745 lines
126 KiB
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745 lines
126 KiB
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<document id="B1848801D2BD4781DCDBF6C1CBAB1B55" ID-DOI="10.1080/00222930600940993" ID-ISSN="1464-5262" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5228505" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1629447346846" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Knoflach, Barbara & Harten, Antonius Van" docDate="2006" docId="DC30557EB33CA7E1FEEDFD5CFED8FBD9" docLanguage="en" docName="JNatHist.40.25-26.1483-1616.pdf" docOrigin="Journal of Natural History 40 (25 - 26)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930600940993" docStyle="DocumentStyle:7E99CF6C63B49250F2A87C3AEDC82D8C.2:JNatHist.2005-2007.journal_article.2cover" docStyleId="7E99CF6C63B49250F2A87C3AEDC82D8C" docStyleName="JNatHist.2005-2007.journal_article.2cover" docStyleVersion="2" docTitle="Echinotheridion gibberosum" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="1613" masterDocId="20092D06B340A765FF81FFF2FFC9FFDB" masterDocTitle="The one-palped spider genera Tidarren and Echinotheridion in the Old World (Araneae, Theridiidae), with comparative remarks on Tidarren from America" masterLastPageNumber="1616" masterPageNumber="1483" pageNumber="1605" updateTime="1699553799685" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="DAB98F1202F8888D4075F8E20DE24D3B">The one-palped spider genera Tidarren and Echinotheridion in the Old World (Araneae, Theridiidae), with comparative remarks on Tidarren from America</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="04DD5BE2941A2B323D9B2FED8C773B24">Knoflach, Barbara</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="851443036709E94304870EB5E00B9092">Harten, Antonius Van</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="700874B9A1506DA18EAEDA1EA61EB834">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="7F777B91579E70E9FEA6FC60DA3EA3EA">Journal of Natural History</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="8D7BD19C254C20898EF12B3FB89D01BB">
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<mods:date id="249309DA8C5F830328FDDD7F8F58E800">2006</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="DDB09E997D6FBB0207B3A2D7A7574EF9">2006-10-19</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="517735AAC4016483AF963C4E0301BF55">40</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="91BF5FBD2164C64ADA9757024AEDF2BB">25 - 26</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="66188D9416F4E1A0121CE32EF8B42A57" type="DOI">10.1080/00222930600940993</mods:identifier>
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<subSubSection id="1C83B7E3B33CA719FEEDFD5CFC03FD1D" box="[364,970,686,710]" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="5426E468B33CA719FEEDFD5CFC03FD1D" blockId="124.[138,1185,686,973]" box="[364,970,686,710]" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605">
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<heading id="0F6E5304B33CA719FEEDFD5CFC03FD1D" box="[364,970,686,710]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="93999FEBB33CA719FEEDFD5CFC03FD1D" ID-CoL="38LC9" authority="(Kulczynski, 1899)" baseAuthorityName="Kulczynski" baseAuthorityYear="1899" box="[364,970,686,710]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Echinotheridion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gibberosum">
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<emphasis id="66ED387AB33CA719FEEDFD5CFD2BFD1D" bold="true" box="[364,738,686,710]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605">Echinotheridion gibberosum</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="30089999B33CA719FD72FD5CFC08FD1D" author="Kulczynski W" box="[755,961,686,710]" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605" pagination="319 - 461" refId="ref52993" refString="Kulczynski W. 1899. Arachnoidea opera Rev. E. Schmitz collecta in insulis Maderianis et in insulis Selvages dictis. Rozprawy i Sprawozdania z Posiedzen Wydzialu Matematyczno Przyrodniczego Akademji Umiejetnosci, Krakow 36: 319 - 461." type="journal article" year="1899">Kulczynski, 1899</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="1C83B7E3B33CA719FF24FD3DFE91FBC5" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605" type="description">
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<paragraph id="5426E468B33CA719FF24FD3DFB69FCD3" blockId="124.[138,1185,686,973]" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605">
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(
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<figureCitation id="CCA2F8EDB33CA719FF2CFD3DFEF3FD3C" box="[173,314,719,743]" captionStart="Figures 3–6" captionStartId="5.[125,194,1393,1412]" captionTargetBox="[126,1171,133,1356]" captionTargetId="figure-77@5.[126,1172,133,1357]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figures 3–6. Subadult males. (3, 4) Echinotheridion gibberosum (Kulczynski) from Tenerife. (3) Ecdysis just completed, male suspended on moulting thread, both palps present. (4) Palp amputation accomplished; arrow points to detached palp. (5, 6) Tidarren sisyphoides (Walckenaer) from Mexico. (5) Early phase of amputation, circling. (6) Amputated palp already sucked out." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228511" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5228511/files/figure.png" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605">Figures 3, 4</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="CCA2F8EDB33CA719FEC9FD3DFEA1FD3C" box="[328,360,719,743]" captionStart="Figures 7–10" captionStartId="6.[138,207,1027,1046]" captionTargetBox="[138,1185,135,992]" captionTargetId="figure-218@6.[138,1185,133,992]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figures 7–10. Male prosoma, in lateral (7, 9) and frontal view (8, 10). (7, 8) Tidarren argo Knoflach and van Harten from Yemen. (9) T. cuneolatum (Tullgren) from Yemen. (10) Echinotheridion gibberosum (Kulczynski) from Tenerife. Note high and steep clypeus and site of palp amputation with trochanter still present. Scale bars: 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228513" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5228513/files/figure.png" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605">10</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="CCA2F8EDB33CA719FEF7FD3DFE5FFD3C" box="[374,406,719,743]" captionStart="Figures 18–22" captionStartId="10.[138,207,1177,1196]" captionTargetBox="[138,1185,133,1141]" captionTargetId="figure-153@10.[138,1185,133,1141]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figures 18–22. Tidarren argo Knoflach and van Harten from Yemen (18–20, 22) and Echinotheridion gibberosum (Kulczynski) from Tenerife (21). (18) Female prosoma in frontal view. (19) Ditto, detail of left chelicera. (20) Male chelicerae separated from carapace, aboral view. Note frontal basal apodemes. (21) Male prosoma in frontal view showing amputation site of male palp. (22) Detail of remaining segments (coxa and trochanter) of amputated male palp. Scale bars: 0.2 mm (18, 20, 21); 0.05 mm (19); 0.02 mm (22)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228517" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5228517/files/figure.png" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605">21</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="CCA2F8EDB33CA719FE25FD3DFE3BFD3C" box="[420,498,719,743]" captionStart="Figures 23–27" captionStartId="11.[125,194,1297,1316]" captionTargetBox="[127,1172,133,1261]" captionTargetId="figure-78@11.[125,1172,133,1261]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figures 23–27. (23, 24) Echinotheridion gibberosum (Kulczynski) from Tenerife. (25, 26) Tidarren argo Knoflach and van Harten from Yemen. (27) T. cuneolatum (Tullgren) from Yemen. (23) Female, ventral view. (24) Ditto, details of coxal spurs on legs IV and epigynum. (25–27) Epigynum, oblique aboral (25) and ventral view (26, 27). Scale bars: 0.5 mm (23); 0.2 mm (24, 25); 0.1 mm (26); 0.05 mm (27)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228519" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5228519/files/figure.png" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605">23, 24</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="CCA2F8EDB33CA719FD81FD3DFDB0FD3C" box="[512,633,719,743]" captionStart="Figures 28–36" captionStartId="12.[138,207,1127,1146]" captionTargetBox="[138,1185,133,1091]" captionTargetId="figure-148@12.[138,1185,133,1091]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figures 28–36. (28–30, 36) Echinotheridion gibberosum (Kulczynski) from Tenerife. (31–33) Tidarren argo Knoflach and van Harten from Yemen. (34, 35) T. cuneolatum (Tullgren) from Yemen. (28–31) Female palpal claw with characteristic large dentition. (32) Serrated setae of tarsal comb of female leg IV. (33) Female tarsal claw. (34, 35) Trichobothria on male tibiae IV and III. Pore on base of hair shaft represents the moulting pore (F. G. Barth, in litt.). (36) Tarsal organ on female palp. Scale bars: 0.05 mm (28); 0.02 mm (29–33); 0.005 mm (34); 0.01 mm (35, 36)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228521" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5228521/files/figure.png" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605">28–30, 36</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="CCA2F8EDB33CA719FD06FD3DFD1CFD3C" box="[647,725,719,743]" captionStart="Figures 37–40" captionStartId="13.[125,194,1162,1181]" captionTargetBox="[125,1172,135,1127]" captionTargetId="figure-149@13.[125,1172,133,1127]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figures 37–40. (37) Tidarren sisyphoides (Walckenaer) from Mexico. (38) T. argo Knoflach and van Harten from Yemen. (39, 40) Echinotheridion gibberosum (Kulczynski) from Tenerife. (37) Male epigaster with five epiandrous gland spigots. (38) Male spinnerets, colulus absent. (39, 40). Female spinnerets. Note absence of colulus and colular setae, a synapomorphy of Theridiinae according to Agnarsson (2004), and presence of large, compressed spigots of glandulae aggregatae on posterior lateral spinnerets, typical of Theridiidae. Scale bars: 0.02 mm (37); 0.05 mm (38); 0.2 mm (39); 0.1 mm (40)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228523" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5228523/files/figure.png" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605">39, 40</figureCitation>
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||
,
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<figureCitation id="CCA2F8EDB33CA719FD62FD3DFC85FD3C" box="[739,844,719,743]" captionStart-0="Figures 290–294" captionStart-1="Figures 295–298" captionStart-2="Figures 299–302" captionStart-3="Figures 303, 304" captionStart-4="Figures 305–308" captionStart-5="Figure 309" captionStart-6="Figure 310" captionStartId-0="125.[125,194,1251,1270]" captionStartId-1="126.[138,207,1517,1536]" captionStartId-2="127.[125,194,1101,1120]" captionStartId-3="127.[125,194,1635,1654]" captionStartId-4="128.[138,207,971,990]" captionStartId-5="129.[125,185,1422,1441]" captionStartId-6="130.[138,198,925,944]" captionTargetBox-0="[126,1171,133,1215]" captionTargetBox-1="[186,1140,142,1481]" captionTargetBox-2="[126,1172,139,1060]" captionTargetBox-3="[125,1172,1193,1600]" captionTargetBox-4="[139,1184,133,935]" captionTargetBox-5="[129,1171,142,1380]" captionTargetBox-6="[142,1184,136,888]" captionTargetId-0="figure-121@125.[126,1172,133,1215]" captionTargetId-1="figure-52@126.[182,1140,133,1481]" captionTargetId-2="figure-0@127.[125,1173,133,1065]" captionTargetId-3="figure-31@127.[125,1172,1193,1600]" captionTargetId-4="figure-184@128.[139,1185,133,936]" captionTargetId-5="figure-52@129.[126,1172,132,1386]" captionTargetId-6="figure-103@130.[138,1186,133,889]" captionTargetPageId-0="125" captionTargetPageId-1="126" captionTargetPageId-2="127" captionTargetPageId-3="127" captionTargetPageId-4="128" captionTargetPageId-5="129" captionTargetPageId-6="130" captionText-0="Figures 290–294. Echinotheridion gibberosum (Kulczynski) from Tenerife. (290, 291) Female guarding egg-sac. Habitus of male (293) and female (291, 292, 294) showing colour variation." captionText-1="Figures 295–298. Echinotheridion gibberosum (Kulczynski) from Tenerife. Right male palp, prolateral (295), dorsal (296), retrolateral-apical (297), and retrolateral view (298). Scale bar: 0.2 mm." captionText-2="Figures 299–302. Echinotheridion gibberosum (Kulczynski) from Tenerife. Female epigynum/vulva in lateral (299), ventral (300), aboral (301), and dorsal view (302). Arrow points to fertilization duct. Scale bars: 0.2 mm." captionText-3="Figures 303, 304. Echinotheridion gibberosum (Kulczynski) from Tenerife. (303) Female epigynum in lateralventral view. (304) Male palp, apical view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." captionText-4="Figures 305–308. Echinotheridion gibberosum (Kulczynski) from Tenerife, copulatory behaviour in different pairs. (305, 306) Insertion, advanced phase, male’s legs already contracted. (307) Emasculation accomplished by female. Male palp fastened to epigynum while female feeds on his body. (308) Functional contact of male palp after emasculation. Haematodochae unmodified. Palpal sclerites serve as holdfast structures. Scale bar: 0.2 mm." captionText-5="Figure 309. Echinotheridion gibberosum (Kulczynski) from Tenerife. Functional contact of left male palp after emasculation. Sclerites keep palp fastened to epigynum. Cymbium locks behind, conductor in front of epigynal protruberance. Haematodochae not modified. Female parts dark, sclerites of male palp greyish. Scale bar: 0.2 mm." captionText-6="Figure 310. Echinotheridion gibberosum (Kulczynski) from Tenerife. Functional contact of male palp after emasculation. Palp comes to rest close to female coxal spurs, but without direct contact." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228656" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228658" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228660" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228662" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228664" figureDoi-5="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228666" figureDoi-6="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228668" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/5228656/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/5228658/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/5228660/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/5228662/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/5228664/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/5228666/files/figure.png" httpUri-6="https://zenodo.org/record/5228668/files/figure.png" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605">290–310</figureCitation>
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; Tables XXXIV, XXXV)
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<taxonomicName id="93999FEBB33CA719FF0BFD02FD53FCD3" authority="Kulczynski 1899, p 364" authorityName="Kulczynski" authorityPageNumber="364" authorityYear="1899" box="[138,666,752,776]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Theridion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gibberosum">
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<emphasis id="66ED387AB33CA719FF0BFD02FEBDFCD3" box="[138,372,752,776]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605">Theridion gibberosum</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="30089999B33CA719FEFCFD02FD8DFCD3" author="Kulczynski W" box="[381,580,752,776]" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605" pagination="319 - 461" refId="ref52993" refString="Kulczynski W. 1899. Arachnoidea opera Rev. E. Schmitz collecta in insulis Maderianis et in insulis Selvages dictis. Rozprawy i Sprawozdania z Posiedzen Wydzialu Matematyczno Przyrodniczego Akademji Umiejetnosci, Krakow 36: 319 - 461." type="journal article" year="1899">Kulczynski 1899</bibRefCitation>
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, p 364
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</taxonomicName>
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, Plate 6
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<figureCitation id="CCA2F8EDB33CA719FC81FD02FCB9FCD3" box="[768,880,752,776]" captionStart="Figures 23–27" captionStartId="11.[125,194,1297,1316]" captionTargetBox="[127,1172,133,1261]" captionTargetId="figure-78@11.[125,1172,133,1261]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figures 23–27. (23, 24) Echinotheridion gibberosum (Kulczynski) from Tenerife. (25, 26) Tidarren argo Knoflach and van Harten from Yemen. (27) T. cuneolatum (Tullgren) from Yemen. (23) Female, ventral view. (24) Ditto, details of coxal spurs on legs IV and epigynum. (25–27) Epigynum, oblique aboral (25) and ventral view (26, 27). Scale bars: 0.5 mm (23); 0.2 mm (24, 25); 0.1 mm (26); 0.05 mm (27)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228519" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5228519/files/figure.png" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605">Figure 27</figureCitation>
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, Plate 7
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<figureCitation id="CCA2F8EDB33CA719FC57FD02FBB5FCD3" box="[982,1148,752,776]" captionStart="Figures 37–40" captionStartId="13.[125,194,1162,1181]" captionTargetBox="[125,1172,135,1127]" captionTargetId="figure-149@13.[125,1172,133,1127]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figures 37–40. (37) Tidarren sisyphoides (Walckenaer) from Mexico. (38) T. argo Knoflach and van Harten from Yemen. (39, 40) Echinotheridion gibberosum (Kulczynski) from Tenerife. (37) Male epigaster with five epiandrous gland spigots. (38) Male spinnerets, colulus absent. (39, 40). Female spinnerets. Note absence of colulus and colular setae, a synapomorphy of Theridiinae according to Agnarsson (2004), and presence of large, compressed spigots of glandulae aggregatae on posterior lateral spinnerets, typical of Theridiidae. Scale bars: 0.02 mm (37); 0.05 mm (38); 0.2 mm (39); 0.1 mm (40)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228523" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5228523/files/figure.png" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605">Figures 37–40</figureCitation>
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; n.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="5426E468B33CA719FF24FCE2FC78FC16" blockId="124.[138,1185,686,973]" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605">
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||
sp.,
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<specimenCount id="429F2FE1B33CA719FF56FCE1FF2CFCFC" box="[215,229,787,807]" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
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,
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<typeStatus id="8B225ACAB33CA719FF74FCE2FEEFFCF3" box="[245,294,784,808]" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605">type</typeStatus>
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locality Madeira.
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<taxonomicName id="93999FEBB33CA719FF0BFCC3FDAFFC92" authority=": Denis 1962, p 62" authorityName="Denis" authorityPageNumber="62" authorityYear="1962" box="[138,614,817,841]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Achaearanea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gibberosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="66ED387AB33CA719FF0BFCC3FE4DFC92" box="[138,388,817,841]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605">Achaearanea gibberosa</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="30089999B33CA719FE14FCC3FDD6FC92" author="Denis J" box="[405,543,817,841]" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605" pagination="9 - 118" refId="ref52429" refString="Denis J. 1962. Les araignees de l'archipel de Madere (Mission du professor Vandel). Anais da Faculdade de Ciencias do Porto 44: 9 - 118, Plates 1 - 12." type="journal article" year="1962">Denis 1962</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p 62
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="93999FEBB33CA719FF0BFCA0FD0BFCB1" authority=": Schmidt 1973, p 369" authorityName="Schmidt" authorityPageNumber="369" authorityYear="1973" box="[138,706,850,874]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Echinotheridion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gibberosum">
|
||
<emphasis id="66ED387AB33CA719FF0BFCA0FE7DFCB1" box="[138,436,850,874]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605">Echinotheridion gibberosum</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="30089999B33CA719FE45FCA0FDA4FCB1" author="Schmidt G" box="[452,621,850,874]" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605" pagination="347 - 391" refId="ref53578" refString="Schmidt G. 1973. Zur Spinnenfauna von Gran Canaria. Zoologische Beitrage NF 19: 347 - 391." type="journal article" year="1973">Schmidt 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p 369
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="93999FEBB33CA719FF0BFC81FD67FC50" authority=": Schmidt 1981, p 96" authorityName=": Schmidt" authorityPageNumber="96" authorityYear="1981" box="[138,686,883,907]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Tidarren" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pseudogibberosum">
|
||
<emphasis id="66ED387AB33CA719FF0BFC81FE79FC50" box="[138,432,883,907]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605">Tidarren pseudogibberosum</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="30089999B33CA719FE40FC81FDA0FC50" author="Schmidt G" box="[449,617,883,907]" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605" pagination="85 - 107" refId="ref53623" refString="Schmidt G. 1981. Zur Spinnenfauna von La Gomera. Zoologische Beitrage NF 27: 85 - 107." type="journal article" year="1981">Schmidt 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p 96
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="CCA2F8EDB33CA719FD3DFC81FCD4FC50" box="[700,797,883,907]" captionStart="Figures 3–6" captionStartId="5.[125,194,1393,1412]" captionTargetBox="[126,1171,133,1356]" captionTargetId="figure-77@5.[126,1172,133,1357]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figures 3–6. Subadult males. (3, 4) Echinotheridion gibberosum (Kulczynski) from Tenerife. (3) Ecdysis just completed, male suspended on moulting thread, both palps present. (4) Palp amputation accomplished; arrow points to detached palp. (5, 6) Tidarren sisyphoides (Walckenaer) from Mexico. (5) Early phase of amputation, circling. (6) Amputated palp already sucked out." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228511" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5228511/files/figure.png" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605">Figure 5</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="66ED387AB33CA719FCADFC81FCF7FC51" box="[812,830,883,906]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605">„</emphasis>
|
||
from Gomera (misidentified).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="93999FEBB33CA719FF0BFC66FD54FC77" authority=": Wunderlich 1987, p 207" authorityName="Wunderlich" authorityPageNumber="207" authorityYear="1987" box="[138,669,916,940]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Tidarren" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gibberosum">
|
||
<emphasis id="66ED387AB33CA719FF0BFC66FEA0FC77" box="[138,361,916,940]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605">Tidarren gibberosum</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="30089999B33CA719FEFBFC66FD80FC77" author="Wunderlich J" box="[378,585,916,940]" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605" refId="ref54031" refString="Wunderlich J. 1987. Die Spinnen der Kanarischen Inseln und Madeiras. Langen (Germany): Triops-Verlag. 435 p." type="book" year="1987">Wunderlich 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p 207
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Figures 544, 545,
|
||
<specimenCount id="429F2FE1B33CA719FCFEFC65FC44FC70" box="[895,909,919,939]" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="93999FEBB33CA719FF0BFC47FD1EFC16" authority=": Knoflach 2002 a, p 140" authorityName="Knoflach" authorityPageNumber="140" authorityYear="2002" box="[138,727,949,973]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Echinotheridion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gibberosum">
|
||
<emphasis id="66ED387AB33CA719FF0BFC47FE7DFC16" box="[138,436,949,973]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605">Echinotheridion gibberosum</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="30089999B33CA719FE45FC47FD4AFC16" author="Knoflach B" box="[452,643,949,973]" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605" pagination="139 - 144" refId="ref52704" refString="Knoflach B. 2002 a. Copulation and emasculation in Echinotheridion gibberosum (Kulczynski, 1899) (Araneae, Theridiidae). In: Toft S, Scharff N, editors. European Arachnology 2000: Proceedings of the 19 th European Colloquium of Arachnology (Aarhus, Oxford, Conneticut). p 139 - 144." type="book chapter" year="2002">Knoflach 2002a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p 140
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="CCA2F8EDB33CA719FD64FC47FCB2FC16" box="[741,891,949,973]" captionStart-0="Figure 1" captionStart-1="Figure 2" captionStart-2="Figures 3–6" captionStart-3="Figures 7–10" captionStartId-0="3.[125,185,1637,1656]" captionStartId-1="4.[138,198,1209,1228]" captionStartId-2="5.[125,194,1393,1412]" captionStartId-3="6.[138,207,1027,1046]" captionTargetBox-0="[330,967,666,1601]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1185,134,1168]" captionTargetBox-2="[126,1171,133,1356]" captionTargetBox-3="[138,1185,135,992]" captionTargetId-0="figure-168@3.[330,968,666,1601]" captionTargetId-1="figure-138@4.[138,1186,133,1173]" captionTargetId-2="figure-77@5.[126,1172,133,1357]" captionTargetId-3="figure-218@6.[138,1185,133,992]" captionTargetPageId-0="3" captionTargetPageId-1="4" captionTargetPageId-2="5" captionTargetPageId-3="6" captionText-0="Figure 1. Tidarren sisyphoides (Walckenaer) from Mexico. (a) Female left, male right; (b) dead male after copulation with right palp still inflated. Note size dimorphism of male compared with female tibia IV." captionText-1="Figure 2. Male of Tidarren cuneolatum (Tullgren), just moulted into subadult stage. (a) Moulting and amputation site below hub, the usual resting place of the spider; (b) male (left) removing his exuvia from the moulting site; (c) two-palped male before amputation." captionText-2="Figures 3–6. Subadult males. (3, 4) Echinotheridion gibberosum (Kulczynski) from Tenerife. (3) Ecdysis just completed, male suspended on moulting thread, both palps present. (4) Palp amputation accomplished; arrow points to detached palp. (5, 6) Tidarren sisyphoides (Walckenaer) from Mexico. (5) Early phase of amputation, circling. (6) Amputated palp already sucked out." captionText-3="Figures 7–10. Male prosoma, in lateral (7, 9) and frontal view (8, 10). (7, 8) Tidarren argo Knoflach and van Harten from Yemen. (9) T. cuneolatum (Tullgren) from Yemen. (10) Echinotheridion gibberosum (Kulczynski) from Tenerife. Note high and steep clypeus and site of palp amputation with trochanter still present. Scale bars: 0.2 mm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228507" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228509" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228511" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228513" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/5228507/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/5228509/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/5228511/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/5228513/files/figure.png" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605">Figures 1–10</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="66ED387AB33CA719FC08FC47FC52FC17" box="[905,923,949,972]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605">„</emphasis>
|
||
<specimenCount id="429F2FE1B33CA719FC1AFC4AFC60FC17" box="[923,937,952,972]" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5426E468B33CA719FF0BFBF4FE91FBC5" blockId="124.[138,344,1030,1054]" box="[138,344,1030,1054]" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605">
|
||
<emphasis id="66ED387AB33CA719FF0BFBF4FE91FBC5" box="[138,344,1030,1054]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605">Material examined</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="1C83B7E3B33CA7E1FF0BFBC5FED8FBD9" lastPageId="132" lastPageNumber="1613" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="5426E468B33CA719FF0BFBC5FC39FAEB" blockId="124.[138,1185,1078,1393]" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="E4F1EE35B33CA719FF0BFBC5FBA5FBB4" collectingDate="2000-02-17" collectingDateMax="2000-03" collectingDateMin="2000-02-17" country="Spain" county="Tenerife" elevation="1050" location="Aguamansa" municipality="Orotava" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="Canarias">
|
||
<emphasis id="66ED387AB33CA719FF0BFBC5FF1DFB94" bold="true" box="[138,212,1079,1103]" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="2C8EA4F8B33CA719FF0BFBC5FF1DFB94" box="[138,212,1079,1103]" name="Spain" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605">Spain</collectingCountry>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<emphasis id="66ED387AB33CA719FF66FBC5FEC3FB95" box="[231,266,1079,1102]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605">„„</emphasis>
|
||
<specimenCount id="429F2FE1B33CA719FE8BFBC8FEEFFB95" box="[266,294,1082,1102]" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605" type="female">♀♀</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="965D2A8AB33CA719FEB9FBC5FE25FB94" box="[312,492,1079,1103]" country="Spain" name="Canarias" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605">Canary Islands</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCounty id="BD479CE4B33CA719FE7BFBC5FDA9FB94" box="[506,608,1079,1103]" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605">Tenerife</collectingCounty>
|
||
, above
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="B4427E12B33CA719FD3CFBC5FCD3FB94" box="[701,794,1079,1103]" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605">Orotava</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
/
|
||
<location id="5146B2B3B33CA719FCA2FBC5FC65FB94" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DC30557EB33CA7E1FEEDFD5CFED8FBD9:5146B2B3B33CA719FCA2FBC5FC65FB94" box="[803,940,1079,1103]" country="Spain" county="Tenerife" municipality="Orotava" name="Aguamansa" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605" stateProvince="Canarias">Aguamansa</location>
|
||
, 28
|
||
<emphasis id="66ED387AB33CA719FC56FBC4FC28FB95" bold="true" box="[983,993,1078,1102]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605">°</emphasis>
|
||
469N, 17
|
||
<emphasis id="66ED387AB33CA719FBCFFBC4FB91FB95" bold="true" box="[1102,1112,1078,1102]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605">°</emphasis>
|
||
459W, pine and laurel forest,
|
||
<quantity id="9361498DB33CA719FE10FBA5FDFBFBB4" box="[401,562,1111,1135]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.05" metricValueMax="1.1" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605" unit="m" value="1050.0" valueMax="1100.0" valueMin="1000.0">
|
||
<elevation id="DFB4035BB33CA719FE10FBA5FDFBFBB4" box="[401,562,1111,1135]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.05" metricValueMax="1.1" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605" unit="m" value="1050.0" valueMax="1100.0" valueMin="1000.0">1000–1100 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="2027C2A8B33CA719FDBEFBA5FCD8FBB4" box="[575,785,1111,1135]" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605" value="2000-02-17">
|
||
<collectingDate id="30633B40B33CA719FDBEFBA5FCD8FBB4" box="[575,785,1111,1135]" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605" value="2000-02-17">17 February 2000</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
(males adult in
|
||
<date id="2027C2A8B33CA719FC4EFBA5FBACFBB4" box="[975,1125,1111,1135]" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605" value="2000-03">
|
||
<collectingDate id="30633B40B33CA719FC4EFBA5FBACFBB4" box="[975,1125,1111,1135]" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605" value="2000-03">March 2000</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="66ED387AB33CA719FBF8FBA5FB42FBB5" box="[1145,1163,1111,1134]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605">„</emphasis>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="E4F1EE35B33CA719FB0AFBA8FC53FB2B" accessionNumber="SMF 29627" collectingDate="2000-02-20" collectingDateMax="2004-03-04" collectingDateMin="2000-02-20" collectionCode="SMF" collectorName="Knoflach & Thaler & Steinberger. Ibidem & Ibidem" country="Spain" county="mts. Anaga" elevation="850" location="Cruz de Carmen" municipality="Las Mercedes" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-female="2">
|
||
<specimenCount id="429F2FE1B33CA719FB0AFBA8FB50FBB5" box="[1163,1177,1114,1134]" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCounty id="BD479CE4B33CA719FF0BFB85FED8FB54" box="[138,273,1143,1167]" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605">mts. Anaga</collectingCounty>
|
||
, near
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="B4427E12B33CA719FED6FB85FE35FB54" box="[343,508,1143,1167]" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605">Las Mercedes</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="5146B2B3B33CA719FD88FB85FD19FB54" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DC30557EB33CA7E1FEEDFD5CFED8FBD9:5146B2B3B33CA719FD88FB85FD19FB54" box="[521,720,1143,1167]" country="Spain" county="mts. Anaga" municipality="Las Mercedes" name="Cruz de Carmen" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605">Cruz de Carmen</location>
|
||
, 28
|
||
<emphasis id="66ED387AB33CA719FD78FB85FCCAFB54" bold="true" box="[761,771,1143,1167]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605">°</emphasis>
|
||
329N, 16
|
||
<emphasis id="66ED387AB33CA719FCECFB85FCBEFB54" bold="true" box="[877,887,1143,1167]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605">°</emphasis>
|
||
129W,
|
||
<date id="2027C2A8B33CA719FC49FB85FB55FB54" box="[968,1180,1143,1167]" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605" value="2000-02-20">
|
||
<collectingDate id="30633B40B33CA719FC49FB85FB55FB54" box="[968,1180,1143,1167]" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605" value="2000-02-20">20 February 2000</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
, leg.
|
||
<collectorName id="F96C81BEB33CA719FF3AFB65FEEFFB74" box="[187,294,1175,1199]" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605">Knoflach</collectorName>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectorName id="F96C81BEB33CA719FEE0FB65FE67FB74" box="[353,430,1175,1199]" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605">Thaler</collectorName>
|
||
(males adult in
|
||
<date id="2027C2A8B33CA719FDEDFB65FCCBFB74" box="[620,770,1175,1199]" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605" value="2000-03">
|
||
<collectingDate id="30633B40B33CA719FDEDFB65FCCBFB74" box="[620,770,1175,1199]" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605" value="2000-03">March 2000</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
).
|
||
<location id="5146B2B3B33CA719FC94FB65FCBEFB74" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DC30557EB33CA7E1FEEDFD5CFED8FBD9:5146B2B3B33CA719FC94FB65FCBEFB74" box="[789,887,1175,1199]" country="Spain" county="mts. Anaga" municipality="Las Mercedes" name="Gomera" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605">Gomera</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="5146B2B3B33CA719FC05FB65FB92FB74" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DC30557EB33CA7E1FEEDFD5CFED8FBD9:5146B2B3B33CA719FC05FB65FB92FB74" box="[900,1115,1175,1199]" country="Spain" county="mts. Anaga" municipality="Las Mercedes" name="Montes del Cedro" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605">Montes del Cedro</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="9361498DB33CA719FBE9FB65FF2AFB14" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="7.0" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605" unit="m" value="850.0" valueMax="1000.0" valueMin="700.0">
|
||
<elevation id="DFB4035BB33CA719FBE9FB65FF2AFB14" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="7.0" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605" unit="m" value="850.0" valueMax="1000.0" valueMin="700.0">700– 1000 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
, laurisilva,
|
||
<emphasis id="66ED387AB33CA719FEECFB4AFEB6FB14" box="[365,383,1208,1231]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605">„</emphasis>
|
||
<specimenCount id="429F2FE1B33CA719FEFEFB49FE44FB14" box="[383,397,1211,1231]" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="2027C2A8B33CA719FE1EFB45FD86FB14" box="[415,591,1207,1231]" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605" value="2004-03-04">
|
||
<collectingDate id="30633B40B33CA719FE1EFB45FD86FB14" box="[415,591,1207,1231]" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605" value="2004-03-04">4 March 2004</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
, leg.
|
||
<collectorName id="F96C81BEB33CA719FD12FB45FC48FB14" box="[659,897,1207,1231]" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605">Steinberger. Ibidem</collectorName>
|
||
, 1
|
||
<emphasis id="66ED387AB33CA719FC1EFB4AFC78FB14" box="[927,945,1208,1231]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605">„</emphasis>
|
||
without palp,
|
||
<collectionCode id="32887CADB33CA719FBE4FB45FB68FB14" box="[1125,1185,1207,1231]" country="Germany" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34838" name="Forschungsinstitut und Natur-Museum Senckenberg" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605">SMF</collectionCode>
|
||
29627, sub
|
||
<taxonomicName id="93999FEBB33CA719FE99FB2AFDF6FB2B" authorityName=": Schmidt" authorityYear="1981" box="[280,575,1240,1264]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Tidarren" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pseudogibberosum">
|
||
<emphasis id="66ED387AB33CA719FE99FB2AFDF6FB2B" box="[280,575,1240,1264]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605">Tidarren pseudogibberosum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="30089999B33CA719FD00FB2AFCE4FB2B" author="Schmidt G" box="[641,813,1240,1264]" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605" pagination="85 - 107" refId="ref53623" refString="Schmidt G. 1981. Zur Spinnenfauna von La Gomera. Zoologische Beitrage NF 27: 85 - 107." type="journal article" year="1981">Schmidt 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<collectorName id="F96C81BEB33CA719FCC5FB2AFC53FB2B" box="[836,922,1240,1264]" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605">Ibidem</collectorName>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="E4F1EE35B33CA719FC29FB2AFE0BFACB" accessionNumber="SMF 29411" collectionCode="SMF" collectorName="Schmidt" country="Spain" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1">
|
||
<specimenCount id="429F2FE1B33CA719FC29FB2AFC0CFB34" box="[936,965,1240,1264]" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605" type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="32887CADB33CA719FC56FB2AFBDAFB2B" box="[983,1043,1240,1264]" country="Germany" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34838" name="Forschungsinstitut und Natur-Museum Senckenberg" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605">SMF</collectionCode>
|
||
29411, leg.
|
||
<collectorName id="F96C81BEB33CA719FF0BFB0AFF25FACB" box="[138,236,1272,1296]" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605">Schmidt</collectorName>
|
||
1976, det. 1977
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="E4F1EE35B33CA719FE53FB0AFC24FAEB" accessionNumber="SMF 29401, SMF 34010" collectingDate="1976-06" collectionCode="SMF" collectorName="Schmidt & La Palma" country="Spain" determinerName="Wunderlich" location="Arure" municipality="Gomera" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-female="2">
|
||
<specimenCount id="429F2FE1B33CA719FE53FB0AFE26FAD4" box="[466,495,1272,1296]" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605" type="female">2♀</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="32887CADB33CA719FD85FB0AFD89FACB" box="[516,576,1272,1296]" country="Germany" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34838" name="Forschungsinstitut und Natur-Museum Senckenberg" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605">SMF</collectionCode>
|
||
29401,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="B4427E12B33CA719FD2DFB0AFCC7FACB" box="[684,782,1272,1296]" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605">Gomera</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="5146B2B3B33CA719FCA1FB0AFCAFFACB" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DC30557EB33CA7E1FEEDFD5CFED8FBD9:5146B2B3B33CA719FCA1FB0AFCAFFACB" box="[800,870,1272,1296]" country="Spain" municipality="Gomera" name="Arure" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605">Arure</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="2027C2A8B33CA719FCF9FB0AFC3EFACB" box="[888,1015,1272,1296]" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605" value="1976-06">
|
||
<collectingDate id="30633B40B33CA719FCF9FB0AFC3EFACB" box="[888,1015,1272,1296]" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605" value="1976-06">June 1976</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
, leg.
|
||
<collectorName id="F96C81BEB33CA719FBBEFB0AFB68FACB" box="[1087,1185,1272,1296]" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605">Schmidt</collectorName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="30089999B33CA719FF13FAEAFE8EFAEB" author="Schmidt G" box="[146,327,1304,1328]" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605" pagination="85 - 107" refId="ref53623" refString="Schmidt G. 1981. Zur Spinnenfauna von La Gomera. Zoologische Beitrage NF 27: 85 - 107." type="journal article" year="1981">Schmidt, 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). 1
|
||
<emphasis id="66ED387AB33CA719FEEAFAEBFEB4FAEB" box="[363,381,1305,1328]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605">„</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="32887CADB33CA719FE0CFAEAFE00FAEB" box="[397,457,1304,1328]" country="Germany" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34838" name="Forschungsinstitut und Natur-Museum Senckenberg" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605">SMF</collectionCode>
|
||
34010,
|
||
<collectorName id="F96C81BEB33CA719FDADFAEAFD69FAEB" box="[556,672,1304,1328]" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605">La Palma</collectorName>
|
||
, leg.
|
||
<determinerName id="A1FA08ACB33CA719FD5EFAEAFCA2FAEB" box="[735,875,1304,1328]" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605">Wunderlich</determinerName>
|
||
, det. 1985
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5426E468B33CA719FF24FACBFD92FAAA" blockId="124.[138,1185,1078,1393]" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605">
|
||
Voucher specimens deposited in AMNH, CAS, CTh,
|
||
<collectionCode id="32887CADB33CA719FCD6FACBFC71FA8A" box="[855,952,1337,1361]" country="Switzerland" name="Museum d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605" type="Museum">MHNG</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="32887CADB33CA719FC4CFACBFBE6FA8A" box="[973,1071,1337,1361]" country="France" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" name="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605">MNHN</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="32887CADB33CA719FBC2FACBFB55FA8A" box="[1091,1180,1337,1361]" country="Belgium" name="Musée Royal de l’Afrique Centrale" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605" type="Museum">MRAC</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="32887CADB33CA719FF0BFAABFF21FAAA" box="[138,232,1369,1393]" country="0" name="Natural History Museum Bucharest" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605">NHMB</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="32887CADB33CA719FF74FAABFE81FAAA" box="[245,328,1369,1393]" country="Sweden" name="Swedish Museum of Natural History, Entomology Collections" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605">NHRS</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="32887CADB33CA719FED7FAABFE64FAAA" box="[342,429,1369,1393]" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605">NMBS</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="32887CADB33CA719FE3BFAABFDC0FAAA" box="[442,521,1369,1393]" country="Austria" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/c7yt-hh77" name="Naturhistorisches Museum, Wien" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605">NMW</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="32887CADB33CA719FD96FAABFD9EFAAA" box="[535,599,1369,1393]" country="Germany" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34838" name="Forschungsinstitut und Natur-Museum Senckenberg" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605">SMF</collectionCode>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5426E468B33CA719FF0BFA58FECAFA19" blockId="124.[138,259,1450,1474]" box="[138,259,1450,1474]" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605">
|
||
<emphasis id="66ED387AB33CA719FF0BFA58FECAFA19" box="[138,259,1450,1474]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605">Description</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5426E468B33CA719FF0BFA29FD42FA28" blockId="124.[138,651,1499,1523]" box="[138,651,1499,1523]" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="30089999B33CA719FF0BFA29FE93FA28" author="Kulczynski W" box="[138,346,1499,1523]" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605" pagination="319 - 461" refId="ref52993" refString="Kulczynski W. 1899. Arachnoidea opera Rev. E. Schmitz collecta in insulis Maderianis et in insulis Selvages dictis. Rozprawy i Sprawozdania z Posiedzen Wydzialu Matematyczno Przyrodniczego Akademji Umiejetnosci, Krakow 36: 319 - 461." type="journal article" year="1899">Kulczynski (1899</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount id="429F2FE1B33CA719FEE9FA2CFEBFFA29" box="[360,374,1502,1522]" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
|
||
), Knoflach (2002,
|
||
<emphasis id="66ED387AB33CA719FDDBFA29FDA5FA29" box="[602,620,1499,1522]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605">„</emphasis>
|
||
<specimenCount id="429F2FE1B33CA719FDEDFA2CFDB3FA29" box="[620,634,1502,1522]" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5426E468B33CA719FF0BF9DEFEA7F99F" blockId="124.[138,366,1580,1604]" box="[138,366,1580,1604]" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605">
|
||
<emphasis id="66ED387AB33CA719FF0BF9DEFEA7F99F" box="[138,366,1580,1604]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605">Measurements (mm)</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5426E468B33CA7E5FF0BF9AFFB68FB49" blockId="124.[138,1185,1628,1685]" lastBlockId="128.[138,1185,1114,1170]" lastPageId="128" lastPageNumber="1609" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605">
|
||
Dimensions of male/female [minimum–maximum (mean),
|
||
<emphasis id="66ED387AB33CA719FCBAF9AFFC80F9AF" box="[827,841,1629,1652]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605">n</emphasis>
|
||
510.] Body length 1.45–1.88 (1.67)/3.29–3.72 (3.53), prosoma length 0.59–0.72 (0.66)/1.35–1.56 (1.42), prosoma width 0.55–0.64 (0.59)/1.01–1.25 (1.11), length femur I 1.15–1.44 (1.25)/2.70–3.36 (2.95), tibia I 0.78–1.00 (0.84)/1.76–2.19 (1.92). Abdomen 0.92–1.56 (1.14)/2.54–4.15 (3.09) high, 0.86–1.13 (0.97)/1.88–2.93 (2.25) long, and 0.66–1.05 (0.80)/1.56–2.54 (1.89) wide. Ventral side (distance petiolus to spinnerets) 0.59–0.92 (0.73)/1.56–2.15 (1.73) long. Clypeus in male 0.21–0.29 (0.25) high, in female 0.27–0.37 (0.28). Chelicerae 0.22–0.29 (0.27)/0.49–0.59 (0.53) long. Sternum 0.39–0.47 (0.42)/0.78–0.88 (0.81) long and 0.39–0.43 (0.40)/0.66–0.72 (0.69) wide. Labium on average 0.07/0.16 long, 0.18/0.30 wide. Gnathocoxae 0.21–0.25 (0.23)/0.45–0.49 (0.47) long, 0.09–0.12 (0.10)/0.18–0.23 (0.20) wide. Femur of male palp 0.31–0.39 (0.34) long. Leg formula 1423, see Tables XXXIV, XXXV. Number of dorsal setae on tibiae I–IV 2/2/1/2. Trichobothria in retrodorsal/prodorsal row on tibia of female palp 1/1, of legs I–IV 3/2, 3/2, 3/3, 3/
|
||
<quantity id="9361498DB33DA718FBE2F98FFB5DF94E" box="[1123,1172,1661,1685]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.016" pageId="125" pageNumber="1606" unit="in" value="4.0">4 in</quantity>
|
||
female and 2/1, 2/1, 1/2, 2/
|
||
<quantity id="9361498DB33EA71BFE6AF9C9FDD7F988" box="[491,542,1595,1619]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" pageId="126" pageNumber="1607" unit="in" value="2.0">2 in</quantity>
|
||
male (1
|
||
<emphasis id="66ED387AB33EA71BFD0CF9C9FD56F989" box="[653,671,1595,1618]" italics="true" pageId="126" pageNumber="1607">„</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount id="429F2FE1B33EA71BFD37F9C9FD1AF989" box="[694,723,1595,1619]" pageId="126" pageNumber="1607" type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
|
||
examined). Metatarsi I–III with one trichobothrium, position on I in female (male) 0.36 (0.27), on II 0.38 (0.30), on III 0.39 (0.29). Tarsal claws of legs with four (three) side teeth in female (male), claw of female palp consisting of seven to eight teeth (
|
||
<figureCitation id="CCA2F8EDB3C0A7E5FDA8FBA8FD1DFBA9" box="[553,724,1114,1138]" captionStart="Figures 28–36" captionStartId="12.[138,207,1127,1146]" captionTargetBox="[138,1185,133,1091]" captionTargetId="figure-148@12.[138,1185,133,1091]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figures 28–36. (28–30, 36) Echinotheridion gibberosum (Kulczynski) from Tenerife. (31–33) Tidarren argo Knoflach and van Harten from Yemen. (34, 35) T. cuneolatum (Tullgren) from Yemen. (28–31) Female palpal claw with characteristic large dentition. (32) Serrated setae of tarsal comb of female leg IV. (33) Female tarsal claw. (34, 35) Trichobothria on male tibiae IV and III. Pore on base of hair shaft represents the moulting pore (F. G. Barth, in litt.). (36) Tarsal organ on female palp. Scale bars: 0.05 mm (28); 0.02 mm (29–33); 0.005 mm (34); 0.01 mm (35, 36)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228521" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5228521/files/figure.png" pageId="128" pageNumber="1609">Figures 28–30</figureCitation>
|
||
). Tarsal organ on female palp at 0.76 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="CCA2F8EDB3C0A7E5FF13FB88FECFFB49" box="[146,262,1146,1170]" captionStart="Figures 28–36" captionStartId="12.[138,207,1127,1146]" captionTargetBox="[138,1185,133,1091]" captionTargetId="figure-148@12.[138,1185,133,1091]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figures 28–36. (28–30, 36) Echinotheridion gibberosum (Kulczynski) from Tenerife. (31–33) Tidarren argo Knoflach and van Harten from Yemen. (34, 35) T. cuneolatum (Tullgren) from Yemen. (28–31) Female palpal claw with characteristic large dentition. (32) Serrated setae of tarsal comb of female leg IV. (33) Female tarsal claw. (34, 35) Trichobothria on male tibiae IV and III. Pore on base of hair shaft represents the moulting pore (F. G. Barth, in litt.). (36) Tarsal organ on female palp. Scale bars: 0.05 mm (28); 0.02 mm (29–33); 0.005 mm (34); 0.01 mm (35, 36)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228521" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5228521/files/figure.png" pageId="128" pageNumber="1609">Figure 36</figureCitation>
|
||
), on female (male) legs I–IV 0.41 (0.38), 0.38 (0.30), 0.35 (0.27), 0.36 (0.28).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="00E6B4E0B33DA718FFFCFB11FC83FACA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228656" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5228656" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5228656/files/figure.png" pageId="125" pageNumber="1606" startId="125.[125,194,1251,1270]" targetBox="[126,1171,133,1215]" targetPageId="125">
|
||
<paragraph id="5426E468B33DA718FFFCFB11FC83FACA" blockId="125.[125,1174,1251,1297]" pageId="125" pageNumber="1606">
|
||
Figures 290–294.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="93999FEBB33DA718FEADFB11FD50FB2D" authority="(Kulczynski)" baseAuthorityName="Kulczynski" baseAuthorityYear="1899" box="[300,665,1251,1270]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Echinotheridion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="125" pageNumber="1606" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gibberosum">
|
||
<emphasis id="66ED387AB33DA718FEADFB11FDD2FB2D" box="[300,539,1251,1270]" italics="true" pageId="125" pageNumber="1606">Echinotheridion gibberosum</emphasis>
|
||
(Kulczynski)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Tenerife. (290, 291) Female guarding egg-sac. Habitus of male (293) and female (291, 292, 294) showing colour variation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="00E6B4E0B33EA71BFF0BFA1FFCA5F9C1" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228658" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5228658" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5228658/files/figure.png" pageId="126" pageNumber="1607" startId="126.[138,207,1517,1536]" targetBox="[186,1140,142,1481]" targetPageId="126">
|
||
<paragraph id="5426E468B33EA71BFF0BFA1FFCA5F9C1" blockId="126.[138,1185,1517,1562]" pageId="126" pageNumber="1607">
|
||
Figures 295–298.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="93999FEBB33EA71BFEB7FA1FFD54F9DB" authority="(Kulczynski)" baseAuthorityName="Kulczynski" baseAuthorityYear="1899" box="[310,669,1517,1536]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Echinotheridion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="126" pageNumber="1607" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gibberosum">
|
||
<emphasis id="66ED387AB33EA71BFEB7FA1FFDEBF9DB" box="[310,546,1517,1536]" italics="true" pageId="126" pageNumber="1607">Echinotheridion gibberosum</emphasis>
|
||
(Kulczynski)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Tenerife. Right male palp, prolateral (295), dorsal (296), retrolateral-apical (297), and retrolateral view (298). Scale bar: 0.2 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="00E6B4E0B33FA71AFFFCFBBFFB91FBA0" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228660" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5228660" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5228660/files/figure.png" pageId="127" pageNumber="1608" startId="127.[125,194,1101,1120]" targetBox="[126,1172,139,1060]" targetPageId="127">
|
||
<paragraph id="5426E468B33FA71AFFFCFBBFFB91FBA0" blockId="127.[125,1172,1101,1147]" pageId="127" pageNumber="1608">
|
||
Figures 299–302.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="93999FEBB33FA71AFEABFBBFFD58FBBB" authority="(Kulczynski)" baseAuthorityName="Kulczynski" baseAuthorityYear="1899" box="[298,657,1101,1120]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Echinotheridion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="127" pageNumber="1608" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gibberosum">
|
||
<emphasis id="66ED387AB33FA71AFEABFBBFFDDCFBBB" box="[298,533,1101,1120]" italics="true" pageId="127" pageNumber="1608">Echinotheridion gibberosum</emphasis>
|
||
(Kulczynski)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Tenerife. Female epigynum/vulva in lateral (299), ventral (300), aboral (301), and dorsal view (302). Arrow points to fertilization duct. Scale bars: 0.2 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="00E6B4E0B33FA71AFFFCF991FD05F94A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228662" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5228662" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5228662/files/figure.png" pageId="127" pageNumber="1608" startId="127.[125,194,1635,1654]" targetBox="[125,1172,1193,1600]" targetPageId="127">
|
||
<paragraph id="5426E468B33FA71AFFFCF991FD05F94A" blockId="127.[125,1173,1635,1681]" pageId="127" pageNumber="1608">
|
||
Figures 303, 304.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="93999FEBB33FA71AFEB5F991FD6CF9AD" authority="(Kulczynski)" baseAuthorityName="Kulczynski" baseAuthorityYear="1899" box="[308,677,1635,1654]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Echinotheridion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="127" pageNumber="1608" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gibberosum">
|
||
<emphasis id="66ED387AB33FA71AFEB5F991FDECF9AD" box="[308,549,1635,1654]" italics="true" pageId="127" pageNumber="1608">Echinotheridion gibberosum</emphasis>
|
||
(Kulczynski)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Tenerife. (303) Female epigynum in lateralventral view. (304) Male palp, apical view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="00E6B4E0B3C0A7E5FF0BFC39FBA7FBF5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228664" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5228664" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5228664/files/figure.png" pageId="128" pageNumber="1609" startId="128.[138,207,971,990]" targetBox="[139,1184,133,935]" targetPageId="128">
|
||
<paragraph id="5426E468B3C0A7E5FF0BFC39FBA7FBF5" blockId="128.[138,1186,971,1070]" pageId="128" pageNumber="1609">
|
||
Figures 305–308.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="93999FEBB3C0A7E5FEB6FC39FD69FC05" authority="(Kulczynski)" baseAuthorityName="Kulczynski" baseAuthorityYear="1899" box="[311,672,971,990]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Echinotheridion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="128" pageNumber="1609" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gibberosum">
|
||
<emphasis id="66ED387AB3C0A7E5FEB6FC39FDEDFC05" box="[311,548,971,990]" italics="true" pageId="128" pageNumber="1609">Echinotheridion gibberosum</emphasis>
|
||
(Kulczynski)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Tenerife, copulatory behaviour in different pairs. (305, 306) Insertion, advanced phase, male’s legs already contracted. (307) Emasculation accomplished by female. Male palp fastened to epigynum while female feeds on his body. (308) Functional contact of male palp after emasculation. Haematodochae unmodified. Palpal sclerites serve as holdfast structures. Scale bar: 0.2 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="5426E468B3C0A7E5FF0BFB39FCC3FB38" blockId="128.[138,778,1227,1251]" box="[138,778,1227,1251]" pageId="128" pageNumber="1609">
|
||
<emphasis id="66ED387AB3C0A7E5FF0BFB39FCC3FB38" box="[138,778,1227,1251]" italics="true" pageId="128" pageNumber="1609">
|
||
Somatic features, colouration (
|
||
<figureCitation id="CCA2F8EDB3C0A7E5FE54FB39FD58FB38" box="[469,657,1227,1251]" captionStart="Figures 290–294" captionStartId="125.[125,194,1251,1270]" captionTargetBox="[126,1171,133,1215]" captionTargetId="figure-121@125.[126,1172,133,1215]" captionTargetPageId="125" captionText="Figures 290–294. Echinotheridion gibberosum (Kulczynski) from Tenerife. (290, 291) Female guarding egg-sac. Habitus of male (293) and female (291, 292, 294) showing colour variation." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228656" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5228656/files/figure.png" pageId="128" pageNumber="1609">Figures 291–294</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="CCA2F8EDB3C0A7E5FD1FFB39FCC8FB38" box="[670,769,1227,1251]" captionStart="Figures 305–308" captionStartId="128.[138,207,971,990]" captionTargetBox="[139,1184,133,935]" captionTargetId="figure-184@128.[139,1185,133,936]" captionTargetPageId="128" captionText="Figures 305–308. Echinotheridion gibberosum (Kulczynski) from Tenerife, copulatory behaviour in different pairs. (305, 306) Insertion, advanced phase, male’s legs already contracted. (307) Emasculation accomplished by female. Male palp fastened to epigynum while female feeds on his body. (308) Functional contact of male palp after emasculation. Haematodochae unmodified. Palpal sclerites serve as holdfast structures. Scale bar: 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228664" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5228664/files/figure.png" pageId="128" pageNumber="1609">305–307</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5426E468B3C0A7E5FF0BFB0EFEC6FA8F" blockId="128.[138,1184,1276,1364]" pageId="128" pageNumber="1609">
|
||
Females with a spur on posterior base of coxae IV (
|
||
<figureCitation id="CCA2F8EDB3C0A7E5FD55FB0EFCB6FACF" box="[724,895,1276,1300]" captionStart="Figures 23–27" captionStartId="11.[125,194,1297,1316]" captionTargetBox="[127,1172,133,1261]" captionTargetId="figure-78@11.[125,1172,133,1261]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figures 23–27. (23, 24) Echinotheridion gibberosum (Kulczynski) from Tenerife. (25, 26) Tidarren argo Knoflach and van Harten from Yemen. (27) T. cuneolatum (Tullgren) from Yemen. (23) Female, ventral view. (24) Ditto, details of coxal spurs on legs IV and epigynum. (25–27) Epigynum, oblique aboral (25) and ventral view (26, 27). Scale bars: 0.5 mm (23); 0.2 mm (24, 25); 0.1 mm (26); 0.05 mm (27)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228519" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5228519/files/figure.png" pageId="128" pageNumber="1609">Figures 23, 24</figureCitation>
|
||
). Sternum in female with small posterior tubercle, in male absent. Abdomen higher than long, cone-shaped, ending in tubercle.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5426E468B3C0A7E7FF0BFA8FFDFAFBF5" blockId="128.[138,1185,1405,1685]" lastBlockId="130.[138,1184,1013,1070]" lastPageId="130" lastPageNumber="1611" pageId="128" pageNumber="1609">
|
||
<emphasis id="66ED387AB3C0A7E5FF0BFA8FFDB3FA4E" box="[138,634,1405,1429]" italics="true" pageId="128" pageNumber="1609">
|
||
Female (
|
||
<figureCitation id="CCA2F8EDB3C0A7E5FF6FFA8FFE3BFA4E" box="[238,498,1405,1429]" captionStart="Figures 290–294" captionStartId="125.[125,194,1251,1270]" captionTargetBox="[126,1171,133,1215]" captionTargetId="figure-121@125.[126,1172,133,1215]" captionTargetPageId="125" captionText="Figures 290–294. Echinotheridion gibberosum (Kulczynski) from Tenerife. (290, 291) Female guarding egg-sac. Habitus of male (293) and female (291, 292, 294) showing colour variation." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228656" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5228656/files/figure.png" pageId="128" pageNumber="1609">Figures 291, 292, 294</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="CCA2F8EDB3C0A7E5FD84FA8FFDA6FA4E" box="[517,623,1405,1429]" captionStart="Figures 305–308" captionStartId="128.[138,207,971,990]" captionTargetBox="[139,1184,133,935]" captionTargetId="figure-184@128.[139,1185,133,936]" captionTargetPageId="128" captionText="Figures 305–308. Echinotheridion gibberosum (Kulczynski) from Tenerife, copulatory behaviour in different pairs. (305, 306) Insertion, advanced phase, male’s legs already contracted. (307) Emasculation accomplished by female. Male palp fastened to epigynum while female feeds on his body. (308) Functional contact of male palp after emasculation. Haematodochae unmodified. Palpal sclerites serve as holdfast structures. Scale bar: 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228664" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5228664/files/figure.png" pageId="128" pageNumber="1609">305–307</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Overall colouration highly variable (see also
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="30089999B3C0A7E5FF0BFA6FFE19FA6E" author="Knoflach B & Pfaller K" box="[138,464,1437,1461]" pageId="128" pageNumber="1609" pagination="111 - 160" refId="ref52846" refString="Knoflach B, Pfaller K. 2004. Kugelspinnen - eine Einfuhrung (Araneae, Theridiidae). Denisia (Linz) 12: 111 - 160." type="journal article" year="2004">Knoflach and Pfaller 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Most common variant shows extended dark pigmentation (
|
||
<figureCitation id="CCA2F8EDB3C0A7E5FF13FA4FFEACFA0E" box="[146,357,1469,1493]" captionStart="Figures 290–294" captionStartId="125.[125,194,1251,1270]" captionTargetBox="[126,1171,133,1215]" captionTargetId="figure-121@125.[126,1172,133,1215]" captionTargetPageId="125" captionText="Figures 290–294. Echinotheridion gibberosum (Kulczynski) from Tenerife. (290, 291) Female guarding egg-sac. Habitus of male (293) and female (291, 292, 294) showing colour variation." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228656" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5228656/files/figure.png" pageId="128" pageNumber="1609">Figures 291, 294</figureCitation>
|
||
), some females yellowish with only a few dark pigmented areas (
|
||
<figureCitation id="CCA2F8EDB3C0A7E5FF13FA2FFEDFFA2E" box="[146,278,1501,1525]" captionStart="Figures 290–294" captionStartId="125.[125,194,1251,1270]" captionTargetBox="[126,1171,133,1215]" captionTargetId="figure-121@125.[126,1172,133,1215]" captionTargetPageId="125" captionText="Figures 290–294. Echinotheridion gibberosum (Kulczynski) from Tenerife. (290, 291) Female guarding egg-sac. Habitus of male (293) and female (291, 292, 294) showing colour variation." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228656" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5228656/files/figure.png" pageId="128" pageNumber="1609">Figure 292</figureCitation>
|
||
), some predominantly reddish and with red instead of dark brown pigments. In common variant carapace either uniformly dark brown or light brown with broad dark margins and dark median band from eye region to centre. In lighter variants carapace uniformly yellow to reddish brown. Chelicerae dark or light brown. Gnathocoxae and labium light brown. Sternum usually reddish with light anterior median area and six light peripheral patches, opposite coxae I–III, sometimes light brown with a few reddish patches. Palps and legs yellowish (sometimes reddish) with dark patches and annulations of various extent. Coxae yellow. Abdomen with whitish dorsal median band and posterior white lines, which branch laterally. Aboral area with distinct white stripe from apex to spinnerets. Epigastric region and venter of variable colouration according to degree of overall pigmentation, book lung covers light brown. Epigynal protuberance heavily sclerotized in contrast to surrounding integument.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="00E6B4E0B3C1A7E4FFFCFA7CFB5CFA0D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228666" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5228666" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5228666/files/figure.png" pageId="129" pageNumber="1610" startId="129.[125,185,1422,1441]" targetBox="[129,1171,142,1380]" targetPageId="129">
|
||
<paragraph id="5426E468B3C1A7E4FFFCFA7CFB5CFA0D" blockId="129.[125,1173,1422,1494]" pageId="129" pageNumber="1610">
|
||
Figure 309.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="93999FEBB3C1A7E4FF76FA7CFDAFFA7A" authority="(Kulczynski)" baseAuthorityName="Kulczynski" baseAuthorityYear="1899" box="[247,614,1422,1441]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Echinotheridion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="129" pageNumber="1610" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gibberosum">
|
||
<emphasis id="66ED387AB3C1A7E4FF76FA7CFE2EFA7A" box="[247,487,1422,1441]" italics="true" pageId="129" pageNumber="1610">Echinotheridion gibberosum</emphasis>
|
||
(Kulczynski)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Tenerife. Functional contact of left male palp after emasculation. Sclerites keep palp fastened to epigynum. Cymbium locks behind, conductor in front of epigynal protruberance. Haematodochae not modified. Female parts dark, sclerites of male palp greyish. Scale bar: 0.2 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="00E6B4E0B3C2A7E7FF0BFC6FFC0FFC11" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228668" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5228668" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5228668/files/figure.png" pageId="130" pageNumber="1611" startId="130.[138,198,925,944]" targetBox="[142,1184,136,888]" targetPageId="130">
|
||
<paragraph id="5426E468B3C2A7E7FF0BFC6FFC0FFC11" blockId="130.[138,1185,925,970]" pageId="130" pageNumber="1611">
|
||
Figure 310.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="93999FEBB3C2A7E7FE89FC6FFDB7FC6B" authority="(Kulczynski)" baseAuthorityName="Kulczynski" baseAuthorityYear="1899" box="[264,638,925,944]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Echinotheridion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="130" pageNumber="1611" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gibberosum">
|
||
<emphasis id="66ED387AB3C2A7E7FE89FC6FFE32FC6B" box="[264,507,925,944]" italics="true" pageId="130" pageNumber="1611">Echinotheridion gibberosum</emphasis>
|
||
(Kulczynski)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Tenerife. Functional contact of male palp after emasculation. Palp comes to rest close to female coxal spurs, but without direct contact.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="5426E468B3C2A7E7FF0BFBA4FCDDFAEA" blockId="130.[138,1185,1110,1329]" pageId="130" pageNumber="1611">
|
||
<emphasis id="66ED387AB3C2A7E7FF0BFBA4FE7FFBB5" box="[138,438,1110,1134]" italics="true" pageId="130" pageNumber="1611">
|
||
Male (
|
||
<figureCitation id="CCA2F8EDB3C2A7E7FF63FBA4FE97FBB5" box="[226,350,1110,1134]" captionStart="Figures 290–294" captionStartId="125.[125,194,1251,1270]" captionTargetBox="[126,1171,133,1215]" captionTargetId="figure-121@125.[126,1172,133,1215]" captionTargetPageId="125" captionText="Figures 290–294. Echinotheridion gibberosum (Kulczynski) from Tenerife. (290, 291) Female guarding egg-sac. Habitus of male (293) and female (291, 292, 294) showing colour variation." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228656" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5228656/files/figure.png" pageId="130" pageNumber="1611">Figure 293</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="CCA2F8EDB3C2A7E7FEF8FBA4FE63FBB5" box="[377,426,1110,1134]" captionStart="Figures 305–308" captionStartId="128.[138,207,971,990]" captionTargetBox="[139,1184,133,935]" captionTargetId="figure-184@128.[139,1185,133,936]" captionTargetPageId="128" captionText="Figures 305–308. Echinotheridion gibberosum (Kulczynski) from Tenerife, copulatory behaviour in different pairs. (305, 306) Insertion, advanced phase, male’s legs already contracted. (307) Emasculation accomplished by female. Male palp fastened to epigynum while female feeds on his body. (308) Functional contact of male palp after emasculation. Haematodochae unmodified. Palpal sclerites serve as holdfast structures. Scale bar: 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228664" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5228664/files/figure.png" pageId="130" pageNumber="1611">305</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Carapace, chelicerae, gnathocoxae, labium, and sternum uniformly dark or reddish brown. Legs light to reddish brown, with some dark patches and annulations, sometimes largely suffused with grey. Distal parts of male palp dark to reddish brown. Abdomen usually dark or reddish brown, with a few white patches on dorsum, aboral area whitish with white stripe from apex to spinnerets. Epigaster dark to reddish brown, book lung covers yellow. Venter dark to reddish brown with two small white paramedian patches. Spinnerets dark to reddish brown.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="00E6B4E0B3C2A7E7FF0BFA51FBECFA6D" box="[138,1061,1443,1462]" pageId="130" pageNumber="1611" startId="130.[138,192,1443,1462]">
|
||
<paragraph id="5426E468B3C2A7E7FF0BFA51FBECFA6D" blockId="130.[138,1061,1443,1462]" box="[138,1061,1443,1462]" pageId="130" pageNumber="1611">
|
||
Table XXXIV. Leg measurements (mm) of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="93999FEBB3C2A7E7FDAAFA51FC51FA6D" authority="(Kulczynski)" baseAuthorityName="Kulczynski" baseAuthorityYear="1899" box="[555,920,1443,1462]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Echinotheridion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="130" pageNumber="1611" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gibberosum">
|
||
<emphasis id="66ED387AB3C2A7E7FDAAFA51FCD0FA6D" box="[555,793,1443,1462]" italics="true" pageId="130" pageNumber="1611">Echinotheridion gibberosum</emphasis>
|
||
(Kulczynski)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, female (
|
||
<emphasis id="66ED387AB3C2A7E7FC6FFA51FC30FA6D" box="[1006,1017,1443,1462]" italics="true" pageId="130" pageNumber="1611">n</emphasis>
|
||
51).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="5426E468B3C2A7E7FEC6FA2FFBA9F9A7" pageId="130" pageNumber="1611">
|
||
<table id="269916C8B3C2589AFF0BFA2FFBACF9A7" box="[138,1125,1501,1660]" colsContinueFrom="122.[138,1122,193,325]" colsContinueIn="131.[125,1109,193,325]" gridcols="7" gridrows="6" pageId="130" pageNumber="1611">
|
||
<tr id="EAA9E62AB3C2589AFF0BFA2FFBACFA2B" box="[138,1125,1501,1520]" gridrow="0" pageId="130" pageNumber="1611" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<th id="A9788F56B3C2589AFEBEFA2FFEA1FA2B" box="[319,360,1501,1520]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="130" pageNumber="1611">Fe</th>
|
||
<th id="A9788F56B3C2589AFE54FA2FFE37FA2B" box="[469,510,1501,1520]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="130" pageNumber="1611">Pa</th>
|
||
<th id="A9788F56B3C2589AFDEAFA2FFD5DFA2B" box="[619,660,1501,1520]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="130" pageNumber="1611">Ti</th>
|
||
<th id="A9788F56B3C2589AFC80FA2FFCE3FA2B" box="[769,810,1501,1520]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="130" pageNumber="1611">Mt</th>
|
||
<th id="A9788F56B3C2589AFC16FA2FFC09FA2B" box="[919,960,1501,1520]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="130" pageNumber="1611">Ta</th>
|
||
<th id="A9788F56B3C2589AFBB3FA2FFBACFA2B" box="[1074,1125,1501,1520]" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="130" pageNumber="1611">Total</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="EAA9E62AB3C2589AFF0BFA0DFBACF9C9" box="[138,1125,1535,1554]" gridrow="1" pageId="130" pageNumber="1611">
|
||
<th id="A9788F56B3C2589AFF0BFA0DFF7AF9C9" box="[138,179,1535,1554]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="130" pageNumber="1611">Palp</th>
|
||
<td id="A9788F56B3C2589AFEBEFA0DFEA1F9C9" box="[319,360,1535,1554]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="130" pageNumber="1611">0.35</td>
|
||
<td id="A9788F56B3C2589AFE54FA0DFE37F9C9" box="[469,510,1535,1554]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="130" pageNumber="1611">0.20</td>
|
||
<td id="A9788F56B3C2589AFDEAFA0DFD5DF9C9" box="[619,660,1535,1554]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="130" pageNumber="1611">0.20</td>
|
||
<td id="A9788F56B3C2589AFC80FA0DFCE3F9C9" box="[769,810,1535,1554]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="130" pageNumber="1611">–</td>
|
||
<td id="A9788F56B3C2589AFC16FA0DFC09F9C9" box="[919,960,1535,1554]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="130" pageNumber="1611">0.44</td>
|
||
<td id="A9788F56B3C2589AFBB3FA0DFBACF9C9" box="[1074,1125,1535,1554]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="130" pageNumber="1611">1.18</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="EAA9E62AB3C2589AFF0BF9EBFBACF9F7" box="[138,1125,1561,1580]" gridrow="2" pageId="130" pageNumber="1611">
|
||
<th id="A9788F56B3C2589AFF0BF9EBFF7AF9F7" box="[138,179,1561,1580]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="130" pageNumber="1611">I</th>
|
||
<td id="A9788F56B3C2589AFEBEF9EBFEA1F9F7" box="[319,360,1561,1580]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="130" pageNumber="1611">2.91</td>
|
||
<td id="A9788F56B3C2589AFE54F9EBFE37F9F7" box="[469,510,1561,1580]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="130" pageNumber="1611">0.62</td>
|
||
<td id="A9788F56B3C2589AFDEAF9EBFD5DF9F7" box="[619,660,1561,1580]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="130" pageNumber="1611">1.89</td>
|
||
<td id="A9788F56B3C2589AFC80F9EBFCE3F9F7" box="[769,810,1561,1580]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="130" pageNumber="1611">2.36</td>
|
||
<td id="A9788F56B3C2589AFC16F9EBFC09F9F7" box="[919,960,1561,1580]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="130" pageNumber="1611">0.84</td>
|
||
<td id="A9788F56B3C2589AFBB3F9EBFBACF9F7" box="[1074,1125,1561,1580]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="130" pageNumber="1611">8.62</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="EAA9E62AB3C2589AFF0BF9C6FBACF99C" box="[138,1125,1588,1607]" gridrow="3" pageId="130" pageNumber="1611">
|
||
<th id="A9788F56B3C2589AFF0BF9C6FF7AF99C" box="[138,179,1588,1607]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="130" pageNumber="1611">II</th>
|
||
<td id="A9788F56B3C2589AFEBEF9C6FEA1F99C" box="[319,360,1588,1607]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="130" pageNumber="1611">1.79</td>
|
||
<td id="A9788F56B3C2589AFE54F9C6FE37F99C" box="[469,510,1588,1607]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="130" pageNumber="1611">0.55</td>
|
||
<td id="A9788F56B3C2589AFDEAF9C6FD5DF99C" box="[619,660,1588,1607]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="130" pageNumber="1611">1.04</td>
|
||
<td id="A9788F56B3C2589AFC80F9C6FCE3F99C" box="[769,810,1588,1607]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="130" pageNumber="1611">1.39</td>
|
||
<td id="A9788F56B3C2589AFC16F9C6FC09F99C" box="[919,960,1588,1607]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="130" pageNumber="1611">0.65</td>
|
||
<td id="A9788F56B3C2589AFBB3F9C6FBACF99C" box="[1074,1125,1588,1607]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="130" pageNumber="1611">5.42</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="EAA9E62AB3C2589AFF0BF9BCFBACF9BA" box="[138,1125,1614,1633]" gridrow="4" pageId="130" pageNumber="1611">
|
||
<th id="A9788F56B3C2589AFF0BF9BCFF7AF9BA" box="[138,179,1614,1633]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="130" pageNumber="1611">III</th>
|
||
<td id="A9788F56B3C2589AFEBEF9BCFEA1F9BA" box="[319,360,1614,1633]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="130" pageNumber="1611">1.39</td>
|
||
<td id="A9788F56B3C2589AFE54F9BCFE37F9BA" box="[469,510,1614,1633]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="130" pageNumber="1611">0.47</td>
|
||
<td id="A9788F56B3C2589AFDEAF9BCFD5DF9BA" box="[619,660,1614,1633]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="130" pageNumber="1611">0.72</td>
|
||
<td id="A9788F56B3C2589AFC80F9BCFCE3F9BA" box="[769,810,1614,1633]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="130" pageNumber="1611">0.99</td>
|
||
<td id="A9788F56B3C2589AFC16F9BCFC09F9BA" box="[919,960,1614,1633]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="130" pageNumber="1611">0.57</td>
|
||
<td id="A9788F56B3C2589AFBB3F9BCFBACF9BA" box="[1074,1125,1614,1633]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="130" pageNumber="1611">4.15</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="EAA9E62AB3C2589AFF0BF99BFBACF9A7" box="[138,1125,1641,1660]" gridrow="5" pageId="130" pageNumber="1611">
|
||
<th id="A9788F56B3C2589AFF0BF99BFF7AF9A7" box="[138,179,1641,1660]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="130" pageNumber="1611">IV</th>
|
||
<td id="A9788F56B3C2589AFEBEF99BFEA1F9A7" box="[319,360,1641,1660]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="130" pageNumber="1611">2.48</td>
|
||
<td id="A9788F56B3C2589AFE54F99BFE37F9A7" box="[469,510,1641,1660]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="130" pageNumber="1611">0.65</td>
|
||
<td id="A9788F56B3C2589AFDEAF99BFD5DF9A7" box="[619,660,1641,1660]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="130" pageNumber="1611">1.42</td>
|
||
<td id="A9788F56B3C2589AFC80F99BFCE3F9A7" box="[769,810,1641,1660]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="130" pageNumber="1611">1.74</td>
|
||
<td id="A9788F56B3C2589AFC16F99BFC09F9A7" box="[919,960,1641,1660]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="130" pageNumber="1611">0.70</td>
|
||
<td id="A9788F56B3C2589AFBB3F99BFBACF9A7" box="[1074,1125,1641,1660]" gridcol="6" gridrow="5" pageId="130" pageNumber="1611">6.98</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="00E6B4E0B3C3A7E6FFFCFF74FBC9FF42" box="[125,1024,134,153]" pageId="131" pageNumber="1612" startId="131.[125,179,134,153]">
|
||
<paragraph id="5426E468B3C3A7E6FFFCFF74FBC9FF42" blockId="131.[125,1024,134,153]" box="[125,1024,134,153]" pageId="131" pageNumber="1612">
|
||
Table XXXV. Leg measurements (mm) of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="93999FEBB3C3A7E6FD96FF74FC4AFF42" authority="(Kulczynski)" baseAuthorityName="Kulczynski" baseAuthorityYear="1899" box="[535,899,134,153]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Echinotheridion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="131" pageNumber="1612" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gibberosum">
|
||
<emphasis id="66ED387AB3C3A7E6FD96FF74FCCDFF42" box="[535,772,134,153]" italics="true" pageId="131" pageNumber="1612">Echinotheridion gibberosum</emphasis>
|
||
(Kulczynski)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, male (
|
||
<emphasis id="66ED387AB3C3A7E6FC48FF74FC1DFF42" box="[969,980,134,153]" italics="true" pageId="131" pageNumber="1612">n</emphasis>
|
||
51).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="5426E468B3C3A7E6FE99FF33FB99FE9E" pageId="131" pageNumber="1612">
|
||
<table id="269916C8B3C3589AFFFCFF33FB9CFE9E" box="[125,1109,193,325]" colsContinueFrom="130.[138,1125,1501,1660]" gridcols="7" gridrows="5" pageId="131" pageNumber="1612">
|
||
<tr id="EAA9E62AB3C3589AFFFCFF33FB9CFF0F" box="[125,1109,193,212]" gridrow="0" pageId="131" pageNumber="1612" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<th id="A9788F56B3C3589AFE91FF33FEF0FF0F" box="[272,313,193,212]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="131" pageNumber="1612">Fe</th>
|
||
<th id="A9788F56B3C3589AFE2DFF33FE1CFF0F" box="[428,469,193,212]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="131" pageNumber="1612">Pa</th>
|
||
<th id="A9788F56B3C3589AFDC9FF33FDB8FF0F" box="[584,625,193,212]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="131" pageNumber="1612">Ti</th>
|
||
<th id="A9788F56B3C3589AFD65FF33FCC4FF0F" box="[740,781,193,212]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="131" pageNumber="1612">Mt</th>
|
||
<th id="A9788F56B3C3589AFC01FF33FC60FF0F" box="[896,937,193,212]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="131" pageNumber="1612">Ta</th>
|
||
<th id="A9788F56B3C3589AFBA3FF33FB9CFF0F" box="[1058,1109,193,212]" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="131" pageNumber="1612">Total</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="EAA9E62AB3C3589AFFFCFF10FB9CFF2E" box="[125,1109,226,245]" gridrow="1" pageId="131" pageNumber="1612">
|
||
<th id="A9788F56B3C3589AFFFCFF10FF5CFF2E" box="[125,149,226,245]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="131" pageNumber="1612">I</th>
|
||
<td id="A9788F56B3C3589AFE91FF10FEF0FF2E" box="[272,313,226,245]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="131" pageNumber="1612">1.15</td>
|
||
<td id="A9788F56B3C3589AFE2DFF10FE1CFF2E" box="[428,469,226,245]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="131" pageNumber="1612">0.31</td>
|
||
<td id="A9788F56B3C3589AFDC9FF10FDB8FF2E" box="[584,625,226,245]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="131" pageNumber="1612">0.77</td>
|
||
<td id="A9788F56B3C3589AFD65FF10FCC4FF2E" box="[740,781,226,245]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="131" pageNumber="1612">0.89</td>
|
||
<td id="A9788F56B3C3589AFC01FF10FC60FF2E" box="[896,937,226,245]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="131" pageNumber="1612">0.46</td>
|
||
<td id="A9788F56B3C3589AFBA3FF10FB9CFF2E" box="[1058,1109,226,245]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="131" pageNumber="1612">3.57</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="EAA9E62AB3C3589AFFFCFF0EFB9CFED4" box="[125,1109,252,271]" gridrow="2" pageId="131" pageNumber="1612">
|
||
<th id="A9788F56B3C3589AFFFCFF0EFF5CFED4" box="[125,149,252,271]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="131" pageNumber="1612">II</th>
|
||
<td id="A9788F56B3C3589AFE91FF0EFEF0FED4" box="[272,313,252,271]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="131" pageNumber="1612">0.69</td>
|
||
<td id="A9788F56B3C3589AFE2DFF0EFE1CFED4" box="[428,469,252,271]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="131" pageNumber="1612">0.25</td>
|
||
<td id="A9788F56B3C3589AFDC9FF0EFDB8FED4" box="[584,625,252,271]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="131" pageNumber="1612">0.42</td>
|
||
<td id="A9788F56B3C3589AFD65FF0EFCC4FED4" box="[740,781,252,271]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="131" pageNumber="1612">0.49</td>
|
||
<td id="A9788F56B3C3589AFC01FF0EFC60FED4" box="[896,937,252,271]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="131" pageNumber="1612">0.37</td>
|
||
<td id="A9788F56B3C3589AFBA3FF0EFB9CFED4" box="[1058,1109,252,271]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="131" pageNumber="1612">2.22</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="EAA9E62AB3C3589AFFFCFEE5FB9CFEF1" box="[125,1109,279,298]" gridrow="3" pageId="131" pageNumber="1612">
|
||
<th id="A9788F56B3C3589AFFFCFEE5FF5CFEF1" box="[125,149,279,298]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="131" pageNumber="1612">III</th>
|
||
<td id="A9788F56B3C3589AFE91FEE5FEF0FEF1" box="[272,313,279,298]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="131" pageNumber="1612">0.52</td>
|
||
<td id="A9788F56B3C3589AFE2DFEE5FE1CFEF1" box="[428,469,279,298]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="131" pageNumber="1612">0.21</td>
|
||
<td id="A9788F56B3C3589AFDC9FEE5FDB8FEF1" box="[584,625,279,298]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="131" pageNumber="1612">0.27</td>
|
||
<td id="A9788F56B3C3589AFD65FEE5FCC4FEF1" box="[740,781,279,298]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="131" pageNumber="1612">0.35</td>
|
||
<td id="A9788F56B3C3589AFC01FEE5FC60FEF1" box="[896,937,279,298]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="131" pageNumber="1612">0.32</td>
|
||
<td id="A9788F56B3C3589AFBA3FEE5FB9CFEF1" box="[1058,1109,279,298]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="131" pageNumber="1612">1.66</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="EAA9E62AB3C3589AFFFCFEC0FB9CFE9E" box="[125,1109,306,325]" gridrow="4" pageId="131" pageNumber="1612">
|
||
<th id="A9788F56B3C3589AFFFCFEC0FF5CFE9E" box="[125,149,306,325]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="131" pageNumber="1612">IV</th>
|
||
<td id="A9788F56B3C3589AFE91FEC0FEF0FE9E" box="[272,313,306,325]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="131" pageNumber="1612">0.83</td>
|
||
<td id="A9788F56B3C3589AFE2DFEC0FE1CFE9E" box="[428,469,306,325]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="131" pageNumber="1612">0.29</td>
|
||
<td id="A9788F56B3C3589AFDC9FEC0FDB8FE9E" box="[584,625,306,325]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="131" pageNumber="1612">0.45</td>
|
||
<td id="A9788F56B3C3589AFD65FEC0FCC4FE9E" box="[740,781,306,325]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="131" pageNumber="1612">0.53</td>
|
||
<td id="A9788F56B3C3589AFC01FEC0FC60FE9E" box="[896,937,306,325]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="131" pageNumber="1612">0.37</td>
|
||
<td id="A9788F56B3C3589AFBA3FEC0FB9CFE9E" box="[1058,1109,306,325]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="131" pageNumber="1612">2.46</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5426E468B3C3A7E6FFFCFE74FD57FE45" blockId="131.[125,670,390,414]" box="[125,670,390,414]" pageId="131" pageNumber="1612">
|
||
<emphasis id="66ED387AB3C3A7E6FFFCFE74FD57FE45" box="[125,670,390,414]" italics="true" pageId="131" pageNumber="1612">
|
||
Male palp (
|
||
<figureCitation id="CCA2F8EDB3C3A7E6FF7FFE74FEBDFE45" box="[254,372,390,414]" captionStart="Figures 7–10" captionStartId="6.[138,207,1027,1046]" captionTargetBox="[138,1185,135,992]" captionTargetId="figure-218@6.[138,1185,133,992]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figures 7–10. Male prosoma, in lateral (7, 9) and frontal view (8, 10). (7, 8) Tidarren argo Knoflach and van Harten from Yemen. (9) T. cuneolatum (Tullgren) from Yemen. (10) Echinotheridion gibberosum (Kulczynski) from Tenerife. Note high and steep clypeus and site of palp amputation with trochanter still present. Scale bars: 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228513" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5228513/files/figure.png" pageId="131" pageNumber="1612">Figures 10</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="CCA2F8EDB3C3A7E6FE03FE74FE2FFE45" box="[386,486,390,414]" captionStart="Figures 295–298" captionStartId="126.[138,207,1517,1536]" captionTargetBox="[186,1140,142,1481]" captionTargetId="figure-52@126.[182,1140,133,1481]" captionTargetPageId="126" captionText="Figures 295–298. Echinotheridion gibberosum (Kulczynski) from Tenerife. Right male palp, prolateral (295), dorsal (296), retrolateral-apical (297), and retrolateral view (298). Scale bar: 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228658" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5228658/files/figure.png" pageId="131" pageNumber="1612">295–298</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="CCA2F8EDB3C3A7E6FE72FE74FDE9FE45" box="[499,544,390,414]" captionStart="Figures 303, 304" captionStartId="127.[125,194,1635,1654]" captionTargetBox="[125,1172,1193,1600]" captionTargetId="figure-31@127.[125,1172,1193,1600]" captionTargetPageId="127" captionText="Figures 303, 304. Echinotheridion gibberosum (Kulczynski) from Tenerife. (303) Female epigynum in lateralventral view. (304) Male palp, apical view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228662" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5228662/files/figure.png" pageId="131" pageNumber="1612">304</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="CCA2F8EDB3C3A7E6FDAFFE74FD92FE45" box="[558,603,390,414]" captionStart="Figures 305–308" captionStartId="128.[138,207,971,990]" captionTargetBox="[139,1184,133,935]" captionTargetId="figure-184@128.[139,1185,133,936]" captionTargetPageId="128" captionText="Figures 305–308. Echinotheridion gibberosum (Kulczynski) from Tenerife, copulatory behaviour in different pairs. (305, 306) Insertion, advanced phase, male’s legs already contracted. (307) Emasculation accomplished by female. Male palp fastened to epigynum while female feeds on his body. (308) Functional contact of male palp after emasculation. Haematodochae unmodified. Palpal sclerites serve as holdfast structures. Scale bar: 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228664" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5228664/files/figure.png" pageId="131" pageNumber="1612">308</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="CCA2F8EDB3C3A7E6FDE8FE74FD5FFE45" box="[617,662,390,414]" captionStart="Figure 309" captionStartId="129.[125,185,1422,1441]" captionTargetBox="[129,1171,142,1380]" captionTargetId="figure-52@129.[126,1172,132,1386]" captionTargetPageId="129" captionText="Figure 309. Echinotheridion gibberosum (Kulczynski) from Tenerife. Functional contact of left male palp after emasculation. Sclerites keep palp fastened to epigynum. Cymbium locks behind, conductor in front of epigynal protruberance. Haematodochae not modified. Female parts dark, sclerites of male palp greyish. Scale bar: 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228666" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5228666/files/figure.png" pageId="131" pageNumber="1612">309</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5426E468B3C3A7E6FFFCFE45FBACFC4B" blockId="131.[125,1173,439,912]" pageId="131" pageNumber="1612">
|
||
Tibia ca 0.5 width of palpal organ at widest part (dorsal view); its base ca 0.3 width of distal rim (
|
||
<figureCitation id="CCA2F8EDB3C3A7E6FF38FE25FEF5FE34" box="[185,316,471,495]" captionStart="Figures 295–298" captionStartId="126.[138,207,1517,1536]" captionTargetBox="[186,1140,142,1481]" captionTargetId="figure-52@126.[182,1140,133,1481]" captionTargetPageId="126" captionText="Figures 295–298. Echinotheridion gibberosum (Kulczynski) from Tenerife. Right male palp, prolateral (295), dorsal (296), retrolateral-apical (297), and retrolateral view (298). Scale bar: 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228658" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5228658/files/figure.png" pageId="131" pageNumber="1612">Figure 296</figureCitation>
|
||
). Male palp pincer-shaped, owing to strongly protruding cymbium and conductor (
|
||
<figureCitation id="CCA2F8EDB3C3A7E6FE82FE05FE49FDD4" box="[259,384,503,527]" captionStart="Figures 7–10" captionStartId="6.[138,207,1027,1046]" captionTargetBox="[138,1185,135,992]" captionTargetId="figure-218@6.[138,1185,133,992]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figures 7–10. Male prosoma, in lateral (7, 9) and frontal view (8, 10). (7, 8) Tidarren argo Knoflach and van Harten from Yemen. (9) T. cuneolatum (Tullgren) from Yemen. (10) Echinotheridion gibberosum (Kulczynski) from Tenerife. Note high and steep clypeus and site of palp amputation with trochanter still present. Scale bars: 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228513" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5228513/files/figure.png" pageId="131" pageNumber="1612">Figures 10</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="CCA2F8EDB3C3A7E6FE0DFE05FE72FDD4" box="[396,443,503,527]" captionStart="Figures 295–298" captionStartId="126.[138,207,1517,1536]" captionTargetBox="[186,1140,142,1481]" captionTargetId="figure-52@126.[182,1140,133,1481]" captionTargetPageId="126" captionText="Figures 295–298. Echinotheridion gibberosum (Kulczynski) from Tenerife. Right male palp, prolateral (295), dorsal (296), retrolateral-apical (297), and retrolateral view (298). Scale bar: 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228658" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5228658/files/figure.png" pageId="131" pageNumber="1612">295</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="CCA2F8EDB3C3A7E6FE49FE05FE3EFDD4" box="[456,503,503,527]" captionStart="Figures 305–308" captionStartId="128.[138,207,971,990]" captionTargetBox="[139,1184,133,935]" captionTargetId="figure-184@128.[139,1185,133,936]" captionTargetPageId="128" captionText="Figures 305–308. Echinotheridion gibberosum (Kulczynski) from Tenerife, copulatory behaviour in different pairs. (305, 306) Insertion, advanced phase, male’s legs already contracted. (307) Emasculation accomplished by female. Male palp fastened to epigynum while female feeds on his body. (308) Functional contact of male palp after emasculation. Haematodochae unmodified. Palpal sclerites serve as holdfast structures. Scale bar: 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228664" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5228664/files/figure.png" pageId="131" pageNumber="1612">308</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="CCA2F8EDB3C3A7E6FD82FE05FDFDFDD4" box="[515,564,503,527]" captionStart="Figure 309" captionStartId="129.[125,185,1422,1441]" captionTargetBox="[129,1171,142,1380]" captionTargetId="figure-52@129.[126,1172,132,1386]" captionTargetPageId="129" captionText="Figure 309. Echinotheridion gibberosum (Kulczynski) from Tenerife. Functional contact of left male palp after emasculation. Sclerites keep palp fastened to epigynum. Cymbium locks behind, conductor in front of epigynal protruberance. Haematodochae not modified. Female parts dark, sclerites of male palp greyish. Scale bar: 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228666" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5228666/files/figure.png" pageId="131" pageNumber="1612">309</figureCitation>
|
||
). Cymbium ends in a hook-like, apical process and a hairy, narrow lobe, bearing tarsal organ and adjoining broad furrow of conductor (
|
||
<figureCitation id="CCA2F8EDB3C3A7E6FF04FDCAFECEFD8B" box="[133,263,568,592]" captionStart="Figures 295–298" captionStartId="126.[138,207,1517,1536]" captionTargetBox="[186,1140,142,1481]" captionTargetId="figure-52@126.[182,1140,133,1481]" captionTargetPageId="126" captionText="Figures 295–298. Echinotheridion gibberosum (Kulczynski) from Tenerife. Right male palp, prolateral (295), dorsal (296), retrolateral-apical (297), and retrolateral view (298). Scale bar: 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228658" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5228658/files/figure.png" pageId="131" pageNumber="1612">Figure 297</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="CCA2F8EDB3C3A7E6FE95FDCAFE89FD8B" box="[276,320,568,592]" captionStart="Figure 309" captionStartId="129.[125,185,1422,1441]" captionTargetBox="[129,1171,142,1380]" captionTargetId="figure-52@129.[126,1172,132,1386]" captionTargetPageId="129" captionText="Figure 309. Echinotheridion gibberosum (Kulczynski) from Tenerife. Functional contact of left male palp after emasculation. Sclerites keep palp fastened to epigynum. Cymbium locks behind, conductor in front of epigynal protruberance. Haematodochae not modified. Female parts dark, sclerites of male palp greyish. Scale bar: 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228666" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5228666/files/figure.png" pageId="131" pageNumber="1612">309</figureCitation>
|
||
arrow). Its apical margin is strongly incised (
|
||
<figureCitation id="CCA2F8EDB3C3A7E6FCCEFDCAFC1AFD8B" box="[847,979,568,592]" captionStart="Figures 295–298" captionStartId="126.[138,207,1517,1536]" captionTargetBox="[186,1140,142,1481]" captionTargetId="figure-52@126.[182,1140,133,1481]" captionTargetPageId="126" captionText="Figures 295–298. Echinotheridion gibberosum (Kulczynski) from Tenerife. Right male palp, prolateral (295), dorsal (296), retrolateral-apical (297), and retrolateral view (298). Scale bar: 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228658" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5228658/files/figure.png" pageId="131" pageNumber="1612">Figure 297</figureCitation>
|
||
). On retrolateral side another, less distinct, hairy projection (
|
||
<figureCitation id="CCA2F8EDB3C3A7E6FD13FDAAFCA8FDAB" box="[658,865,600,624]" captionStart="Figures 295–298" captionStartId="126.[138,207,1517,1536]" captionTargetBox="[186,1140,142,1481]" captionTargetId="figure-52@126.[182,1140,133,1481]" captionTargetPageId="126" captionText="Figures 295–298. Echinotheridion gibberosum (Kulczynski) from Tenerife. Right male palp, prolateral (295), dorsal (296), retrolateral-apical (297), and retrolateral view (298). Scale bar: 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228658" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5228658/files/figure.png" pageId="131" pageNumber="1612">Figures 297, 298</figureCitation>
|
||
). Bulbus ca
|
||
<quantity id="9361498DB3C3A7E6FC7FFDAAFB9FFDAB" box="[1022,1110,600,624]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="131" pageNumber="1612" unit="mm" value="0.4">0.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
long (including conductor) and
|
||
<quantity id="9361498DB3C3A7E6FE39FD8AFDD6FD4B" box="[440,543,632,656]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.3" pageId="131" pageNumber="1612" unit="mm" value="0.33">0.33 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide. Subtegulum and tegulum appear to be partially fused, though hard to recognize, connecting median haematodocha presumably reduced or at least inconspicuous. Distal rim of tegulum sclerotized and incised, with two small rounded, but indistinct projections (
|
||
<figureCitation id="CCA2F8EDB3C3A7E6FDB6FD2AFCC1FD2B" box="[567,776,728,752]" captionStart="Figures 295–298" captionStartId="126.[138,207,1517,1536]" captionTargetBox="[186,1140,142,1481]" captionTargetId="figure-52@126.[182,1140,133,1481]" captionTargetPageId="126" captionText="Figures 295–298. Echinotheridion gibberosum (Kulczynski) from Tenerife. Right male palp, prolateral (295), dorsal (296), retrolateral-apical (297), and retrolateral view (298). Scale bar: 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228658" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5228658/files/figure.png" pageId="131" pageNumber="1612">Figures 295, 296</figureCitation>
|
||
). Conductor strongly developed, curved, forming a lamella with broad, shallow furrow, its inside curved surface covered with tiny scales (
|
||
<figureCitation id="CCA2F8EDB3C3A7E6FE8AFCEAFE1DFCEB" box="[267,468,792,816]" captionStart="Figures 295–298" captionStartId="126.[138,207,1517,1536]" captionTargetBox="[186,1140,142,1481]" captionTargetId="figure-52@126.[182,1140,133,1481]" captionTargetPageId="126" captionText="Figures 295–298. Echinotheridion gibberosum (Kulczynski) from Tenerife. Right male palp, prolateral (295), dorsal (296), retrolateral-apical (297), and retrolateral view (298). Scale bar: 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228658" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5228658/files/figure.png" pageId="131" pageNumber="1612">Figures 295–298</figureCitation>
|
||
). Base of embolus slender and apparently lacking the two basal lobes present in all
|
||
<taxonomicName id="93999FEBB3C3A7E6FE28FCCAFDA8FC8B" box="[425,609,824,848]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Tidarren" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="131" pageNumber="1612" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="66ED387AB3C3A7E6FE28FCCAFDC1FC8B" box="[425,520,824,848]" italics="true" pageId="131" pageNumber="1612">Tidarren</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="CCA2F8EDB3C3A7E6FDF2FCCAFD3EFC8B" box="[627,759,824,848]" captionStart="Figures 295–298" captionStartId="126.[138,207,1517,1536]" captionTargetBox="[186,1140,142,1481]" captionTargetId="figure-52@126.[182,1140,133,1481]" captionTargetPageId="126" captionText="Figures 295–298. Echinotheridion gibberosum (Kulczynski) from Tenerife. Right male palp, prolateral (295), dorsal (296), retrolateral-apical (297), and retrolateral view (298). Scale bar: 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228658" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5228658/files/figure.png" pageId="131" pageNumber="1612">Figure 296</figureCitation>
|
||
), gradually passing into distal part. Distal part of embolus about
|
||
<quantity id="9361498DB3C3A7E6FE51FCAAFDB1FCAB" box="[464,632,856,880]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.55" metricValueMax="1.6" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="131" pageNumber="1612" unit="mm" value="0.155" valueMax="0.16" valueMin="0.15">0.15–0.16 mm</quantity>
|
||
long. Haematodochae not modified, basal one largely expanded, distal and presumably also median one vestigial (
|
||
<figureCitation id="CCA2F8EDB3C3A7E6FC11FC8AFB90FC4B" box="[912,1113,888,912]" captionStart-0="Figures 305–308" captionStart-1="Figure 309" captionStart-2="Figure 310" captionStartId-0="128.[138,207,971,990]" captionStartId-1="129.[125,185,1422,1441]" captionStartId-2="130.[138,198,925,944]" captionTargetBox-0="[139,1184,133,935]" captionTargetBox-1="[129,1171,142,1380]" captionTargetBox-2="[142,1184,136,888]" captionTargetId-0="figure-184@128.[139,1185,133,936]" captionTargetId-1="figure-52@129.[126,1172,132,1386]" captionTargetId-2="figure-103@130.[138,1186,133,889]" captionTargetPageId-0="128" captionTargetPageId-1="129" captionTargetPageId-2="130" captionText-0="Figures 305–308. Echinotheridion gibberosum (Kulczynski) from Tenerife, copulatory behaviour in different pairs. (305, 306) Insertion, advanced phase, male’s legs already contracted. (307) Emasculation accomplished by female. Male palp fastened to epigynum while female feeds on his body. (308) Functional contact of male palp after emasculation. Haematodochae unmodified. Palpal sclerites serve as holdfast structures. Scale bar: 0.2 mm." captionText-1="Figure 309. Echinotheridion gibberosum (Kulczynski) from Tenerife. Functional contact of left male palp after emasculation. Sclerites keep palp fastened to epigynum. Cymbium locks behind, conductor in front of epigynal protruberance. Haematodochae not modified. Female parts dark, sclerites of male palp greyish. Scale bar: 0.2 mm." captionText-2="Figure 310. Echinotheridion gibberosum (Kulczynski) from Tenerife. Functional contact of male palp after emasculation. Palp comes to rest close to female coxal spurs, but without direct contact." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228664" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228666" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228668" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/5228664/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/5228666/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/5228668/files/figure.png" pageId="131" pageNumber="1612">Figures 308–310</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5426E468B3C3A7E6FFFCFC3BFD7BFC3A" blockId="131.[125,690,969,993]" box="[125,690,969,993]" pageId="131" pageNumber="1612">
|
||
<emphasis id="66ED387AB3C3A7E6FFFCFC3BFD7BFC3A" box="[125,690,969,993]" italics="true" pageId="131" pageNumber="1612">
|
||
Epigynum, vulva (
|
||
<figureCitation id="CCA2F8EDB3C3A7E6FECCFC3BFE0AFC3A" box="[333,451,969,993]" captionStart="Figures 23–27" captionStartId="11.[125,194,1297,1316]" captionTargetBox="[127,1172,133,1261]" captionTargetId="figure-78@11.[125,1172,133,1261]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figures 23–27. (23, 24) Echinotheridion gibberosum (Kulczynski) from Tenerife. (25, 26) Tidarren argo Knoflach and van Harten from Yemen. (27) T. cuneolatum (Tullgren) from Yemen. (23) Female, ventral view. (24) Ditto, details of coxal spurs on legs IV and epigynum. (25–27) Epigynum, oblique aboral (25) and ventral view (26, 27). Scale bars: 0.5 mm (23); 0.2 mm (24, 25); 0.1 mm (26); 0.05 mm (27)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228519" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5228519/files/figure.png" pageId="131" pageNumber="1612">Figures 24</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="CCA2F8EDB3C3A7E6FE51FC3BFDFCFC3A" box="[464,565,969,993]" captionStart-0="Figures 299–302" captionStart-1="Figures 303, 304" captionStartId-0="127.[125,194,1101,1120]" captionStartId-1="127.[125,194,1635,1654]" captionTargetBox-0="[126,1172,139,1060]" captionTargetBox-1="[125,1172,1193,1600]" captionTargetId-0="figure-0@127.[125,1173,133,1065]" captionTargetId-1="figure-31@127.[125,1172,1193,1600]" captionTargetPageId-0="127" captionTargetPageId-1="127" captionText-0="Figures 299–302. Echinotheridion gibberosum (Kulczynski) from Tenerife. Female epigynum/vulva in lateral (299), ventral (300), aboral (301), and dorsal view (302). Arrow points to fertilization duct. Scale bars: 0.2 mm." captionText-1="Figures 303, 304. Echinotheridion gibberosum (Kulczynski) from Tenerife. (303) Female epigynum in lateralventral view. (304) Male palp, apical view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228660" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228662" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/5228660/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/5228662/files/figure.png" pageId="131" pageNumber="1612">299–303</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="CCA2F8EDB3C3A7E6FDC3FC3BFDA6FC3A" box="[578,623,969,993]" captionStart="Figures 305–308" captionStartId="128.[138,207,971,990]" captionTargetBox="[139,1184,133,935]" captionTargetId="figure-184@128.[139,1185,133,936]" captionTargetPageId="128" captionText="Figures 305–308. Echinotheridion gibberosum (Kulczynski) from Tenerife, copulatory behaviour in different pairs. (305, 306) Insertion, advanced phase, male’s legs already contracted. (307) Emasculation accomplished by female. Male palp fastened to epigynum while female feeds on his body. (308) Functional contact of male palp after emasculation. Haematodochae unmodified. Palpal sclerites serve as holdfast structures. Scale bar: 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228664" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5228664/files/figure.png" pageId="131" pageNumber="1612">308</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="CCA2F8EDB3C3A7E6FDFCFC3BFD63FC3A" box="[637,682,969,993]" captionStart="Figure 309" captionStartId="129.[125,185,1422,1441]" captionTargetBox="[129,1171,142,1380]" captionTargetId="figure-52@129.[126,1172,132,1386]" captionTargetPageId="129" captionText="Figure 309. Echinotheridion gibberosum (Kulczynski) from Tenerife. Functional contact of left male palp after emasculation. Sclerites keep palp fastened to epigynum. Cymbium locks behind, conductor in front of epigynal protruberance. Haematodochae not modified. Female parts dark, sclerites of male palp greyish. Scale bar: 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228666" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5228666/files/figure.png" pageId="131" pageNumber="1612">309</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5426E468B3C3A7E6FFFCFC08FB9EFAE8" blockId="131.[125,1173,1018,1331]" pageId="131" pageNumber="1612">
|
||
Epigynum a broadly rounded, heavily sclerotized protuberance (
|
||
<figureCitation id="CCA2F8EDB3C3A7E6FCEDFC08FC23FBC9" box="[876,1002,1018,1042]" captionStart="Figures 23–27" captionStartId="11.[125,194,1297,1316]" captionTargetBox="[127,1172,133,1261]" captionTargetId="figure-78@11.[125,1172,133,1261]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figures 23–27. (23, 24) Echinotheridion gibberosum (Kulczynski) from Tenerife. (25, 26) Tidarren argo Knoflach and van Harten from Yemen. (27) T. cuneolatum (Tullgren) from Yemen. (23) Female, ventral view. (24) Ditto, details of coxal spurs on legs IV and epigynum. (25–27) Epigynum, oblique aboral (25) and ventral view (26, 27). Scale bars: 0.5 mm (23); 0.2 mm (24, 25); 0.1 mm (26); 0.05 mm (27)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228519" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5228519/files/figure.png" pageId="131" pageNumber="1612">Figures 24</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="CCA2F8EDB3C3A7E6FC76FC08FBEFFBC9" box="[1015,1062,1018,1042]" captionStart="Figures 299–302" captionStartId="127.[125,194,1101,1120]" captionTargetBox="[126,1172,139,1060]" captionTargetId="figure-0@127.[125,1173,133,1065]" captionTargetPageId="127" captionText="Figures 299–302. Echinotheridion gibberosum (Kulczynski) from Tenerife. Female epigynum/vulva in lateral (299), ventral (300), aboral (301), and dorsal view (302). Arrow points to fertilization duct. Scale bars: 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228660" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5228660/files/figure.png" pageId="131" pageNumber="1612">299</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="CCA2F8EDB3C3A7E6FBB5FC08FBADFBC9" box="[1076,1124,1018,1042]" captionStart="Figures 303, 304" captionStartId="127.[125,194,1635,1654]" captionTargetBox="[125,1172,1193,1600]" captionTargetId="figure-31@127.[125,1172,1193,1600]" captionTargetPageId="127" captionText="Figures 303, 304. Echinotheridion gibberosum (Kulczynski) from Tenerife. (303) Female epigynum in lateralventral view. (304) Male palp, apical view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228662" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5228662/files/figure.png" pageId="131" pageNumber="1612">303</figureCitation>
|
||
), ca
|
||
<quantity id="9361498DB3C3A7E6FFFCFBE8FF1CFBE9" box="[125,213,1050,1074]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="131" pageNumber="1612" unit="mm" value="0.1">0.1 mm</quantity>
|
||
long in side view,
|
||
<quantity id="9361498DB3C3A7E6FE2FFBE8FDDDFBE9" box="[430,532,1050,1074]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="131" pageNumber="1612" unit="mm" value="0.25">0.25 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide in ventral view, longer than receptacula. Anterior declivity sclerotized, forming a transverse suboval plate, clearly delimited from surrounding integument (
|
||
<figureCitation id="CCA2F8EDB3C3A7E6FE9CFBA8FE39FBA9" box="[285,496,1114,1138]" captionStart="Figures 299–302" captionStartId="127.[125,194,1101,1120]" captionTargetBox="[126,1172,139,1060]" captionTargetId="figure-0@127.[125,1173,133,1065]" captionTargetPageId="127" captionText="Figures 299–302. Echinotheridion gibberosum (Kulczynski) from Tenerife. Female epigynum/vulva in lateral (299), ventral (300), aboral (301), and dorsal view (302). Arrow points to fertilization duct. Scale bars: 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228660" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5228660/files/figure.png" pageId="131" pageNumber="1612">Figures 299, 300</figureCitation>
|
||
) and from posterior membranous, whitish declivity. Copulatory orifices well separated (
|
||
<figureCitation id="CCA2F8EDB3C3A7E6FDB2FB88FD76FB49" box="[563,703,1146,1170]" captionStart="Figures 299–302" captionStartId="127.[125,194,1101,1120]" captionTargetBox="[126,1172,139,1060]" captionTargetId="figure-0@127.[125,1173,133,1065]" captionTargetPageId="127" captionText="Figures 299–302. Echinotheridion gibberosum (Kulczynski) from Tenerife. Female epigynum/vulva in lateral (299), ventral (300), aboral (301), and dorsal view (302). Arrow points to fertilization duct. Scale bars: 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228660" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5228660/files/figure.png" pageId="131" pageNumber="1612">Figures 300</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="CCA2F8EDB3C3A7E6FD53FB88FCCBFB49" box="[722,770,1146,1170]" captionStart="Figures 303, 304" captionStartId="127.[125,194,1635,1654]" captionTargetBox="[125,1172,1193,1600]" captionTargetId="figure-31@127.[125,1172,1193,1600]" captionTargetPageId="127" captionText="Figures 303, 304. Echinotheridion gibberosum (Kulczynski) from Tenerife. (303) Female epigynum in lateralventral view. (304) Male palp, apical view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228662" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5228662/files/figure.png" pageId="131" pageNumber="1612">303</figureCitation>
|
||
), situated at midline of anterior declivity, in ventral view at level of anterior end of receptacula. Copulatory ducts strongly sclerotized throughout, rather long (ca
|
||
<quantity id="9361498DB3C3A7E6FDBFFB48FD52FB09" box="[574,667,1210,1234]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="131" pageNumber="1612" unit="mm" value="0.4">0.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
), coiled and folded, with narrow lumen, but with gibbous walls, so diameter not evenly wide (
|
||
<figureCitation id="CCA2F8EDB3C3A7E6FD48FB29FC58FB28" box="[713,913,1243,1267]" captionStart="Figures 299–302" captionStartId="127.[125,194,1101,1120]" captionTargetBox="[126,1172,139,1060]" captionTargetId="figure-0@127.[125,1173,133,1065]" captionTargetPageId="127" captionText="Figures 299–302. Echinotheridion gibberosum (Kulczynski) from Tenerife. Female epigynum/vulva in lateral (299), ventral (300), aboral (301), and dorsal view (302). Arrow points to fertilization duct. Scale bars: 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228660" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5228660/files/figure.png" pageId="131" pageNumber="1612">Figures 300–302</figureCitation>
|
||
); coils visible through transparent integument of posterior declivity. Copulatory ducts turn posteriorly and enter receptacula at posterior side. Receptacula seminis
|
||
<quantity id="9361498DB3C3A7E6FD4AFAE9FCF8FAE8" box="[715,817,1307,1331]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="131" pageNumber="1612" unit="mm" value="0.15">0.15 mm</quantity>
|
||
long and
|
||
<quantity id="9361498DB3C3A7E6FC28FAE9FBD9FAE8" box="[937,1040,1307,1331]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="131" pageNumber="1612" unit="mm" value="0.13">0.13 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5426E468B3C3A7E6FFFCFA99FDF4FA58" blockId="131.[125,573,1387,1411]" box="[125,573,1387,1411]" pageId="131" pageNumber="1612">
|
||
<emphasis id="66ED387AB3C3A7E6FFFCFA99FDF4FA58" box="[125,573,1387,1411]" italics="true" pageId="131" pageNumber="1612">
|
||
Copulatory behaviour (
|
||
<figureCitation id="CCA2F8EDB3C3A7E6FEF8FA99FDFCFA58" box="[377,565,1387,1411]" captionStart-0="Figures 305–308" captionStart-1="Figure 309" captionStart-2="Figure 310" captionStartId-0="128.[138,207,971,990]" captionStartId-1="129.[125,185,1422,1441]" captionStartId-2="130.[138,198,925,944]" captionTargetBox-0="[139,1184,133,935]" captionTargetBox-1="[129,1171,142,1380]" captionTargetBox-2="[142,1184,136,888]" captionTargetId-0="figure-184@128.[139,1185,133,936]" captionTargetId-1="figure-52@129.[126,1172,132,1386]" captionTargetId-2="figure-103@130.[138,1186,133,889]" captionTargetPageId-0="128" captionTargetPageId-1="129" captionTargetPageId-2="130" captionText-0="Figures 305–308. Echinotheridion gibberosum (Kulczynski) from Tenerife, copulatory behaviour in different pairs. (305, 306) Insertion, advanced phase, male’s legs already contracted. (307) Emasculation accomplished by female. Male palp fastened to epigynum while female feeds on his body. (308) Functional contact of male palp after emasculation. Haematodochae unmodified. Palpal sclerites serve as holdfast structures. Scale bar: 0.2 mm." captionText-1="Figure 309. Echinotheridion gibberosum (Kulczynski) from Tenerife. Functional contact of left male palp after emasculation. Sclerites keep palp fastened to epigynum. Cymbium locks behind, conductor in front of epigynal protruberance. Haematodochae not modified. Female parts dark, sclerites of male palp greyish. Scale bar: 0.2 mm." captionText-2="Figure 310. Echinotheridion gibberosum (Kulczynski) from Tenerife. Functional contact of male palp after emasculation. Palp comes to rest close to female coxal spurs, but without direct contact." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228664" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228666" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228668" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/5228664/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/5228666/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/5228668/files/figure.png" pageId="131" pageNumber="1612">Figures 305–310</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5426E468B3C3A7E1FFFCFA6EFF1EFDD8" blockId="131.[125,1172,1436,1685]" lastBlockId="132.[138,1185,137,515]" lastPageId="132" lastPageNumber="1613" pageId="131" pageNumber="1612">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="93999FEBB3C3A7E6FFFCFA6EFE63FA6F" baseAuthorityName="Kulczynski" baseAuthorityYear="1899" box="[125,426,1436,1460]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Echinotheridion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="131" pageNumber="1612" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gibberosum">
|
||
<emphasis id="66ED387AB3C3A7E6FFFCFA6EFE63FA6F" box="[125,426,1436,1460]" italics="true" pageId="131" pageNumber="1612">Echinotheridion gibberosum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
shows a similar bizarre mode of copulation as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="93999FEBB3C3A7E6FC73FA6EFB44FA6F" box="[1010,1165,1436,1460]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Tidarren" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="131" pageNumber="1612" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="argo">
|
||
<emphasis id="66ED387AB3C3A7E6FC73FA6EFB44FA6F" box="[1010,1165,1436,1460]" italics="true" pageId="131" pageNumber="1612">Tidarren argo</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Copulation involves single usage of the male palp and regularly ends in exhaustion of the male, in emasculation and subsequent sexual cannibalism (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="30089999B3C3A7E6FCB6FA2EFC32FA2F" author="Knoflach B" box="[823,1019,1500,1524]" pageId="131" pageNumber="1612" pagination="139 - 144" refId="ref52704" refString="Knoflach B. 2002 a. Copulation and emasculation in Echinotheridion gibberosum (Kulczynski, 1899) (Araneae, Theridiidae). In: Toft S, Scharff N, editors. European Arachnology 2000: Proceedings of the 19 th European Colloquium of Arachnology (Aarhus, Oxford, Conneticut). p 139 - 144." type="book chapter" year="2002">Knoflach 2002a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Copulation proceeds via a mating thread. Unlike
|
||
<taxonomicName id="93999FEBB3C3A7E6FDA8FA0FFDB1F9CF" box="[553,632,1533,1556]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Tidarren" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="131" pageNumber="1612" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="argo">
|
||
<emphasis id="66ED387AB3C3A7E6FDA8FA0FFDB1F9CF" box="[553,632,1533,1556]" italics="true" pageId="131" pageNumber="1612">T. argo</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, emasculation does not take place immediately after application of the male palp. At first, there is a normal insertion for about 4 min on average, during which both partners are completely motionless (
|
||
<figureCitation id="CCA2F8EDB3C3A7E6FCFEF9CFFB85F98E" box="[895,1100,1597,1621]" captionStart="Figures 305–308" captionStartId="128.[138,207,971,990]" captionTargetBox="[139,1184,133,935]" captionTargetId="figure-184@128.[139,1185,133,936]" captionTargetPageId="128" captionText="Figures 305–308. Echinotheridion gibberosum (Kulczynski) from Tenerife, copulatory behaviour in different pairs. (305, 306) Insertion, advanced phase, male’s legs already contracted. (307) Emasculation accomplished by female. Male palp fastened to epigynum while female feeds on his body. (308) Functional contact of male palp after emasculation. Haematodochae unmodified. Palpal sclerites serve as holdfast structures. Scale bar: 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228664" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5228664/files/figure.png" pageId="131" pageNumber="1612">Figures 305, 306</figureCitation>
|
||
). The male seems to be dead, the female is cataleptic. When she awakes from her cataleptic state, she entangles the male and starts to turn around in circles. Emasculation takes more than 3 min, and the female has to try several times until she succeeds in breaking off the palp. The breaking point of the palp is usually between the tibia and tarsus, as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="93999FEBB3C4A7E1FBC5FF5BFB50FF1B" box="[1092,1177,169,192]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Tidarren" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="132" pageNumber="1613" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="argo">
|
||
<emphasis id="66ED387AB3C4A7E1FBC5FF5BFB50FF1B" box="[1092,1177,169,192]" italics="true" pageId="132" pageNumber="1613">T. argo</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Holdfast structures of the palp are sclerites, there is no haematodochal modification. These palpal sclerites clasp the epigynum like forceps, the hook-like apex of the cymbium locks on the membranous folds of the posterior declivity of the epigynum, and the conductor locks in front of the epigynal protruberance (
|
||
<figureCitation id="CCA2F8EDB3C4A7E1FDD1FED8FCD0FE99" box="[592,793,298,322]" captionStart-0="Figures 305–308" captionStart-1="Figure 309" captionStartId-0="128.[138,207,971,990]" captionStartId-1="129.[125,185,1422,1441]" captionTargetBox-0="[139,1184,133,935]" captionTargetBox-1="[129,1171,142,1380]" captionTargetId-0="figure-184@128.[139,1185,133,936]" captionTargetId-1="figure-52@129.[126,1172,132,1386]" captionTargetPageId-0="128" captionTargetPageId-1="129" captionText-0="Figures 305–308. Echinotheridion gibberosum (Kulczynski) from Tenerife, copulatory behaviour in different pairs. (305, 306) Insertion, advanced phase, male’s legs already contracted. (307) Emasculation accomplished by female. Male palp fastened to epigynum while female feeds on his body. (308) Functional contact of male palp after emasculation. Haematodochae unmodified. Palpal sclerites serve as holdfast structures. Scale bar: 0.2 mm." captionText-1="Figure 309. Echinotheridion gibberosum (Kulczynski) from Tenerife. Functional contact of left male palp after emasculation. Sclerites keep palp fastened to epigynum. Cymbium locks behind, conductor in front of epigynal protruberance. Haematodochae not modified. Female parts dark, sclerites of male palp greyish. Scale bar: 0.2 mm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228664" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228666" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/5228664/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/5228666/files/figure.png" pageId="132" pageNumber="1613">Figures 307–309</figureCitation>
|
||
). The male palp remains fastened to the epigynum for 5 h on average (up to 11 h) while the female is occupied with mate consumption (
|
||
<figureCitation id="CCA2F8EDB3C4A7E1FEB3FE98FE7FFE59" box="[306,438,362,386]" captionStart="Figures 305–308" captionStartId="128.[138,207,971,990]" captionTargetBox="[139,1184,133,935]" captionTargetId="figure-184@128.[139,1185,133,936]" captionTargetPageId="128" captionText="Figures 305–308. Echinotheridion gibberosum (Kulczynski) from Tenerife, copulatory behaviour in different pairs. (305, 306) Insertion, advanced phase, male’s legs already contracted. (307) Emasculation accomplished by female. Male palp fastened to epigynum while female feeds on his body. (308) Functional contact of male palp after emasculation. Haematodochae unmodified. Palpal sclerites serve as holdfast structures. Scale bar: 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228664" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5228664/files/figure.png" pageId="132" pageNumber="1613">Figure 307</figureCitation>
|
||
). The function of the coxal spurs on legs IV (
|
||
<figureCitation id="CCA2F8EDB3C4A7E1FC4EFE98FBB0FE59" box="[975,1145,362,386]" captionStart="Figures 23–27" captionStartId="11.[125,194,1297,1316]" captionTargetBox="[127,1172,133,1261]" captionTargetId="figure-78@11.[125,1172,133,1261]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figures 23–27. (23, 24) Echinotheridion gibberosum (Kulczynski) from Tenerife. (25, 26) Tidarren argo Knoflach and van Harten from Yemen. (27) T. cuneolatum (Tullgren) from Yemen. (23) Female, ventral view. (24) Ditto, details of coxal spurs on legs IV and epigynum. (25–27) Epigynum, oblique aboral (25) and ventral view (26, 27). Scale bars: 0.5 mm (23); 0.2 mm (24, 25); 0.1 mm (26); 0.05 mm (27)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228519" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5228519/files/figure.png" pageId="132" pageNumber="1613">Figures 23, 24</figureCitation>
|
||
) of the female remains uncertain, as they seem to not be necessary for genital coupling (
|
||
<figureCitation id="CCA2F8EDB3C4A7E1FF13FE59FEDFFE18" box="[146,278,427,451]" captionStart="Figure 310" captionStartId="130.[138,198,925,944]" captionTargetBox="[142,1184,136,888]" captionTargetId="figure-103@130.[138,1186,133,889]" captionTargetPageId="130" captionText="Figure 310. Echinotheridion gibberosum (Kulczynski) from Tenerife. Functional contact of male palp after emasculation. Palp comes to rest close to female coxal spurs, but without direct contact." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228668" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5228668/files/figure.png" pageId="132" pageNumber="1613">Figure 310</figureCitation>
|
||
). Remarkably, the first observation on the copulatory behaviour of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="93999FEBB3C4A7E1FB06FE59FEC8FE38" baseAuthorityName="Kulczynski" baseAuthorityYear="1899" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Echinotheridion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="132" pageNumber="1613" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gibberosum">
|
||
<emphasis id="66ED387AB3C4A7E1FB06FE59FEC8FE38" italics="true" pageId="132" pageNumber="1613">E. gibberosum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was mistaken as a heterospecific copulation between two genera (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="30089999B3C4A7E1FBBCFE39FF03FDD8" author="Schmidt G" pageId="132" pageNumber="1613" pagination="229 - 232" refId="ref53598" refString="Schmidt G. 1980. Beobachtung einer Kopulation zwischen Spinnen zweier Gattungen. Verhandlungen 8, Internationaler Arachnologen-Kongress Wien 1980: 229 - 232." type="journal article" year="1980">Schmidt 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5426E468B3C4A7E1FF0BFDBBFD8EFDBA" blockId="132.[138,583,585,609]" box="[138,583,585,609]" pageId="132" pageNumber="1613">
|
||
<emphasis id="66ED387AB3C4A7E1FF0BFDBBFD8EFDBA" box="[138,583,585,609]" italics="true" pageId="132" pageNumber="1613">
|
||
Natural history (
|
||
<figureCitation id="CCA2F8EDB3C4A7E1FEC3FDBBFE00FDBA" box="[322,457,585,609]" captionStart="Figures 3–6" captionStartId="5.[125,194,1393,1412]" captionTargetBox="[126,1171,133,1356]" captionTargetId="figure-77@5.[126,1172,133,1357]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figures 3–6. Subadult males. (3, 4) Echinotheridion gibberosum (Kulczynski) from Tenerife. (3) Ecdysis just completed, male suspended on moulting thread, both palps present. (4) Palp amputation accomplished; arrow points to detached palp. (5, 6) Tidarren sisyphoides (Walckenaer) from Mexico. (5) Early phase of amputation, circling. (6) Amputated palp already sucked out." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228511" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5228511/files/figure.png" pageId="132" pageNumber="1613">Figures 3, 4</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="CCA2F8EDB3C4A7E1FE56FDBBFDF7FDBA" box="[471,574,585,609]" captionStart="Figures 290–294" captionStartId="125.[125,194,1251,1270]" captionTargetBox="[126,1171,133,1215]" captionTargetId="figure-121@125.[126,1172,133,1215]" captionTargetPageId="125" captionText="Figures 290–294. Echinotheridion gibberosum (Kulczynski) from Tenerife. (290, 291) Female guarding egg-sac. Habitus of male (293) and female (291, 292, 294) showing colour variation." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228656" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5228656/files/figure.png" pageId="132" pageNumber="1613">290, 291</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5426E468B3C4A7E1FF0BFD88FBC8FCE8" blockId="132.[138,1185,634,819]" pageId="132" pageNumber="1613">
|
||
In Tenerife, the webs of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="93999FEBB3C4A7E1FE2FFD88FD1EFD49" baseAuthorityName="Kulczynski" baseAuthorityYear="1899" box="[430,727,634,658]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Echinotheridion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="132" pageNumber="1613" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gibberosum">
|
||
<emphasis id="66ED387AB3C4A7E1FE2FFD88FD1EFD49" box="[430,727,634,658]" italics="true" pageId="132" pageNumber="1613">Echinotheridion gibberosum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were found at a height of about
|
||
<quantity id="9361498DB3C4A7E1FBDAFD88FB68FD49" box="[1115,1185,634,658]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="132" pageNumber="1613" unit="m" value="1.5" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="1.0">1–2 m</quantity>
|
||
on tree trunks and between large branches. The spiders are concealed in their large retreats, which consist mainly of debris. The egg-sac has a parchment-like light brown envelope (
|
||
<figureCitation id="CCA2F8EDB3C4A7E1FF13FD29FE97FD28" box="[146,350,731,755]" captionStart="Figures 290–294" captionStartId="125.[125,194,1251,1270]" captionTargetBox="[126,1171,133,1215]" captionTargetId="figure-121@125.[126,1172,133,1215]" captionTargetPageId="125" captionText="Figures 290–294. Echinotheridion gibberosum (Kulczynski) from Tenerife. (290, 291) Female guarding egg-sac. Habitus of male (293) and female (291, 292, 294) showing colour variation." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228656" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5228656/files/figure.png" pageId="132" pageNumber="1613">Figures 290, 291</figureCitation>
|
||
). In some of the retreats cocoons of the pirate spider
|
||
<taxonomicName id="93999FEBB3C4A7E1FC5FFD29FB68FD28" box="[990,1185,731,755]" class="Arachnida" family="Mimetidae" genus="Ero" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="132" pageNumber="1613" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="66ED387AB3C4A7E1FC5FFD29FBCDFD29" box="[990,1028,731,754]" italics="true" pageId="132" pageNumber="1613">Ero</emphasis>
|
||
(Mimetidae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were also found, which may indicate possible predation by this araneophagic spider. For palp amputation (
|
||
<figureCitation id="CCA2F8EDB3C4A7E1FEDAFCE9FE2EFCE8" box="[347,487,795,819]" captionStart="Figures 3–6" captionStartId="5.[125,194,1393,1412]" captionTargetBox="[126,1171,133,1356]" captionTargetId="figure-77@5.[126,1172,133,1357]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figures 3–6. Subadult males. (3, 4) Echinotheridion gibberosum (Kulczynski) from Tenerife. (3) Ecdysis just completed, male suspended on moulting thread, both palps present. (4) Palp amputation accomplished; arrow points to detached palp. (5, 6) Tidarren sisyphoides (Walckenaer) from Mexico. (5) Early phase of amputation, circling. (6) Amputated palp already sucked out." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228511" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5228511/files/figure.png" pageId="132" pageNumber="1613">Figures 3, 4</figureCitation>
|
||
) see generic diagnosis and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="30089999B3C4A7E1FCA8FCE9FC34FCE8" author="Knoflach B" box="[809,1021,795,819]" pageId="132" pageNumber="1613" pagination="139 - 144" refId="ref52704" refString="Knoflach B. 2002 a. Copulation and emasculation in Echinotheridion gibberosum (Kulczynski, 1899) (Araneae, Theridiidae). In: Toft S, Scharff N, editors. European Arachnology 2000: Proceedings of the 19 th European Colloquium of Arachnology (Aarhus, Oxford, Conneticut). p 139 - 144." type="book chapter" year="2002">Knoflach (2002a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5426E468B3C4A7E1FF0BFC8BFEC2FC4A" blockId="132.[138,267,889,913]" box="[138,267,889,913]" pageId="132" pageNumber="1613">
|
||
<emphasis id="66ED387AB3C4A7E1FF0BFC8BFEC2FC4A" box="[138,267,889,913]" italics="true" pageId="132" pageNumber="1613">Distribution</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5426E468B3C4A7E1FF0BFC58FED8FBD9" blockId="132.[138,1185,938,1026]" pageId="132" pageNumber="1613">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="93999FEBB3C4A7E1FF0BFC58FE7BFC19" baseAuthorityName="Kulczynski" baseAuthorityYear="1899" box="[138,434,938,962]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Echinotheridion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="132" pageNumber="1613" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gibberosum">
|
||
<emphasis id="66ED387AB3C4A7E1FF0BFC58FE7BFC19" box="[138,434,938,962]" italics="true" pageId="132" pageNumber="1613">Echinotheridion gibberosum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is known only from laurel forests or mixed pine and laurel forests in Madeira and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="965D2A8AB3C4A7E1FEC0FC38FE25FC39" box="[321,492,970,994]" country="Spain" name="Canarias" pageId="132" pageNumber="1613">Canary Islands</collectingRegion>
|
||
and appears to be the only representative of the genus in the Old World.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |