638 lines
63 KiB
XML
638 lines
63 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.24.4375" ID-PMC="PMC3689132" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-24-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="563EFFD7FFA3FFC47235FFE0B16B4658" ID-PubMed="23794938" ID-Zenodo-Dep="576237" ModsDocID="1314-2003-24-1" checkinTime="1451251869906" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Lange, P. J. de, Heenan, P. B., Houliston, G. J., Rolfe, J. R. & Mitchell, A. D." docDate="2013" docId="E8CC54F4A1AAD9A8F6B55B471EAC9B9A" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 24: 1-147" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 24" docPubDate="2013-06-17" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.24.4375" docTitle="Lepidium oblitum Lange & Heenan & Houliston & Rolfe & Mitchell 2013, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="6" id="563EFFD7FFA3FFC47235FFE0B16B4658" lastPageNumber="67" masterDocId="563EFFD7FFA3FFC47235FFE0B16B4658" masterDocTitle="New Lepidium (Brassicaceae) from New Zealand" masterLastPageNumber="147" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="59" updateTime="1668140848368" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>New Lepidium (Brassicaceae) from New Zealand</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Lange, P. J. de</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Science & Capability Group, Terrestrial Ecosystems, Department of Conservation, Private Bag 68908 Newton, Auckland 1145, New Zealand</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Heenan, P. B.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Allan Herbarium, Landcare Research, P. O. 69, Lincoln 7640, Canterbury, New Zealand</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Houliston, G. J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Ecological Genetics Group, Landcare Research, P. O. 69, Lincoln 7640, Canterbury, New Zealand</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Rolfe, J. R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Science & Capability Group, Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Office, Department of Conservation, P. O. Box 10420, Wellington 6143, New Zealand</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Mitchell, A. D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Otago School of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, PO Box 4345, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>PhytoKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2013</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2013-06-17</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>24</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>147</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.24.4375</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.24.4375</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2003-24-1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">563EFFD7FFA3FFC47235FFE0B16B4658</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">576237</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152024652" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E8CC54F4A1AAD9A8F6B55B471EAC9B9A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E8CC54F4A1AAD9A8F6B55B471EAC9B9A" lastPageId="66" lastPageNumber="67" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">
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<subSubSection pageId="58" pageNumber="59" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="58" pageNumber="59">
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<taxonomicName LSID="E8CC54F4-A1AA-D9A8-F6B5-5B471EAC9B9A" authority="Lange & Heenan & Houliston & Rolfe & Mitchell, 2013" authorityName="Lange & Heenan & Houliston & Rolfe & Mitchell" authorityYear="2013" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lepidium oblitum" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oblitum" status="sp. nov.">Lepidium oblitum</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="58" pageNumber="59">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="58" pageNumber="59" type="latin">
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<paragraph pageId="58" pageNumber="59">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">A L. panniformo habitu effuso, foliis saepe nitentibus sparse leviter dentatis ab apicibus surculorum confertis et a serie rDNA ETS differt. A. L. oleraceo habitu effuso aestati-virenti, siliculis valde incisuris et a serie rDNA ETS differt</emphasis>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="59" pageNumber="60" type="holotype">
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<paragraph pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="59" pageNumber="60" start="start">Holotype</pageBreakToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
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Chatham Islands (
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 57" captionStartId="F57" captionText="Figure 57. Holotype of Lepidium oblitum Houliston, Heenan et de Lange." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10795" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Fig. 57</figureCitation>
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):
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</emphasis>
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Chatham Is., Mangere Island, Mangere Island Nature Reserve, South of Hut Landing, 14 February 2006, P.J. de Lange CH876 & P.B. Heenan, AK 300342! Isotypes: CHR 552303A-C!
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</paragraph>
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<caption httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10795" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" start="Figure 57" startId="F57">
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<paragraph pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Figure 57.</emphasis>
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Holotype of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Lange & Heenan & Houliston & Rolfe & Mitchell" authorityYear="2013" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oblitum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Lepidium oblitum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Houliston, Heenan et de Lange.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="59" pageNumber="60" type="etymology">
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<paragraph pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Etymology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
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The epithet "
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">oblitum</emphasis>
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" from the Latin meaning "forgotten, disregarded or neglected" refers to the circumstances in which this species was first discovered. At an early stage of this revision
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Lange & Heenan & Houliston & Rolfe & Mitchell" authorityYear="2013" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oblitum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Lepidium oblitum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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had been included within the range of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Lange & Heenan & Houliston & Rolfe & Mitchell" authorityYear="2013" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="panniforme">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Lepidium panniforme</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, with some plants treated as possible hybrids between
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Lange & Heenan & Houliston & Rolfe & Mitchell" authorityYear="2013" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="panniforme">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Lepidium panniforme</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName authorityName="G. Forst. ex Sparrm., Nova Acta Soc. Sc. Upsal. iii, 193" authorityYear="1780" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oleraceum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Lepidium oleraceum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. It was only following critical analysis of plants grown in New Zealand from samples collected from Mangere Island that the distinctive nature of this species was realized using DNA and morphological data.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="60" lastPageNumber="61" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Description</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="60" lastPageNumber="61" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
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(
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 58" captionStartId="F58" captionText="Figure 58. Wild plant of Lepidium oblitum showing growth habit of plant associated with Myosotidium hortensium, Disphyma papillatum and Festuca coxii in petrel colony on Mangere Island (image: G. A. S. Taylor)." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10796" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Figs 58</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 62" captionStartId="F62" captionText="Figure 62. Mature silicle of the holotype of Lepidium oblitum (AK 300342). Scale bar = 1 mm." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10800" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">-62</figureCitation>
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)
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</emphasis>
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. Tap-rooted, strongly pungent, sprawling, laxly though much-branched, leafy perennial shrub, forming patches up to 1.0
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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0.9 m. Tap-root up to 700 mm long,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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napiform, branched 1-2 or more times. Rootstock 6-14 mm diam., woody, exposed portion
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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smooth, often covered in dried leaf remnants and withered branch stubs. Plants usually dying down to rootstock and/or previous seasons stem nodes, towards end of growing season. Stems mostly seasonal, a few
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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persistent (i.e. lasting 2 or more years), arising from rootstock base and basal portion of main central stem, widely and unevenly spaced or closely packed, woody, lax and sprawling, sometimes arching and subascendent, weakly angled to
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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terete, glabrous; mature stems 2.1-4.6 mm diam., 0.3-0.8 m long; green to yellow-green, brittle, bases bearing numerous leaf abscission scars, otherwise devoid of leaves for at least the first ⅔ with the final ⅓ distinctly leafy and often much branched when vegetative, with the leaves tending to fall at flowering and fruiting; upper stems similar, though distinctly leafy and pliant. Leaves coriaceous, fleshy, green to dark green, often glossy. Rosette leaves 5-14(-20), mostly present in autumn - early spring usually not persisting (very rarely so) at fruiting; petioles distinct, up to 40
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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2 mm, flat or slightly concave in cross-section, succulent; lamina oblanceolate, cuneiform, obovate-oblong to spathulate up to 60
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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22 mm, margins finely to deeply incised in upper
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<normalizedToken originalValue="¼">1/4</normalizedToken>
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-⅓, teeth in 3-6(-8) pairs running to praemorse apex, basal few teeth pair usually asymmetric, base narrowly attenuate. Middle stem leaves mostly persisting at fruiting; petiole up to 32 mm long, mostly flat in cross-section, sometimes slightly concave, usually winged; lamina narrowly oblanceolate, oblanceolate, spathulate, oblong, obdeltoid, 15.0-32.0(-56.2)
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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12-16.8(-18.6) mm; margins finely to deeply incised in distal
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<normalizedToken originalValue="¼">1/4</normalizedToken>
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-⅓, teeth in 3-6(-8) pairs running to the usually praemorse apex, basal few teeth pairs usually asymmetric, lamina base narrowly attenuate, extending as a wing (0.8-1.2 mm wide) usually to petiole base. Upper stem leaves petiolate, petiole 12 mm long, flat or slightly concave, usually broadly winged; lamina narrowly oblanceolate, narrowly lanceolate, narrowly spathulate, to linear-cuneiform, 10.2-20.0(-29.0)
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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2.4-3.5(-4.8) mm; margins entire or deeply dentate, if dentate then usually asymmetrically tridentate (rarely with 1-4 teeth), lamina base narrowly attenuate, extending as a wing (0.3-1.7 mm wide) almost to petiole base. Racemes (30-)50(-76) mm long, usually congested, elongating up to 100 mm at fruiting, terminal and axillary; rachis and pedicels glabrous (pedicels very rarely bearing a few minute, caducous, glandular hairs near base); pedicels, erecto-
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<pageBreakToken pageId="60" pageNumber="61" start="start">patent</pageBreakToken>
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to patent, 0.4-0.8(-1.0) mm long, elongating to 0.8-1.2(-2.0) mm long at fruiting. Flower buds dark green to green, apex glabrous. Flowers sweetly fragrant, 1.6-1.8(-2.0) mm diam. Sepals 4, saccate, pale to dark green with a broad white,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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undulose margin, pale to dark green with a broad white,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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undulose margin, deeply concave, adaxially weakly keeled or not; lateral sepals 0.9
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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0.6 mm, broadly ovate to oblong,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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overlapping at base, apex rounded to obtuse, adaxial surface glabrous (sometimes diffusely papillate), abaxial surface usually glabrous, sometimes hairy near base, hairs patent, weakly flexuous, 0.1-0.3 mm long, eglandular, shedding at anthesis; median sepals 1.0
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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0.9 mm, broadly ovate to oblong, apex rounded to obtuse, adaxial surface glabrous, abaxial surface glabrous. Petals overtopping sepals, white, 0.9-1.15(-1.3)
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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0.5-0.6(-0.8) mm, patent, clawed; limb broadly obovate, apex weakly retuse. Stamens 2-4, equal. Anthers c. 0.10 mm long. Pollen bright yellow. Nectaries 2, subulate, 0.3-0.42 mm long. Silicles cartilaginous when fresh, coriaceous when dry, orbicular, orbicular-ovate to
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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rhomboid, (2.8-)3.0(-3.3)
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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(2.4-)2.6(-3.0), margin winged, notably more so toward apex, apex notched, base obtuse, valves green maturing yellow-green, glabrous, dried surface
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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coarsely reticulate; style 0.1-0.2(-0.3) mm long, free from the narrow wing, usually exceeding the notch; stigma 0.18-0.22 mm diam, capitate. Seeds 2, ovoid to ellipsoid, orange-brown to dark red-brown, not winged, 1.8-1.9
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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0.9-0.93 mm. FL Nov-Mar. FR Jan-Jun.
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</paragraph>
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<caption httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10796" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" start="Figure 58" startId="F58">
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<paragraph pageId="60" pageNumber="61">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Figure 58.</emphasis>
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Wild plant of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Lange & Heenan & Houliston & Rolfe & Mitchell" authorityYear="2013" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oblitum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Lepidium oblitum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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showing growth habit of plant associated with
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Boraginaceae" genus="Myosotidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Boraginales" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hortensium">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Myosotidium hortensium</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Chinnock" authorityYear="1971" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Aizoaceae" genus="Disphyma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="papillatum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Disphyma papillatum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Monocotyledoneae" family="Poaceae" genus="Festuca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Graminales" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="coxii">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Festuca coxii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in petrel colony on Mangere Island (image: G.A.S. Taylor).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10797" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" start="Figure 59" startId="F59">
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<paragraph pageId="60" pageNumber="61">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Figure 59.</emphasis>
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(From left to right) rosette and basal- to mid-stem leaves of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Lange & Heenan & Houliston & Rolfe & Mitchell" authorityYear="2013" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oblitum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Lepidium oblitum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. (AK 300342). Scale bar = 20 mm.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10798" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" start="Figure 60" startId="F60">
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<paragraph pageId="60" pageNumber="61">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Figure 60.</emphasis>
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Cultivated plant of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Lange & Heenan & Houliston & Rolfe & Mitchell" authorityYear="2013" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oblitum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Lepidium oblitum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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showing rosette leaves.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10799" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" start="Figure 61" startId="F61">
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<paragraph pageId="60" pageNumber="61">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Figure 61.</emphasis>
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">A</emphasis>
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Upper stem leaves and inflorescence of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Lange & Heenan & Houliston & Rolfe & Mitchell" authorityYear="2013" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oblitum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Lepidium oblitum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">B</emphasis>
|
||
flowers showing arrangement of sepals, petals, androecia and gynoecia
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">C</emphasis>
|
||
close-up of flower.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10800" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" start="Figure 62" startId="F62">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="60" pageNumber="61">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Figure 62.</emphasis>
|
||
Mature silicle of the holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lange & Heenan & Houliston & Rolfe & Mitchell" authorityYear="2013" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oblitum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Lepidium oblitum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(AK 300342). Scale bar = 1 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="61" lastPageNumber="62" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" type="representative specimens.">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Representative Specimens.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="61" lastPageNumber="62" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Chatham Islands:</emphasis>
|
||
Rabbit Island, 14 February 2006, P.J. de Lange CH878 & P.B. Heenan, (AK 300344). Mangere Island, Mangere Island
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="61" pageNumber="62" start="start">Nature</pageBreakToken>
|
||
Reserve, Above Hut, 14 February 2006, P.J. de Lange CH874 & P.B. Heenan, (AK 300340; CHR 552373); Mangere Island, Mangere Island Nature Reserve, 'Top
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Plateau’">Plateau'</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 22 February 2011, B. Gibb s.n., (AK 331585).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="61" pageNumber="62" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Distribution</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="61" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 63" captionStartId="F63" captionText="Figure 63. Distribution of Lepidium oblitum, Lepidium oligodontum, Lepidium panniforme and Lepidium rekohuense." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10801" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Fig. 63</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Endemic. New Zealand, Chatham Is., Mangere and Rabbit Islands.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="64" lastPageNumber="65" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" type="recognition.">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Recognition.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="61" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lange & Heenan & Houliston & Rolfe & Mitchell" authorityYear="2013" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oblitum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Lepidium oblitum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is recognised by its sprawling growth habit (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 58" captionStartId="F58" captionText="Figure 58. Wild plant of Lepidium oblitum showing growth habit of plant associated with Myosotidium hortensium, Disphyma papillatum and Festuca coxii in petrel colony on Mangere Island (image: G. A. S. Taylor)." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10796" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Fig. 58</figureCitation>
|
||
); by the branches often widely spaced, trailing and mostly devoid of foliage except for the ends which are typically densely terminated by foliage (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 57" captionStartId="F57" captionText="Figure 57. Holotype of Lepidium oblitum Houliston, Heenan et de Lange." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10795" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Fig. 57</figureCitation>
|
||
); and by the prominently notched silicles (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 62" captionStartId="F62" captionText="Figure 62. Mature silicle of the holotype of Lepidium oblitum (AK 300342). Scale bar = 1 mm." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10800" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Fig. 62</figureCitation>
|
||
). Of those species with which it grows (
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lange & Heenan & Houliston & Rolfe & Mitchell" authorityYear="2013" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oligodontum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Lepidium oligodontum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="G. Forst. ex Sparrm., Nova Acta Soc. Sc. Upsal. iii, 193" authorityYear="1780" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oleraceum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Lepidium oleraceum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lange & Heenan & Houliston & Rolfe & Mitchell" authorityYear="2013" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="panniforme">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Lepidium panniforme</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lange & Heenan & Houliston & Rolfe & Mitchell" authorityYear="2013" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rekohuense">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Lepidium rekohuense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), it can be easily distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="G. Forst. ex Sparrm., Nova Acta Soc. Sc. Upsal. iii, 193" authorityYear="1780" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oleraceum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Lepidium oleraceum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by its sprawling growth habit, flowers with 2-4 stamens, and distinctly notched silicles (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 58" captionStartId="F58" captionText="Figure 58. Wild plant of Lepidium oblitum showing growth habit of plant associated with Myosotidium hortensium, Disphyma papillatum and Festuca coxii in petrel colony on Mangere Island (image: G. A. S. Taylor)." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10796" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Figs 58</figureCitation>
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 61" captionStartId="F61" captionText="Figure 61. A Upper stem leaves and inflorescence of Lepidium oblitum B flowers showing arrangement of sepals, petals, androecia and gynoecia C close-up of flower." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10799" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">, 61</figureCitation>
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 62" captionStartId="F62" captionText="Figure 62. Mature silicle of the holotype of Lepidium oblitum (AK 300342). Scale bar = 1 mm." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10800" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">, 62</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="62" lastPageNumber="63" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">
|
||
From
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lange & Heenan & Houliston & Rolfe & Mitchell" authorityYear="2013" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oligodontum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Lepidium oligodontum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lange & Heenan & Houliston & Rolfe & Mitchell" authorityYear="2013" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oblitum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Lepidium oblitum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is easily distinguished by
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="it’s">it's</normalizedToken>
|
||
more upright, though somewhat, untidy, sprawling growth habit (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 58" captionStartId="F58" captionText="Figure 58. Wild plant of Lepidium oblitum showing growth habit of plant associated with Myosotidium hortensium, Disphyma papillatum and Festuca coxii in petrel colony on Mangere Island (image: G. A. S. Taylor)." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10796" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Fig. 58</figureCitation>
|
||
), and longer lived, persistently leafy branches. The foliage of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lange & Heenan & Houliston & Rolfe & Mitchell" authorityYear="2013" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oblitum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Lepidium oblitum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 59" captionStartId="F59" captionText="Figure 59. (From left to right) rosette and basal- to mid-stem leaves of Lepidium oblitum. (AK 300342). Scale bar = 20 mm." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10797" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Figs 59</figureCitation>
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 60" captionStartId="F60" captionText="Figure 60. Cultivated plant of Lepidium oblitum showing rosette leaves." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10798" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">, 60</figureCitation>
|
||
) has leaf margins that are consistently toothed (never sparingly-toothed or entire), while the flower
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="62" pageNumber="63" start="start">ing</pageBreakToken>
|
||
racemes are distinctly longer ((30-)50(-76) mm cf. (5.0)-9.7(-28.9) mm in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lange & Heenan & Houliston & Rolfe & Mitchell" authorityYear="2013" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oligodontum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Lepidium oligodontum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
)) and on fruiting they may elongate up to 100 m (rather than 60 mm). In
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lange & Heenan & Houliston & Rolfe & Mitchell" authorityYear="2013" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oblitum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Lepidium oblitum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the flowers have 2-4 rather than 2-4-6 stamens (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 61" captionStartId="F61" captionText="Figure 61. A Upper stem leaves and inflorescence of Lepidium oblitum B flowers showing arrangement of sepals, petals, androecia and gynoecia C close-up of flower." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10799" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Fig. 61B, 61C</figureCitation>
|
||
), while the silicles are never fleshy or turgid, rather they are distinctly cartilaginous and prominently (rather than weakly) notched (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 62" captionStartId="F62" captionText="Figure 62. Mature silicle of the holotype of Lepidium oblitum (AK 300342). Scale bar = 1 mm." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10800" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Fig. 62</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lange & Heenan & Houliston & Rolfe & Mitchell" authorityYear="2013" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oblitum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Lepidium oblitum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also has consistently shorter styles ((0.1-0.2(-0.3) mm long) than
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lange & Heenan & Houliston & Rolfe & Mitchell" authorityYear="2013" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oligodontum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Lepidium oligodontum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
((0.2-0.8(1.2) mm long)).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lange & Heenan & Houliston & Rolfe & Mitchell" authorityYear="2013" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oblitum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Lepidium oblitum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lange & Heenan & Houliston & Rolfe & Mitchell" authorityYear="2013" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="panniforme">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Lepidium panniforme</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
grow together on Mangere Island (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 63" captionStartId="F63" captionText="Figure 63. Distribution of Lepidium oblitum, Lepidium oligodontum, Lepidium panniforme and Lepidium rekohuense." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10801" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Fig. 63</figureCitation>
|
||
). As they have similar silicles and flowers with 2-4 stamens but very different foliage,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lange & Heenan & Houliston & Rolfe & Mitchell" authorityYear="2013" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oblitum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Lepidium oblitum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was initially thought to be hybrid between
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lange & Heenan & Houliston & Rolfe & Mitchell" authorityYear="2013" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="panniforme">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Lepidium panniforme</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="G. Forst. ex Sparrm., Nova Acta Soc. Sc. Upsal. iii, 193" authorityYear="1780" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oleraceum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Lepidium oleraceum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. At that time it was not realised how widespread
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lange & Heenan & Houliston & Rolfe & Mitchell" authorityYear="2013" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oblitum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Lepidium oblitum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is, nor that it comprised stable, true-breeding populations (G. Houliston unpubl. data). It was only following DNA-based investigations undertaken for this paper that the putative hybrid status was rejected and its status as a species recognised. Nevertheless,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lange & Heenan & Houliston & Rolfe & Mitchell" authorityYear="2013" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oblitum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Lepidium oblitum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is still closely allied to
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lange & Heenan & Houliston & Rolfe & Mitchell" authorityYear="2013" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="panniforme">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Lepidium panniforme</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and both also share a relationship to the extinct
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kirk, Trans. et Proc. New Zealand Inst. 24, 423" authorityYear="1892" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obtusatum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Lepidium obtusatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a relationship evident by all three species sharing prominently notched silicles.
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lange & Heenan & Houliston & Rolfe & Mitchell" authorityYear="2013" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oblitum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Lepidium oblitum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has widely spreading, lax (rather than erect to suberect), sprawling stems and rosette leaves that distinguish it from
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lange & Heenan & Houliston & Rolfe & Mitchell" authorityYear="2013" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="panniforme">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Lepidium panniforme</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 82" captionStartId="F82" captionText="Figure 82. Wild plant of Lepidium panniforme on Mangere Island showing growth habit (image: B. Gibb)." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10820" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Figs 82</figureCitation>
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 83" captionStartId="F83" captionText="Figure 83. Vegetative stems and inflorescences of Lepidium panniforme." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10821" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">, 83</figureCitation>
|
||
). The leaves of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lange & Heenan & Houliston & Rolfe & Mitchell" authorityYear="2013" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oblitum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Lepidium oblitum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are shallowly toothed but they are never as deeply serrated or lacerate as those of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lange & Heenan & Houliston & Rolfe & Mitchell" authorityYear="2013" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="panniforme">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Lepidium panniforme</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 81" captionStartId="F81" captionText="Figure 81. Holotype of Lepidium panniforme de Lange et Heenan." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10819" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Figs 81</figureCitation>
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 83" captionStartId="F83" captionText="Figure 83. Vegetative stems and inflorescences of Lepidium panniforme." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10821" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">, 83</figureCitation>
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 84" captionStartId="F84" captionText="Figure 84. (From left to right) basal- and mid-stem leaves of Lepidium panniforme. Scale bar = 20 mm." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10822" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">, 84</figureCitation>
|
||
). DNA data suggests that gene flow between
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lange & Heenan & Houliston & Rolfe & Mitchell" authorityYear="2013" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oblitum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Lepidium oblitum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lange & Heenan & Houliston & Rolfe & Mitchell" authorityYear="2013" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="panniforme">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Lepidium panniforme</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has occurred at some sites on Mangere Island (G. Houliston unpubl. data).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10801" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" start="Figure 63" startId="F63">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Figure 63.</emphasis>
|
||
Distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lange & Heenan & Houliston & Rolfe & Mitchell" authorityYear="2013" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oblitum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Lepidium oblitum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lange & Heenan & Houliston & Rolfe & Mitchell" authorityYear="2013" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oligodontum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Lepidium oligodontum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lange & Heenan & Houliston & Rolfe & Mitchell" authorityYear="2013" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="panniforme">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Lepidium panniforme</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lange & Heenan & Houliston & Rolfe & Mitchell" authorityYear="2013" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rekohuense">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Lepidium rekohuense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="64" lastPageNumber="65" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lange & Heenan & Houliston & Rolfe & Mitchell" authorityYear="2013" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oblitum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="63" pageNumber="64" start="start">Lepidium</pageBreakToken>
|
||
oblitum
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also grows with
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lange & Heenan & Houliston & Rolfe & Mitchell" authorityYear="2013" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rekohuense">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Lepidium rekohuense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on Rabbit Island. From that species it is easily separated by its smaller growth habit; by the glabrous rather than sparsely papillate-hairy upper branch stems, and glabrous rather than finely hairy inflorescences (the pedicels of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lange & Heenan & Houliston & Rolfe & Mitchell" authorityYear="2013" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oblitum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Lepidium oblitum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may, very rarely, bear a few caducous glandular hairs). Fur
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="64" pageNumber="65" start="start">thermore</pageBreakToken>
|
||
, the flowers of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lange & Heenan & Houliston & Rolfe & Mitchell" authorityYear="2013" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oblitum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Lepidium oblitum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have 2-4 rather than 2 stamens, while the silicles of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lange & Heenan & Houliston & Rolfe & Mitchell" authorityYear="2013" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rekohuense">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Lepidium rekohuense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are also mostly orbicular (rarely obovate) and slightly larger (up to 4.1
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
4.0 mm cf. 3.3
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
3.0 mm).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="64" pageNumber="65" type="ecology.">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Ecology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lange & Heenan & Houliston & Rolfe & Mitchell" authorityYear="2013" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oblitum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Lepidium oblitum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is one of three
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Lepidium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species recorded from Mangere and Rabbit islands. On these islands, it is frequently found growing in association with petrel burrows, and on exposed, often wind eroded cliff faces, associated soil blowouts and ephemeral drainages and seepages. On Mangere Island, it is perhaps most common among the boulders and rocks forming the northern summit of the Top Plateau. In these habitats,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lange & Heenan & Houliston & Rolfe & Mitchell" authorityYear="2013" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oblitum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Lepidium oblitum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
commonly grows with
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Polypodiopsida" family="Aspleniaceae" genus="Asplenium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Polypodiales" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Polypodiopsida" rank="species" species="obtusatum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Asplenium obtusatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Monocotyledoneae" family="Poaceae" genus="Festuca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Graminales" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="coxii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Festuca coxii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Petrie) Hack.,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Chinnock" authorityYear="1971" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Aizoaceae" genus="Disphyma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="papillatum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Disphyma papillatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Chinnock,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Allan & Jansen" authorityYear="1939" baseAuthorityName="Cheeseman" class="Monocotyledoneae" family="Poaceae" genus="Puccinellia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Graminales" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="chathamica">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Puccinellia chathamica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Cheeseman) Allan et Jansen and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Asteraceae" genus="Senecio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Campanulales" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="radiolatus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Senecio radiolatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
F.Muell. subsp.
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">radiolatus</emphasis>
|
||
. On Mangere Island, it is also associated with
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="T. Kirk" authorityYear="1899" baseAuthorityName="F. Müll." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" genus="Aciphylla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Apiales" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dieffenbachii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Aciphylla dieffenbachii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(F.Muell.) Kirk,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Cockayne & Allan" authorityYear="1927" class="Aves" family="Primobucconidae" genus="Hebe" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coraciiformes" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chathamica">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Hebe chathamica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Buchanan) Cockayne et Allan,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Cockayne & Allan" authorityYear="1927" class="Aves" family="Primobucconidae" genus="Hebe" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coraciiformes" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dieffenbachii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Hebe dieffenbachii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Benth.) Cockayne et Allan (and hybrids between these two
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Primobucconidae" genus="Hebe" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coraciiformes" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Hebe</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Boraginaceae" genus="Myosotidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Boraginales" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hortensium">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Myosotidium hortensium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Decne.) Baill., and, on occasion,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="G. Forst. ex Sparrm., Nova Acta Soc. Sc. Upsal. iii, 193" authorityYear="1780" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oleraceum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Lepidium oleraceum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lange & Heenan & Houliston & Rolfe & Mitchell" authorityYear="2013" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="panniforme">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Lepidium panniforme</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. On Rabbit Island it is associated with
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Moq" authorityYear="1840" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Chenopodiaceae" genus="Atriplex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Centrospermae" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="australasica">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Atriplex australasica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Moq.,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Monocots" family="Poaceae" genus="Critesion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="murinum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Critesion murinum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(L.)
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Á.Löve">A.Loeve</normalizedToken>
|
||
subsp.
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">murinum</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Malvaceae" genus="Malva" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Malvales" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="arborea">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Malva arborea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
L.,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lange & Heenan & Houliston & Rolfe & Mitchell" authorityYear="2013" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oligodontum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Lepidium oligodontum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lange & Heenan & Houliston & Rolfe & Mitchell" authorityYear="2013" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rekohuense">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Lepidium rekohuense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="66" lastPageNumber="67" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" type="conservation status">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Conservation Status.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lange & Heenan & Houliston & Rolfe & Mitchell" authorityYear="2013" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oblitum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Lepidium oblitum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is so far known only from the Chatham Islands group where it has been collected from Mangere and Rabbit Islands (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 63" captionStartId="F63" captionText="Figure 63. Distribution of Lepidium oblitum, Lepidium oligodontum, Lepidium panniforme and Lepidium rekohuense." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10801" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Fig. 63</figureCitation>
|
||
). On Mangere Island (a Nature Reserve, with strict permit controlled access) it is known from several populations, the largest of which occurs along the northern western cliff faces of 'Top
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Plateau’">Plateau'</normalizedToken>
|
||
. That population may number in the tens of plants; the only other ones known occur in steep runnels draining the western cliffs south of the main Landing area. When visited by PdL and PBH in 2006, there were fewer than 10 adults in total. Subsequent visits to Mangere Island by Department of Conservation rangers suggest that there has been little change in the population sizes on that island. However, hard data is unavailable and so it would inappropriate to infer from these observations that
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lange & Heenan & Houliston & Rolfe & Mitchell" authorityYear="2013" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oblitum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Lepidium oblitum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
populations on Mangere Island are stable. On nearby privately owned Rabbit Island, two plants of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lange & Heenan & Houliston & Rolfe & Mitchell" authorityYear="2013" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oblitum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Lepidium oblitum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were seen in 2006 and the island has not been visited by Department of Conservation staff since.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="66" lastPageNumber="67" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="65" pageNumber="66" start="start">Therefore</pageBreakToken>
|
||
, based on available information
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lange & Heenan & Houliston & Rolfe & Mitchell" authorityYear="2013" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oblitum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Lepidium oblitum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is known from two sites, totalling 4 populations, which collectively are unlikely to exceed 100 mature individuals. Further, the total area of occupancy is considerably less than 1 ha. On the basis of that data, using
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Townsend, AJ" journalOrPublisher="Bioinformatics" pageId="116" pageNumber="117" refId="B86" refString="Townsend, AJ, de Lange, PJ, Norton, DA, Molloy, J, Miskelly, C, Duffy, C, 2008. The New Zealand Threat Classification System manual. Department of Conservation: Wellington. http://www.doc.govt.nz/publications/conservation/nz-threat-classification-system/nz-threat-classification-system-manual-2008/." title="The New Zealand Threat Classification System manual. Department of Conservation: Wellington. http: // www. doc. govt. nz / publications / conservation / nz-threat-classification-system / nz-threat-classification-system-manual- 2008 /" year="2008">Townsend et al. (2008)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lange & Heenan & Houliston & Rolfe & Mitchell" authorityYear="2013" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oblitum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Lepidium oblitum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
qualifies as
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="66" pageNumber="67" start="start">"</pageBreakToken>
|
||
Nationally Critical" (using either criterion A(1) or A(3)) because there are fewer than 250 mature individuals known and the total area of occupancy is ≤ 1 ha. We favour criterion A(3) because a precise survey of the numbers of plants of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lange & Heenan & Houliston & Rolfe & Mitchell" authorityYear="2013" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oblitum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Lepidium oblitum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has yet to be carried out, and available data (beyond that obtained by PdL and PBH) is unreliable because of understandable past confusion with
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="G. Forst. ex Sparrm., Nova Acta Soc. Sc. Upsal. iii, 193" authorityYear="1780" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oleraceum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Lepidium oleraceum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
s.s. and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lange & Heenan & Houliston & Rolfe & Mitchell" authorityYear="2013" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="panniforme">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Lepidium panniforme</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
|
||
This conservation assessment should also be qualified
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="‘CD’">'CD'</normalizedToken>
|
||
(Conservation Dependent) because Mangere Island is subject to ecological restoration, and ongoing surveillance to ensure it remains predator-free. Should rodents establish on the island, they will affect that
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="island’s">island's</normalizedToken>
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Lepidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Lepidium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species, both directly through browse and indirectly through predation of the sea birds that maintain this species habitat. Other necessary qualifiers include
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="‘DP’">'DP'</normalizedToken>
|
||
(Data Poor) because of the lack of precise information on population size and trend data,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="‘IE’">'IE'</normalizedToken>
|
||
(Island Endemic), and
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="‘RR’">'RR'</normalizedToken>
|
||
(Range Restricted) because of its precise habitat requirements and geographically narrow-range.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |