treatments-xml/data/F8/6A/F3/F86AF30DE4BD8D9B8DAB0D5D5B6EC480.xml

<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.805.24834" ID-GBIF-Dataset="c6d57f42-5e7f-4ed9-af54-c273d3c4021c" ID-PMC="PMC6299058" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-805-1" ID-PubMed="30584390" ID-ZBK="888EA04C6C61479DA13496125528D032" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2018" ModsDocID="1313-2970-805-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 805" ModsDocTitle="Three new “caecate” earthworm species from Sulawesi, Indonesia (Oligochaeta, Megascolecidae)" checkinTime="1545315509439" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Fahri, Fahri, Amaliah, Rizki, Suryobroto, Bambang, Atmowidi, Tri &amp; Anh D. Nguyen," docDate="2018" docId="F86AF30DE4BD8D9B8DAB0D5D5B6EC480" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 805: 1-14" docOrigin="ZooKeys 805" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.805.24834" docTitle="Pithemera suwastikai Fahri, Amaliah &amp; Atmowidi, sp. n." docType="treatment" docUuid="BBC7F172-0AA8-4468-9715-41ECF5A1B2A7" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="4" masterDocId="FFE0B86FAD524F63FFFAFF81F906FFB7" masterDocTitle="Three new &quot; caecate &quot; earthworm species from Sulawesi, Indonesia (Oligochaeta, Megascolecidae)" masterLastPageNumber="14" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="3" updateTime="1668166567207" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Three new &quot; caecate &quot; earthworm species from Sulawesi, Indonesia (Oligochaeta, Megascolecidae)</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Fahri, Fahri</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Amaliah, Rizki</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Suryobroto, Bambang</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Atmowidi, Tri</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Anh D. Nguyen,</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2018</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>805</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>1</mods:start>
<mods:end>14</mods:end>
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<mods:location>
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.805.24834</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.805.24834</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-805-1</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ZBK">888EA04C6C61479DA13496125528D032</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">888EA04C6C61479DA13496125528D032</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="154127375" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:BBC7F172-0AA8-4468-9715-41ECF5A1B2A7" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F86AF30DE4BD8D9B8DAB0D5D5B6EC480" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/BBC7F172-0AA8-4468-9715-41ECF5A1B2A7" authority="Fahri, Amaliah &amp; Atmowidi" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Pithemera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pithemera suwastikai" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="suwastikai">
<pageBreakToken pageId="2" pageNumber="3" start="start">Pithemera</pageBreakToken>
suwastikai Fahri, Amaliah &amp; Atmowidi
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="2" pageNumber="3">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
Fig. 2
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
Holotype. 1 mature (MZB Oli. 062), yards (
<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="-0.88472223">00°53'05&quot;S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="123.29722">123°17'50&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
), elevation of 5 m a.s.l., Lomba village, Banggai district, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia, 26 March 2016, coll. Mihwan Sataral, Sofyan Ladjatang, Endang Prasetyawati Wahyunigsih, and F. Fahri. Paratypes. 4 matures (MZB Oli. 063) and 3 matures (UNTAD Oli. 008), same data as for holotype.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Medium size, length 135-165 mm, diameter 4.5-5.5 mm at x and 4.5-6.5mm at xx, segments 110-127. Prostomium epilobous. First dorsal pore in 12/13. Setae 27-38 in v, 33-49 in vii, 38-54 in viii and 64-74 in xxv, and 7-12 between male porophores in xviii. Spermathecal pores arranged in four pairs, 5/6-8/9. Male pores paired, discharging directly onto surface of xviii. Genital markings absent. Holandric. Intestinal caeca originating from xxii, paired laterally.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="3">The species is named after Dr I Nengah Suwastika, head of the Biology Department of Tadulako University for his kind support of our study on Sulawesi earthworms.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="3">External characters. Body generally cylindrical. Medium size, length 135-165 mm, diameter 4.5-5.5 mm at x and 4.5-6.5mm at xx, segments 110-127. Brownish red on dorsum, dark brown around clitellum and yellowish white on ventrum, especially in living specimens (Fig. 2A). After fixation, coloration brownish red on dorsum and whitish on ventrum.</paragraph>
<caption pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
Figure 2. 
<taxonomicName class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Pithemera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pithemera suwastikai" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="suwastikai">Pithemera suwastikai</taxonomicName>
sp. n., holotype. A Living specimen (dorsal view); B Spermathecal pore; C Spermathecae, right side on intrasegmental 5/6/7/8/9 (am = ampulla; dv = diverticulum); D Prostate gland; E Male pore region (mp = male pore); F Intestinal caecum. Scale bars: 50 mm (A), 1 mm (
<normalizedToken originalValue="B–F">B-F</normalizedToken>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
Prostomium epilobous. First dorsal pore in 12/13. Setae regularly distributed around segmental equators: 27-38 in v, 33-49 in vii (Table 1), 38-54 in viii and 64-74 in xxv,7-12 between male porophores in xviii; setae distance aa=1-1.2ab, zz=1-3zy. Clitellum annular, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="xiv–xvi">xiv-xvi</normalizedToken>
, smooth without setae and dorsal pores. Female pore single, mid-ventral in xiv.
</paragraph>
<caption ID-Table-UUID="DA40E9E8136C787E78A4B38B465DB2D5" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DA40E9E8136C787E78A4B38B465DB2D5" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
Table 1. Character comparison among species of the 
<taxonomicName class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Pithemera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pithemera pacifica" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="pacifica">Pithemera pacifica</taxonomicName>
-group.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<table pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<tr pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<th colspan="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" rowspan="1">Character</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. donvictorianoi" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" rank="species" species="donvictorianoi">P. donvictorianoi</taxonomicName>
Aspe &amp; James, 2015
</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. pacifica" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" rank="species" species="pacifica">P. pacifica</taxonomicName>
(Beddard, 1899)
</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. dahli" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" rank="species" species="dahli">P. dahli</taxonomicName>
(Ude, 1905)
</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. suwastikai" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" rank="species" species="suwastikai">P. suwastikai</taxonomicName>
sp. n.
</th>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Spermathecal pores small, slightly rounded, lateroventrally paired in 5/6-8/9 (Fig. 2A). No genital markings in the spermathecal region (Fig. 2B).</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="3">The openings of male pores small, on the setal ring of xviii, paired and discharging directly onto surface of xviii (Fig. 2E); ventral distance between male pores approx. 0.2x body circumference. Genital markings absent in the male region.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Internal characters. Septa 3/4/5/6/7/8 thick, 8/9 absent, 9/10/11/12/13 thin. Gizzard round within viii-x. Last hearts in xiii. Intestine origin at xv; caeca originating at xxii, extending anteriorly to xx, simple and paired laterally (Fig. 2F). Esophageal pouches absent. Typhlosole simple.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
Four pairs of spermathecae paired in 
<normalizedToken originalValue="vi–ix">vi-ix</normalizedToken>
. Ampulla round; duct enlarged, stout, approx. 1/4-1/2 as long as ampulla; no nephridia on spermathecal ducts. Diverticulum cylindrical, longer than ampulla, attached to base of ducts (Fig. 2C). No accessory glands.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
Holandric. Testes sacs paired in 
<normalizedToken originalValue="x–xi">x-xi</normalizedToken>
, small, separated, ventral, yellowish. Seminal vesicles in 
<normalizedToken originalValue="xi–xii">xi-xii</normalizedToken>
. Ovaries paired on xiii. Prostate gland racemose paired within 
<normalizedToken originalValue="xvi–xx">xvi-xx</normalizedToken>
or 
<normalizedToken originalValue="xvii–xx">xvii-xx</normalizedToken>
. Prostatic ducts long and 
<normalizedToken originalValue="U–shaped">U-shaped</normalizedToken>
(Fig. 2D). No accessory glands.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="habitat">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Habitat and ecology.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
Specimens were collected in yards at Lomba village, Banggai district, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia at 5 m a.s.l. The species was found in sandy soils at depths of 0-10 cm, around the roots of banana trees planted 1-2 m away from houses. No other specimens were collected despite continued collecting effort. The 
<pageBreakToken pageId="3" pageNumber="4" start="start">specimens</pageBreakToken>
were collected at an elevation of 50 meters above sea level. When collected, earthworms were moving actively on the ground.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="remarks">
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
This new species belongs to the 
<taxonomicName class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Pithemera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pithemera pacifica" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="pacifica">Pithemera pacifica</taxonomicName>
group characterized by having the first spermathecal pores in 5/6 and four thecal segments (
<bibRefCitation author="Sims, RW" journalOrPublisher="Biological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="169 - 268" title="A numerical revision of the earthworm genus Pheretima auct. (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) with the recognition of new genera and an appendix on the earthworms collected by the Royal Society North Borneo Expedition." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.1972.tb00694.x" volume="4" year="1972">Sims and Easton 1972</bibRefCitation>
). This group currently consists of three species, 
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. pacifica" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="species" species="pacifica">P. pacifica</taxonomicName>
(Beddard, 1899) from New Guinea and Samoa, 
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. dahli" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="species" species="dahli">P. dahli</taxonomicName>
(Ude, 1905) from New Guinea, and 
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. donvictorianoi" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="species" species="donvictorianoi">P. donvictorianoi</taxonomicName>
(Aspe &amp; James, 2015) from the Philippines. Although 
<taxonomicName class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Pithemera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pithemera suwastikai" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="suwastikai">Pithemera suwastikai</taxonomicName>
sp. n. is classified into 
<taxonomicName class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Pithemera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pithemera pacifica" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="pacifica">Pithemera pacifica</taxonomicName>
group because of the presence of four thecal segments (5/6-8/9), the new species is totally differentiated from 
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. pacifica" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="species" species="pacifica">P. pacifica</taxonomicName>
(Beddard, 1899) in having larger size (length 135-165 mm vs. up to 56 mm), holandric (vs. metandric), a single female pore (vs. a pair of female pores (see 
<bibRefCitation author="James, SW" journalOrPublisher="Revue Suisse de Zoologie" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="3 - 10" title="New earthworms of Pheretima and Pithemera (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from Mt. Arayat, Luzon Island, Philippines." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.80221" volume="111" year="2004">James et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
)), clitellum in 
<normalizedToken originalValue="xiv–xvi">xiv-xvi</normalizedToken>
without setae (vs. in 
<normalizedToken originalValue="xiv–xv">xiv-xv</normalizedToken>
/xvi with setae), absence of genital markings (vs. presence of genital markings).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
The new species has similar characters to 
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. donvictorianoi" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="species" species="donvictorianoi">P. donvictorianoi</taxonomicName>
Aspe &amp; James, 2015, e.g., in the number of spermathecal pores, but different in clitellum (
<normalizedToken originalValue="xiv–xvi">xiv-xvi</normalizedToken>
vs. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="xiv–xv">xiv-xv</normalizedToken>
), setae on vii (33-49 vs. 42-48). 
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. suwastikai" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="species" species="suwastikai">P. suwastikai</taxonomicName>
sp. n. also has different length with 
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. donvictorianoi" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="species" species="donvictorianoi">P. donvictorianoi</taxonomicName>
(135-165 mm vs. 41-58 mm) and diameter (4.5-5.5 mm vs. 2.5-3.0 mm). In addition, 
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. donvictorianoi" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="species" species="donvictorianoi">P. donvictorianoi</taxonomicName>
is a white worm, with small, narrow, oval spermathecal ampulla; ducts short, slender; diverticulum stalk short, attached to ducts, terminating in short ovate receptacle. In contrast, 
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. suwastikai" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="species" species="suwastikai">P. suwastikai</taxonomicName>
sp. n. has brownish red pigment on dorsum, dark brown around clitellum and yellowish white on ventrum; ampulla rounded; ducts enlarged, approx. 1/4-1/2 as long as ampulla; diverticulum cylindrical, longer than ampulla, attached to base of ducts.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
This new species is also similar to 
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. dahli" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="species" species="dahli">P. dahli</taxonomicName>
(Ude, 1905) by having spermathecal pores in 5/6-8/9 and dorsal pore in 12/13. However, it differs from 
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. dahli" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="species" species="dahli">P. dahli</taxonomicName>
in larger size (length: 135-165 mm vs. 70 mm; diameter 4.5-6.5 mm vs. 2.5 mm), absence of genital markings (vs. genital markings in x, xi, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="xvii–xxi">xvii-xxi</normalizedToken>
), holandric (vs. metandric), and prostate glands in 
<normalizedToken originalValue="xvi–xx">xvi-xx</normalizedToken>
or 
<normalizedToken originalValue="xvii–xx">xvii-xx</normalizedToken>
(vs. in 
<normalizedToken originalValue="xvi–xxii">xvi-xxii</normalizedToken>
). 
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. suwastikai" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="species" species="suwastikai">P. suwastikai</taxonomicName>
sp. n. has also similar characters to 
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. pacifica" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="species" species="pacifica">P. pacifica</taxonomicName>
(Beddard, 1899) in spermathecal pores (5/6-8/9) and dorsal pore (12/13), but it is totally different in absence of genital markings (vs. present in x, xi, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="xvii–xxi">xvii-xxi</normalizedToken>
) and holandric (vs. metandric). The comparison of the four species is presented in Table 1.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>