198 lines
26 KiB
XML
198 lines
26 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="6F2A2C117E03A941CC6CE930A9D2E288">Cricetidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="C7ABC08DBF55C91E85A90D3E097E230C">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="F460E335FC49EC1017FF7EDBEB6B1113">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="1FD0AF3940B4E4DB0C16B489F7FE1244">Thomas E. Lacher, Jr</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="E3F9581B8B2C7B4FA0CB87E7FA3C9F9F">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 7 Rodents II</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03F06D13FF8C20450D4E109B0E2BF717" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6706804" ID-GBIF-Taxon="196221094" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6706804" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F06D13FF8C20450D4E109B0E2BF717" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F06D13FF8C20450D4E109B0E2BF717" lastPageNumber="312" pageId="34" pageNumber="312">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF8C20450D4E109B0885FB2E" blockId="34.[118,1039,1223,1347]" box="[121,178,1223,1269]" pageId="34" pageNumber="312">
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<heading id="D0AE6B69FF8C20450D4E109B0885FB2E" box="[121,178,1223,1269]" pageId="34" pageNumber="312">
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<figureCitation id="1362C080FF8C20450D4E109B0885FB2E" box="[121,178,1223,1269]" captionStart="Plate 11: Cricetidae" captionStartId="18.[107,137,3099,3124]" captionTargetBox="[25,2753,22,3645]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="34. Nearctic Collared Lemming (Dicrostonyx groenlandicus), 35. Ungava Collared Lemming (Dicrostonyx hudsonius), 36. Nelson's Collared Lemming (Dicrostonyx nelsoni), 37. Ogilvie Mountains Collared Lemming (Dicrostonyx nunatakensis), 38. Richardson’s Collared Lemming (Ducrostonyx richardsoni), 39. Palearctic Collared Lemming (Dicrostonyx torquatus), 40. Unalaska Collared Lemming (Dicrostonyx unalascensis), 41. Gray Red-backed Vole (Craseomys rufocanus), 42. Hokkaido Red-backed Vole (Craseomys rex), 43. Korean Red-backed Vole (Craseomys regulus), 44. Shanxi Red-backed Vole (Craseomys shanseius), 45. Anderson’s Red-backed Vole (Craseomys andersoni), 46. Smith’s Red-backed Vole (Craseomys smith), 47. Western Red-backed Vole (Myodes californicus), 48. Southern Red-backed Vole (Myodes gapperi), 49. Bank Vole (Mpyodes glareolus), 50. Tian Shan Red-backed Vole (Myodes centralis), 51. Large-eared Vole (Myodes macrotis), 52. Northern Red-backed Vole (Myodes rutilus), 53. Silver Mountain Vole (Alticola argentatus), 54. White-tailed Mountain Vole (Alticola albicauda), 55. Kashmir Mountain Vole (Alticola montosus), 56. Royle’s Mountain Vole (Alticola roylei), 57. Strelzov’s Mountain Vole (Alticola strelzouvi), 58. Tuva Mountain Vole (Alticola tuvinicus), 59. Gobi Altai Mountain Vole (Alticola barakshin), 60. null (null), 60. null (null), 61. Mongolian Mountain Vole (Alticola semicanus), 61. Mongolian Mountain Vole (Alticola semicanus), 62. Stoliczka’s Mountain Vole (Alticola stoliczkanus), 62. Stoliczka’s Mountain Vole (Alticola stoliczkanus), 63. Lemming Mountain Vole (Aschizomys lemminus), 63. Lemming Mountain Vole (Aschizomys lemminus), 64. Gansu Red-backed Vole (Caryomys eva), 64. Gansu Red-backed Vole (Caryomys eva), 65. Kolan Red-backed Vole (Caryomys inez), 65. Kolan Red-backed Vole (Caryomys inez), 66. Pere David's Red-backed Vole (Eothenomys melanogaster), 66. Pere David’s Red-backed Vole (Eothenomys melanogaster), 67. Yunnan Red-backed Vole (Eothenomys miletus), 68. Sichuan Red-backed Vole (Eothenomys chinensis), 69. Southwest China Red-backed Vole (Eothenomys custos), 70. Black-eared Red-backed Vole (Eothenomys olitor), 71. Yulongxuen Red-backed Vole (FEothenomys proditor), 72. Ward’s Red-backed Vole (Eothenomys wardi), 73. Hinton’s Red-backed Vole (Eothenomys hintoni), 74. Tarquinius Red-backed Vole (Eothenomys tarquinius), 75. Burrowing Vole (Hyperacrius fertilis), 76. Murree Vole (Hyperacrius wynnei)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6709261" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6709261/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="312">76.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFF8C20450DF5109B09F2FB2E" box="[194,453,1223,1269]" pageId="34" pageNumber="312" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF8C20450DF5109B09F2FB2E" blockId="34.[118,1039,1223,1347]" box="[194,453,1223,1269]" pageId="34" pageNumber="312">
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<heading id="D0AE6B69FF8C20450DF5109B09F2FB2E" box="[194,453,1223,1269]" pageId="34" pageNumber="312">
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<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFF8C20450DF5109B09F2FB2E" ID-CoL="3NNQ8" baseAuthorityName="Blanford" baseAuthorityYear="1881" box="[194,453,1223,1269]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Hyperacrius" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Rodentia" pageId="34" pageNumber="312" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wynnei">Murree Vole</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFF8C20450F3A109B0B59FB2E" box="[525,878,1223,1269]" pageId="34" pageNumber="312" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF8C20450F3A109B0B59FB2E" blockId="34.[118,1039,1223,1347]" box="[525,878,1223,1269]" pageId="34" pageNumber="312">
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<heading id="D0AE6B69FF8C20450F3A109B0B59FB2E" box="[525,878,1223,1269]" pageId="34" pageNumber="312">
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF8C20450F3A109B0B59FB2E" ID-CoL="3NNQ8" baseAuthorityName="Blanford" baseAuthorityYear="1881" box="[525,878,1223,1269]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Hyperacrius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="34" pageNumber="312" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wynnei">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FF8C20450F3A109B0B59FB2E" box="[525,878,1223,1269]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="312">Hyperacrius wynnei</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFF8C20450D4F115A0A72FA98" pageId="34" pageNumber="312" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF8C20450D4F115A0C3AFAC0" blockId="34.[118,1039,1223,1347]" box="[120,1037,1286,1307]" pageId="34" pageNumber="312">
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<heading id="D0AE6B69FF8C20450D4F115A0C3AFAC0" box="[120,1037,1286,1307]" pageId="34" pageNumber="312">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FF8C20450D4F115A08F4FAC0" bold="true" box="[120,195,1286,1307]" pageId="34" pageNumber="312">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFF8C20450DFB115A099BFAC0" ID-CoL="3NNQ8" baseAuthorityName="Blanford" baseAuthorityYear="1881" box="[204,428,1286,1307]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Hyperacrius" kingdom="Animalia" language="fra" order="Rodentia" pageId="34" pageNumber="312" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wynnei">Campagnol de Murree</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FF8C20450CF6115A0A2CFAC0" bold="true" box="[449,539,1286,1307]" pageId="34" pageNumber="312">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFF8C20450F12115A0ADEFAC0" ID-CoL="3NNQ8" baseAuthorityName="Blanford" baseAuthorityYear="1881" box="[549,745,1286,1307]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Hyperacrius" kingdom="Animalia" language="deu" order="Rodentia" pageId="34" pageNumber="312" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wynnei">Pakistan-Wihlimaus</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FF8C20450FC8115A0B6DFAC0" bold="true" box="[767,858,1286,1307]" pageId="34" pageNumber="312">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFF8C20450E68115A0C3AFAC0" ID-CoL="3NNQ8" baseAuthorityName="Blanford" baseAuthorityYear="1881" box="[863,1037,1286,1307]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Hyperacrius" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Rodentia" pageId="34" pageNumber="312" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wynnei">Topillo de Murree</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF8C20450D4011720A72FA98" blockId="34.[118,1039,1223,1347]" box="[119,581,1326,1347]" pageId="34" pageNumber="312">
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<heading id="D0AE6B69FF8C20450D4011720A72FA98" box="[119,581,1326,1347]" pageId="34" pageNumber="312">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FF8C20450D4011720959FA98" bold="true" box="[119,366,1326,1347]" pageId="34" pageNumber="312">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFF8C20450C4011720A72FA98" ID-CoL="3NNQ8" baseAuthorityName="Blanford" baseAuthorityYear="1881" box="[375,581,1326,1347]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Hyperacrius" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Rodentia" pageId="34" pageNumber="312" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wynnei">Conifer Kashmir Vole</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFF8C20450FEA11280C6AF97F" pageId="34" pageNumber="312" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF8C20450FEA11280C90F9A6" blockId="34.[733,1323,1396,1818]" pageId="34" pageNumber="312">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FF8C20450FEA11280B4FFA4A" bold="true" box="[733,888,1396,1425]" pageId="34" pageNumber="312">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF8C20450EB611280D13FA4A" authority=": Blanford, 1881" authorityName="Blanford" authorityYear="1881" box="[897,1316,1396,1425]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Arvicola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="34" pageNumber="312" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wynnei">Arvicola wynnei: Blanford, 1881</taxonomicName>
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,
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<materialsCitation id="3B31D658FF8C20450FE911C70C32FA04" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3818814753" pageId="34" pageNumber="312">“Ad Mari (Murree) in montibus Himalayanis occidentalibus.”</materialsCitation>
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Based on lecotype selection by C. J. Phillips in 1969, type locality fixed as “Muree, 7000 ft [= 2134 m], North Punjab (border of Rawalpindi-Hazara districts), West Pakistan.”
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF8C20450FEA12DF0C6AF97F" blockId="34.[733,1323,1396,1818]" box="[733,1117,1667,1700]" pageId="34" pageNumber="312">Two subspecies recognized.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFF8C20450FE912F70C51F8B1" pageId="34" pageNumber="312" type="synonymic_list">
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<caption id="DF268C8DFF8C20450FE912F70C51F8B1" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6760443" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6760443" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6760443/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="312" startId="34.[734,888,1707,1740]" targetBox="[118,710,1398,1812]" targetPageId="34">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF8C20450FE912F70C59F917" blockId="34.[733,1323,1396,1818]" box="[734,1134,1707,1740]" pageId="34" pageNumber="312">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FF8C20450FE912F70C59F917" bold="true" box="[734,1134,1707,1740]" pageId="34" pageNumber="312">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF8C20450FE9128608C4F898" blockId="34.[733,1323,1396,1818]" lastBlockId="34.[119,1325,1834,2252]" pageId="34" pageNumber="312">
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF8C20450FE9128608C4F898" authority=": Blanford, 1881" authorityName=": Blanford" authorityYear="1881" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Hyperacrius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="34" pageNumber="312" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="wynnei" subSpecies="wynne">H.w.wynne:Blanford,1881—LowerKaghanValleytotheEoftheIndusRiver,NPakistan.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF8C20450D4E13150C51F8B1" blockId="34.[119,1325,1834,2252]" box="[121,1126,1865,1898]" pageId="34" pageNumber="312">
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF8C20450D4E131509EFF8B1" authority="Phillips, 1969" authorityName="Phillips" authorityYear="1969" box="[121,472,1865,1898]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Hyperacrius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="34" pageNumber="312" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="wynnei" subSpecies="traubi">H. w. traubi Phillips, 1969</taxonomicName>
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— mountains W of the Indus River, N Pakistan.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFF8C20450D4F132C0EA7FE54" pageId="34" pageNumber="312" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF8C20450D4F132C0EA7FE54" blockId="34.[119,1325,1834,2252]" lastBlockId="34.[1392,2601,287,2252]" pageId="34" pageNumber="312">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FF8C20450D4F132C0941F84A" bold="true" box="[120,374,1904,1937]" pageId="34" pageNumber="312">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head—body 100-138 mm, tail 24-45 mm; weight 55-60 g. Murree Voles from western bank of Indus River are smaller. Except for its larger size, the Murree Vole is of similar shape and proportions as the Burrowing Vole (
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF8C204509F713E308ABF7DC" baseAuthorityName="True" baseAuthorityYear="1894" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Hyperacrius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="34" pageNumber="312" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fertilis">H. fertilis</taxonomicName>
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). Nevertheless, fur is longer and more mole-like, ears are shorter (8-10 mm vs. 11-13 mm in the Burrowing Vole), and tail is relatively longer, accounting for more than 33% of head-body length. Dorsal pelage is dark brown or blackish brown, and belly is gray (washed ocherous buff in some populations). Tail is dark gray-brown and indistinctly bicolored. Immature individuals are darker gray. Skull is essentially as in the Burrowing Vole, although in the Murree Vole, nasals and interparietal bone are wider, parietals are smaller, zygomatic arches are more expanded, dorsal profile is more bowed, and braincase is deeper. Molars of the Murree Vole are like those in the Burrowing Vole.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFF8C2045084615C90E9DFD2A" pageId="34" pageNumber="312" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF8C2045084615C90E9DFD2A" blockId="34.[1392,2601,287,2252]" pageId="34" pageNumber="312">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FF8C2045084615C90DD7FE6D" bold="true" box="[1393,1504,405,438]" pageId="34" pageNumber="312">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Himalayan moist temperate forests of west Himalayan fir (
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF8C2045041315C9015EFE6D" box="[2340,2409,405,438]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Abies" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="34" pageNumber="312" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Abies</taxonomicName>
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pindrow) and blue pine (
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF8C20450B2715E00E6AFE06" authorityName="Perry" authorityYear="1811" box="[1552,1629,444,477]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="34" pageNumber="312" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Pinus</taxonomicName>
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wallichiana), both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF8C20450A5D15E00FDFFE06" box="[1898,2024,444,477]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="34" pageNumber="312" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Pinaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
; particularly abundant in cultivated and abandoned fields and on grassy slopes at elevations of 1830-3290 m. Presence of Murree Voles in forest is due to extension of home ranges from nearby open habitats. Thickets are avoided, and steep slopes are preferred because they provide good drainage during snowmelt. Minimum slope is 10°, and the Murree Vole is nearly absent from flat ground. It also avoids rocky habitat, being able to tolerate, at most, one-third of an area covered by rocks. It requires deep loamy soil to burrow, with moderate (at least 20%) grass cover.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFF8C2045084616AB01D5FB78" pageId="34" pageNumber="312" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF8C2045084616AB01D5FB78" blockId="34.[1392,2601,287,2252]" pageId="34" pageNumber="312">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FF8C2045084616AB0E40FCC3" bold="true" box="[1393,1655,759,792]" pageId="34" pageNumber="312">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Murree Voles feed in underground tunnels at all hours of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF8C204504C716AB0228FCC3" box="[2544,2591,759,792]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Ondatra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="34" pageNumber="312" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="day">day</taxonomicName>
|
||
. When vegetation is dense in July-September and provides cover from predators, they move from burrow entrances to collect vegetation during the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF8C204505E1171A0132FCBC" box="[2262,2309,838,871]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Ondatra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="34" pageNumber="312" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="day">day</taxonomicName>
|
||
. They cut plants just above the ground’s surface and drag them underground. In Hazara (Balochistan, Pakistan), 23 species of plants were eaten by Murree Voles, and four of then formed 62% of the diet, including dock (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF8C20450A3717E00F6BFC06" box="[1792,1884,956,989]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Polygonaceae" genus="Rumex" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="34" pageNumber="312" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Rumex</taxonomicName>
|
||
nepalensis,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF8C20450AC017E0008AFC06" box="[2039,2237,956,989]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Polygonaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="34" pageNumber="312" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Polygonaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), ragwort (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF8C2045046017E00182FC06" box="[2391,2485,956,989]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Senecio" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="34" pageNumber="312" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Senecio</taxonomicName>
|
||
chrysanthemoides,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF8C204508CB17B00EADFBDE" box="[1532,1690,1004,1029]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="34" pageNumber="312" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and bluegrass (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF8C20450AA717B0000AFBDE" box="[1936,2109,1004,1029]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Poa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="34" pageNumber="312" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pratensis">Poa pratensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF8C2045057817B000FFFBDE" box="[2127,2248,1004,1029]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="34" pageNumber="312" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Poaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Dock was the most important (31% of diet) and was eaten in all seasons. In winter, Muree Voles feed on bark of grand viburnum (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF8C20450BAC106F0F15FB8F" box="[1691,1826,1075,1108]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Adoxaceae" genus="Viburnum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Dipsacales" pageId="34" pageNumber="312" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Viburnum</taxonomicName>
|
||
grandiflorum,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF8C20450ADF106F00B4FB8F" box="[2024,2179,1075,1108]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Adoxaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Dipsacales" pageId="34" pageNumber="312" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Adoxaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and saplings and fruit trees in orchards. In other areas of Pakistan, preferred plants were ragwort and a perennial,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF8C2045084510DA0F34FB78" box="[1394,1795,1158,1187]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Doronicum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="34" pageNumber="312" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="roylei">Doronicum roylei (Asteraceae)</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Damage to potato tubers were reported in autumn.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFF8C2045084510F50F14FA6D" pageId="34" pageNumber="312" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF8C2045084510F50F14FA6D" blockId="34.[1392,2601,287,2252]" pageId="34" pageNumber="312">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FF8C2045084510F50DCFFB11" bold="true" box="[1394,1528,1193,1226]" pageId="34" pageNumber="312">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
In Hazara, pregnant Murree Voles were recorded throughout snow-free period in March—-November at proportion of 38% of all females, and this did not differ between seasons. Size of testes also did not depend on season. Presence ofjuveniles in March confirmed winter reproduction, so breeding can occur in all months of the year. Numbers of embryos were 1-4/female; two embryos were most frequent (mean 1-6). Winterlitters are evidently smaller, with a single embryo per female, possibly due to high preimplantation losses.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFF8C2045084711E10EDDF7DD" pageId="34" pageNumber="312" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF8C2045084711E10EDDF7DD" blockId="34.[1392,2601,287,2252]" pageId="34" pageNumber="312">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FF8C2045084711E10E6BFA05" bold="true" box="[1392,1628,1469,1502]" pageId="34" pageNumber="312">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
The Murree Vole is fossorial and excavates extensive systems of tunnels. Digging activity peaks during the wet monsoon season (July-September). In May-November, amount of excavated soil averages c.65 cm?’/system. Excavated soil is pushed on the surface, but most tunnels are left unsealed. Numbers of opened burrows are 30-75/system (mean 55-2). Tunnels are 5:9.6-4 cm in diameter (mean 6-2 cm), and total lengths are 8-43-3 m/system (mean 22-9 m/system). Each system has several main tunnels and a number oflateral ones that branch in all directions and frequently ascend to the ground’s surface. Feeding tunnels are shallow, lying only 3-2— 7-5 cm deep. In Hazara, ¢.90% of tunnels were just 20 cm below the surface. Deeper burrows descend 35 cm, depending on depth of soil layer. Shallow burrows are connected to deep ones by vertical shafts. Nest chambers (14 cm x 17-5 cm) are 10-25 cm deep and located in the middle of the burrow system, which has 3-4 exits and a single grass-lined nest. Runways and shallow tunnels are constructed under snow. They are roofed over with particles of soil and gnawed plant material, presumably to prevent the snow arch from collapsing.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFF8C204508441C50012CF78E" pageId="34" pageNumber="312" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF8C204508441C50012CF78E" blockId="34.[1392,2601,287,2252]" pageId="34" pageNumber="312">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FF8C204508441C500004F7F6" bold="true" box="[1395,2099,2060,2093]" pageId="34" pageNumber="312">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Home range of the Murree Vole is defined by the extent ofits burrow system. It lives in family groups.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFF8C204508441C0701BAF7A7" box="[1395,2445,2139,2172]" pageId="34" pageNumber="312" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF8C204508441C0701BAF7A7" blockId="34.[1392,2601,287,2252]" box="[1395,2445,2139,2172]" pageId="34" pageNumber="312">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FF8C204508441C070EE7F7A7" bold="true" box="[1395,1744,2139,2172]" pageId="34" pageNumber="312">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFF8C204508431CD30E2BF717" pageId="34" pageNumber="312" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF8C204508431CD30E2BF717" blockId="34.[1392,2601,287,2252]" pageId="34" pageNumber="312">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FF8C204508431CD30E3BF77F" bold="true" box="[1396,1548,2191,2212]" pageId="34" pageNumber="312">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Arshad (1991), Hinton (1926), Molur et al. (2005), Phillips (1969), Roberts (1997), Shenbrot & Krasnov (2005).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |