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<document id="09A26CEE2B316BCBE9BDA24BA5C396C7" ID-DOI="10.1080/00222930600940993" ID-ISSN="1464-5262" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5228505" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1629447346846" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Knoflach, Barbara &amp; Harten, Antonius Van" docDate="2006" docId="DC30557EB336A719FE15FD89FDE7FD9F" docLanguage="en" docName="JNatHist.40.25-26.1483-1616.pdf" docOrigin="Journal of Natural History 40 (25 - 26)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930600940993" docStyle="DocumentStyle:7E99CF6C63B49250F2A87C3AEDC82D8C.2:JNatHist.2005-2007.journal_article.2cover" docStyleId="7E99CF6C63B49250F2A87C3AEDC82D8C" docStyleName="JNatHist.2005-2007.journal_article.2cover" docStyleVersion="2" docTitle="Tidarren sisyphoides" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="1605" masterDocId="20092D06B340A765FF81FFF2FFC9FFDB" masterDocTitle="The one-palped spider genera Tidarren and Echinotheridion in the Old World (Araneae, Theridiidae), with comparative remarks on Tidarren from America" masterLastPageNumber="1616" masterPageNumber="1483" pageNumber="1599" updateTime="1699553799685" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="8D9DE17AA9B8FFEB83E3AAB3E4101997">The one-palped spider genera Tidarren and Echinotheridion in the Old World (Araneae, Theridiidae), with comparative remarks on Tidarren from America</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="319038829721998BFBEC22E3B570C158">Knoflach, Barbara</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="FD95BE17D86127987106B3C1EF3F661B">Harten, Antonius Van</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="85175E365A26A25DDB5FDF39B79B4A03">Journal of Natural History</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="07FE4750E80588FC2A3DDEA09D0D9735">2006</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="A0D8988A737D0091FAAA1C65A8D18E80">2006-10-19</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="E6729248EFBB078FBB40C5D46163062A">40</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="2136B28E96E3C7FCAA7ED1474192E58F">25 - 26</mods:number>
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<paragraph id="5426E468B336A713FE15FD89FC5EFD48" blockId="118.[138,1028,635,789]" box="[404,919,635,659]" pageId="118" pageNumber="1599">
<heading id="0F6E5304B336A713FE15FD89FC5EFD48" box="[404,919,635,659]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="118" pageNumber="1599" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="93999FEBB336A713FE15FD89FC5EFD48" ID-CoL="56VR7" authority="(Walckenaer, 1842)" baseAuthorityName="Walckenaer" baseAuthorityYear="1842" box="[404,919,635,659]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Tidarren" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="118" pageNumber="1599" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sisyphoides">
<emphasis id="66ED387AB336A713FE15FD89FD6EFD48" bold="true" box="[404,679,635,659]" italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="1599">Tidarren sisyphoides</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="30089999B336A713FD39FD89FC59FD48" author="Walckenaer CA" box="[696,912,635,659]" pageId="118" pageNumber="1599" refId="ref54009" refString="Walckenaer CA. 1842. Histoire naturelle des Insects: Apteres. Volume 2. Paris: Roret. 549 p." type="book" year="1842">Walckenaer, 1842</bibRefCitation>
)
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</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="1C83B7E3B336A713FEC5FD69FBCDFD68" box="[324,1028,667,691]" pageId="118" pageNumber="1599" type="description">
<paragraph id="5426E468B336A713FEC5FD69FBCDFD68" blockId="118.[138,1028,635,789]" box="[324,1028,667,691]" pageId="118" pageNumber="1599">
(
<figureCitation id="CCA2F8EDB336A713FECDFD69FE71FD68" box="[332,440,667,691]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[125,185,1637,1656]" captionTargetBox="[330,967,666,1601]" captionTargetId="figure-168@3.[330,968,666,1601]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Tidarren sisyphoides (Walckenaer) from Mexico. (a) Female left, male right; (b) dead male after copulation with right palp still inflated. Note size dimorphism of male compared with female tibia IV." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228507" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5228507/files/figure.png" pageId="118" pageNumber="1599">Figures 1</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="CCA2F8EDB336A713FE49FD69FE30FD68" box="[456,505,667,691]" captionStart="Figures 3–6" captionStartId="5.[125,194,1393,1412]" captionTargetBox="[126,1171,133,1356]" captionTargetId="figure-77@5.[126,1172,133,1357]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figures 3–6. Subadult males. (3, 4) Echinotheridion gibberosum (Kulczynski) from Tenerife. (3) Ecdysis just completed, male suspended on moulting thread, both palps present. (4) Palp amputation accomplished; arrow points to detached palp. (5, 6) Tidarren sisyphoides (Walckenaer) from Mexico. (5) Early phase of amputation, circling. (6) Amputated palp already sucked out." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228511" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5228511/files/figure.png" pageId="118" pageNumber="1599">5, 6</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="CCA2F8EDB336A713FD86FD69FDEEFD68" box="[519,551,667,691]" captionStart="Figures 37–40" captionStartId="13.[125,194,1162,1181]" captionTargetBox="[125,1172,135,1127]" captionTargetId="figure-149@13.[125,1172,133,1127]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figures 37–40. (37) Tidarren sisyphoides (Walckenaer) from Mexico. (38) T. argo Knoflach and van Harten from Yemen. (39, 40) Echinotheridion gibberosum (Kulczynski) from Tenerife. (37) Male epigaster with five epiandrous gland spigots. (38) Male spinnerets, colulus absent. (39, 40). Female spinnerets. Note absence of colulus and colular setae, a synapomorphy of Theridiinae according to Agnarsson (2004), and presence of large, compressed spigots of glandulae aggregatae on posterior lateral spinnerets, typical of Theridiidae. Scale bars: 0.02 mm (37); 0.05 mm (38); 0.2 mm (39); 0.1 mm (40)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228523" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5228523/files/figure.png" pageId="118" pageNumber="1599">37</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="CCA2F8EDB336A713FDB4FD69FDADFD68" box="[565,612,667,691]" captionStart="Figures 265, 266" captionStartId="113.[125,194,869,888]" captionTargetBox="[131,1172,139,833]" captionTargetId="figure-239@113.[125,1173,133,834]" captionTargetPageId="113" captionText="Figures 265, 266. Right male palp, dorsal view. (265) Tidarren haemorrhoidale (Bertkau) from Mexico. (266) T. sisyphoides (Walckenaer) from Costa Rica. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228641" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5228641/files/figure.png" pageId="118" pageNumber="1599">266</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="CCA2F8EDB336A713FDF3FD69FD13FD68" box="[626,730,667,691]" captionStart-0="Figures 276–279" captionStart-1="Figures 280–283" captionStart-2="Figures 284, 285" captionStart-3="Figures 286–289" captionStartId-0="119.[125,194,1482,1501]" captionStartId-1="120.[138,207,998,1017]" captionStartId-2="120.[138,207,1636,1655]" captionStartId-3="121.[125,194,1025,1044]" captionTargetBox-0="[150,1164,149,1438]" captionTargetBox-1="[139,1185,138,955]" captionTargetBox-2="[138,1185,1214,1600]" captionTargetBox-3="[126,1171,133,988]" captionTargetId-0="figure-71@119.[125,1173,133,1446]" captionTargetId-1="figure-1@120.[138,1186,133,962]" captionTargetId-2="figure-27@120.[138,1185,1214,1600]" captionTargetId-3="figure-50@121.[126,1172,133,989]" captionTargetPageId-0="119" captionTargetPageId-1="120" captionTargetPageId-2="120" captionTargetPageId-3="121" captionText-0="Figures 276–279. Tidarren sisyphoides (Walckenaer) from Costa Rica. Right male palp, apical (276–277), retrolateral (278), and prolateral-apical view (279). Scale bars: 0.1 mm." captionText-1="Figures 280–283. Tidarren sisyphoides (Walckenaer) from USA, Georgia. Female epigynum/vulva in ventral (280), lateral (281), dorsal (282), and aboral view (283). Scale bar: 0.2 mm." captionText-2="Figures 284, 285. Tidarren sisyphoides (Walckenaer) from Mexico. (284) Female epigynum, ventral view. (285) Detail of male palp, distal part of cymbium and conductor. Scale bars: 0.1 (284); 0.05 mm (285)." captionText-3="Figures 286–289. Tidarren sisyphoides (Walckenaer) from Mexico, copulatory behaviour. (286) Male palpating female sternum. (287, 289) Copulation, contracted legs of male indicate his death. (289) Another male waiting for a chance. (288) Female removes dead male and casts him away. Sexual cannibalism absent." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228647" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228649" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228651" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228654" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/5228647/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/5228649/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/5228651/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/5228654/files/figure.png" pageId="118" pageNumber="1599">276–289</figureCitation>
; Tables XXXII, XXXIII)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1C83B7E3B336A713FF0BFD4EFD93FCCE" pageId="118" pageNumber="1599" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="5426E468B336A713FF0BFD4EFCD8FD0F" blockId="118.[138,1028,635,789]" box="[138,785,700,724]" pageId="118" pageNumber="1599">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="7489C346B336A713FF0BFD4EFCD8FD0F" box="[138,785,700,724]" pageId="118" pageNumber="1599">
<treatmentCitation id="D538C279B336A713FF0BFD4EFD55FD0F" author="Walckenaer CA" box="[138,668,700,724]" page="321" pageId="118" pageNumber="1599" year="1842">
<taxonomicName id="93999FEBB336A713FF0BFD4EFD55FD0F" authority="Walckenaer 1842, p 321" authorityName="Walckenaer" authorityPageNumber="321" authorityYear="1842" box="[138,668,700,724]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Theridion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="118" pageNumber="1599" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sisyphoides">
<emphasis id="66ED387AB336A713FF0BFD4EFEB9FD0F" box="[138,368,700,724]" italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="1599">Theridion sisyphoides</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="30089999B336A713FEF8FD4EFD8EFD0F" author="Walckenaer CA" box="[377,583,700,724]" pageId="118" pageNumber="1599" refId="ref54009" refString="Walckenaer CA. 1842. Histoire naturelle des Insects: Apteres. Volume 2. Paris: Roret. 549 p." type="book" year="1842">Walckenaer 1842</bibRefCitation>
, p 321
</taxonomicName>
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; n. sp., 
<specimenCount id="429F2FE1B336A713FD7AFD4DFCC0FD08" box="[763,777,703,723]" pageId="118" pageNumber="1599" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
.
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5426E468B336A713FF0BFD2EFCAFFD2F" blockId="118.[138,1028,635,789]" box="[138,870,732,756]" pageId="118" pageNumber="1599">
<taxonomicName id="93999FEBB336A713FF0BFD2EFDF9FD2F" authority="(Keyserling 1884)" baseAuthorityName="Keyserling" baseAuthorityYear="1884" box="[138,560,732,756]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Theridium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="118" pageNumber="1599" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fordum">
<emphasis id="66ED387AB336A713FF0BFD2EFE99FD2F" box="[138,336,732,756]" italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="1599">Theridium fordum</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="30089999B336A713FEE0FD2EFDEEFD2F" author="Keyserling E" box="[353,551,732,756]" pageId="118" pageNumber="1599" refId="ref52680" refString="Keyserling E. 1884. Die Spinnen Amerikas II. Theridiidae. Volume 1. Nurnberg, Bauer &amp; Raspe. 222 p." type="book" year="1884">Keyserling 1884</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, p 23, Plate 1, 
<figureCitation id="CCA2F8EDB336A713FD60FD2EFC8BFD2F" box="[737,834,732,756]" captionStart="Figures 7–10" captionStartId="6.[138,207,1027,1046]" captionTargetBox="[138,1185,135,992]" captionTargetId="figure-218@6.[138,1185,133,992]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figures 7–10. Male prosoma, in lateral (7, 9) and frontal view (8, 10). (7, 8) Tidarren argo Knoflach and van Harten from Yemen. (9) T. cuneolatum (Tullgren) from Yemen. (10) Echinotheridion gibberosum (Kulczynski) from Tenerife. Note high and steep clypeus and site of palp amputation with trochanter still present. Scale bars: 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228513" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5228513/files/figure.png" pageId="118" pageNumber="1599">Figure 9</figureCitation>
, 
<specimenCount id="429F2FE1B336A713FCD1FD2DFC97FD28" box="[848,862,735,755]" pageId="118" pageNumber="1599" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5426E468B336A713FF0BFD0FFD93FCCE" blockId="118.[138,1028,635,789]" box="[138,602,765,789]" pageId="118" pageNumber="1599">
Further synonyms: see 
<bibRefCitation id="30089999B336A713FE1DFD0FFD9FFCCE" author="Platnick NI" box="[412,598,765,789]" pageId="118" pageNumber="1599" refId="ref53348" refString="Platnick NI. 2006. The world spider catalogue. Version 6.5. American Museum of Natural History. http: // research. amnh. org / entomology / spiders / catalog / INTRO 1. html." type="url" year="2006">Platnick (2006)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1C83B7E3B336A719FF0BFCBFFDE7FD9F" lastPageId="124" lastPageNumber="1605" pageId="118" pageNumber="1599" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="5426E468B336A713FF0BFCBFFE91FCBE" blockId="118.[138,344,845,869]" box="[138,344,845,869]" pageId="118" pageNumber="1599">
<emphasis id="66ED387AB336A713FF0BFCBFFE91FCBE" box="[138,344,845,869]" italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="1599">Material examined</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5426E468B336A713FF0BFC8FFBA4FBCE" blockId="118.[138,1185,893,1045]" pageId="118" pageNumber="1599">
<materialsCitation id="E4F1EE35B336A713FF0BFC8FFB99FC4E" box="[138,1104,893,917]" collectingDate="1977-08-17" collectorName="Kubelbock." country="El Salvador" location="Tazamal" pageId="118" pageNumber="1599" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="Santa Ana">
<emphasis id="66ED387AB336A713FF0BFC8FFEE8FC4E" bold="true" box="[138,289,893,917]" pageId="118" pageNumber="1599">
<collectingCountry id="2C8EA4F8B336A713FF0BFC8FFEE8FC4E" box="[138,289,893,917]" name="El Salvador" pageId="118" pageNumber="1599">El Salvador</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
: 
<specimenCount id="429F2FE1B336A713FEB0FC8FFE87FC4F" box="[305,334,893,917]" pageId="118" pageNumber="1599" type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
CTh, 
<location id="5146B2B3B336A713FE1CFC8FFDC8FC4E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DC30557EB336A719FE15FD89FDE7FD9F:5146B2B3B336A713FE1CFC8FFDC8FC4E" box="[413,513,893,917]" country="El Salvador" name="Tazamal" pageId="118" pageNumber="1599" stateProvince="Santa Ana">Tazamal</location>
near 
<collectingRegion id="965D2A8AB336A713FDC4FC8FFD08FC4E" box="[581,705,893,917]" country="El Salvador" name="Santa Ana" pageId="118" pageNumber="1599">Santa Ana</collectingRegion>
, 
<date id="2027C2A8B336A713FD4CFC8FFC42FC4E" box="[717,907,893,917]" pageId="118" pageNumber="1599" value="1977-08-17">
<collectingDate id="30633B40B336A713FD4CFC8FFC42FC4E" box="[717,907,893,917]" pageId="118" pageNumber="1599" value="1977-08-17">17 August 1977</collectingDate>
</date>
, leg. 
<collectorName id="F96C81BEB336A713FC48FC8FFB99FC4E" box="[969,1104,893,917]" pageId="118" pageNumber="1599">Kübelböck.</collectorName>
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="E4F1EE35B336A713FBD6FC8FFEDAFC0E" collectionCode="MNHN" collectorName="Banks" country="Costa Rica" location="Costa Rica" pageId="118" pageNumber="1599" specimenCode="AR 2909" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1">
<emphasis id="66ED387AB336A713FBD6FC8FFF0DFC6E" bold="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="1599">
<collectingCountry id="2C8EA4F8B336A713FBD6FC8FFF0DFC6E" name="Costa Rica" pageId="118" pageNumber="1599">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
: 
<specimenCount id="429F2FE1B336A713FF58FC6FFF3FFC6F" box="[217,246,925,949]" pageId="118" pageNumber="1599" type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
, 
<collectionCode id="32887CADB336A713FE8BFC6FFEA1FC6E" box="[266,360,925,949]" country="France" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" name="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="118" pageNumber="1599">MNHN</collectionCode>
<specimenCode id="043F4C13B336A713FEF4FC6FFE2FFC6E" box="[373,486,925,949]" collectionCode="MNHN" country="France" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" name="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="118" pageNumber="1599">AR 2909</specimenCode>
, without exact locality, leg. 
<collectorName id="F96C81BEB336A713FCC2FC6FFC40FC6E" box="[835,905,925,949]" pageId="118" pageNumber="1599">Banks</collectorName>
(sub 
<taxonomicName id="93999FEBB336A713FC57FC6FFEC2FC0E" authority="Keyserling" authorityName="Keyserling" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Theridium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="118" pageNumber="1599" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fordum">
<emphasis id="66ED387AB336A713FC57FC6FFB68FC6E" box="[982,1185,925,949]" italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="1599">Theridium fordum</emphasis>
Keyserling
</taxonomicName>
)
</materialsCitation>
. 
<materialsCitation id="E4F1EE35B336A713FEA1FC4FFCE5FC2E" collectingDate="2001-10-06" collectingDateMax="2001-10-12" collectingDateMin="2001-10-06" collectorName="S. P. Benjamin &amp; J. A. Garcia-Ballinas. Descendants" country="Mexico" location="Rosario Itzapa" municipality="Tapachula" pageId="118" pageNumber="1599" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="Chiapas">
<emphasis id="66ED387AB336A713FEA1FC4FFEB4FC0E" bold="true" box="[288,381,957,981]" pageId="118" pageNumber="1599">
<collectingCountry id="2C8EA4F8B336A713FEA1FC4FFEB4FC0E" box="[288,381,957,981]" name="Mexico" pageId="118" pageNumber="1599">Mexico</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
: 
<emphasis id="66ED387AB336A713FE0EFC4CFE68FC0E" box="[399,417,958,981]" italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="1599">„</emphasis>
<specimenCount id="429F2FE1B336A713FE21FC32FE67FC0F" box="[416,430,960,980]" pageId="118" pageNumber="1599" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
, 
<collectingRegion id="965D2A8AB336A713FE3EFC4FFDA9FC0E" box="[447,608,957,981]" country="Mexico" name="Chiapas" pageId="118" pageNumber="1599">Chiapas state</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingMunicipality id="B4427E12B336A713FDECFC4FFD25FC0E" box="[621,748,957,981]" pageId="118" pageNumber="1599">Tapachula</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<location id="5146B2B3B336A713FD7BFC4FFC6CFC0E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DC30557EB336A719FE15FD89FDE7FD9F:5146B2B3B336A713FD7BFC4FFC6CFC0E" box="[762,933,957,981]" country="Mexico" municipality="Tapachula" name="Rosario Itzapa" pageId="118" pageNumber="1599" stateProvince="Chiapas">Rosario Itzapa</location>
, 
<date id="2027C2A8B336A713FC32FC4FFB55FC0E" box="[947,1180,957,981]" pageId="118" pageNumber="1599" value="2001-10-06" valueMax="2001-10-12" valueMin="2001-10-06">
<collectingDate id="30633B40B336A713FC32FC4FFB55FC0E" box="[947,1180,957,981]" pageId="118" pageNumber="1599" value="2001-10-06" valueMax="2001-10-12" valueMin="2001-10-06">6–12 October 2001</collectingDate>
</date>
, leg. 
<collectorName id="F96C81BEB336A713FF38FC2FFEAFFC2E" box="[185,358,989,1013]" pageId="118" pageNumber="1599">S. P. Benjamin</collectorName>
and 
<collectorName id="F96C81BEB336A713FE1FFC2FFCE5FC2E" box="[414,812,989,1013]" pageId="118" pageNumber="1599">J. A. Garcia-Ballinas. Descendants</collectorName>
</materialsCitation>
from one egg-sac were reared to adulthood in captivity in Innsbruck. Depository: see 
<bibRefCitation id="30089999B336A713FD77FC0FFBA0FBCE" author="Knoflach B &amp; Benjamin SP" box="[758,1129,1021,1045]" pageId="118" pageNumber="1599" pagination="445 - 448" refId="ref52816" refString="Knoflach B, Benjamin SP. 2003. Mating without sexual cannibalism in Tidarren sisyphoides (Araneae, Theridiidae). Journal of Arachnology 31: 445 - 448." type="journal article" year="2003">Knoflach and Benjamin (2003)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5426E468B336A713FF0BFBBFFECAFBBE" blockId="118.[138,259,1101,1125]" box="[138,259,1101,1125]" pageId="118" pageNumber="1599">
<emphasis id="66ED387AB336A713FF0BFBBFFECAFBBE" box="[138,259,1101,1125]" italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="1599">Description</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5426E468B336A713FF0BFB8CFEAAFB6D" blockId="118.[138,1185,1150,1206]" pageId="118" pageNumber="1599">
<bibRefCitation id="30089999B336A713FF0BFB8CFE10FB4D" author="Chamberlin RV &amp; Ivie W" box="[138,473,1150,1174]" pageId="118" pageNumber="1599" pagination="3 - 18" refId="ref52317" refString="Chamberlin RV, Ivie W. 1934. A new genus of theridiid spiders in which the male develops only one palp. Bulletin of the University of Utah 24: 3 - 18." type="journal article" year="1934">Chamberlin and Ivie (1934</bibRefCitation>
, sub 
<taxonomicName id="93999FEBB336A713FDA0FB8CFD11FB4D" baseAuthorityName="Keyserling" baseAuthorityYear="1884" box="[545,728,1150,1174]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Tidarren" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="118" pageNumber="1599" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fordum">
<emphasis id="66ED387AB336A713FDA0FB8CFD11FB4D" box="[545,728,1150,1174]" italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="1599">Tidarren fordum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), 
<bibRefCitation id="30089999B336A713FD79FB8CFC40FB4D" author="Levi HW" box="[760,905,1150,1174]" pageId="118" pageNumber="1599" pagination="59 - 81" refId="ref53033" refString="Levi HW. 1957. The spider genera Chrysso and Tidarren in America (Araneae: Theridiidae). Journal of the New York Entomological Society '' 1955 '' 63: 59 - 81." type="journal article" year="1957">Levi (1957)</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="30089999B336A713FC1AFB8CFBFAFB4D" author="Gruia M" box="[923,1075,1150,1174]" pageId="118" pageNumber="1599" pagination="159 - 163" refId="ref52528" refString="Gruia M. 1977. Sur quelques Theridiidae et Symphytognathidae (Aranea) recueillis par la deuxieme expedition biospeologique cubano-roumaine a Cuba. Resultats des Expeditions Biospeologiques Cubano-Roumaines a Cuba 2: 159 - 163." type="journal article" year="1977">Gruia (1977</bibRefCitation>
, 
<emphasis id="66ED387AB336A713FBC4FB8CFB9EFB4E" box="[1093,1111,1150,1173]" italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="1599">„</emphasis>
), and 
<bibRefCitation id="30089999B336A713FF0BFB6CFEA9FB6D" author="Agnarsson I" box="[138,352,1182,1206]" pageId="118" pageNumber="1599" pagination="447 - 626" refId="ref51888" refString="Agnarsson I. 2004. Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 141: 447 - 626." type="journal article" year="2004">Agnarsson (2004)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5426E468B336A713FF0BFB1CFEA7FADD" blockId="118.[138,366,1262,1286]" box="[138,366,1262,1286]" pageId="118" pageNumber="1599">
<emphasis id="66ED387AB336A713FF0BFB1CFEA7FADD" box="[138,366,1262,1286]" italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="1599">Measurements (mm)</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5426E468B336A71CFF0BFAECFEC3FB76" blockId="118.[138,1185,1310,1685]" lastBlockId="121.[125,1172,1141,1197]" lastPageId="121" lastPageNumber="1602" pageId="118" pageNumber="1599">
[
<emphasis id="66ED387AB336A713FF15FAEDFF6FFAED" box="[148,166,1311,1334]" italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="1599">„</emphasis>
/ 
<specimenCount id="429F2FE1B336A713FF2CFAD3FF72FAEE" box="[173,187,1313,1333]" pageId="118" pageNumber="1599" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
, 
<emphasis id="66ED387AB336A713FF52FAEDFF28FAED" box="[211,225,1311,1334]" italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="1599">n</emphasis>
56/6, minimum–maximum (mean).] Total length 1.40–1.56 (1.49)/6.02–6.90 (6.54), carapace length 0.59–0.64 (0.62)/2.46–2.86 (2.71), width 0.57–0.60 (0.59)/2.23– 2.46 (2.28), length femur I 0.82–0.92 (0.89)/4.28–5.23 (4.99), tibia I 0.59–0.60 (0.60)/ 2.77–3.33 (3.22). Abdomen 0.92–1.19 (1.07)/4.28–5.39 (4.82) high, 0.78–0.92 (0.85)/ 3.80–4.28 (4.10) long, and 0.70–0.90 (0.80)/3.17–3.80 (3.55) wide. Ventral side (distance petiolus to spinnerets) 0.53–0.60 (0.57)/2.62–3.65 (2.99) long. Clypeus in male 0.20–0.23 (0.21) high, in female 0.53–0.62 (0.57). Chelicerae 0.25–0.31 (0.29)/0.82–0.98 (0.89) long. Sternum 0.39–0.43 (0.41)/1.37–1.66 (1.57) long and 0.39–0.41 (0.39)/1.13–1.29 (1.24) wide. Labium on average 0.07/0.33 long, 0.15/0.57 wide. Gnathocoxae 0.20–0.21 (0.20)/0.78–0.88 (0.83) long, 0.09–0.10 (0.09)/0.37–0.45 (0.41) wide. Femur of male palp 0.23–0.27 (0.25) long. Leg formula 1423, see Tables XXXII, XXXIII. Number of dorsal setae on tibiae I–IV 2/2/1/2. Trichobothria in retrodorsal/prodorsal row on tibia of female palp 2/2, of legs I–IV 5/2, 5/2, 4/3, 5/ 
<quantity id="9361498DB337A712FDC0F9E9FDA6F9E8" box="[577,623,1563,1587]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.27" pageId="119" pageNumber="1600" unit="in" value="5.0">5 in</quantity>
female and 2/1, 2/1, 1/2, 2/ 
<quantity id="9361498DB337A712FC40F9E9FC26F9E8" box="[961,1007,1563,1587]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" pageId="119" pageNumber="1600" unit="in" value="2.0">2 in</quantity>
male (1 
<emphasis id="66ED387AB337A712FBD5F9EEFBAFF9E8" box="[1108,1126,1564,1587]" italics="true" pageId="119" pageNumber="1600">„</emphasis>
, 
<specimenCount id="429F2FE1B337A712FBF9F9E9FB5DF9E9" box="[1144,1172,1563,1587]" pageId="119" pageNumber="1600" type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
examined). Metatarsi I–III with one trichobothrium, position on I in female (male) 0.31 (0.24), on II 0.33 (0.26), on III 0.37 (0.36). Tarsal claws of legs with five to six (one to two) side teeth in female (male), claw of female palp consisting of seven teeth. Tarsal organ on female palp at 0.81, on female (male) legs I–IV 0.54 (0.36), 0.45 (0.38), 0.41 (0.32), 0.48 (0.29).
</paragraph>
<caption id="00E6B4E0B337A712FFFCFA38FCD3FA2C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228647" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5228647" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5228647/files/figure.png" pageId="119" pageNumber="1600" startId="119.[125,194,1482,1501]" targetBox="[150,1164,149,1438]" targetPageId="119">
<paragraph id="5426E468B337A712FFFCFA38FCD3FA2C" blockId="119.[125,1173,1482,1527]" pageId="119" pageNumber="1600">
Figures 276–279. 
<taxonomicName id="93999FEBB337A712FEB0FA38FDB9FA06" authority="(Walckenaer)" baseAuthorityName="Walckenaer" baseAuthorityYear="1842" box="[305,624,1482,1501]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Tidarren" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="119" pageNumber="1600" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sisyphoides">
<emphasis id="66ED387AB337A712FEB0FA38FE2EFA06" box="[305,487,1482,1501]" italics="true" pageId="119" pageNumber="1600">Tidarren sisyphoides</emphasis>
(Walckenaer)
</taxonomicName>
from Costa Rica. Right male palp, apical (276–277), retrolateral (278), and prolateral-apical view (279). Scale bars: 0.1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="00E6B4E0B338A71DFF0BFC14FCDCFBCF" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228649" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5228649" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5228649/files/figure.png" pageId="120" pageNumber="1601" startId="120.[138,207,998,1017]" targetBox="[139,1185,138,955]" targetPageId="120">
<paragraph id="5426E468B338A71DFF0BFC14FCDCFBCF" blockId="120.[138,1185,998,1044]" pageId="120" pageNumber="1601">
Figures 280–283. 
<taxonomicName id="93999FEBB338A71DFEB7FC14FDACFC22" authority="(Walckenaer)" baseAuthorityName="Walckenaer" baseAuthorityYear="1842" box="[310,613,998,1017]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Tidarren" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="120" pageNumber="1601" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sisyphoides">
<emphasis id="66ED387AB338A71DFEB7FC14FE2DFC22" box="[310,484,998,1017]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="1601">Tidarren sisyphoides</emphasis>
(Walckenaer)
</taxonomicName>
from USA, Georgia. Female epigynum/vulva in ventral (280), lateral (281), dorsal (282), and aboral view (283). Scale bar: 0.2 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="00E6B4E0B338A71DFF0BF996FBD6F949" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228651" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5228651" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5228651/files/figure.png" pageId="120" pageNumber="1601" startId="120.[138,207,1636,1655]" targetBox="[138,1185,1214,1600]" targetPageId="120">
<paragraph id="5426E468B338A71DFF0BF996FBD6F949" blockId="120.[138,1185,1636,1682]" pageId="120" pageNumber="1601">
Figures 284, 285. 
<taxonomicName id="93999FEBB338A71DFEBDF996FDB9F9AC" authority="(Walckenaer)" baseAuthorityName="Walckenaer" baseAuthorityYear="1842" box="[316,624,1636,1655]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Tidarren" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="120" pageNumber="1601" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sisyphoides">
<emphasis id="66ED387AB338A71DFEBDF996FE25F9AC" box="[316,492,1636,1655]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="1601">Tidarren sisyphoides</emphasis>
(Walckenaer)
</taxonomicName>
from Mexico. (284) Female epigynum, ventral view. (285) Detail of male palp, distal part of cymbium and conductor. Scale bars: 0.1 (284); 0.05 mm (285).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="00E6B4E0B339A71CFFFCFBF3FC12FB92" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228654" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5228654" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5228654/files/figure.png" pageId="121" pageNumber="1602" startId="121.[125,194,1025,1044]" targetBox="[126,1171,133,988]" targetPageId="121">
<paragraph id="5426E468B339A71CFFFCFBF3FC12FB92" blockId="121.[125,1173,1025,1097]" pageId="121" pageNumber="1602">
Figures 286–289. 
<taxonomicName id="93999FEBB339A71CFEACFBF3FDAAFBCF" authority="(Walckenaer)" baseAuthorityName="Walckenaer" baseAuthorityYear="1842" box="[301,611,1025,1044]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Tidarren" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="121" pageNumber="1602" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sisyphoides">
<emphasis id="66ED387AB339A71CFEACFBF3FE17FBCF" box="[301,478,1025,1044]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="1602">Tidarren sisyphoides</emphasis>
(Walckenaer)
</taxonomicName>
from Mexico, copulatory behaviour. (286) Male palpating female sternum. (287, 289) Copulation, contracted legs of male indicate his death. (289) Another male waiting for a chance. (288) Female removes dead male and casts him away. Sexual cannibalism absent.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="5426E468B339A71CFFFCFB14FD63FB25" blockId="121.[125,682,1254,1278]" box="[125,682,1254,1278]" pageId="121" pageNumber="1602">
<emphasis id="66ED387AB339A71CFFFCFB14FD63FB25" box="[125,682,1254,1278]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="1602">
Somatic features, colouration (
<figureCitation id="CCA2F8EDB339A71CFE49FB14FDE6FB25" box="[456,559,1254,1278]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[125,185,1637,1656]" captionTargetBox="[330,967,666,1601]" captionTargetId="figure-168@3.[330,968,666,1601]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Tidarren sisyphoides (Walckenaer) from Mexico. (a) Female left, male right; (b) dead male after copulation with right palp still inflated. Note size dimorphism of male compared with female tibia IV." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228507" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5228507/files/figure.png" pageId="121" pageNumber="1602">Figures 1</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="CCA2F8EDB339A71CFDBFFB14FD6BFB25" box="[574,674,1254,1278]" captionStart="Figures 286–289" captionStartId="121.[125,194,1025,1044]" captionTargetBox="[126,1171,133,988]" captionTargetId="figure-50@121.[126,1172,133,989]" captionTargetPageId="121" captionText="Figures 286–289. Tidarren sisyphoides (Walckenaer) from Mexico, copulatory behaviour. (286) Male palpating female sternum. (287, 289) Copulation, contracted legs of male indicate his death. (289) Another male waiting for a chance. (288) Female removes dead male and casts him away. Sexual cannibalism absent." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228654" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5228654/files/figure.png" pageId="121" pageNumber="1602">286–289</figureCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5426E468B339A71FFFFCFAE5FE6DFE2C" blockId="121.[125,1172,1303,1359]" lastBlockId="122.[138,1184,446,503]" lastPageId="122" lastPageNumber="1603" pageId="121" pageNumber="1602">
Sternum without posterior tubercle. Female sternum with three pairs of tiny lateral tubercles level with coxa I–III. Abdomen higher than long, rounded, without tubercle. In 
<specimenCount id="429F2FE1B33AA71FFF0BFE4CFEC6FE0D" box="[138,271,446,470]" pageId="122" pageNumber="1603" type="female">one female</specimenCount>
indistinct abdominal tubercle present. Overall colouration light brown in female, reddish in male.
</paragraph>
<caption id="00E6B4E0B339A71CFFFCFA7AFE6DFA6D" pageId="121" pageNumber="1602" startId="121.[125,179,1416,1435]">
<paragraph id="5426E468B339A71CFFFCFA7AFE6DFA6D" blockId="121.[125,1172,1416,1462]" pageId="121" pageNumber="1602">
Table XXXII. Leg measurements (mm) of 
<taxonomicName id="93999FEBB339A71CFD93FA7AFC8CFA40" authority="(Walckenaer)" baseAuthorityName="Walckenaer" baseAuthorityYear="1842" box="[530,837,1416,1435]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Tidarren" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="121" pageNumber="1602" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sisyphoides">
<emphasis id="66ED387AB339A71CFD93FA7AFD08FA40" box="[530,705,1416,1435]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="1602">Tidarren sisyphoides</emphasis>
(Walckenaer)
</taxonomicName>
, female (taken by stereo microscope (
<emphasis id="66ED387AB339A71CFF04FA51FF59FA6D" box="[133,144,1443,1462]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="1602">n</emphasis>
51)/light microscope (
<emphasis id="66ED387AB339A71CFEE4FA51FEB9FA6D" box="[357,368,1443,1462]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="1602">n</emphasis>
51)).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="5426E468B339A71CFE8BFA2CFBA7F9A7" pageId="121" pageNumber="1602">
<table id="269916C8B339589AFFFCFA2CFBA7F9A7" box="[125,1134,1502,1660]" colsContinueFrom="107.[125,1172,1217,1664]" colsContinueIn="122.[138,1122,193,325]" gridcols="7" gridrows="6" pageId="121" pageNumber="1602">
<tr id="EAA9E62AB339589AFFFCFA2CFBA7FA2A" box="[125,1134,1502,1521]" gridrow="0" pageId="121" pageNumber="1602" rowspan-0="1">
<th id="A9788F56B339589AFF6BFA2CFE8BFA2A" box="[234,322,1502,1521]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="121" pageNumber="1602">Fe</th>
<th id="A9788F56B339589AFE07FA2CFE16FA2A" box="[390,479,1502,1521]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="121" pageNumber="1602">Pa</th>
<th id="A9788F56B339589AFDA2FA2CFDB2FA2A" box="[547,635,1502,1521]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="121" pageNumber="1602">Ti</th>
<th id="A9788F56B339589AFD3EFA2CFCD1FA2A" box="[703,792,1502,1521]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="121" pageNumber="1602">Mt</th>
<th id="A9788F56B339589AFCDDFA2CFC7CFA2A" box="[860,949,1502,1521]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="121" pageNumber="1602">Ta</th>
<th id="A9788F56B339589AFC7CFA2CFBA7FA2A" box="[1021,1134,1502,1521]" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="121" pageNumber="1602">Total</th>
</tr>
<tr id="EAA9E62AB339589AFFFCFA0DFBA7F9C9" box="[125,1134,1535,1554]" gridrow="1" pageId="121" pageNumber="1602">
<th id="A9788F56B339589AFFFCFA0DFF6FF9C9" box="[125,166,1535,1554]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="121" pageNumber="1602">Palp</th>
<td id="A9788F56B339589AFF6BFA0DFE8BF9C9" box="[234,322,1535,1554]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="121" pageNumber="1602">0.63/0.69</td>
<td id="A9788F56B339589AFE07FA0DFE16F9C9" box="[390,479,1535,1554]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="121" pageNumber="1602">0.35/0.35</td>
<td id="A9788F56B339589AFDA2FA0DFDB2F9C9" box="[547,635,1535,1554]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="121" pageNumber="1602">0.39/0.40</td>
<td id="A9788F56B339589AFD3EFA0DFCD1F9C9" box="[703,792,1535,1554]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="121" pageNumber="1602">–</td>
<td id="A9788F56B339589AFCDDFA0DFC7CF9C9" box="[860,949,1535,1554]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="121" pageNumber="1602">0.76/0.77</td>
<td id="A9788F56B339589AFC7CFA0DFBA7F9C9" box="[1021,1134,1535,1554]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="121" pageNumber="1602">2.13/2.21</td>
</tr>
<tr id="EAA9E62AB339589AFFFCF9EBFBA7F9F7" box="[125,1134,1561,1580]" gridrow="2" pageId="121" pageNumber="1602">
<th id="A9788F56B339589AFFFCF9EBFF6FF9F7" box="[125,166,1561,1580]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="121" pageNumber="1602">I</th>
<td id="A9788F56B339589AFF6BF9EBFE8BF9F7" box="[234,322,1561,1580]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="121" pageNumber="1602">4.36/4.87</td>
<td id="A9788F56B339589AFE07F9EBFE16F9F7" box="[390,479,1561,1580]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="121" pageNumber="1602">1.19/1.17</td>
<td id="A9788F56B339589AFDA2F9EBFDB2F9F7" box="[547,635,1561,1580]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="121" pageNumber="1602">2.77/3.08</td>
<td id="A9788F56B339589AFD3EF9EBFCD1F9F7" box="[703,792,1561,1580]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="121" pageNumber="1602">4.20/4.60</td>
<td id="A9788F56B339589AFCDDF9EBFC7CF9F7" box="[860,949,1561,1580]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="121" pageNumber="1602">1.35/1.42</td>
<td id="A9788F56B339589AFC7CF9EBFBA7F9F7" box="[1021,1134,1561,1580]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="121" pageNumber="1602">13.87/15.13</td>
</tr>
<tr id="EAA9E62AB339589AFFFCF9C6FBA7F99C" box="[125,1134,1588,1607]" gridrow="3" pageId="121" pageNumber="1602">
<th id="A9788F56B339589AFFFCF9C6FF6FF99C" box="[125,166,1588,1607]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="121" pageNumber="1602">II</th>
<td id="A9788F56B339589AFF6BF9C6FE8BF99C" box="[234,322,1588,1607]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="121" pageNumber="1602">2.93/3.20</td>
<td id="A9788F56B339589AFE07F9C6FE16F99C" box="[390,479,1588,1607]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="121" pageNumber="1602">0.95/0.99</td>
<td id="A9788F56B339589AFDA2F9C6FDB2F99C" box="[547,635,1588,1607]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="121" pageNumber="1602">1.74/1.86</td>
<td id="A9788F56B339589AFD3EF9C6FCD1F99C" box="[703,792,1588,1607]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="121" pageNumber="1602">2.62/2.87</td>
<td id="A9788F56B339589AFCDDF9C6FC7CF99C" box="[860,949,1588,1607]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="121" pageNumber="1602">1.07/1.09</td>
<td id="A9788F56B339589AFC7CF9C6FBA7F99C" box="[1021,1134,1588,1607]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="121" pageNumber="1602">9.31/10.02</td>
</tr>
<tr id="EAA9E62AB339589AFFFCF9BCFBA7F9BA" box="[125,1134,1614,1633]" gridrow="4" pageId="121" pageNumber="1602">
<th id="A9788F56B339589AFFFCF9BCFF6FF9BA" box="[125,166,1614,1633]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="121" pageNumber="1602">III</th>
<td id="A9788F56B339589AFF6BF9BCFE8BF9BA" box="[234,322,1614,1633]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="121" pageNumber="1602">2.06/2.38</td>
<td id="A9788F56B339589AFE07F9BCFE16F9BA" box="[390,479,1614,1633]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="121" pageNumber="1602">0.79/0.84</td>
<td id="A9788F56B339589AFDA2F9BCFDB2F9BA" box="[547,635,1614,1633]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="121" pageNumber="1602">1.19/1.29</td>
<td id="A9788F56B339589AFD3EF9BCFCD1F9BA" box="[703,792,1614,1633]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="121" pageNumber="1602">1.86/1.96</td>
<td id="A9788F56B339589AFCDDF9BCFC7CF9BA" box="[860,949,1614,1633]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="121" pageNumber="1602">0.87/0.93</td>
<td id="A9788F56B339589AFC7CF9BCFBA7F9BA" box="[1021,1134,1614,1633]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="121" pageNumber="1602">6.78/7.41</td>
</tr>
<tr id="EAA9E62AB339589AFFFCF99BFBA7F9A7" box="[125,1134,1641,1660]" gridrow="5" pageId="121" pageNumber="1602">
<th id="A9788F56B339589AFFFCF99BFF6FF9A7" box="[125,166,1641,1660]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="121" pageNumber="1602">IV</th>
<td id="A9788F56B339589AFF6BF99BFE8BF9A7" box="[234,322,1641,1660]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="121" pageNumber="1602">3.73/4.07</td>
<td id="A9788F56B339589AFE07F99BFE16F9A7" box="[390,479,1641,1660]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="121" pageNumber="1602">1.15/1.17</td>
<td id="A9788F56B339589AFDA2F99BFDB2F9A7" box="[547,635,1641,1660]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="121" pageNumber="1602">2.14/2.38</td>
<td id="A9788F56B339589AFD3EF99BFCD1F9A7" box="[703,792,1641,1660]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="121" pageNumber="1602">3.13/3.30</td>
<td id="A9788F56B339589AFCDDF99BFC7CF9A7" box="[860,949,1641,1660]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="121" pageNumber="1602">1.19/1.14</td>
<td id="A9788F56B339589AFC7CF99BFBA7F9A7" box="[1021,1134,1641,1660]" gridcol="6" gridrow="5" pageId="121" pageNumber="1602">11.33/12.07</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<caption id="00E6B4E0B33AA71FFF0BFF74FC17FF42" box="[138,990,134,153]" pageId="122" pageNumber="1603" startId="122.[138,192,134,153]">
<paragraph id="5426E468B33AA71FFF0BFF74FC17FF42" blockId="122.[138,990,134,153]" box="[138,990,134,153]" pageId="122" pageNumber="1603">
Table XXXIII. Leg measurements (mm) of 
<taxonomicName id="93999FEBB33AA71FFDADFF74FCA8FF42" authority="(Walckenaer)" baseAuthorityName="Walckenaer" baseAuthorityYear="1842" box="[556,865,134,153]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Tidarren" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="122" pageNumber="1603" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sisyphoides">
<emphasis id="66ED387AB33AA71FFDADFF74FD15FF42" box="[556,732,134,153]" italics="true" pageId="122" pageNumber="1603">Tidarren sisyphoides</emphasis>
(Walckenaer)
</taxonomicName>
, male (
<emphasis id="66ED387AB33AA71FFC29FF74FC7AFF42" box="[936,947,134,153]" italics="true" pageId="122" pageNumber="1603">n</emphasis>
51).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="5426E468B33AA71FFEA4FF33FB95FE9E" pageId="122" pageNumber="1603">
<table id="269916C8B33A589AFF0BFF33FBABFE9E" box="[138,1122,193,325]" colsContinueFrom="121.[125,1134,1502,1660]" colsContinueIn="130.[138,1125,1501,1660]" gridcols="7" gridrows="5" pageId="122" pageNumber="1603">
<tr id="EAA9E62AB33A589AFF0BFF33FBABFF0F" box="[138,1122,193,212]" gridrow="0" pageId="122" pageNumber="1603" rowspan-0="1">
<th id="A9788F56B33A589AFE9CFF33FE8FFF0F" box="[285,326,193,212]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="122" pageNumber="1603">Fe</th>
<th id="A9788F56B33A589AFE38FF33FE2BFF0F" box="[441,482,193,212]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="122" pageNumber="1603">Pa</th>
<th id="A9788F56B33A589AFDD4FF33FDB7FF0F" box="[597,638,193,212]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="122" pageNumber="1603">Ti</th>
<th id="A9788F56B33A589AFD70FF33FCD3FF0F" box="[753,794,193,212]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="122" pageNumber="1603">Mt</th>
<th id="A9788F56B33A589AFC0CFF33FC7FFF0F" box="[909,950,193,212]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="122" pageNumber="1603">Ta</th>
<th id="A9788F56B33A589AFBAEFF33FBABFF0F" box="[1071,1122,193,212]" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="122" pageNumber="1603">Total</th>
</tr>
<tr id="EAA9E62AB33A589AFF0BFF10FBABFF2E" box="[138,1122,226,245]" gridrow="1" pageId="122" pageNumber="1603">
<th id="A9788F56B33A589AFF0BFF10FF6BFF2E" box="[138,162,226,245]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="122" pageNumber="1603">I</th>
<td id="A9788F56B33A589AFE9CFF10FE8FFF2E" box="[285,326,226,245]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="122" pageNumber="1603">0.97</td>
<td id="A9788F56B33A589AFE38FF10FE2BFF2E" box="[441,482,226,245]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="122" pageNumber="1603">0.29</td>
<td id="A9788F56B33A589AFDD4FF10FDB7FF2E" box="[597,638,226,245]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="122" pageNumber="1603">0.65</td>
<td id="A9788F56B33A589AFD70FF10FCD3FF2E" box="[753,794,226,245]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="122" pageNumber="1603">0.75</td>
<td id="A9788F56B33A589AFC0CFF10FC7FFF2E" box="[909,950,226,245]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="122" pageNumber="1603">0.46</td>
<td id="A9788F56B33A589AFBAEFF10FBABFF2E" box="[1071,1122,226,245]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="122" pageNumber="1603">3.12</td>
</tr>
<tr id="EAA9E62AB33A589AFF0BFF0EFBABFED4" box="[138,1122,252,271]" gridrow="2" pageId="122" pageNumber="1603">
<th id="A9788F56B33A589AFF0BFF0EFF6BFED4" box="[138,162,252,271]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="122" pageNumber="1603">II</th>
<td id="A9788F56B33A589AFE9CFF0EFE8FFED4" box="[285,326,252,271]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="122" pageNumber="1603">0.69</td>
<td id="A9788F56B33A589AFE38FF0EFE2BFED4" box="[441,482,252,271]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="122" pageNumber="1603">0.26</td>
<td id="A9788F56B33A589AFDD4FF0EFDB7FED4" box="[597,638,252,271]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="122" pageNumber="1603">0.41</td>
<td id="A9788F56B33A589AFD70FF0EFCD3FED4" box="[753,794,252,271]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="122" pageNumber="1603">0.45</td>
<td id="A9788F56B33A589AFC0CFF0EFC7FFED4" box="[909,950,252,271]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="122" pageNumber="1603">0.39</td>
<td id="A9788F56B33A589AFBAEFF0EFBABFED4" box="[1071,1122,252,271]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="122" pageNumber="1603">2.20</td>
</tr>
<tr id="EAA9E62AB33A589AFF0BFEE5FBABFEF1" box="[138,1122,279,298]" gridrow="3" pageId="122" pageNumber="1603">
<th id="A9788F56B33A589AFF0BFEE5FF6BFEF1" box="[138,162,279,298]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="122" pageNumber="1603">III</th>
<td id="A9788F56B33A589AFE9CFEE5FE8FFEF1" box="[285,326,279,298]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="122" pageNumber="1603">0.50</td>
<td id="A9788F56B33A589AFE38FEE5FE2BFEF1" box="[441,482,279,298]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="122" pageNumber="1603">0.22</td>
<td id="A9788F56B33A589AFDD4FEE5FDB7FEF1" box="[597,638,279,298]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="122" pageNumber="1603">0.28</td>
<td id="A9788F56B33A589AFD70FEE5FCD3FEF1" box="[753,794,279,298]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="122" pageNumber="1603">0.34</td>
<td id="A9788F56B33A589AFC0CFEE5FC7FFEF1" box="[909,950,279,298]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="122" pageNumber="1603">0.31</td>
<td id="A9788F56B33A589AFBAEFEE5FBABFEF1" box="[1071,1122,279,298]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="122" pageNumber="1603">1.64</td>
</tr>
<tr id="EAA9E62AB33A589AFF0BFEC0FBABFE9E" box="[138,1122,306,325]" gridrow="4" pageId="122" pageNumber="1603">
<th id="A9788F56B33A589AFF0BFEC0FF6BFE9E" box="[138,162,306,325]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="122" pageNumber="1603">IV</th>
<td id="A9788F56B33A589AFE9CFEC0FE8FFE9E" box="[285,326,306,325]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="122" pageNumber="1603">0.77</td>
<td id="A9788F56B33A589AFE38FEC0FE2BFE9E" box="[441,482,306,325]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="122" pageNumber="1603">0.25</td>
<td id="A9788F56B33A589AFDD4FEC0FDB7FE9E" box="[597,638,306,325]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="122" pageNumber="1603">0.46</td>
<td id="A9788F56B33A589AFD70FEC0FCD3FE9E" box="[753,794,306,325]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="122" pageNumber="1603">0.51</td>
<td id="A9788F56B33A589AFC0CFEC0FC7FFE9E" box="[909,950,306,325]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="122" pageNumber="1603">0.37</td>
<td id="A9788F56B33A589AFBAEFEC0FBABFE9E" box="[1071,1122,306,325]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="122" pageNumber="1603">2.37</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5426E468B33AA71FFF0BFDDAFB8DFC7F" blockId="122.[138,1185,552,932]" pageId="122" pageNumber="1603">
<emphasis id="66ED387AB33AA71FFF0BFDDAFE21FD9B" box="[138,488,552,576]" italics="true" pageId="122" pageNumber="1603">
Female (
<figureCitation id="CCA2F8EDB33AA71FFF6DFDDAFEA8FD9B" box="[236,353,552,576]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[125,185,1637,1656]" captionTargetBox="[330,967,666,1601]" captionTargetId="figure-168@3.[330,968,666,1601]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Tidarren sisyphoides (Walckenaer) from Mexico. (a) Female left, male right; (b) dead male after copulation with right palp still inflated. Note size dimorphism of male compared with female tibia IV." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228507" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5228507/files/figure.png" pageId="122" pageNumber="1603">Figures 1a</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="CCA2F8EDB33AA71FFEF2FDDAFE12FD9B" box="[371,475,552,576]" captionStart="Figures 286–289" captionStartId="121.[125,194,1025,1044]" captionTargetBox="[126,1171,133,988]" captionTargetId="figure-50@121.[126,1172,133,989]" captionTargetPageId="121" captionText="Figures 286–289. Tidarren sisyphoides (Walckenaer) from Mexico, copulatory behaviour. (286) Male palpating female sternum. (287, 289) Copulation, contracted legs of male indicate his death. (289) Another male waiting for a chance. (288) Female removes dead male and casts him away. Sexual cannibalism absent." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228654" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5228654/files/figure.png" pageId="122" pageNumber="1603">286–289</figureCitation>
).
</emphasis>
Carapace light brown with broad dark margins and dark median band from eye region to centre, tapering posteriorly and extending laterally at centre. Clypeus greyish. Chelicerae, gnathocoxae, and labium light brown. Sternum light brown, with dark stripes opposite each coxa from margin to centre. Posterior half darker than anterior. Palps uniformly light brown, sometimes tibiae and tarsi distally darkened. Legs light brown with dark patches and annulations. Numerous fine dots on femora, tibiae and metatarsi. Coxae light brown. Abdomen light brown, with dark and some white patches. Dorsum with irregular small dark patches of various extent, sometimes outlined by white lines, which branch laterally. Apex marked by a dark patch, from where a white stripe leads down to spinnerets. Aboral region and sides light brown, with several dark spots. Epigastric region light brown, book lung covers light brown. Venter anteriorly dark, posteriorly light owing to two large white paramedian patches. Spinnerets brown.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5426E468B33AA71FFF0BFC3FFDCCFB7C" blockId="122.[138,1185,973,1191]" pageId="122" pageNumber="1603">
<emphasis id="66ED387AB33AA71FFF0BFC3FFE0EFC3E" box="[138,455,973,997]" italics="true" pageId="122" pageNumber="1603">
Male (
<figureCitation id="CCA2F8EDB33AA71FFF53FC3FFE8FFC3E" box="[210,326,973,997]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[125,185,1637,1656]" captionTargetBox="[330,967,666,1601]" captionTargetId="figure-168@3.[330,968,666,1601]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Tidarren sisyphoides (Walckenaer) from Mexico. (a) Female left, male right; (b) dead male after copulation with right palp still inflated. Note size dimorphism of male compared with female tibia IV." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228507" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5228507/files/figure.png" pageId="122" pageNumber="1603">Figures 1b</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="CCA2F8EDB33AA71FFED3FC3FFE72FC3E" box="[338,443,973,997]" captionStart="Figures 286–289" captionStartId="121.[125,194,1025,1044]" captionTargetBox="[126,1171,133,988]" captionTargetId="figure-50@121.[126,1172,133,989]" captionTargetPageId="121" captionText="Figures 286–289. Tidarren sisyphoides (Walckenaer) from Mexico, copulatory behaviour. (286) Male palpating female sternum. (287, 289) Copulation, contracted legs of male indicate his death. (289) Another male waiting for a chance. (288) Female removes dead male and casts him away. Sexual cannibalism absent." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228654" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5228654/files/figure.png" pageId="122" pageNumber="1603">286–289</figureCitation>
).
</emphasis>
Carapace light yellow to reddish brown with dark margins and dark median area from eye region to centre, tapering posteriorly. Clypeus light greyish. Chelicerae, gnathocoxae, and labium uniformly light brown. Sternum light brown, with fine dark margins. Legs uniformly yellow to reddish brown, sometimes suffused with grey. Male palp yellow brown from coxa to tibia. Distal parts of cymbium reddish brown. Abdomen uniformly reddish brown, with indistinct greyish longitudinal band, ending in apical region. Spinnerets brown.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5426E468B33AA71FFF0BFB1AFD8AFADB" blockId="122.[138,579,1256,1280]" box="[138,579,1256,1280]" pageId="122" pageNumber="1603">
<emphasis id="66ED387AB33AA71FFF0BFB1AFD8AFADB" box="[138,579,1256,1280]" italics="true" pageId="122" pageNumber="1603">
Male palp (
<figureCitation id="CCA2F8EDB33AA71FFE8AFB1AFE59FADB" box="[267,400,1256,1280]" captionStart="Figures 265, 266" captionStartId="113.[125,194,869,888]" captionTargetBox="[131,1172,139,833]" captionTargetId="figure-239@113.[125,1173,133,834]" captionTargetPageId="113" captionText="Figures 265, 266. Right male palp, dorsal view. (265) Tidarren haemorrhoidale (Bertkau) from Mexico. (266) T. sisyphoides (Walckenaer) from Costa Rica. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228641" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5228641/files/figure.png" pageId="122" pageNumber="1603">Figures 266</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="CCA2F8EDB33AA71FFE1DFB1AFDC8FADB" box="[412,513,1256,1280]" captionStart="Figures 276–279" captionStartId="119.[125,194,1482,1501]" captionTargetBox="[150,1164,149,1438]" captionTargetId="figure-71@119.[125,1173,133,1446]" captionTargetPageId="119" captionText="Figures 276–279. Tidarren sisyphoides (Walckenaer) from Costa Rica. Right male palp, apical (276–277), retrolateral (278), and prolateral-apical view (279). Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228647" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5228647/files/figure.png" pageId="122" pageNumber="1603">276–279</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="CCA2F8EDB33AA71FFD8FFB1AFDF2FADB" box="[526,571,1256,1280]" captionStart="Figures 284, 285" captionStartId="120.[138,207,1636,1655]" captionTargetBox="[138,1185,1214,1600]" captionTargetId="figure-27@120.[138,1185,1214,1600]" captionTargetPageId="120" captionText="Figures 284, 285. Tidarren sisyphoides (Walckenaer) from Mexico. (284) Female epigynum, ventral view. (285) Detail of male palp, distal part of cymbium and conductor. Scale bars: 0.1 (284); 0.05 mm (285)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228651" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5228651/files/figure.png" pageId="122" pageNumber="1603">285</figureCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5426E468B33AA71FFF0BFAEBFD08F94E" blockId="122.[138,1185,1305,1685]" pageId="122" pageNumber="1603">
Very conspicuous and three-dimensional, as cymbium and bulbus face in various directions. Most noticeable part formed by highly modified cymbium (
<figureCitation id="CCA2F8EDB33AA71FFC4DFACBFB5CFA8A" box="[972,1173,1337,1361]" captionStart="Figures 276–279" captionStartId="119.[125,194,1482,1501]" captionTargetBox="[150,1164,149,1438]" captionTargetId="figure-71@119.[125,1173,133,1446]" captionTargetPageId="119" captionText="Figures 276–279. Tidarren sisyphoides (Walckenaer) from Costa Rica. Right male palp, apical (276–277), retrolateral (278), and prolateral-apical view (279). Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228647" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5228647/files/figure.png" pageId="122" pageNumber="1603">Figures 276–279</figureCitation>
). Tibia ca 0.5–0.6 width of palpal organ. Cymbium with two distal lobes, which bear long hairs and face bulbus (
<figureCitation id="CCA2F8EDB33AA71FFE2BFA88FDE4FA49" box="[426,557,1402,1426]" captionStart="Figures 284, 285" captionStartId="120.[138,207,1636,1655]" captionTargetBox="[138,1185,1214,1600]" captionTargetId="figure-27@120.[138,1185,1214,1600]" captionTargetPageId="120" captionText="Figures 284, 285. Tidarren sisyphoides (Walckenaer) from Mexico. (284) Female epigynum, ventral view. (285) Detail of male palp, distal part of cymbium and conductor. Scale bars: 0.1 (284); 0.05 mm (285)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228651" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5228651/files/figure.png" pageId="122" pageNumber="1603">Figure 285</figureCitation>
). Distal rim between two lobes with several teeth. Another large sclerotized apical projection bearing three rows of teeth faces in opposite direction. Cymbium projecting well beyond bulbus. Bulbus wider than long (0.41 wide and 
<quantity id="9361498DB33AA71FFF0BFA29FF39FA28" box="[138,240,1499,1523]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.4" pageId="122" pageNumber="1603" unit="mm" value="0.34">0.34 mm</quantity>
long, 
<emphasis id="66ED387AB33AA71FFEBFFA2EFE85FA28" box="[318,332,1500,1523]" italics="true" pageId="122" pageNumber="1603">n</emphasis>
51). Distal rim of tegulum sclerotized and bulging, but without distinct processes (
<figureCitation id="CCA2F8EDB33AA71FFE88FA09FE44F9C8" box="[265,397,1531,1555]" captionStart="Figures 265, 266" captionStartId="113.[125,194,869,888]" captionTargetBox="[131,1172,139,833]" captionTargetId="figure-239@113.[125,1173,133,834]" captionTargetPageId="113" captionText="Figures 265, 266. Right male palp, dorsal view. (265) Tidarren haemorrhoidale (Bertkau) from Mexico. (266) T. sisyphoides (Walckenaer) from Costa Rica. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228641" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5228641/files/figure.png" pageId="122" pageNumber="1603">Figure 266</figureCitation>
). Retrolateral-dorsal part of conductor membranous, with hyaline, slender appendix (
<figureCitation id="CCA2F8EDB33AA71FFEE7F9EEFDFDF9EF" box="[358,564,1564,1588]" captionStart="Figures 276–279" captionStartId="119.[125,194,1482,1501]" captionTargetBox="[150,1164,149,1438]" captionTargetId="figure-71@119.[125,1173,133,1446]" captionTargetPageId="119" captionText="Figures 276–279. Tidarren sisyphoides (Walckenaer) from Costa Rica. Right male palp, apical (276–277), retrolateral (278), and prolateral-apical view (279). Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228647" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5228647/files/figure.png" pageId="122" pageNumber="1603">Figures 276, 278</figureCitation>
). Prolateral-ventral part larger, more sclerotized, its surface covered with numerous tiny scales. Embolar base suboval, with two small basal lobes (partially visible in 
<figureCitation id="CCA2F8EDB33AA71FFE71F9AFFDBBF9AE" box="[496,626,1629,1653]" captionStart="Figures 265, 266" captionStartId="113.[125,194,869,888]" captionTargetBox="[131,1172,139,833]" captionTargetId="figure-239@113.[125,1173,133,834]" captionTargetPageId="113" captionText="Figures 265, 266. Right male palp, dorsal view. (265) Tidarren haemorrhoidale (Bertkau) from Mexico. (266) T. sisyphoides (Walckenaer) from Costa Rica. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228641" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5228641/files/figure.png" pageId="122" pageNumber="1603">Figure 266</figureCitation>
). Distal part of embolus 
<quantity id="9361498DB33AA71FFC69F9AFFB87F9AE" box="[1000,1102,1629,1653]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" pageId="122" pageNumber="1603" unit="mm" value="0.24">0.24 mm</quantity>
long. Haematodochae not modified (
<figureCitation id="CCA2F8EDB33AA71FFE79F98FFDBCF94E" box="[504,629,1661,1685]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[125,185,1637,1656]" captionTargetBox="[330,967,666,1601]" captionTargetId="figure-168@3.[330,968,666,1601]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Tidarren sisyphoides (Walckenaer) from Mexico. (a) Female left, male right; (b) dead male after copulation with right palp still inflated. Note size dimorphism of male compared with female tibia IV." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228507" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5228507/files/figure.png" pageId="122" pageNumber="1603">Figures 1b</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="CCA2F8EDB33AA71FFD02F98FFD7DF94E" box="[643,692,1661,1685]" captionStart="Figures 286–289" captionStartId="121.[125,194,1025,1044]" captionTargetBox="[126,1171,133,988]" captionTargetId="figure-50@121.[126,1172,133,989]" captionTargetPageId="121" captionText="Figures 286–289. Tidarren sisyphoides (Walckenaer) from Mexico, copulatory behaviour. (286) Male palpating female sternum. (287, 289) Copulation, contracted legs of male indicate his death. (289) Another male waiting for a chance. (288) Female removes dead male and casts him away. Sexual cannibalism absent." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228654" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5228654/files/figure.png" pageId="122" pageNumber="1603">287</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5426E468B33BA71EFFFCFF7BFDD9FF7A" blockId="123.[125,528,137,161]" box="[125,528,137,161]" pageId="123" pageNumber="1604">
<emphasis id="66ED387AB33BA71EFFFCFF7BFDD9FF7A" box="[125,528,137,161]" italics="true" pageId="123" pageNumber="1604">
Epigynum, vulva (
<figureCitation id="CCA2F8EDB33BA71EFECCFF7BFDCEFF7A" box="[333,519,137,161]" captionStart-0="Figures 280–283" captionStart-1="Figures 284, 285" captionStartId-0="120.[138,207,998,1017]" captionStartId-1="120.[138,207,1636,1655]" captionTargetBox-0="[139,1185,138,955]" captionTargetBox-1="[138,1185,1214,1600]" captionTargetId-0="figure-1@120.[138,1186,133,962]" captionTargetId-1="figure-27@120.[138,1185,1214,1600]" captionTargetPageId-0="120" captionTargetPageId-1="120" captionText-0="Figures 280–283. Tidarren sisyphoides (Walckenaer) from USA, Georgia. Female epigynum/vulva in ventral (280), lateral (281), dorsal (282), and aboral view (283). Scale bar: 0.2 mm." captionText-1="Figures 284, 285. Tidarren sisyphoides (Walckenaer) from Mexico. (284) Female epigynum, ventral view. (285) Detail of male palp, distal part of cymbium and conductor. Scale bars: 0.1 (284); 0.05 mm (285)." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228649" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228651" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/5228649/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/5228651/files/figure.png" pageId="123" pageNumber="1604">Figures 280–284</figureCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5426E468B33BA71EFFFCFF4BFEE2FE0E" blockId="123.[125,1172,185,469]" pageId="123" pageNumber="1604">
Epigynal protuberance broad at base, but ending in small pointed tip in side view (
<figureCitation id="CCA2F8EDB33BA71EFF04FF28FED8FF29" box="[133,273,218,242]" captionStart="Figures 280–283" captionStartId="120.[138,207,998,1017]" captionTargetBox="[139,1185,138,955]" captionTargetId="figure-1@120.[138,1186,133,962]" captionTargetPageId="120" captionText="Figures 280–283. Tidarren sisyphoides (Walckenaer) from USA, Georgia. Female epigynum/vulva in ventral (280), lateral (281), dorsal (282), and aboral view (283). Scale bar: 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228649" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5228649/files/figure.png" pageId="123" pageNumber="1604">Figures 281</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="CCA2F8EDB33BA71EFEA6FF28FE90FF29" box="[295,345,218,242]" captionStart="Figures 284, 285" captionStartId="120.[138,207,1636,1655]" captionTargetBox="[138,1185,1214,1600]" captionTargetId="figure-27@120.[138,1185,1214,1600]" captionTargetPageId="120" captionText="Figures 284, 285. Tidarren sisyphoides (Walckenaer) from Mexico. (284) Female epigynum, ventral view. (285) Detail of male palp, distal part of cymbium and conductor. Scale bars: 0.1 (284); 0.05 mm (285)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228651" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5228651/files/figure.png" pageId="123" pageNumber="1604">284</figureCitation>
). Sclerotized aboral side forms a transverse suboval plate, clearly delimited from surrounding integument (
<figureCitation id="CCA2F8EDB33BA71EFD11FF08FCDAFEC9" box="[656,787,250,274]" captionStart="Figures 280–283" captionStartId="120.[138,207,998,1017]" captionTargetBox="[139,1185,138,955]" captionTargetId="figure-1@120.[138,1186,133,962]" captionTargetPageId="120" captionText="Figures 280–283. Tidarren sisyphoides (Walckenaer) from USA, Georgia. Female epigynum/vulva in ventral (280), lateral (281), dorsal (282), and aboral view (283). Scale bar: 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228649" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5228649/files/figure.png" pageId="123" pageNumber="1604">Figure 283</figureCitation>
). Copulatory orifices separate (
<figureCitation id="CCA2F8EDB33BA71EFF04FEE9FED8FEE8" box="[133,273,283,307]" captionStart="Figures 280–283" captionStartId="120.[138,207,998,1017]" captionTargetBox="[139,1185,138,955]" captionTargetId="figure-1@120.[138,1186,133,962]" captionTargetPageId="120" captionText="Figures 280–283. Tidarren sisyphoides (Walckenaer) from USA, Georgia. Female epigynum/vulva in ventral (280), lateral (281), dorsal (282), and aboral view (283). Scale bar: 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228649" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5228649/files/figure.png" pageId="123" pageNumber="1604">Figures 280</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="CCA2F8EDB33BA71EFEA1FEE9FE98FEE8" box="[288,337,283,307]" captionStart="Figures 284, 285" captionStartId="120.[138,207,1636,1655]" captionTargetBox="[138,1185,1214,1600]" captionTargetId="figure-27@120.[138,1185,1214,1600]" captionTargetPageId="120" captionText="Figures 284, 285. Tidarren sisyphoides (Walckenaer) from Mexico. (284) Female epigynum, ventral view. (285) Detail of male palp, distal part of cymbium and conductor. Scale bars: 0.1 (284); 0.05 mm (285)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228651" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5228651/files/figure.png" pageId="123" pageNumber="1604">284</figureCitation>
), situated paramedially at anterior border of epigynal protuberance, in ventral and dorsal view at level of posterior end of receptacula. Copulatory ducts short (
<figureCitation id="CCA2F8EDB33BA71EFF04FEA9FE99FEA8" box="[133,336,347,371]" captionStart="Figures 280–283" captionStartId="120.[138,207,998,1017]" captionTargetBox="[139,1185,138,955]" captionTargetId="figure-1@120.[138,1186,133,962]" captionTargetPageId="120" captionText="Figures 280–283. Tidarren sisyphoides (Walckenaer) from USA, Georgia. Female epigynum/vulva in ventral (280), lateral (281), dorsal (282), and aboral view (283). Scale bar: 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228649" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5228649/files/figure.png" pageId="123" pageNumber="1604">Figures 280, 282</figureCitation>
), ca 
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long, turn to midline, then immediately enter receptacula at posterior inner side. Epigynal protuberance 
<quantity id="9361498DB33BA71EFD25FE8EFD32FE4F" box="[676,763,380,404]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="123" pageNumber="1604" unit="mm" value="0.2">0.2 mm</quantity>
long in side view, 
<quantity id="9361498DB33BA71EFC5CFE8EFBFDFE4F" box="[989,1076,380,404]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="123" pageNumber="1604" unit="mm" value="0.3">0.3 mm</quantity>
wide in ventral view, almost as long as receptacula. Receptacula seminis 
<quantity id="9361498DB33BA71EFC30FE6EFBDEFE6F" box="[945,1047,412,436]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="123" pageNumber="1604" unit="mm" value="0.25">0.25 mm</quantity>
long and 
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wide.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5426E468B33BA71EFFFCFDE7FDA1FDF6" blockId="123.[125,616,533,557]" box="[125,616,533,557]" pageId="123" pageNumber="1604">
<emphasis id="66ED387AB33BA71EFFFCFDE7FDA1FDF6" box="[125,616,533,557]" italics="true" pageId="123" pageNumber="1604">
Copulatory behaviour (
<figureCitation id="CCA2F8EDB33BA71EFEF8FDE7FE27FDF6" box="[377,494,533,557]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[125,185,1637,1656]" captionTargetBox="[330,967,666,1601]" captionTargetId="figure-168@3.[330,968,666,1601]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Tidarren sisyphoides (Walckenaer) from Mexico. (a) Female left, male right; (b) dead male after copulation with right palp still inflated. Note size dimorphism of male compared with female tibia IV." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228507" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5228507/files/figure.png" pageId="123" pageNumber="1604">Figures 1b</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="CCA2F8EDB33BA71EFE7DFDE7FDA9FDF6" box="[508,608,533,557]" captionStart="Figures 286–289" captionStartId="121.[125,194,1025,1044]" captionTargetBox="[126,1171,133,988]" captionTargetId="figure-50@121.[126,1172,133,989]" captionTargetPageId="121" captionText="Figures 286–289. Tidarren sisyphoides (Walckenaer) from Mexico, copulatory behaviour. (286) Male palpating female sternum. (287, 289) Copulation, contracted legs of male indicate his death. (289) Another male waiting for a chance. (288) Female removes dead male and casts him away. Sexual cannibalism absent." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228654" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5228654/files/figure.png" pageId="123" pageNumber="1604">286–289</figureCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5426E468B33BA71EFFFCFDB4FD12FC38" blockId="123.[125,1173,582,995]" pageId="123" pageNumber="1604">
<taxonomicName id="93999FEBB33BA71EFFFCFDB4FE96FD85" baseAuthorityName="Walckenaer" baseAuthorityYear="1842" box="[125,351,582,606]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Tidarren" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="123" pageNumber="1604" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sisyphoides">
<emphasis id="66ED387AB33BA71EFFFCFDB4FE96FD85" box="[125,351,582,606]" italics="true" pageId="123" pageNumber="1604">Tidarren sisyphoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from the other congeners in some respects (
<bibRefCitation id="30089999B33BA71EFC6CFDB4FEFDFDA4" author="Knoflach B &amp; Benjamin SP" pageId="123" pageNumber="1604" pagination="445 - 448" refId="ref52816" refString="Knoflach B, Benjamin SP. 2003. Mating without sexual cannibalism in Tidarren sisyphoides (Araneae, Theridiidae). Journal of Arachnology 31: 445 - 448." type="journal article" year="2003">Knoflach and Benjamin 2003</bibRefCitation>
). Courtship proceeds without construction of a mating thread and females remain motionless. The male mounts the female venter from behind and sometimes also moves forward to the female’s sternum (
<figureCitation id="CCA2F8EDB33BA71EFD0AFD5AFCC6FD1B" box="[651,783,680,704]" captionStart="Figures 286–289" captionStartId="121.[125,194,1025,1044]" captionTargetBox="[126,1171,133,988]" captionTargetId="figure-50@121.[126,1172,133,989]" captionTargetPageId="121" captionText="Figures 286–289. Tidarren sisyphoides (Walckenaer) from Mexico, copulatory behaviour. (286) Male palpating female sternum. (287, 289) Copulation, contracted legs of male indicate his death. (289) Another male waiting for a chance. (288) Female removes dead male and casts him away. Sexual cannibalism absent." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228654" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5228654/files/figure.png" pageId="123" pageNumber="1604">Figure 286</figureCitation>
), palpating her body and legs throughout. In response to these movements, the female lowers her body. Interestingly, each insertion succeeds at once on the first attempt. At the beginning of copulation the male’s legs are stretched out straight. After about 3 min his legs become contracted (
<figureCitation id="CCA2F8EDB33BA71EFF04FCDBFE9FFC9A" box="[133,342,809,833]" captionStart="Figures 286–289" captionStartId="121.[125,194,1025,1044]" captionTargetBox="[126,1171,133,988]" captionTargetId="figure-50@121.[126,1172,133,989]" captionTargetPageId="121" captionText="Figures 286–289. Tidarren sisyphoides (Walckenaer) from Mexico, copulatory behaviour. (286) Male palpating female sternum. (287, 289) Copulation, contracted legs of male indicate his death. (289) Another male waiting for a chance. (288) Female removes dead male and casts him away. Sexual cannibalism absent." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228654" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5228654/files/figure.png" pageId="123" pageNumber="1604">Figures 287, 289</figureCitation>
), evidently indicating the male’s death. He then remains passively coupled to the female for the next 2.4 h, while she is cataleptic. There is no obvious movement by either partner. Finally, the female removes the dead male from the epigynum (
<figureCitation id="CCA2F8EDB33BA71EFF04FC78FECFFC79" box="[133,262,906,930]" captionStart="Figures 286–289" captionStartId="121.[125,194,1025,1044]" captionTargetBox="[126,1171,133,988]" captionTargetId="figure-50@121.[126,1172,133,989]" captionTargetPageId="121" captionText="Figures 286–289. Tidarren sisyphoides (Walckenaer) from Mexico, copulatory behaviour. (286) Male palpating female sternum. (287, 289) Copulation, contracted legs of male indicate his death. (289) Another male waiting for a chance. (288) Female removes dead male and casts him away. Sexual cannibalism absent." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228654" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5228654/files/figure.png" pageId="123" pageNumber="1604">Figure 288</figureCitation>
) and casts him away without cannibalizing him. The moment of removal is determined by the female. She may pull off the male after 14 min or after more than 6 h. His palp remains inflated after removal (
<figureCitation id="CCA2F8EDB33BA71EFDD9FC39FD02FC38" box="[600,715,971,995]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[125,185,1637,1656]" captionTargetBox="[330,967,666,1601]" captionTargetId="figure-168@3.[330,968,666,1601]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Tidarren sisyphoides (Walckenaer) from Mexico. (a) Female left, male right; (b) dead male after copulation with right palp still inflated. Note size dimorphism of male compared with female tibia IV." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228507" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5228507/files/figure.png" pageId="123" pageNumber="1604">Figure 1b</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5426E468B33BA71EFFFCFBD6FE0CFBE7" blockId="123.[125,453,1060,1084]" box="[125,453,1060,1084]" pageId="123" pageNumber="1604">
<emphasis id="66ED387AB33BA71EFFFCFBD6FE0CFBE7" box="[125,453,1060,1084]" italics="true" pageId="123" pageNumber="1604">
Natural history (
<figureCitation id="CCA2F8EDB33BA71EFEB4FBD6FE72FBE7" box="[309,443,1060,1084]" captionStart="Figures 3–6" captionStartId="5.[125,194,1393,1412]" captionTargetBox="[126,1171,133,1356]" captionTargetId="figure-77@5.[126,1172,133,1357]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figures 3–6. Subadult males. (3, 4) Echinotheridion gibberosum (Kulczynski) from Tenerife. (3) Ecdysis just completed, male suspended on moulting thread, both palps present. (4) Palp amputation accomplished; arrow points to detached palp. (5, 6) Tidarren sisyphoides (Walckenaer) from Mexico. (5) Early phase of amputation, circling. (6) Amputated palp already sucked out." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228511" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5228511/files/figure.png" pageId="123" pageNumber="1604">Figures 5, 6</figureCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5426E468B33BA71EFFFCFBA7FEFBF94F" blockId="123.[125,1172,1109,1684]" pageId="123" pageNumber="1604">
<taxonomicName id="93999FEBB33BA71EFFFCFBA7FE91FBB6" baseAuthorityName="Walckenaer" baseAuthorityYear="1842" box="[125,344,1109,1133]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Tidarren" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="123" pageNumber="1604" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sisyphoides">
<emphasis id="66ED387AB33BA71EFFFCFBA7FE91FBB6" box="[125,344,1109,1133]" italics="true" pageId="123" pageNumber="1604">Tidarren sisyphoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurs around buildings, below overhanging rock cliffs, trunks of trees, and under bridges (
<bibRefCitation id="30089999B33BA71EFEE5FB87FD68FB56" author="Chamberlin RV &amp; Ivie W" box="[356,673,1141,1165]" pageId="123" pageNumber="1604" pagination="3 - 18" refId="ref52317" refString="Chamberlin RV, Ivie W. 1934. A new genus of theridiid spiders in which the male develops only one palp. Bulletin of the University of Utah 24: 3 - 18." type="journal article" year="1934">Chamberlin and Ivie 1934</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="30089999B33BA71EFD2EFB87FCABFB56" author="Guarisco H" box="[687,866,1141,1165]" pageId="123" pageNumber="1604" pagination="155 - 163" refId="ref52564" refString="Guarisco H. 2000. Three cobweb spider genera (Anelosimus, Tidarren, and Thymoites) and Argyrodes fictilium (Araneae: Theridiidae) recently discovered in Kansas. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 73: 155 - 163." type="journal article" year="2000">Guarisco 2000</bibRefCitation>
). The web has an average diameter of about 60× 
<quantity id="9361498DB33BA71EFE17FB64FE16FB75" box="[406,479,1174,1198]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="123" pageNumber="1604" unit="cm" value="30.0">30 cm</quantity>
, and the retreat consists of dried leaves, debris, and prey remains and forms an inverted basket. Gum-footed lines or viscid elements are absent (
<bibRefCitation id="30089999B33BA71EFF04FB25FE2EFB34" author="Benjamin SP &amp; Zschokke S" box="[133,487,1239,1263]" pageId="123" pageNumber="1604" pagination="293 - 305" refId="ref52007" refString="Benjamin SP, Zschokke S. 2003. Webs of theridiid spiders: construction, structure and evolution. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 78: 293 - 305." type="journal article" year="2003">Benjamin and Zschokke 2003</bibRefCitation>
). Nevertheless, this species is able to catch large prey, such as harvestmen, crickets, katydids (
<bibRefCitation id="30089999B33BA71EFD9BFB05FD18FAD4" author="Guarisco H" box="[538,721,1271,1295]" pageId="123" pageNumber="1604" pagination="155 - 163" refId="ref52564" refString="Guarisco H. 2000. Three cobweb spider genera (Anelosimus, Tidarren, and Thymoites) and Argyrodes fictilium (Araneae: Theridiidae) recently discovered in Kansas. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 73: 155 - 163." type="journal article" year="2000">Guarisco 2000</bibRefCitation>
), and in captivity they were fed with crickets and tenebrionid larvae. The egg-sacs are brown, parchment-like. Fecundity is considerable in this species, 350 and 
<specimenCount id="429F2FE1B33BA71EFDB3FACAFD5EFA8B" box="[562,663,1336,1360]" pageId="123" pageNumber="1604" type="egg">477 eggs</specimenCount>
were found per sac (
<bibRefCitation id="30089999B33BA71EFC0EFACAFB8BFA8B" author="Guarisco H" box="[911,1090,1336,1360]" pageId="123" pageNumber="1604" pagination="155 - 163" refId="ref52564" refString="Guarisco H. 2000. Three cobweb spider genera (Anelosimus, Tidarren, and Thymoites) and Argyrodes fictilium (Araneae: Theridiidae) recently discovered in Kansas. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 73: 155 - 163." type="journal article" year="2000">Guarisco 2000</bibRefCitation>
). Postembryonic development lasts longer compared with the other 
<taxonomicName id="93999FEBB33BA71EFCC3FAAAFC32FAAB" box="[834,1019,1368,1392]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Tidarren" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="123" pageNumber="1604" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="66ED387AB33BA71EFCC3FAAAFC68FAAB" box="[834,929,1368,1392]" italics="true" pageId="123" pageNumber="1604">Tidarren</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
, related to its larger size. Males moult three to four times (incomplete stages within cocoon not taken into account) and mature ca 55 days after hatching from the cocoon; females need five to six moults and ca 100 days to reach maturity (
<bibRefCitation id="30089999B33BA71EFDFAFA4BFCFAFA0A" author="Gonzalez A" box="[635,819,1465,1489]" pageId="123" pageNumber="1604" pagination="87 - 91" refId="ref52488" refString="Gonzalez A. 1982. El desarollo postembrionario de Tidarren sisyphoides (Walckenaer) (Araneae, Theridiidae). Physis, Seccion C, Los Continentes y los Organismos Terrestres 41 (100): 87 - 91." type="journal article" year="1982">Gonzalez 1982</bibRefCitation>
). The subadult stage of males reared from a Mexican egg-sac lasted 11.6 days on average (¡0.54 SE, range 10–18, 
<emphasis id="66ED387AB33BA71EFFFCFA09FF42F9C9" box="[125,139,1531,1554]" italics="true" pageId="123" pageNumber="1604">n</emphasis>
518). 
<taxonomicName id="93999FEBB33BA71EFF5AFA08FE71F9C9" baseAuthorityName="Walckenaer" baseAuthorityYear="1842" box="[219,440,1530,1554]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Tidarren" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="123" pageNumber="1604" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sisyphoides">
<emphasis id="66ED387AB33BA71EFF5AFA08FE71F9C9" box="[219,440,1530,1554]" italics="true" pageId="123" pageNumber="1604">Tidarren sisyphoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was the first species in which the process of palp amputation was described (
<bibRefCitation id="30089999B33BA71EFEBAF9E9FE17F9E8" author="Branch JH" box="[315,478,1563,1587]" pageId="123" pageNumber="1604" pagination="139 - 140" refId="ref52213" refString="Branch JH. 1942. A spider which amputates one of its palpi. Bulletin of the South California Academy of Science 41: 139 - 140." type="journal article" year="1942">Branch 1942</bibRefCitation>
, sub 
<taxonomicName id="93999FEBB33BA71EFDA9F9E9FD55F9E8" baseAuthorityName="Keyserling" baseAuthorityYear="1884" box="[552,668,1563,1587]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Tidarren" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="123" pageNumber="1604" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fordum">
<emphasis id="66ED387AB33BA71EFDA9F9E9FD55F9E8" box="[552,668,1563,1587]" italics="true" pageId="123" pageNumber="1604">T. fordum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; see also 
<figureCitation id="CCA2F8EDB33BA71EFCA1F9E9FC7BF9E8" box="[800,946,1563,1587]" captionStart="Figures 3–6" captionStartId="5.[125,194,1393,1412]" captionTargetBox="[126,1171,133,1356]" captionTargetId="figure-77@5.[126,1172,133,1357]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figures 3–6. Subadult males. (3, 4) Echinotheridion gibberosum (Kulczynski) from Tenerife. (3) Ecdysis just completed, male suspended on moulting thread, both palps present. (4) Palp amputation accomplished; arrow points to detached palp. (5, 6) Tidarren sisyphoides (Walckenaer) from Mexico. (5) Early phase of amputation, circling. (6) Amputated palp already sucked out." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228511" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5228511/files/figure.png" pageId="123" pageNumber="1604">Figures 5, 6</figureCitation>
). One amputation occurred ca 2 h after the moult and took only 3 min (
<bibRefCitation id="30089999B33BA71EFD5CF9C9FBF3F988" author="Knoflach B &amp; Benjamin SP" box="[733,1082,1595,1619]" pageId="123" pageNumber="1604" pagination="445 - 448" refId="ref52816" refString="Knoflach B, Benjamin SP. 2003. Mating without sexual cannibalism in Tidarren sisyphoides (Araneae, Theridiidae). Journal of Arachnology 31: 445 - 448." type="journal article" year="2003">Knoflach and Benjamin 2003</bibRefCitation>
). Males cohabit in female webs, up to a dozen males have been found in a single web (
<bibRefCitation id="30089999B33BA71EFB86F9AEFEECF94F" author="Chamberlin RV &amp; Ivie W" pageId="123" pageNumber="1604" pagination="3 - 18" refId="ref52317" refString="Chamberlin RV, Ivie W. 1934. A new genus of theridiid spiders in which the male develops only one palp. Bulletin of the University of Utah 24: 3 - 18." type="journal article" year="1934">Chamberlin and Ivie 1934</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5426E468B33CA719FF0BFF7BFBF7FE99" blockId="124.[138,1185,137,322]" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605">
<emphasis id="66ED387AB33CA719FF0BFF7BFF25FF7A" box="[138,236,137,161]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605">Enemies.</emphasis>
In 
<collectingRegion id="965D2A8AB33CA719FE9EFF7BFEBBFF7A" box="[287,370,137,161]" country="United States of America" name="Kansas" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605">Kansas</collectingRegion>
<taxonomicName id="93999FEBB33CA719FE01FF7BFDD2FF7A" baseAuthorityName="Walckenaer" baseAuthorityYear="1842" box="[384,539,137,161]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Tidarren" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sisyphoides">
<emphasis id="66ED387AB33CA719FE01FF7BFDD2FF7A" box="[384,539,137,161]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605">T. sisyphoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was observed to suffer severe predation by 
<taxonomicName id="93999FEBB33CA719FBC3FF7BFE05FF1A" authority="Chamberlin, 1923" authorityName="Chamberlin" authorityYear="1923" class="Arachnida" family="Mimetidae" genus="Mimetus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="puritanus">
<emphasis id="66ED387AB33CA719FBC3FF7BFF39FF1A" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605">Mimetus puritanus</emphasis>
Chamberlin, 1923
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="93999FEBB33CA719FE5AFF5BFD96FF1A" box="[475,607,169,193]" class="Arachnida" family="Mimetidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Mimetidae</taxonomicName>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="30089999B33CA719FDEBFF5BFCD2FF1A" author="Guarisco H" box="[618,795,169,193]" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605" pagination="155 - 163" refId="ref52564" refString="Guarisco H. 2000. Three cobweb spider genera (Anelosimus, Tidarren, and Thymoites) and Argyrodes fictilium (Araneae: Theridiidae) recently discovered in Kansas. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 73: 155 - 163." type="journal article" year="2000">Guarisco 2000</bibRefCitation>
). Also the araneophagic theridiids 
<taxonomicName id="93999FEBB33CA719FF0BFF3BFDC5FF3A" authority="(Hentz, 1850)" baseAuthorityName="Hentz" baseAuthorityYear="1850" box="[138,524,201,225]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Argyrodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trigonum">
<emphasis id="66ED387AB33CA719FF0BFF3BFE97FF3A" box="[138,350,201,225]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605">Argyrodes trigonum</emphasis>
(Hentz, 1850)
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="93999FEBB33CA719FDC9FF3BFC47FF3A" authority="(Hentz, 1850)" baseAuthorityName="Hentz" baseAuthorityYear="1850" box="[584,910,201,225]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Argyrodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cancellatus">
<emphasis id="66ED387AB33CA719FDC9FF3BFD29FF3A" box="[584,736,201,225]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605">A. cancellatus</emphasis>
(Hentz, 1850)
</taxonomicName>
invaded the webs of 
<taxonomicName id="93999FEBB33CA719FB06FF38FF37FEDA" baseAuthorityName="Walckenaer" baseAuthorityYear="1842" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Tidarren" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sisyphoides">
<emphasis id="66ED387AB33CA719FB06FF38FF37FEDA" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605">T. sisyphoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The mantispid 
<taxonomicName id="93999FEBB33CA719FE3FFF1BFCDCFEDA" authority="Walker, 1853" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1853" box="[446,789,233,257]" class="Insecta" family="Mantispidae" genus="Mantispa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viridis">
<emphasis id="66ED387AB33CA719FE3FFF1BFDB8FEDA" box="[446,625,233,257]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605">Mantispa viridis</emphasis>
Walker, 1853
</taxonomicName>
was encountered from egg-sacs of 
<taxonomicName id="93999FEBB33CA719FF0BFEF8FEEEFEFA" baseAuthorityName="Walckenaer" baseAuthorityYear="1842" box="[138,295,265,289]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Tidarren" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sisyphoides">
<emphasis id="66ED387AB33CA719FF0BFEF8FEEEFEFA" box="[138,295,265,289]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605">T. sisyphoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in 
<collectingRegion id="965D2A8AB33CA719FEDBFEFBFE64FEFA" box="[346,429,265,289]" country="United States of America" name="Kansas" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605">Kansas</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation id="30089999B33CA719FE45FEFBFDB7FEFA" author="Guarisco H" box="[452,638,265,289]" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605" pagination="155 - 163" refId="ref52564" refString="Guarisco H. 2000. Three cobweb spider genera (Anelosimus, Tidarren, and Thymoites) and Argyrodes fictilium (Araneae: Theridiidae) recently discovered in Kansas. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 73: 155 - 163." type="journal article" year="2000">Guarisco 2000</bibRefCitation>
). In 
<collectingRegion id="965D2A8AB33CA719FD41FEFBFCDDFEFA" box="[704,788,265,289]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605">Florida</collectingRegion>
an egg-sac was infested by the eulophid hymenopteran 
<taxonomicName id="93999FEBB33CA719FE28FED8FC88FE99" authority="LaSalle, 1994" authorityName="LaSalle" authorityYear="1994" box="[425,833,298,322]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Comastichus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zopheros">
<emphasis id="66ED387AB33CA719FE28FED8FD5FFE99" box="[425,662,298,322]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605">Comastichus zopheros</emphasis>
LaSalle, 1994
</taxonomicName>
(see 
<bibRefCitation id="30089999B33CA719FC01FED8FBF8FE99" author="Guarisco H" box="[896,1073,298,322]" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605" pagination="5" refId="ref52606" refString="Guarisco H. 2001. The theridiid spider Tidarren sisyphoides (Walckenaer, 1841): a new host of the eulophid hymenopteran Comastichus zopheros LaSalle, 1994. Newsletter of the British Arachnological Society 90: 5." type="journal article" year="2001">Guarisco 2001</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5426E468B33CA719FF0BFE88FEC2FE49" blockId="124.[138,267,378,402]" box="[138,267,378,402]" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605">
<emphasis id="66ED387AB33CA719FF0BFE88FEC2FE49" box="[138,267,378,402]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605">Distribution</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5426E468B33CA719FF0BFE59FDE7FD9F" blockId="124.[138,1185,427,580]" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605">
<taxonomicName id="93999FEBB33CA719FF0BFE59FEADFE18" baseAuthorityName="Walckenaer" baseAuthorityYear="1842" box="[138,356,427,451]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Tidarren" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sisyphoides">
<emphasis id="66ED387AB33CA719FF0BFE59FEADFE18" box="[138,356,427,451]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605">Tidarren sisyphoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurs from southern 
<collectingCountry id="2C8EA4F8B33CA719FDEAFE59FD6DFE18" box="[619,676,427,451]" name="United States of America" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605">USA</collectingCountry>
to South America, its northernmost locality in 
<collectingRegion id="965D2A8AB33CA719FF2DFE3EFED5FE3F" box="[172,284,460,484]" country="United States of America" name="Kentucky" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605">Kentucky</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation id="30089999B33CA719FEAEFE3EFE66FE3F" author="Levi HW" box="[303,431,460,484]" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605" pagination="59 - 81" refId="ref53033" refString="Levi HW. 1957. The spider genera Chrysso and Tidarren in America (Araneae: Theridiidae). Journal of the New York Entomological Society '' 1955 '' 63: 59 - 81." type="journal article" year="1957">Levi 1957</bibRefCitation>
), southernmost in 
<collectingCountry id="2C8EA4F8B33CA719FD14FE3EFCCEFE3F" box="[661,775,460,484]" name="Argentina" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605">Argentina</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="965D2A8AB33CA719FC9BFE3EFC57FE3F" box="[794,926,460,484]" country="Argentina" name="Catamarca" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605">Catamarca</collectingRegion>
; see 
<bibRefCitation id="30089999B33CA719FC5CFE3EFB5DFE3F" author="Gonzalez A" box="[989,1172,460,484]" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605" pagination="87 - 91" refId="ref52488" refString="Gonzalez A. 1982. El desarollo postembrionario de Tidarren sisyphoides (Walckenaer) (Araneae, Theridiidae). Physis, Seccion C, Los Continentes y los Organismos Terrestres 41 (100): 87 - 91." type="journal article" year="1982">Gonzalez 1982</bibRefCitation>
). However, numerous records exist from Georgia and Florida to California and 
<collectingCountry id="2C8EA4F8B33CA719FB95FE1EFBA7FDDF" box="[1044,1134,492,516]" name="Mexico" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605">Mexico</collectingCountry>
, but only a few from South America. The species is also known from the West Indies (
<collectingCountry id="2C8EA4F8B33CA719FBD9FDFEFB54FDFF" box="[1112,1181,524,548]" name="Cuba" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605">Cuba</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="2C8EA4F8B33CA719FF0BFDDEFF01FD9F" box="[138,200,556,580]" name="Haiti" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605">Haiti</collectingCountry>
, and 
<collectingCountry id="2C8EA4F8B33CA719FE8BFDDEFE50FD9F" box="[266,409,556,580]" name="Puerto Rico" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605">Puerto Rico</collectingCountry>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="30089999B33CA719FE27FDDEFDEBFD9F" author="Levi HW" box="[422,546,556,580]" pageId="124" pageNumber="1605" pagination="59 - 81" refId="ref53033" refString="Levi HW. 1957. The spider genera Chrysso and Tidarren in America (Araneae: Theridiidae). Journal of the New York Entomological Society '' 1955 '' 63: 59 - 81." type="journal article" year="1957">Levi 1957</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>