockId="10.[109,1320,1043,3474]" box="[112,1160,3445,3474]" pageId="10" pageNumber="289">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFA4206D0D47192909FBF249" bold="true" box="[112,460,3445,3474]" pageId="10" pageNumber="289">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFA4206D0844157200BCFEB5" pageId="10" pageNumber="289" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFA4206D0844157200BCFEB5" blockId="10.[1393,2596,302,368]" pageId="10" pageNumber="289">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFA4206D084415720E3CFE9C" bold="true" box="[1395,1547,302,327]" pageId="10" pageNumber="289">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Cassola (2016n), Errington (1963), Hafner et al. (1998), Hall (1981), Musser & Carleton (2005), Skyriené & Paulauskas (2012), Willner et al. (1980), Wilson & Ruff (1999).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |