treatments-xml/data/EC/40/5C/EC405CD8FDB6E1D54E61C4A721D56902.xml

<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.126.35649" ID-GBIF-Dataset="9065b43f-c75d-4370-9d06-6a9559e836d1" ID-PMC="PMC6611756" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-126-13" ID-Pensoft-UUID="FFF3587A655E6E3E0F2D8564FFFA7618" ID-PubMed="31303812" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3269957" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2019" ModsDocID="1314-2003-126-13" ModsDocOrigin="PhytoKeys 126" ModsDocTitle="A new species of dragon’s blood Croton (Euphorbiaceae) from Serra dos Órgãos (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil)" checkinTime="1561791825798" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Farias, Sabrina Queiroz de, Medeiros, Debora &amp; Riina, Ricarda" docDate="2019" docId="EC405CD8FDB6E1D54E61C4A721D56902" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 126: 13-24" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 126" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.126.35649" docTitle="Croton rizzinii Farias &amp; Riina 2019, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="6" id="FFF3587A655E6E3E0F2D8564FFFA7618" lastPageNumber="19" masterDocId="FFF3587A655E6E3E0F2D8564FFFA7618" masterDocTitle="A new species of dragon's blood Croton (Euphorbiaceae) from Serra dos Orgaos (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil)" masterLastPageNumber="24" masterPageNumber="13" pageNumber="14" updateTime="1668139359925" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>A new species of dragon's blood Croton (Euphorbiaceae) from Serra dos Orgaos (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil)</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Farias, Sabrina Queiroz de</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Medeiros, Debora</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Riina, Ricarda</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>PhytoKeys</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2019</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>126</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>13</mods:start>
<mods:end>24</mods:end>
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<mods:location>
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.126.35649</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.126.35649</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2003-126-13</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">FFF3587A655E6E3E0F2D8564FFFA7618</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">3269957</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="158471866" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:EC405CD8FDB6E1D54E61C4A721D56902" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/EC405CD8FDB6E1D54E61C4A721D56902" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="1" pageNumber="14">
<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="14" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="14">
<taxonomicName LSID="EC405CD8-FDB6-E1D5-4E61-C4A721D56902" authority="Farias &amp; Riina" authorityName="Farias &amp; Riina" authorityYear="2019" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Croton" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Croton rizzinii" order="Malpighiales" pageId="1" pageNumber="14" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rizzinii" status="sp. nov.">Croton rizzinii Farias &amp; Riina</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="1" pageNumber="14">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Croton rizzinii. A Adult individual in hillside forest B young flowering branch C mature flowering branch D detail of a mature flowering branch E detail of laciniate-glandular stipules F young branch showing yellowish latex G detail of leaf showing acropetiolar glands H-K stages of development of pistillate flowers H top view of a young pistillate flower I young pistillate flower showing a maculate gland on the distal portion of the sepal J young pistillate flower K mature pistillate flower L fruit M inflorescence showing pistillate and staminate flowers N inflorescence showing fruits. (Photos by S. Q. Farias)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.126.35649.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/313718" pageId="1" pageNumber="14">Figures 1</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Images from herbarium specimens of Croton rizzinii. A Flowering branch B inflorescence C indumentum on the adaxial surface of the lamina D indumentum on the abaxial surface of the lamina E detail of leaf showing the two acropetiolar glands F stipules G detail of a bract of a cymule with glands (colleters) at the base H mature pistillate flower I detail of the styles connate at the base J pistillate flower with ovary removed, showing disc and a gland at the base of one of the sepals K seed (ventral surface). (A, B S. Q. Farias 241 C, D, G S. Q. Farias &amp; J. L. Silva 239 E, F, K S. Q. Farias &amp; J. L. Silva 234; H, I, J S. Q. Farias &amp; J. L. Silva 205, holotype)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.126.35649.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/313719" pageId="1" pageNumber="14">, 2</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="14" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="14">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="14">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Farias &amp; Riina" authorityYear="2019" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Croton" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Croton rizzinii" order="Malpighiales" pageId="1" pageNumber="14" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rizzinii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="14">Croton rizzinii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is similar to 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Baill" authorityYear="1864" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Croton" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Croton celtidifolius" order="Malpighiales" pageId="1" pageNumber="14" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="celtidifolius">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="14">Croton celtidifolius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Baill., but differs from the latter by the yellowish latex (vs. ochraceous to reddish latex), branches with appressed to stipitate stellate-porrect, stipitate-fasciculate and appressed-multiradiate trichomes (vs. appressed to stipitate stellate, stellate-porrect, appressed dendritic and dendritic-porrect trichomes), stipules (10 
<normalizedToken originalValue="–)12–">-)12-</normalizedToken>
14 mm long, laciniate-glandular (vs. 2-6 mm long, entire, eglandular), bracts with two inconspicuous glands (colleters) at the base (vs. eglandular bracts), staminate flowers with 64-76 stamens (vs. 50-60), campanulate pistillate flowers, sepals ca. 6-9.5 mm long, valvate to slightly imbricate (vs. rotate, ca. 2.5-5 mm long, valvate).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="14" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="14">Type.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="14">
BRAZIL. Rio de Janeiro: 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Teresópolis">Teresopolis</normalizedToken>
, Parque Nacional da Serra dos 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Órgãos">Orgaos</normalizedToken>
, BR-495, rodovia 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Teresópolis-Itaipava">Teresopolis-Itaipava</normalizedToken>
, em borda de mata de encosta, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="22" direction="south" minutes="24" orientation="latitude" precision="1" seconds="40.8" value="-22.411333">22°24'40.8&quot;S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="43" direction="west" minutes="02" orientation="longitude" precision="1" seconds="08.5" value="-43.035694">43°02'08.5&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, alt. 1414 m, 28 Jan 2017, fl, S.Q. Farias &amp; J.L. Silva 205 (holotype: R!; isotype: RB!).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="1" pageNumber="14" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="14">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="1" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="14">Trees</emphasis>
ca. 5-10 m tall, monoecious; young branches with a dense to sparse indumentum of appressed to stipitate stellate-porrect, stipitate-fasciculate and appressed-multiradiate trichomes, cinereous, yellowish, or pale ferrugineous; latex yellowish. 
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="14">Leaves</emphasis>
alternate, simple; lamina 7-22 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
2.4-12.2 cm, discolorous, membrana 
<pageBreakToken pageId="2" pageNumber="15" start="start">ceous</pageBreakToken>
, ovate to cordate, apex acute, long-acuminate to caudate-acuminate, base rounded, obtuse to cordate, adaxial surface sparsely pubescent with indumentum of appressed to short-stipitate fasciculate trichomes, more concentrated along the veins, abaxial surface densely pubescent with indumentum of stipitate stellate-porrect to stipitate-multiradiate trichomes; venation brochidodromous, trinerved at the base to palminerved; margin inconspicuously dentate, with ovoid to cylindrical glands (colleters) at the tip of each tooth; petioles 1.9-13 cm long, with dense indumentum of appressed to stipitate stellate-porrect, stipitate-fasciculate and appressed-multiradiate trichomes; nectary glands 2, acropetiolar, patelliform, shortly stipitate to stipitate, on the abaxial side; stipules (10 
<normalizedToken originalValue="–)12–">-)12-</normalizedToken>
14 mm long, linear-lanceolate, cream to yellowish-green, margin laciniate-glandular, sometimes with a glandular tip, abaxial surface with sparse indumentum of appressed stellate-porrect to multiradiate trichomes. 
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="15">Inflorescences</emphasis>
terminal, erect, 6-29 cm long, axis with dense indumentum of appressed to stipitate stellate-porrect trichomes; proximal cymules bisexual, spaced along the axis; cymule bracts variable in size and shape, 4-9 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
1.6-2 mm, narrowly oblong, linear-lanceolate or lanceolate, abaxial surface with appressed stellate-porrect trichomes, with 2 sessile, minute, basal glands (colleters), margin entire to irregularly dissected with stipitate-fasciculate trichomes. 
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="15">Staminate flowers</emphasis>
rotate, 7-11 mm long; pedicel 2.5-6 mm long, with indumentum of appressed stellate-porrect trichomes; sepals 5, valvate, connate at the base, entire, equal, 3.5-4 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
2-2.5 mm, ovate, apex acute, adaxial surface with simple trichomes at the base and along the margin; abaxial surface with appressed stellate-porrect trichomes; petals 5, 2.2-3.5 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
0.9-1.2 mm, distinct, oblanceolate, apex acute, adaxial surface with simple trichomes at the base, abaxial surface with simple trichomes along the margin; stamens 64-76, filaments 2.5-4.5 mm long, with simple trichomes, disc 5-segmented, receptacle villose with dense simple trichomes. 
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="15">Pistillate flowers</emphasis>
campanulate, 6.5-10.1 mm long, sessile to subsessile; sepals 5, 6-9.5 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
4-5 mm, valvate to slightly imbricate, connate at the base, entire, unequal, ovate to broadly ovate, apex acute to abruptly acute with glandular tip (colleter), adaxial surface with indumentum of short-stipitate stellate trichomes at the distal portion, abaxial surface with indumentum of appressed stellate-porrect and appressed-multiradiate trichomes; maculate glands sometimes present on some of the sepals; petals each reduced to a filament with an apical gland (colleter); ovary ca. 3.4 mm in diam., densely covered with pale ferrugineous rosulate trichomes; styles 3, 4-fid to multifid (12-18 terminal tips), connate at the base, with appressed stellate-porrect trichomes; disc 5-segmented. 
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="15">Capsules</emphasis>
7.5-10 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
4.8-5.4 mm, subglobose, densely covered with pale ferrugineous rosulate trichomes; sepals and columella persistent; columella 6 mm long. 
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="15">Seeds</emphasis>
4.1-5.4 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
3-3.3 mm, oblongoid, brown, ribbed; caruncle 1 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
2.5 mm, cream, transversely oblong.
</paragraph>
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="3270377" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.126.35649.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/313718" pageId="2" pageNumber="15" start="Figure 1" startId="F1">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="15">Figure 1.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Farias &amp; Riina" authorityYear="2019" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Croton" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Croton rizzinii" order="Malpighiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="15" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rizzinii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="15">Croton rizzinii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="15">A</emphasis>
Adult individual in hillside forest 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="15">B</emphasis>
young flowering branch 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="15">C</emphasis>
mature flowering branch 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="15">D</emphasis>
detail of a mature flowering branch 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="15">E</emphasis>
detail of laciniate-glandular stipules 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="15">F</emphasis>
young branch showing yellowish latex 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="15">G</emphasis>
detail of leaf showing acropetiolar glands 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="15">
<normalizedToken originalValue="H–K">H-K</normalizedToken>
</emphasis>
stages of development of pistillate flowers 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="15">H</emphasis>
top view of a young pistillate flower 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="15">I</emphasis>
young pistillate flower showing a maculate gland on the distal portion of the sepal 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="15">J</emphasis>
young pistillate flower 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="15">K</emphasis>
mature pistillate flower 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="15">L</emphasis>
fruit 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="15">M</emphasis>
inflorescence showing pistillate and staminate flowers 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="15">N</emphasis>
inflorescence showing fruits. (Photos by S.Q. Farias).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="3270379" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.126.35649.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/313719" pageId="2" pageNumber="15" start="Figure 2" startId="F2">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="15">Figure 2.</emphasis>
Images from herbarium specimens of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Farias &amp; Riina" authorityYear="2019" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Croton" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Croton rizzinii" order="Malpighiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="15" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rizzinii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="15">Croton rizzinii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="15">A</emphasis>
Flowering branch 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="15">B</emphasis>
inflorescence 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="15">C</emphasis>
indumentum on the adaxial surface of the lamina 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="15">D</emphasis>
indumentum on the abaxial surface of the lamina 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="15">E</emphasis>
detail of leaf showing the two acropetiolar glands 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="15">F</emphasis>
stipules 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="15">G</emphasis>
detail of a bract of a cymule with glands (colleters) at the base 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="15">H</emphasis>
mature pistillate flower 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="15">I</emphasis>
detail of the styles connate at the base 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="15">J</emphasis>
pistillate flower with ovary removed, showing disc and a gland at the base of one of the sepals 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="15">K</emphasis>
seed (ventral surface). (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="15">A, B</emphasis>
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="15">S.Q</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="15">Farias 241</emphasis>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="15">C, D, G</emphasis>
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="15">S.Q. Farias &amp; J.L. Silva 239</emphasis>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="15">E, F, K</emphasis>
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="15">S.Q. Farias &amp; J.L. Silva 234</emphasis>
; 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="15">H, I, J</emphasis>
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="15">S.Q. Farias &amp; J.L. Silva 205</emphasis>
, holotype).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="2" pageNumber="15" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="15">Specimens examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="2" pageNumber="15">
BRAZIL - Rio de Janeiro • A. Souza et al. 1576 (R); 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Teresópolis">Teresopolis</normalizedToken>
[Guapimirim], Serra dos 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Órgãos">Orgaos</normalizedToken>
, rodovia 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Rio-Teresópolis">Rio-Teresopolis</normalizedToken>
, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="próximo">proximo</normalizedToken>
ao rio Soberbo; 
<geoCoordinate degrees="22" direction="south" minutes="29" orientation="latitude" precision="1" seconds="23.56" value="-22.489878">22°29'23.56&quot;S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="43" direction="west" minutes="00" orientation="longitude" precision="1" seconds="27.71" value="-43.007698">43°00'27.71&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
; alt. 505 m; 28 Nov. 1986; fl • A. Souza et al. 1575 (R); 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Petrópolis">Petropolis</normalizedToken>
, Parque Nacional da Serra dos 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Órgãos">Orgaos</normalizedToken>
, BR-495, rodovia 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Teresópolis-Itaipava">Teresopolis-Itaipava</normalizedToken>
; 28 Nov. 1986; fl • S.Q. Farias &amp; J.L. Silva 239 (R); ibid, km 9; 
<geoCoordinate degrees="22" direction="south" minutes="24" orientation="latitude" precision="1" seconds="38.5" value="-22.410694">22°24'38.5&quot;S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="43" direction="west" minutes="02" orientation="longitude" precision="1" seconds="24.2" value="-43.040054">43°02'24.2&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
; alt. 1416 m; 28 Apr. 2018; fl • R. Barnes s.n. (R 
<pageBreakToken pageId="3" pageNumber="16" start="start">186364</pageBreakToken>
, FUEL34028, INPA 212592, IPA 61764, MBM 275097, RB 377649, SP 361735); 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Teresópolis">Teresopolis</normalizedToken>
; 30 Jun. 1995; fl • R. Barnes s.n. (R 185344); Serra dos 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Órgãos">Orgaos</normalizedToken>
, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="próximo">proximo</normalizedToken>
ao abrigo 3; 
<geoCoordinate degrees="22" direction="south" minutes="26" orientation="latitude" precision="1" seconds="54.32" value="-22.448421">22°26'54.32&quot;S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="42" direction="west" minutes="59" orientation="longitude" precision="1" seconds="0.21" value="-42.98339">42°59'0.21&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
; alt. 1000 m; 25 Jan. 1995; fl • S.Q. Farias &amp; J.L. Silva 200 (R); BR-495, rodovia 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Teresópolis-Itaipava">Teresopolis-Itaipava</normalizedToken>
; 
<geoCoordinate degrees="22" direction="south" minutes="24" orientation="latitude" precision="1" seconds="40.8" value="-22.411333">22°24'40.8&quot;S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="43" direction="west" minutes="02" orientation="longitude" precision="1" seconds="08.5" value="-43.035694">43°02'08.5&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
; alt. 1414 m; 15 Jan. 2017; fl, fr • S.Q. Farias &amp; J.L. Silva 234 (R, RB); ibid; 2 Apr. 2018; fl, fr • S.Q. Farias 241 (R, RB); ibid; 2 Mar. 2019; fl, fr.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="16" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="16">Distribution and habitat.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="16">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Farias &amp; Riina" authorityYear="2019" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Croton" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Croton rizzinii" order="Malpighiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rizzinii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="16">Croton rizzinii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is only known from the Serra dos 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Órgãos">Orgaos</normalizedToken>
National Park, with records in the municipalities of Guapimirim, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Petrópolis">Petropolis</normalizedToken>
and 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Teresópolis">Teresopolis</normalizedToken>
(Rio de Janeiro) (Figure 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Map of Rio de Janeiro State showing the distribution of Croton rizzinii (black circles). The inset map of Brazil on the left provides the context with the state of Rio de Janeiro highlighted in grey. ES = Espirito Santo, MG = Minas Gerais, RJ = Rio de Janeiro, SP = Sao Paulo." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.126.35649.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/313720" pageId="3" pageNumber="16">3</figureCitation>
). It grows in montane ombrophilous dense forest, between 500 and 1500 m elevation and in disturbed areas like forest edges and roadsides.
</paragraph>
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="3270381" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.126.35649.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/313720" pageId="3" pageNumber="16" start="Figure 3" startId="F3">
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="16">Figure 3.</emphasis>
Map of Rio de Janeiro State showing the distribution of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Farias &amp; Riina" authorityYear="2019" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Croton" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Croton rizzinii" order="Malpighiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rizzinii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="16">Croton rizzinii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(black circles). The inset map of Brazil on the left provides the context with the state of Rio de Janeiro highlighted in grey. ES = 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Espírito">Espirito</normalizedToken>
Santo, MG = Minas Gerais, RJ = Rio de Janeiro, SP = 
<normalizedToken originalValue="São">Sao</normalizedToken>
Paulo.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="16" type="phenology">
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="16">Phenology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="16">The new species has been collected in flower in January, March, April, June, November and December. The flowering peak is in December and January, with fruits between January and April.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="16" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="16">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="16">
The specific epithet is given in homage to Carlos Toledo Rizzini, a Brazilian botanist, for his dedication to the study of the flora of the Serra dos 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Órgãos">Orgaos</normalizedToken>
mountain range.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="3" pageNumber="16" type="conservation status">
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="16">Conservation status.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="3" pageNumber="16">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Farias &amp; Riina" authorityYear="2019" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Croton" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Croton rizzinii" order="Malpighiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rizzinii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="16">Croton rizzinii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is known from a few collections in three municipalities of the PARNASO. It has an estimated Extent of Occurrence (EOO) of 19,653 km2. Although the species occurs within a conservation unit, it suffers considerably from anthropic pressure caused by tourism, urbanisation, agriculture and 
<pageBreakToken pageId="4" pageNumber="17" start="start">grazing</pageBreakToken>
. Based on our data, 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Farias &amp; Riina" authorityYear="2019" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Croton" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Croton rizzinii" order="Malpighiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rizzinii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="17">Croton rizzinii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
could be assessed either as Critically Endangered (CR B1b[iii]) or Data Deficient (DD). The latter category is based on the lack of sufficient information regarding the distribution and size of populations.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" type="discussion">
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="17">Discussion.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="17">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Farias &amp; Riina" authorityYear="2019" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Croton" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Croton rizzinii" order="Malpighiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rizzinii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="17">Croton rizzinii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be recognised in the field by its yellowish latex, laciniate-glandular stipules that are cream to green-yellowish in colour, bracts with two inconspicuous glands (colleters) at the base, campanulate pistillate flowers with sepals covering the entire ovary and the presence of maculate glands on the adaxial surface. We are assigning the species to 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Croton" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="sect." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Croton" order="Malpighiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="section" section="Cyclostigma">Croton sect. Cyclostigma</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.603013" author="Van Ee, BW" journalOrPublisher="Taxon" pageId="8" pageNumber="21" pagination="793 - 823" refId="B23" refString="Van Ee, BW, Riina, R, Berry, PE, 2011. A revised infrageneric classification and molecular phylogeny of New World Croton (Euphorbiaceae). Taxon 42: 793 - 823, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.603013" title="A revised infrageneric classification and molecular phylogeny of New World Croton (Euphorbiaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.603013" volume="42" year="2011">Van Ee et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
) due to its arborescent habit, yellowish latex, stellate trichomes, triplinerved to palmate venation, acropetiolar glands, basal bisexual cymules, pistillate flowers with vestigial petals and staminate flowers with numerous stamens. However, further testing using molecular characters would be desirable to confirm its phylogenetic position. The finding of a new species in this section in a relatively well explored area is surprising and shows that botanical exploration continues to be relevant in highly diverse Neotropical areas and especially in biodiversity hotspots (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1038/35002501" author="Myers, N" journalOrPublisher="Nature" pageId="7" pageNumber="20" pagination="853 - 858" refId="B14" refString="Myers, N, Mittermeier, RA, Mittermeier, CG, Fonseca, GAB, Kent, J, 2000. Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 403: 853 - 858, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/35002501" title="Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities." url="https://doi.org/10.1038/35002501" volume="403" year="2000">Myers et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1109389108" author="Joppa, LN" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America" pageId="7" pageNumber="20" pagination="13171 - 13176" refId="B13" refString="Joppa, LN, Roberts, DL, Myers, N, Pimm, SL, 2011. Biodiversity hotspots house most undiscovered plant species. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 108: 13171 - 13176, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1109389108" title="Biodiversity hotspots house most undiscovered plant species." url="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1109389108" volume="108" year="2011">Joppa et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
) regardless of their current level of floristic inventory and the taxonomic knowledge of the focal group (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3417/2018131" author="Riina, R" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden" pageId="8" pageNumber="21" pagination="330 - 350" refId="B19" refString="Riina, R, Berry, PE, Secco, RDS, Meier, W, Caruzo, MBR, 2018. Reassessment of Croton sect. Cleodora (Euphorbiaceae) points to the Amazon Basin as its Main Center of Diversity. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 103: 330 - 350, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3417/2018131" title="Reassessment of Croton sect. Cleodora (Euphorbiaceae) points to the Amazon Basin as its Main Center of Diversity." url="https://doi.org/10.3417/2018131" volume="103" year="2018">Riina et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="17">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Farias &amp; Riina" authorityYear="2019" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Croton" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Croton rizzinii" order="Malpighiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rizzinii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="17">Croton rizzinii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be distinguished from other Brazilian 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Cyclostigma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cyclostigma" order="Malpighiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="17">Cyclostigma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species by its laciniate-glandular stipules, bracts with glands (colleters) at the base, sepals of the pistillate flowers with glands (colleters) at the apex and, sometimes, macular glands on the adaxial surface. Another character distinguishing it from its most similar species in the ARF is the size of seeds, which are the smallest in size amongst them (Table 
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="T1" captionText="Table 1. Main characters distinguishing Croton rizzinii from its morphologically closest species in the Atlantic Rain Forest (ARF)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/8599CEE260D873B97813FFDB54182D4F" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" tableUuid="8599CEE260D873B97813FFDB54182D4F">1</tableCitation>
). Amongst the ARF 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Cyclostigma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cyclostigma" order="Malpighiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="17">Cyclostigma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species, 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Farias &amp; Riina" authorityYear="2019" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Croton" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Croton rizzinii" order="Malpighiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rizzinii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="17">Croton rizzinii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
appears to be most similar to 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. celtidifolius" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rank="species" species="celtidifolius">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="17">C. celtidifolius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-017-1441-8" author="Santos, RF" journalOrPublisher="Plant Systematics and Evolution" pageId="8" pageNumber="21" pagination="1467 - 1497" refId="B20" refString="Santos, RF, Riina, R, Caruzo, MBR, 2017. Diversity of arborescent lineages of Crotoneae (Euphorbiaceae) in the Brazilian Atlantic Rain Forest. Plant Systematics and Evolution 303: 1467 - 1497, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-017-1441-8" title="Diversity of arborescent lineages of Crotoneae (Euphorbiaceae) in the Brazilian Atlantic Rain Forest." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-017-1441-8" volume="303" year="2017">Santos et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1590/S2236-89062007000400011" author="Caruzo, MBR" journalOrPublisher="Hoehnea" pageId="7" pageNumber="20" pagination="571 - 585" refId="B4" refString="Caruzo, MBR, Cordeiro, I, 2007. Sinopse da tribo Crotoneae Dumort. (Euphorbiaceae s.s.) no Estado de Sao Paulo, Brasil. Hoehnea 34: 571 - 585, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S2236-89062007000400011" title="Sinopse da tribo Crotoneae Dumort. (Euphorbiaceae s. s.) no Estado de Sao Paulo, Brasil." url="https://doi.org/10.1590/S2236-89062007000400011" volume="34" year="2007">Caruzo and Cordeiro 2007</bibRefCitation>
). Both species occur sympatrically and syntopically and can be confused by their similar ovate to cordate and pubescent leaves, trinerved at the base to palminerved venation, short-stipitate to stipitate petiolar glands on the abaxial side of the petiole and subglobose fruits. However, they can be readily distinguished by several characters, mainly by those related to latex colour, type of trichomes on branches, number of acropetiolar glands, stipules, bracteoles, stamen number and pistillate flowers (see Table 
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="T1" captionText="Table 1. Main characters distinguishing Croton rizzinii from its morphologically closest species in the Atlantic Rain Forest (ARF)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/8599CEE260D873B97813FFDB54182D4F" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" tableUuid="8599CEE260D873B97813FFDB54182D4F">1</tableCitation>
and identification key). Due to their resemblance, specimens of 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. rizzinii" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rank="species" species="rizzinii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="17">C. rizzinii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have often misidentified as 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. celtidifolius" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rank="species" species="celtidifolius">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="17">C. celtidifolius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in herbaria.
</paragraph>
<caption ID-Table-UUID="8599CEE260D873B97813FFDB54182D4F" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/8599CEE260D873B97813FFDB54182D4F" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" start="Table 1" startId="T1">
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="17">Table 1.</emphasis>
Main characters distinguishing 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Farias &amp; Riina" authorityYear="2019" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Croton" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Croton rizzinii" order="Malpighiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rizzinii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="17">Croton rizzinii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from its morphologically closest species in the Atlantic Rain Forest (ARF).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="17">
<table pageId="4" pageNumber="17">
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="17">
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="17">Characters</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. rizzinii" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rank="species" species="rizzinii">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="17">C. rizzinii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. alchorneicarpus" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rank="species" species="alchorneicarpus">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="17">C. alchorneicarpus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. celtidifolius" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rank="species" species="celtidifolius">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="17">C. celtidifolius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. lagoensis" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rank="species" species="lagoensis">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="17">C. lagoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. vulnerarius" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rank="species" species="vulnerarius">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="17">C. vulnerarius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="17">
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">Maximum height (m)</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">10</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">15</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">15</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">4</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">10</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="17">
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">Trichomes on branches</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">Appressed to stipitate stellate-porrect, stipitate-fasciculate and appressed-multiradiate</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">Appressed stellate, stellate-porrect, dendritic and dendritic-porrect</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">Appressed to stipitate stellate, stellate-porrect, appressed dendritic and dendritic-porrect</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">Appressed to stipitate stellate-lepidote</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">Appressed-stellate, stipitate-dendritic and appressed-rosulate</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="17">
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">Petiolar glands</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">2, short-stipitate to stipitate</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">2(-4), stipitate</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">2(-4), stipitate, rarely short-stipitate</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">2, sessile</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">2(-4), stipitate</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="17">
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">Stipule shape</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">Linear-lanceolate, never foliaceous</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">Linear to lanceolate, sometimes foliaceous</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">Linear to lanceolate, rarely foliaceous</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">Linear-lanceolate to lanceolate, never foliaceous</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">Lanceolate to filiform, never foliaceous</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="17">
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">Stipule margin</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">Laciniate-glandular</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">Entire</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">Entire</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">Entire</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">Entire</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="17">
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">Stipule length (mm)</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">(10-)12-14</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">6-12</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">2-6</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">6-8</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">(9-)13-16</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="17">
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">Inflorescence length (cm)</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">6-29</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">6-13</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">(11-)22-32</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">10-15</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">7-12</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="17">
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">Bracts of the cymules</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">Entire to irregularly dissected, 2 glands at the base</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">Entire, eglandular</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">Entire, eglandular</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">Entire, eglandular</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">Entire, eglandular</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="17">
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">Staminate flower shape</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">Rotate</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">Rotate</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">Rotate</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">Rotate</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">Subcampanulate</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="17">
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">Stamen number</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">64-76</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">ca. 60</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">50-60</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">40-50</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">ca. 100</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="17">
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">Pistillate flower shape</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">Campanulate</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">Subcampanulate</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">Rotate</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">Campanulate</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">Campanulate</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="17">
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">Pistillate sepal shape</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">Ovate to broadly ovate</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">Broadly ovate</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">Ovate to lanceolate</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">Broadly ovate</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">Ovate-lanceolate</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="17">
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">Pistillate sepal length (mm)</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">6-9.5</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">5-9.4</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">2.5-5</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">3-6</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">5.5-7.5</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="17">
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">Vestigial pistillate petals</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">Filiform</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">Filiform</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">Filiform</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">Filiform</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">Linear-lanceolate</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="17">
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">Seed size (mm)</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">
4.1-5.4 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
3-3.3
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">
7.5 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
4
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">
5.7-7 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
3.7-4
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">
7 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
4
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">
5.9 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
3.4
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="17">
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">Habitat</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">Montane wet forest</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">Montane wet forest, riparian forest</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">Montane wet forest, dry forest riparian forest</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">Dry forest, campos rupestres</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">Montane wet forest, dry forest</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="17">
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">Elevation (m)</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">500-1500</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">800-2320</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">350-1400</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">800-1800</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">780-1600</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="17">
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">Distribution</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">ARF (RJ)</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">ARF (MG, SP, RJ)</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">ARF (ES, MG, PR, RJ, SC, SP, RS)</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">Between ARF and Cerrado (MG)</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rowspan="1">ARF (MG, SP, RJ, PR)</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="17">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Farias &amp; Riina" authorityYear="2019" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Croton" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Croton rizzinii" order="Malpighiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rizzinii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="17">Croton rizzinii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is also similar to 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. vulnerarius" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rank="species" species="vulnerarius">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="17">C. vulnerarius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Baill. and 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. alchorneicarpus" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rank="species" species="alchorneicarpus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="17">C. alchorneicarpus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Croizat, mostly regarding the young pistillate flowers. 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Croton" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Croton vulnerarius" order="Malpighiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="vulnerarius">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="17">Croton vulnerarius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. rizzinii" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rank="species" species="rizzinii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="17">C. rizzinii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occur sympatrically within PARNASO, but so far, they have not been found in the same locality. These species share an arborescent habit, pubescent leaves, conspicuous stipules, sessile to subsessile campanulate pistillate flowers, valvate to slightly imbricate sepals and styles connate at the base. Nevertheless, they can be distinguished by several characters (see Table 
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="T1" captionText="Table 1. Main characters distinguishing Croton rizzinii from its morphologically closest species in the Atlantic Rain Forest (ARF)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/8599CEE260D873B97813FFDB54182D4F" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" tableUuid="8599CEE260D873B97813FFDB54182D4F">1</tableCitation>
and identification key). In relation to 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. alchorneicarpus" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" rank="species" species="alchorneicarpus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="17">C. alchorneicarpus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, both species present ovate to cordate leaves, trinerved at the base to palminerved venation, conspicuous stipules, sessile to subsessile pistillate flowers with styles connate at the base, rotate staminate flowers and subglobose fruits. However, they too can be separated by several vegetative and reproductive characters (see Table 
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="T1" captionText="Table 1. Main characters distinguishing Croton rizzinii from its morphologically closest species in the Atlantic Rain Forest (ARF)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/8599CEE260D873B97813FFDB54182D4F" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" tableUuid="8599CEE260D873B97813FFDB54182D4F">1</tableCitation>
and identification key).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="18">
<pageBreakToken pageId="5" pageNumber="18" start="start">Several</pageBreakToken>
collections (Cordeiro 3056, 3057, Riina and Caruzo 1526, 1529) from ARF areas of 
<normalizedToken originalValue="São">Sao</normalizedToken>
Paulo and Rio de Janeiro states show characteristics intermediate between 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Croizat" authorityYear="1944" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Croton" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Croton alchorneicarpus" order="Malpighiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="18" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="alchorneicarpus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="18">Croton alchorneicarpus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. rizzinii." pageId="5" pageNumber="18" rank="species" species="rizzinii.">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="18">C. rizzinii.</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
The overall aspect of the plant and the floral morphology are more similar to 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. alchorneicarpus" pageId="5" pageNumber="18" rank="species" species="alchorneicarpus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="18">C. alchorneicarpus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but the stipules are more similar to those of 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. rizzinii" pageId="5" pageNumber="18" rank="species" species="rizzinii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="18">C. rizzinii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(laciniate-glandular). Further studies and additional sampling of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Croton" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Croton" order="Malpighiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="18" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="18">Croton</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
trees from the ARF are needed to determine the identity of these specimens.
</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="5" pageNumber="18">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Croton" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Croton lagoensis" order="Malpighiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="18" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lagoensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="18">Croton lagoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Müll">Muell</normalizedToken>
. Arg. is also similar to 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. rizzinii" pageId="5" pageNumber="18" rank="species" species="rizzinii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="18">C. rizzinii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but it occurs in deciduous forest and in transitional areas between the Cerrado and the ARF in the state of Minas Gerais (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-017-1441-8" author="Santos, RF" journalOrPublisher="Plant Systematics and Evolution" pageId="8" pageNumber="21" pagination="1467 - 1497" refId="B20" refString="Santos, RF, Riina, R, Caruzo, MBR, 2017. Diversity of arborescent lineages of Crotoneae (Euphorbiaceae) in the Brazilian Atlantic Rain Forest. Plant Systematics and Evolution 303: 1467 - 1497, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-017-1441-8" title="Diversity of arborescent lineages of Crotoneae (Euphorbiaceae) in the Brazilian Atlantic Rain Forest." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-017-1441-8" volume="303" year="2017">Santos et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
). Both species have ovate to cordate and pubescent leaves, two acropetiolar glands and campanulate pistillate flowers with sepals covering the en 
<pageBreakToken pageId="6" pageNumber="19" start="start">tire</pageBreakToken>
ovary. However, 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. rizzinii" pageId="6" pageNumber="19" rank="species" species="rizzinii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="19">C. rizzinii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. lagoensis" pageId="6" pageNumber="19" rank="species" species="lagoensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="19">C. lagoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
mainly by its arborescent habit and other features listed in Table 
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="T1" captionText="Table 1. Main characters distinguishing Croton rizzinii from its morphologically closest species in the Atlantic Rain Forest (ARF)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/8599CEE260D873B97813FFDB54182D4F" pageId="6" pageNumber="19" tableUuid="8599CEE260D873B97813FFDB54182D4F">1</tableCitation>
and in the identification key.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="19">
The description of 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. rizzinii" pageId="6" pageNumber="19" rank="species" species="rizzinii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="19">C. rizzinii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
adds to the number of species with laciniate stipules in 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Croton" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Croton" order="Malpighiales" pageId="6" pageNumber="19" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="19">Croton</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and in section 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Croton" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Malpighiales" pageId="6" pageNumber="19" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="section" section="Cyclostigma">Cyclostigma</taxonomicName>
in particular. Laciniate stipules are found in seven species in 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Cyclostigma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cyclostigma" order="Malpighiales" pageId="6" pageNumber="19" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="19">Cyclostigma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. charaguensis" pageId="6" pageNumber="19" rank="species" species="charaguensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="19">C. charaguensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Standl., 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. churutensis" pageId="6" pageNumber="19" rank="species" species="churutensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="19">C. churutensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Riina &amp; Cornejo, 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. medusae" pageId="6" pageNumber="19" rank="species" species="medusae">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="19">C. medusae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Müll">Muell</normalizedToken>
. Arg., 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. perspeciosus" pageId="6" pageNumber="19" rank="species" species="perspeciosus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="19">C. perspeciosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Croizat, 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. purdiei" pageId="6" pageNumber="19" rank="species" species="purdiei">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="19">C. purdiei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Müll">Muell</normalizedToken>
. Arg., 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. rizzinii" pageId="6" pageNumber="19" rank="species" species="rizzinii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="19">C. rizzinii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. speciosus" pageId="6" pageNumber="19" rank="species" species="speciosus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="19">C. speciosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Müll">Muell</normalizedToken>
. Arg.), but they can be present in other sections of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Croton" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Croton" order="Malpighiales" pageId="6" pageNumber="19" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Croton</taxonomicName>
(sect. 
<taxonomicName authority="Griseb." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Croton" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Malpighiales" pageId="6" pageNumber="19" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="section" section="Adenophylli">Adenophylli Griseb.</taxonomicName>
, sect. 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Croton" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Malpighiales" pageId="6" pageNumber="19" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="section" section="Barhamia">Barhamia</taxonomicName>
(Klotzsch) Baill., sect. 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Croton" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Malpighiales" pageId="6" pageNumber="19" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="section" section="Medea">Medea</taxonomicName>
(Klotzsch) Pax, amongst others) (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.603013" author="Van Ee, BW" journalOrPublisher="Taxon" pageId="8" pageNumber="21" pagination="793 - 823" refId="B23" refString="Van Ee, BW, Riina, R, Berry, PE, 2011. A revised infrageneric classification and molecular phylogeny of New World Croton (Euphorbiaceae). Taxon 42: 793 - 823, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.603013" title="A revised infrageneric classification and molecular phylogeny of New World Croton (Euphorbiaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.603013" volume="42" year="2011">Van Ee et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
). However, given the inconsistencies found in 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Croton" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Croton" order="Malpighiales" pageId="6" pageNumber="19" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="19">Croton</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
taxonomic treatments regarding the terms used to describe stipules, we suggest further studies to standardise this terminology across the genus.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>