1893 lines
270 KiB
XML
1893 lines
270 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="FC235C65CD59FAE268421424AE64F22F">Lagenorhynchus albirostris (Cetacea: Delphinidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="D3851067C96B2314FA746C1A136F79A8">Kinze, Carl Christian</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="43DF2280A9445A0F0784994D023C2CA7">Mammalian Species</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="BDFE05458F15961C7D47E91B990A6948">
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<mods:date id="5698502694272C0246F3740541339384">2016</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03E487DF2D726B19FF587484BB45FC51" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4589229" ID-GBIF-Taxon="180301806" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4589229" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E487DF2D726B19FF587484BB45FC51" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E487DF2D726B19FF587484BB45FC51" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="43" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
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<subSubSection id="C35765422D726B11FF587484B8F9FBD6" box="[172,729,1003,1030]" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BF236C92D726B11FF587484B8F9FBD6" blockId="0.[172,729,1003,1071]" box="[172,729,1003,1030]" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
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<heading id="D0BA81A52D726B11FF587484B8F9FBD6" bold="true" box="[172,729,1003,1030]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" reason="3">
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<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D726B11FF587484B8F9FBD6" ID-CoL="3RWS7" authority="J. E. Gray, 1846 a" authorityName="J. E. Gray" authorityYear="1846" box="[172,729,1003,1030]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Lagenorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albirostris">
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<emphasis id="B939EADB2D726B11FF587484B8F9FBD6" bold="true" box="[172,729,1003,1030]" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
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<emphasis id="B939EADB2D726B11FF587484BBDBFBD5" bold="true" box="[172,507,1004,1030]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Lagenorhynchus albirostris</emphasis>
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J. E.
|
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<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D726B11FDB57483B8F9FBD6" author="GRAY, J. E." box="[577,729,1003,1029]" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" pagination="82 - 85" refId="ref10943" refString="GRAY, J. E. 1846 a. On the British Cetacea. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 17: 82 - 85." type="journal article" year="1846">Gray, 1846a</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C35765422D726B11FEAA7370B871FBFC" box="[350,593,1048,1071]" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BF236C92D726B11FEAA7370B871FBFC" blockId="0.[172,729,1003,1071]" box="[350,593,1048,1071]" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">White-beaked Dolphin</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C35765422D726B11FF997320B922F9D3" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BF236C92D726B11FF997320BBAEFBAC" blockId="0.[109,792,1096,1568]" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D726B11FF997320B82EFB8C" authority="Tursio Brightwell, 1846: 21" authorityName="Tursio Brightwell" authorityPageNumber="21" authorityYear="1846" box="[109,526,1096,1119]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Delphinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tursio">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D726B11FF997320BB08FB8C" box="[109,296,1096,1119]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Delphinus Tursio</emphasis>
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D726B11FEC67320B82EFB8C" author="BRIGHTWELL, T." box="[306,526,1096,1119]" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" pagination="21 - 22" refId="ref9269" refString="BRIGHTWELL, T. 1846. Observations on a specimen of the bottlenosed dolphin, Delphinus Tursio, Fabr., taken at Great Yarmouth, October 1845. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History 17: 21 - 22." type="journal article" year="1846">Brightwell, 1846:21</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, plate 1. Not
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D726B11FD5E7320BBA7FBAC" authority="Fabricius, 1780" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1780" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Delphinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tursio">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D726B11FD5E7320BAFBFBAC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Delphinus tursio</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D726B11FF167300BBA7FBAC" author="FABRICIUS, O." box="[226,391,1128,1151]" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" refId="ref10494" refString="FABRICIUS, O. 1780. Fauna Groenlandica: systematice sistens animalia Groenlandiae occidentalis hactenus indagata, quad nomen specificum, triviale, vernaculumque: synonyma auctorum plurium, descriptionem, locum, victum, generationem, mores Othonis Fabricii. Ioannis Gottlob Rothe, Copenhagen, Denmark." type="book" year="1780">Fabricius, 1780</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF236C92D726B11FF9973E0B892FB2C" blockId="0.[109,792,1096,1568]" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D726B11FF9973E0B858FB4C" ID-CoL="3RWS7" authority=": J. E. Gray. 1846 a: 84" authorityName="J. E. Gray." authorityPageNumber="84" authorityYear="1846" box="[109,632,1160,1183]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Lagenorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D726B11FF9973E0BBB2FB4C" box="[109,402,1160,1183]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Lagenorhynchus albirostris</emphasis>
|
||
: J. E. Gray. 1846a:84
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. No
|
||
<typeStatus id="54F6886B2D726B11FD5C73E0B8F6FB4C" box="[680,726,1160,1183]" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality specified, but stated as
|
||
<quote id="F9B2C1DB2D726B11FE3D73C0B938FB6C" box="[457,792,1192,1215]" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
|
||
“North Sea, coast of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4989F82B2D726B11FD4C73C0B92FFB6C" box="[696,783,1192,1215]" country="United Kingdom" name="Norfolk" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Norfolk</collectingRegion>
|
||
”
|
||
</quote>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D726B11FF3073A0BB5FFB0C" author="GRAY, J. E." box="[196,383,1224,1247]" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" refId="ref10969" refString="GRAY, J. E. 1846 b. On the cetaceous animals. Pp. 13 - 53 in Zoology of the voyage of HMS Erebus and Terror under the command of Sir James Clark Ross, R. N., F. R. S., during the years 1839 to 1843, vol. I mammals, birds (J. Richardson and J. E. Gray, eds.). E. W. Janson, London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1846">Gray (1846b:35)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; restricted by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D726B11FDD373A0B890FB0C" author="GRAY, J. E." box="[551,688,1224,1247]" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" refId="ref11058" refString="GRAY, J. E. 1850. Catalogue of the specimens in the collection of the British Museum, part one Cetacea. Trustees of the British Museum, London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1850">Gray (1850)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
to Great Yarmouth. First use of current name combination.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF236C92D726B11FF997260B8C3FAEC" blockId="0.[109,792,1096,1568]" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D726B11FF997260B864FACC" ID-CoL="34JW2" authority=": J. E. Gray, 1846 b: 35" authorityName="J. E. Gray" authorityPageNumber="35" authorityYear="1846" box="[109,580,1288,1311]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Delphinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D726B11FF997260BB72FACC" box="[109,338,1288,1311]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Delphinus albirostris</emphasis>
|
||
: J. E.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D726B11FE6F7260B864FACC" author="GRAY, J. E." box="[411,580,1288,1311]" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" refId="ref10969" refString="GRAY, J. E. 1846 b. On the cetaceous animals. Pp. 13 - 53 in Zoology of the voyage of HMS Erebus and Terror under the command of Sir James Clark Ross, R. N., F. R. S., during the years 1839 to 1843, vol. I mammals, birds (J. Richardson and J. E. Gray, eds.). E. W. Janson, London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1846">Gray, 1846b:35</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, plate 10. Incorrect reference to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D726B11FED77240B8C3FAEC" ID-CoL="3RWS7" authority="(Gray, 1846 a)" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1846" box="[291,739,1320,1343]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Lagenorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D726B11FED77240B868FAEC" box="[291,584,1320,1343]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Lagenorhynchus albirostris</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D726B11FDAC7240B8FAFAEC" author="GRAY, J. E." box="[600,730,1320,1343]" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" pagination="82 - 85" refId="ref10943" refString="GRAY, J. E. 1846 a. On the British Cetacea. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 17: 82 - 85." type="journal article" year="1846">Gray, 1846a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF236C92D726B11FF997220BB89FA4C" blockId="0.[109,792,1096,1568]" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D726B11FF997220B863FA8C" ID-CoL="34JY9" authority="Reichenbach, 1846" authorityName="Reichenbach" authorityYear="1846" box="[109,579,1352,1375]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Delphinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pseudotursio">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D726B11FF997220BB4DFA8C" box="[109,365,1352,1375]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Delphinus pseudotursio</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D726B11FE817220B863FA8C" author="REICHENBACH, H. G. L." box="[373,579,1352,1375]" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" refId="ref13974" refString="REICHENBACH, H. G. L. 1846. Die Cetaceen oder Waltiere, nach der neuesten Entdeckungen monographisch zusammengestellt und durch 78 Abbildungen auf XXV: I - XXIV und IIb Kupfertafeln erlautert. Die vollstandige Naturgeschichte des In- und Auslandes, der Saugethiere erster Band. Expedition der Vollstandigsten Naturgeschichte, Dresden, Germany." type="book" year="1846">Reichenbach, 1846</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:plate 24, figure 76. New name based on
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D726B11FE7F7200B841FAAC" author="BRIGHTWELL, T." box="[395,609,1384,1407]" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" pagination="21 - 22" refId="ref9269" refString="BRIGHTWELL, T. 1846. Observations on a specimen of the bottlenosed dolphin, Delphinus Tursio, Fabr., taken at Great Yarmouth, October 1845. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History 17: 21 - 22." type="journal article" year="1846">Brightwell’s (1846)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
description (see “Nomenclatural Notes”).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF236C92D726B11FF9972C0B86FFA0C" blockId="0.[109,792,1096,1568]" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D726B11FF9972C0B83AFA6C" authority="Ibsenii Eschricht, 1846: 297" authorityName="Ibsenii Eschricht" authorityPageNumber="297" authorityYear="1846" box="[109,538,1448,1471]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Delphinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ibsenii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D726B11FF9972C0BB10FA6C" box="[109,304,1448,1471]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Delphinus Ibsenii</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D726B11FECF72C0B83AFA6C" author="ESCHRICHT, D. F." box="[315,538,1448,1471]" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" pagination="227 - 396" refId="ref10243" refString="ESCHRICHT, D. F. 1846. Undersogelserne over Hvaldyrene 5. Finhvalernes Osteologie og Artsadskillelse. Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab Naturvidenskabelig og Mathematisk Afdeling 12: 227 - 396." type="journal article" year="1846">Eschricht, 1846:297</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="54F6886B2D726B11FDDC72C0B87DFA6C" box="[552,605,1448,1471]" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality:
|
||
<quote id="F9B2C1DB2D726B11FD3872C0BACFFA0C" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">“Agger Tange,”</quote>
|
||
West coast of Jutland,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35A76592D726B11FE1072A0B86BFA0C" box="[484,587,1480,1503]" name="Denmark" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Denmark</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF236C92D726B11FF997280B922F9D3" blockId="0.[109,792,1096,1568]" box="[109,770,1512,1536]" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D726B11FF997280B8DEF9D3" ID-CoL="34JW2" authority=": van Beneden, 1860: 28" authorityName=": van Beneden" authorityPageNumber="28" authorityYear="1860" box="[109,766,1512,1536]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Delphinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albirostris" subGenus="Lagenorhynchus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D726B11FF997280B82DF9D3" box="[109,525,1512,1536]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Delphinus (Lagenorhynchus) albirostris:</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D726B11FDE77280B8DEF9D3" author="VAN BENEDEN, P. J." box="[531,766,1512,1536]" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" pagination="3 - 38" refId="ref14805" refString="VAN BENEDEN, P. J. 1860. Recherches sur la Fauna littorale de Belgique - Cetaces. Memoires de l'Academie Royale des Sciences et des Sciences, des Lettres et des Beaux-Arts de Belgique 32: 3 - 38." type="journal article" year="1860">van Beneden, 1860:28</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C35765422D726B10FF697160B9C0FCF1" lastPageId="1" lastPageNumber="36" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF236C92D726B11FF697160BB51F9F3" blockId="0.[109,792,1096,1568]" box="[157,369,1544,1568]" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Name combination.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF236C92D726B10FF997156BBC8FD11" blockId="0.[109,792,1598,1845]" lastBlockId="1.[109,792,203,706]" lastPageId="1" lastPageNumber="36" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
|
||
CONTEXT AND CONTENT. Order
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D726B11FE387156B805F986" authorityName="Brisson" authorityYear="1762" box="[460,549,1598,1621]" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Cetacea</taxonomicName>
|
||
, suborder
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D726B11FD6C7156B934F986" box="[664,788,1598,1621]" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Odontoceti">Odontoceti</taxonomicName>
|
||
, family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D726B11FF497136BB66F9A6" authorityName="J.E.Gray" authorityYear="1821" box="[189,326,1630,1653]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Delphinidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Subfamily assignment remains unsettled. Traditionally, the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D726B11FE777116B817F946" box="[387,567,1662,1685]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Lagenorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D726B11FE777116B817F946" box="[387,567,1662,1685]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Lagenorhynchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
comprised 6 shortsnouted delphinid species. Molecular research, however, has found this grouping to be polyphyletic, that is, comprising at least 2 unrelated lineages: (1) the Pacific and Southern ocean members (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D726B11FEDB7196BBEFF8C6" authorityName="Gill" authorityYear="1865" box="[303,463,1790,1813]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Lagenorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obliquidens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D726B11FEDB7196BBEFF8C6" box="[303,463,1790,1813]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">L. obliquidens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D726B11FDE07196B8B7F8C6" baseAuthorityName="J.E.Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1828" box="[532,663,1790,1813]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Lagenorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obscurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D726B11FDE07196B8B7F8C6" box="[532,663,1790,1813]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">L. obscurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D726B11FD5D7196BAA7F8E6" baseAuthorityName="Peale" baseAuthorityYear="1848" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Lagenorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="australis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D726B11FD5D7196BAA7F8E6" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">L. australis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D726B11FF3F7076BB67F8E6" baseAuthorityName="Quoy & Gaimard" baseAuthorityYear="1824" box="[203,327,1822,1845]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Lagenorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cruciger">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D726B11FF3F7076BB67F8E6" box="[203,327,1822,1845]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">L. cruciger</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, respectively), assigned to the subfamily
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D736B10FF9977A3BB0BFF31" baseAuthorityName="Fraser & Purves" baseAuthorityYear="1960" box="[109,299,203,226]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Lissodelphininae">Lissodelphininae</taxonomicName>
|
||
; and (2) the 2 North Atlantic members of the genus (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D736B10FF377783BB77FED1" authorityName=": van Beneden" authorityYear="1860" box="[195,343,235,258]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Delphinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D736B10FF377783BB77FED1" box="[195,343,235,258]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">L. albirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D736B10FE6C7783B8BEFED1" box="[408,670,235,258]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">
|
||
L./
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D736B10FE4C7783B8BEFED1" baseAuthorityName="Bloch" baseAuthorityYear="1996" box="[440,670,235,258]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Leucopleurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acutus">Leucopleurus acutus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D736B10FD4D7783BA83FEF1" author="CIPRIANO, F." pageId="1" pageNumber="36" refId="ref9595" refString="CIPRIANO, F. 1997. Antitropical distributions and speciation in dolphins of the genus Lagenorhynchus: a preliminary analysis. Pp. 305 - 316 in Molecular genetics of marine mammals, special publication no. 3 (A. E. Dizon, S. J. Chivers, and W. F. Perrin, eds.). Society for Marine Mammalogy, Lawrence, Kansas." type="book" year="1997">Cipriano 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D736B10FF467663BB54FEF1" author="LEDUC, R. G. & W. F. PERRIN & A. E. DIZON" box="[178,372,267,290]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" pagination="619 - 648" refId="ref12341" refString="LEDUC, R. G., W. F. PERRIN, AND A. E. DIZON. 1999. Phylogenetic relationships among the delphinid cetaceans based on full Cytochrome B sequences. Marine Mammal Science 15: 619 - 648." type="journal article" year="1999">LeDuc et al. 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Harlin-Cognato and Honeycutt 2006;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D736B10FF997643BB7EFE91" author="MCGOWEN, M. R. & M. SPAULDING & J. GATESY" box="[109,350,299,322]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" pagination="891 - 906" refId="ref12740" refString="MCGOWEN, M. R., M. SPAULDING, AND J. GATESY. 2009. Divergence date estimation and a comprehensive molecular tree of extant cetaceans. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 53: 891 - 906." type="journal article" year="2009">McGowen et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D736B10FE9B7643B800FE91" author="MCGOWEN, M. R." box="[367,544,299,322]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" pagination="345 - 357" refId="ref12704" refString="MCGOWEN, M. R. 2011. Toward the resolution of an explosive radiation - a multilocus phylogeny of oceanic dolphins (Delphinidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 60: 345 - 357." type="journal article" year="2011">McGowen 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Banguera-Hinestroza et al. 2014). Molecular studies addressing the relationship between the latter 2 species have provided conflicting results (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D736B10FF8276E3BB72FE71" author="LEDUC, R. G. & W. F. PERRIN & A. E. DIZON" box="[118,338,395,418]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" pagination="619 - 648" refId="ref12341" refString="LEDUC, R. G., W. F. PERRIN, AND A. E. DIZON. 1999. Phylogenetic relationships among the delphinid cetaceans based on full Cytochrome B sequences. Marine Mammal Science 15: 619 - 648." type="journal article" year="1999">LeDuc et al. 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Harlin-Cognato and Honeycutt 2006; Banguera-Hinestroza et al. 2014). All studies agree that the taxa have basal positions in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D736B10FE1776A3B848FE31" authorityName="J.E.Gray" authorityYear="1821" box="[483,616,459,482]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Delphinidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
phylogeny, but they either represent separate lineages (subfamilies) within the dolphin family (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D736B10FEEB7563BB88FDF1" authorityName="J.E.Gray" authorityYear="1821" box="[287,424,523,546]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Delphinidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) or they are indeed sister species and form their own subfamily
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D736B10FE3D7543B8B3FD91" box="[457,659,555,578]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Lagenorhynchinae">Lagenorhynchinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Banguera-
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D736B10FF997523BB4BFDB1" author="HINESTROZA, E. & A. HAYANO & E. CRESPO & A. R. HOELZEL" box="[109,363,587,610]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" pagination="217 - 230" refId="ref8969" refString="BANGUERA- HINESTROZA, E., A. HAYANO, E. CRESPO, AND A. R. HOELZEL. 2014. Delphinid systematics and biogeography with a focus on the current genus Lagenorhynchus: multiple pathways for antitropical and trans-oceanic radiation. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 80: 217 - 230." type="journal article" year="2014">Hinestroza et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In the latter case, the time of their divergence has been estimated as far back as 11.49 million years ago, which may merit assignment to separate genera (Banguera-Hinestroza et al. 2014).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF3266412D726B11FCBC71C0BF31F8E1" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573392" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4573392" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573392/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" startId="0.[840,875,1704,1725]" targetBox="[903,1460,997,1690]" targetPageId="0">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF236C92D726B11FCBC71C0BF31F8E1" blockId="0.[840,1523,1704,1842]" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D726B11FCBC71C0B9AFF96E" bold="true" box="[840,911,1704,1725]" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Fig. 1.</emphasis>
|
||
—An adult
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D726B11FBE471C0BF01F96E" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1846" box="[1040,1313,1704,1725]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Lagenorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D726B11FBE471C0BF01F96E" box="[1040,1313,1704,1725]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Lagenorhynchus albirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Faxaflói Bay, Iceland, N64°7′47″ W22°7′53″, lateral view. This individual does not display the typical white beak of the species, but has a partly gray lower beak, which is common in adults. Used with permission of the photographer O. Graillot, Faxaflói Cetacean Research.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF236C92D736B10FF997589BB41FBCB" blockId="1.[109,793,737,1944]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">
|
||
NOMENCLATURAL NOTES.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D736B10FE797589B849FD2B" author="BRIGHTWELL, T." box="[397,617,737,760]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" pagination="21 - 22" refId="ref9269" refString="BRIGHTWELL, T. 1846. Observations on a specimen of the bottlenosed dolphin, Delphinus Tursio, Fabr., taken at Great Yarmouth, October 1845. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History 17: 21 - 22." type="journal article" year="1846">Brightwell’s (1846)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
description of a dolphin from Great Yarmouth that he assigned to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D736B10FD5E7469BA91FCEB" authority="Tursio" authorityName="Tursio Brightwell" authorityYear="1846" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Delphinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D736B10FD5E7469BA91FCEB" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">Delphinus Tursio</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D736B10FF167449BBB9FCEB" author="FABRICIUS, O." box="[226,409,801,824]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" refId="ref10494" refString="FABRICIUS, O. 1780. Fauna Groenlandica: systematice sistens animalia Groenlandiae occidentalis hactenus indagata, quad nomen specificum, triviale, vernaculumque: synonyma auctorum plurium, descriptionem, locum, victum, generationem, mores Othonis Fabricii. Ioannis Gottlob Rothe, Copenhagen, Denmark." type="book" year="1780">Fabricius (1780)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
was promptly corrected by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D736B10FD177449BAE1FC8B" author="GRAY, J. E." pageId="1" pageNumber="36" pagination="82 - 85" refId="ref10943" refString="GRAY, J. E. 1846 a. On the British Cetacea. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 17: 82 - 85." type="journal article" year="1846">Gray (1846a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
in what is considered the formal description of the white-beaked dolphin. In this and his later paper (1846b), Gray applies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D736B10FF3074E9BB55FC4B" box="[196,373,897,920]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Lagenorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D736B10FF3074E9BB55FC4B" box="[196,373,897,920]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">Lagenorhynchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as the generic name, although in his 2nd account (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D736B10FEF174C9BBA6FC6B" author="GRAY, J. E." box="[261,390,929,952]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" refId="ref10969" refString="GRAY, J. E. 1846 b. On the cetaceous animals. Pp. 13 - 53 in Zoology of the voyage of HMS Erebus and Terror under the command of Sir James Clark Ross, R. N., F. R. S., during the years 1839 to 1843, vol. I mammals, birds (J. Richardson and J. E. Gray, eds.). E. W. Janson, London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1846">Gray 1846b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), he incorrectly credited himself for applying the name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D736B10FEC274A9B837FC0B" authorityName=": van Beneden" authorityYear="1860" box="[310,535,961,984]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Delphinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D736B10FEC274A9B837FC0B" box="[310,535,961,984]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">Delphinus albirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the 1st account (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D736B10FD1774A9BA8FFC2B" author="GRAY, J. E." pageId="1" pageNumber="36" pagination="82 - 85" refId="ref10943" refString="GRAY, J. E. 1846 a. On the British Cetacea. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 17: 82 - 85." type="journal article" year="1846">Gray 1846a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Later, the binomen
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D736B10FE557489B8A6FC2B" authorityName=": van Beneden" authorityYear="1860" box="[417,646,993,1016]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Delphinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D736B10FE557489B8A6FC2B" box="[417,646,993,1016]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">Delphinus albirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was used by Gray and many others.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF236C92D736B10FF6C7349B8F8FA8B" blockId="1.[109,793,737,1944]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">
|
||
The work of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D736B10FED47349BBD7FBEB" author="REICHENBACH, H. G. L." box="[288,503,1057,1080]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" refId="ref13974" refString="REICHENBACH, H. G. L. 1846. Die Cetaceen oder Waltiere, nach der neuesten Entdeckungen monographisch zusammengestellt und durch 78 Abbildungen auf XXV: I - XXIV und IIb Kupfertafeln erlautert. Die vollstandige Naturgeschichte des In- und Auslandes, der Saugethiere erster Band. Expedition der Vollstandigsten Naturgeschichte, Dresden, Germany." type="book" year="1846">Reichenbach (1846)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
does not include a description of the new species in the text but contains on plate XXIV, as number 76, a mirrored version of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D736B10FDF47309B8F4FBAB" author="BRIGHTWELL, T." box="[512,724,1121,1144]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" pagination="21 - 22" refId="ref9269" refString="BRIGHTWELL, T. 1846. Observations on a specimen of the bottlenosed dolphin, Delphinus Tursio, Fabr., taken at Great Yarmouth, October 1845. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History 17: 21 - 22." type="journal article" year="1846">Brightwell’s (1846)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
original figure with a caption reading:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D736B10FDE473E9B897FB6B" authority="Rchb. D. Tursio Th. Brightwell. An. Mag Hist. 1846" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Delphinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pseudotursio">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D736B10FDE473E9B897FB6B" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">Delphinus pseudotursio Rchb. D. Tursio Th. Brightwell. An. Mag Hist. 1846</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Hereby Reichenbach, independently from
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D736B10FE1173A9B84FFB0B" author="GRAY, J. E." box="[485,623,1217,1240]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" pagination="82 - 85" refId="ref10943" refString="GRAY, J. E. 1846 a. On the British Cetacea. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 17: 82 - 85." type="journal article" year="1846">Gray (1846a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D736B10FD8B73A9B8E1FB0B" author="GRAY, J. E." box="[639,705,1217,1240]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" refId="ref10969" refString="GRAY, J. E. 1846 b. On the cetaceous animals. Pp. 13 - 53 in Zoology of the voyage of HMS Erebus and Terror under the command of Sir James Clark Ross, R. N., F. R. S., during the years 1839 to 1843, vol. I mammals, birds (J. Richardson and J. E. Gray, eds.). E. W. Janson, London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1846">1846b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) recognized Brightwell’s dolphin as a new species. The new species name chosen by Reichenbach, clearly is based on Brightwell’s specimen and therefore available, but since no exact date of publication could be established it falls into junior synonymy.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF236C92D736B10FF6C7209B8C6F9AB" blockId="1.[109,793,737,1944]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D736B10FF6C7209BB1EFAAB" author="WAGNER, A. J." box="[152,318,1377,1400]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" refId="ref15219" refString="WAGNER, A. J. 1846. Die Saugethiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur mit Beschreibungen von d. Johann Christian Daniel von Schreber. Siebenter Theil: Die Ruderfusser und Fischzitzthiere. Expedition des Schreber'schen Saugtier und des Esper'schen Schmetterlingswerkes, Erlangen, Germany." type="book" year="1846">Wagner (1846)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
provided a short Latin description of the species and in the accompanying plate volume (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D736B10FD8C72E9B928FA4B" author="WAGNER, A. J." box="[632,776,1409,1432]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" pagination="4 - 7" refId="ref15266" refString="WAGNER, A. J. 1847. Die Saugethiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur mit Beschreibungen. Tafelband 2, Theil 4 - 7 und Supplement 3 u. 4: Taf. CLXVI-CCCLXXXIV. Expedition des Schreber'schen Saugtier und des Esper'schen Schmetterlingswerkes, Erlangen, Germany." type="journal article" year="1847">Wagner 1847</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), a mirrored version of the original
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D736B10FE1872C9B890FA6B" author="BRIGHTWELL, T." box="[492,688,1441,1464]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" pagination="21 - 22" refId="ref9269" refString="BRIGHTWELL, T. 1846. Observations on a specimen of the bottlenosed dolphin, Delphinus Tursio, Fabr., taken at Great Yarmouth, October 1845. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History 17: 21 - 22." type="journal article" year="1846">Brightwell (1846)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
drawing. He considered
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D736B10FEE072A9BBE5FA0B" box="[276,453,1473,1496]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Lagenorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D736B10FEE072A9BBE5FA0B" box="[276,453,1473,1496]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">Lagenorhynchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
a subgeneric name introduced by Gray and consequently named it
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D736B10FDFC7289B83BFA2B" box="[520,539,1505,1528]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">D</emphasis>
|
||
[
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D736B10FDDB7289B8A9FA2B" box="[559,649,1505,1528]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">elphinus</emphasis>
|
||
].
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D736B10FD577289B939FA2B" box="[675,793,1505,1528]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D736B10FD577289B934FA2B" authorityName=": van Beneden" authorityYear="1860" box="[675,788,1505,1528]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Delphinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albirostris">albirostris</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Generic and subgeneric names were often used interchangeably.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D736B10FF997149BB67F9EB" author="VAN BENEDEN, P. J." box="[109,327,1569,1592]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" pagination="3 - 38" refId="ref14805" refString="VAN BENEDEN, P. J. 1860. Recherches sur la Fauna littorale de Belgique - Cetaces. Memoires de l'Academie Royale des Sciences et des Sciences, des Lettres et des Beaux-Arts de Belgique 32: 3 - 38." type="journal article" year="1860">van Beneden (1860)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
for the 1st time gave the scientific name in full:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D736B10FF567129B870F98B" authorityName=": van Beneden" authorityYear="1860" box="[162,592,1601,1624]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Delphinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albirostris" subGenus="Lagenorhynchus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D736B10FF567129BB30F98B" box="[162,272,1601,1624]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">Delphinus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D736B10FED57129BBF2F98B" box="[289,466,1601,1624]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">Lagenorhynchus</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D736B10FE167129B870F98B" box="[482,592,1601,1624]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">albirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but later, he used both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D736B10FF577109BBA6F9AB" authorityName=": van Beneden" authorityYear="1860" box="[163,390,1633,1656]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Delphinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D736B10FF577109BBA6F9AB" box="[163,390,1633,1656]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">Delphinus albirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D736B10FE4D7109B8FFF9AB" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1846" box="[441,735,1633,1656]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Lagenorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D736B10FE4D7109B8FFF9AB" box="[441,735,1633,1656]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">Lagenorhynchus albirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF236C92D736B10FF6C71E9B939F88B" blockId="1.[109,793,737,1944]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D736B10FF6C71E9BB6CF94B" author="ESCHRICHT, D. F." box="[152,332,1665,1688]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" pagination="227 - 396" refId="ref10243" refString="ESCHRICHT, D. F. 1846. Undersogelserne over Hvaldyrene 5. Finhvalernes Osteologie og Artsadskillelse. Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab Naturvidenskabelig og Mathematisk Afdeling 12: 227 - 396." type="journal article" year="1846">Eschricht (1846)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
gave a short description of the skeleton of a new dolphin species he intended to describe under the name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D736B10FF9971A9BB0CF90B" authority="Ibsenii" authorityName="Ibsenii Eschricht" authorityYear="1846" box="[109,300,1729,1752]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Delphinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D736B10FF9971A9BB0CF90B" box="[109,300,1729,1752]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">Delphinus Ibsenii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but he never published an extended description.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D736B10FF5D7189BB11F92B" author="GRAY, J. E." box="[169,305,1761,1784]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" refId="ref11058" refString="GRAY, J. E. 1850. Catalogue of the specimens in the collection of the British Museum, part one Cetacea. Trustees of the British Museum, London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1850">Gray (1850)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D736B10FE997189B83EF92B" author="CLAUDIUS, M." box="[365,542,1761,1784]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" refId="ref9698" refString="CLAUDIUS, M. 1853. Dissertatio de Lagenorhynchis. C. F. Mohr, Kiliae (Kiel), Germany." type="book" year="1853">Claudius (1853)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
put
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D736B10FDA37189B938F92B" authority="Ibsenii" authorityName="Ibsenii Eschricht" authorityYear="1846" box="[599,792,1761,1784]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Delphinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D736B10FDA37189B938F92B" box="[599,792,1761,1784]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">Delphinus Ibsenii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
into the synonymy of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D736B10FEA37069B85DF8CB" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1846" box="[343,637,1793,1816]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Lagenorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D736B10FEA37069B85DF8CB" box="[343,637,1793,1816]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">Lagenorhynchus albirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D736B10FD7E7069B938F8CB" author="KINZE, C. C." box="[650,792,1793,1816]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" refId="ref12057" refString="KINZE, C. C. 2009. White-beaked dolphin Lagenorhynchus albirostris. Pp. 1254 - 1258 in Encyclopedia of marine mammals (W. F. Perrin, B. Wursig, and J. G. M. Thewissen, eds.). 2 nd ed. Academic Press, San Diego, California." type="book" year="2009">Kinze (2009)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
established that Gray’s specific name (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D736B10FDDB7049B8BDF8EB" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1846" box="[559,669,1825,1848]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Lagenorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D736B10FDDB7049B8BDF8EB" box="[559,669,1825,1848]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">albirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) antedates Eschricht’s and therefore is to be considered the senior synonym.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF236C92D736B10FF6C7009BE31FE91" blockId="1.[109,793,737,1944]" lastBlockId="1.[840,1524,203,802]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D736B10FF6C7009BB6FF8AB" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1780" box="[152,335,1889,1912]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Delphinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tursio">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D736B10FF6C7009BB6FF8AB" box="[152,335,1889,1912]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">Delphinus tursio</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was still in use for specimens of whitebeaked dolphins until at least 1861 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D736B10FDF270E9B88FF84B" author="SUNDEVALL, C. J." box="[518,687,1921,1944]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" pagination="385 - 394" refId="ref14593" refString="SUNDEVALL, C. J. 1861. Om nagra Hvalarter. Ofversigt af Kongliga Vetenskaps-Akademiens Forhandlingar 18: 385 - 394." type="journal article" year="1861">Sundevall 1861</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Several European museums hold specimens of the white-beaked dolphin originating from waters around
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35A76592D736B10FB547783BF2FFED1" box="[1184,1295,235,258]" name="Greenland" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">Greenland</collectingCountry>
|
||
and collected before the formal description in 1846, these were originally assigned to
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D736B10FCBC7643BE31FE91" box="[840,1041,299,322]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D736B10FCBC7643BE2CFE91" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[840,1036,299,322]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Delphinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="delphis">Delphinus delphis</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF236C92D736B10FC877623B9C0FCF1" blockId="1.[840,1524,203,802]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">
|
||
The name,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D736B10FC1F7623BEBCFEB1" box="[1003,1180,331,354]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Lagenorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D736B10FC1F7623BEBCFEB1" box="[1003,1180,331,354]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">Lagenorhynchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, is composed of the Latin word
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D736B10FCBC7603B9B0FE51" box="[840,912,363,386]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">lagena</emphasis>
|
||
, meaning bottle or flask, and the Greek word
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D736B10FA7F7603BFCCFE51" box="[1419,1516,363,386]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">rhynchus</emphasis>
|
||
, meaning snout. The specific name,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D736B10FB2B76E3BF6DFE71" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1846" box="[1247,1357,395,418]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Lagenorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D736B10FB2B76E3BF6DFE71" box="[1247,1357,395,418]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">albirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Latin: whitebeaked), refers to the common, but not universal, white beak. Additional common names for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D736B10FB5E76A3BF19FE31" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1846" box="[1194,1337,459,482]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Lagenorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D736B10FB5E76A3BF19FE31" box="[1194,1337,459,482]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">L. albirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
include the following: hvidnaese (Danish); witsnuitdolfijn (Dutch); kjarthvitur springari (Faroese); dauphin avec bec blanc (French); Weissschnauzendelfin (German); ardluarsuk (Greenlandic); Blettahnýðir or Hnýðingur (Icelandic); deilf na ngoba bána (Irish); kvitnos (Norwegian); delfin bialosy (Polish); belomordyi del’fin (Russian); delfin de hocicio blanco (Spanish); vitnosdelfin (Swedish). It is commonly referred to as “springer” or “jumper,” especially in parts of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35A76592D736B10FB6275A3BEC9FD31" box="[1174,1257,715,738]" name="Canada" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
, the Faroes, and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35A76592D736B10FA6C75A3BFCFFD31" box="[1432,1519,715,738]" name="Norway" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">Norway</collectingCountry>
|
||
. These latter names are also used to refer to the Atlantic whitesided dolphin.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSection id="E2C22F222D736B10FBB87409BEC2FACF" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" type="multiple">
|
||
<subSubSection id="C35765422D736B10FBB87409BEC2FACF" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF236C92D736B10FBB87409BECFFCA8" blockId="1.[1100,1263,865,891]" box="[1100,1263,865,891]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">
|
||
<heading id="D0BA81A52D736B10FBB87409BECFFCA8" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[1100,1263,865,891]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D736B10FBB87409BECFFCA8" bold="true" box="[1100,1263,865,891]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">DIAGNOSIS</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF236C92D736B10FC8774CDBEC2FACF" blockId="1.[840,1523,933,1308]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D736B10FC8774CDBEBDFC6F" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1846" box="[883,1181,933,956]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Lagenorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D736B10FC8774CDBEBDFC6F" box="[883,1181,933,956]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">Lagenorhynchus albirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is most likely to be confused with the Atlantic white-sided dolphin,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D736B10FB1F74ADBF6FFC0F" baseAuthorityName="Bloch" baseAuthorityYear="1996" box="[1259,1359,965,988]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Leucopleurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acutus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D736B10FB1F74ADBEDAFC0F" box="[1259,1274,965,988]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D736B10FAFD74ADBF6FFC0F" box="[1289,1359,965,988]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">acutus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, from which it differs by the white or gray beak, a light gray-to-white saddle behind the dorsal fin, and the lack of a yellow field on the posterior flank. Skulls of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D736B10FBCA734DBEEBFBEF" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1846" box="[1086,1227,1061,1084]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Lagenorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D736B10FBCA734DBE6DFBEF" box="[1086,1101,1061,1084]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D736B10FBA9734DBEEBFBEF" box="[1117,1227,1061,1084]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">albirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be distinguished from those of other North Atlantic delphinids by a toothrow with more than 20 teeth and by the shorter (<
|
||
<quantity id="4CB59B2C2D736B10FAF7730DBF79FBAF" box="[1283,1369,1125,1148]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" unit="mm" value="240.0">240 mm</quantity>
|
||
) and wider (>
|
||
<quantity id="4CB59B2C2D736B10FCBC73EDB9BEFB4F" box="[840,926,1157,1180]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" unit="mm" value="125.0">125 mm</quantity>
|
||
) rostrum. Skeletons of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D736B10FB6173EDBF3EFB4F" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1846" box="[1173,1310,1157,1180]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Lagenorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D736B10FB6173EDBE84FB4F" box="[1173,1188,1157,1180]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D736B10FB4473EDBF3EFB4F" box="[1200,1310,1157,1180]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">albirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differ from those of other cetaceans by the high vertebral count, 88–93. Only right whale dolphins (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D736B10FBF673ADBEA7FB0F" authorityName="Gloger" authorityYear="1841" box="[1026,1159,1221,1244]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Lissodelphis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D736B10FBF673ADBEA7FB0F" box="[1026,1159,1221,1244]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">Lissodelphis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—up to 90 vertebrae) and Dall’s porpoise (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D736B10FC40738DBEA2FB2F" baseAuthorityName="True" baseAuthorityYear="1885" box="[948,1154,1253,1276]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocoenidae" genus="Phocoenoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dalli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D736B10FC40738DBEA2FB2F" box="[948,1154,1253,1276]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">Phocoenoides dalli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—up to 98 vertebrae), both absent in the North Atlantic, reach this range.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
<subSection id="E2C22F222D736B13FC1F7235BFCAFD91" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="37" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" type="multiple">
|
||
<subSubSection id="C35765422D736B13FC1F7235BFCAFD91" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="37" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF236C92D736B10FC1F7235BF70FAA4" blockId="1.[1003,1360,1373,1399]" box="[1003,1360,1373,1399]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">
|
||
<heading id="D0BA81A52D736B10FC1F7235BF70FAA4" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[1003,1360,1373,1399]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D736B10FC1F7235BF70FAA4" bold="true" box="[1003,1360,1373,1399]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">GENERAL CHARACTERS</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF236C92D736B13FC8772C9BB44FCD1" blockId="1.[840,1523,1441,1944]" lastBlockId="2.[109,792,203,1122]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="37" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D736B10FC8772C9BE83FA6B" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1846" box="[883,1187,1441,1464]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Lagenorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D736B10FC8772C9BE83FA6B" box="[883,1187,1441,1464]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">Lagenorhynchus albirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is robust compared to most other delphinids, with a comparatively short, thick beak protruding
|
||
<quantity id="4CB59B2C2D736B10FC547289B9CDFA2B" box="[928,1005,1505,1528]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" unit="cm" value="6.5" valueMax="8.0" valueMin="5.0">5–8 cm</quantity>
|
||
from the offset of the melon. The tall, falcate dorsal fin is located around mid-length. Coloration is complex and changes during ontogeny, this has been described and broken into components by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D736B10FBBB7129BF0BF98B" author="BERTULLI, C. G. & A. GALATIUS & C. C. KINZE & M. H. RASMUSSEN & W. KEENER & M. A. WEBBER" box="[1103,1323,1601,1624]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" refId="ref9139" refString="BERTULLI, C. G., A. GALATIUS, C. C. KINZE, M. H. RASMUSSEN, W. KEENER, AND M. A. WEBBER. 2016. Color patterns in white-beaked dolphins (Lagenorhynchus albirostris) from Iceland. Marine Mammal Science. doi: 10.1111 / mms 12312." type="book" year="2016">Bertulli et al. (2016)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. As the vernacular name implies, white-beaked dolphins have a white or whitish beak, which in many, particularly adult individuals, is darkened to an ashy gray (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D736B10FBF871C9BEC2F96B" author="BERTULLI, C. G. & A. GALATIUS & C. C. KINZE & M. H. RASMUSSEN & W. KEENER & M. A. WEBBER" box="[1036,1250,1697,1720]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" refId="ref9139" refString="BERTULLI, C. G., A. GALATIUS, C. C. KINZE, M. H. RASMUSSEN, W. KEENER, AND M. A. WEBBER. 2016. Color patterns in white-beaked dolphins (Lagenorhynchus albirostris) from Iceland. Marine Mammal Science. doi: 10.1111 / mms 12312." type="book" year="2016">Bertulli et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The color of the beak often continues backward a few cm posterior to the base of the melon. The dorsum, flanks, and the remainder of the melon are dark gray, whereas the dorsal fin, flippers, and fluke are generally dark gray except for a white or light gray saddle behind the dorsal fin and the occurrence of light patches on the anterior leading edges of fin and flippers in adults. A light patch surrounds the eye, with a darker section immediately around the eye. The dark gray areas of the dorsum and flanks are overlaid by a lighter gray blaze starting near the anal region and extending dorso-anteriorly along the peduncle and flank to the level of the flippers. Another light gray area on the anterior (thoracic) flank lies between the flipper and the flank patch. The belly is entirely light gray-to-white with a narrow white medial band from the flippers to the genital slit (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13762A4C2D706B13FE1B76E3B818FE71" box="[495,568,395,418]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="0.[840,875,1704,1725]" captionTargetBox="[903,1460,997,1690]" captionTargetId="figure-430@0.[903,1460,997,1690]" captionTargetPageId="0" captionText="Fig. 1.—An adult Lagenorhynchus albirostris from Faxaflói Bay, Iceland, N64°7′47″ W22°7′53″, lateral view. This individual does not display the typical white beak of the species, but has a partly gray lower beak, which is common in adults. Used with permission of the photographer O. Graillot, Faxaflói Cetacean Research." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573392" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573392/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation id="13762A4C2D706B13FD9A76E3B85BFE71" box="[622,635,395,418]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[109,144,1837,1858]" captionTargetBox="[133,771,1173,1824]" captionTargetId="figure-501@2.[131,771,1172,1824]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 2.—Lateral, dorsal, and ventral views of representative coloration pattern of adult Lagenorhynchus albirostris based on photos of 437 individuals taken around Iceland (Bertulli et al. 2016). Used with permission of the illustrator U. Gorter, Natural History Illustration." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573396" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573396/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">2</figureCitation>
|
||
). This general pattern varies among ontogenetic stages, individuals, and possibly geographic areas (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D706B13FEAE76A3BBC8FE31" author="HARMER, S. F." box="[346,488,459,482]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" refId="ref11500" refString="HARMER, S. F., 1927. Report on Cetacea stranded on the British coasts from 1913 to 1926. 10 th ed. British Museum of Natural History, London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1927">Harmer 1927</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D706B13FE0176A3B85EFE31" author="MERCER, M. C." box="[501,638,459,482]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" pagination="1111 - 1130" refId="ref12852" refString="MERCER, M. C. 1973. Observations on distribution and intraspecific variation in pigmentation patterns of odontocete Cetacea in the western North Atlantic. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 30: 1111 - 1130." type="journal article" year="1973">Mercer 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D706B13FD7876A3BA83FDD1" author="CAMPHUYSEN, C. J." pageId="2" pageNumber="37" pagination="20 - 30" refId="ref9413" refString="CAMPHUYSEN, C. J. 1991. Het herkennen van de witflankdolfijn Lagenorhynchus acutus en de witsnuitdolfijn Lagenorhynchus albirostris op zee. Huid en Haar 10: 20 - 30." type="journal article" year="1991">Camphuysen 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D706B13FF457683BB37FDD1" author="REE, V." box="[177,279,491,514]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" pagination="132 - 165" refId="ref13845" refString="REE, V. 1994. Feltbestemmelse af kvitnos og kvitskjeving. En opsummering av artenes utseende i eldre og nyere litteratur og en presentasjon av materiale fra norske farvann de senere ar. Fauna (Oslo) 47: 132 - 165." type="journal article" year="1994">Ree 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D706B13FED17683BBCFFDD1" author="BERTULLI, C. G. & A. GALATIUS & C. C. KINZE & M. H. RASMUSSEN & W. KEENER & M. A. WEBBER" box="[293,495,491,514]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" refId="ref9139" refString="BERTULLI, C. G., A. GALATIUS, C. C. KINZE, M. H. RASMUSSEN, W. KEENER, AND M. A. WEBBER. 2016. Color patterns in white-beaked dolphins (Lagenorhynchus albirostris) from Iceland. Marine Mammal Science. doi: 10.1111 / mms 12312." type="book" year="2016">Bertulli et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The longest known specimen is a
|
||
<quantity id="4CB59B2C2D706B13FF267563BB3FFDF1" box="[210,287,523,546]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.1" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" unit="cm" value="310.0">310 cm</quantity>
|
||
male from the British Isles (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D706B13FDA97563B8FEFDF1" author="FRASER, F. C." box="[605,734,523,546]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" refId="ref10678" refString="FRASER, F. C. 1974. Report on Cetacea stranded on the British coasts from 1948 to 1966. 14 th ed. British Museum (Natural History), London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1974">Fraser 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but few specimens reach
|
||
<quantity id="4CB59B2C2D706B13FE9D7543BB96FD91" box="[361,438,555,578]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" unit="cm" value="300.0">300 cm</quantity>
|
||
in total length (Guldberg and Nansen 1894;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D706B13FEFC7523BBB7FDB1" author="HARMER, S. F." box="[264,407,587,610]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" refId="ref11500" refString="HARMER, S. F., 1927. Report on Cetacea stranded on the British coasts from 1913 to 1926. 10 th ed. British Museum of Natural History, London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1927">Harmer 1927</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D706B13FE507523B8A1FDB1" author="GALATIUS, A. & O. E. JANSEN & C. C. KINZE" box="[420,641,587,610]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" pagination="348 - 355" refId="ref10779" refString="GALATIUS, A., O. E. JANSEN, AND C. C. KINZE. 2013 a. Parameters of growth and reproduction of white-beaked dolphins (Lagenorhynchus albirostris) from the North Sea. Marine Mammal Science 29: 348 - 355." type="journal article" year="2013">Galatius et al. 2013a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Adult males are larger than females (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D706B13FE8F7503B816FD51" author="DONG, J. H. & J. LIEN & K. CURREN" box="[379,566,619,642]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" pagination="278 - 287" refId="ref10198" refString="DONG, J. H., J. LIEN, AND K. CURREN. 1996. A contribution to the biology of the white-beaked dolphin, Lagenorhynchus albirostris, in waters off Newfoundland. Canadian Field Naturalist 110: 278 - 287." type="journal article" year="1996">Dong et al. 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) due to an extended period of growth (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D706B13FEC375E3B83AFD71" author="GALATIUS, A. & O. E. JANSEN & C. C. KINZE" box="[311,538,651,674]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" pagination="348 - 355" refId="ref10779" refString="GALATIUS, A., O. E. JANSEN, AND C. C. KINZE. 2013 a. Parameters of growth and reproduction of white-beaked dolphins (Lagenorhynchus albirostris) from the North Sea. Marine Mammal Science 29: 348 - 355." type="journal article" year="2013">Galatius et al. 2013a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In a sample from the North Sea, adult females were
|
||
<quantity id="4CB59B2C2D706B13FE4A75C3B860FD11" box="[446,576,683,706]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.535" metricValueMax="2.65" metricValueMin="2.42" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" unit="cm" value="253.5" valueMax="265.0" valueMin="242.0">242–265 cm</quantity>
|
||
with a mean length of
|
||
<quantity id="4CB59B2C2D706B13FF7875A3BAF9FD31" box="[140,217,715,738]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.51" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" unit="cm" value="251.0">251 cm</quantity>
|
||
and males were
|
||
<quantity id="4CB59B2C2D706B13FE6775A3B836FD31" box="[403,534,715,738]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.71" metricValueMax="2.9" metricValueMin="2.52" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" unit="cm" value="271.0" valueMax="290.0" valueMin="252.0">252–290 cm</quantity>
|
||
with a mean of
|
||
<quantity id="4CB59B2C2D706B13FD3F75A3B938FD31" box="[715,792,715,738]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.73" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" unit="cm" value="273.0">273 cm</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D706B13FF827583BB75FCD1" author="GALATIUS, A. & O. E. JANSEN & C. C. KINZE" box="[118,341,747,770]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" pagination="348 - 355" refId="ref10779" refString="GALATIUS, A., O. E. JANSEN, AND C. C. KINZE. 2013 a. Parameters of growth and reproduction of white-beaked dolphins (Lagenorhynchus albirostris) from the North Sea. Marine Mammal Science 29: 348 - 355." type="journal article" year="2013">Galatius et al. 2013a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF236C92D706B13FF6C7463B938FC11" blockId="2.[109,792,203,1122]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">
|
||
Ranges of selected body measurements (cm; by C. C. Kinze) from adult females and males, respectively, stranded in the eastern North Sea were: dorsal fin height, 22–38 (
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D706B13FD617423B882FCB1" box="[661,674,843,866]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 19) and 26–40 (
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D706B13FF4A7403BAEBFC51" box="[190,203,875,898]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 15); anterior flipper length, 32–48 (
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D706B13FDAC7403B845FC51" box="[600,613,875,898]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 21) and 36–52 (
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D706B13FF8274E3BAA3FC71" box="[118,131,907,930]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 19); fluke span, 42–70 (
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D706B13FE6674E3BBBFFC71" box="[402,415,907,930]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 18) and 52–83 (
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D706B13FDA974E3B84AFC71" box="[605,618,907,930]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 17); and snout to center of genital aperture, 90–120 (
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D706B13FE0C74C3B825FC11" box="[504,517,939,962]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 15) and 75–90 (
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D706B13FD3274C3B8F3FC11" box="[710,723,939,962]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 16).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF236C92D706B13FF6C74A3B938FBB1" blockId="2.[109,792,203,1122]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">
|
||
The observation of a pregnant female only
|
||
<quantity id="4CB59B2C2D706B13FD9674A3B88EFC31" box="[610,686,971,994]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7399999999999998" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" unit="cm" value="174.0">174 cm</quantity>
|
||
long suggests that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D706B13FF147483BB4FFBD1" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1846" box="[224,367,1003,1026]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Lagenorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D706B13FF147483BACFFBD1" box="[224,239,1003,1026]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D706B13FEF57483BB4FFBD1" box="[257,367,1003,1026]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">albirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may reach adulthood at smaller sizes in the western North Atlantic (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D706B13FE4A7363B856FBF1" author="DONG, J. H. & J. LIEN & K. CURREN" box="[446,630,1035,1058]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" pagination="278 - 287" refId="ref10198" refString="DONG, J. H., J. LIEN, AND K. CURREN. 1996. A contribution to the biology of the white-beaked dolphin, Lagenorhynchus albirostris, in waters off Newfoundland. Canadian Field Naturalist 110: 278 - 287." type="journal article" year="1996">Dong et al. 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Few weights have been reported, the largest known male weighed
|
||
<quantity id="4CB59B2C2D706B13FD697343B8C4FB91" box="[669,740,1067,1090]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="3.54" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" unit="kg" value="354.0">354 kg</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D706B13FD067343BAD8FBB1" author="VAN UTRECHT, W. L." pageId="2" pageNumber="37" pagination="111 - 122" refId="ref15076" refString="VAN UTRECHT, W. L. 1981. Comparison of accumulation patterns in layered dentinal tissue of some Odontoceti and corresponding patterns in baleen plates and earplugs of Balaenopteridae. Beaufortia 31: 111 - 122." type="journal article" year="1981">
|
||
van
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4989F82B2D706B13FF997323BA9DFBB1" box="[109,189,1099,1122]" country="Netherlands" name="Utrecht" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Utrecht</collectingRegion>
|
||
1981
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and the largest female
|
||
<quantity id="4CB59B2C2D706B13FE007323B81AFBB1" box="[500,570,1099,1122]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="3.06" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" unit="kg" value="306.0">306 kg</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D706B13FDBD7323B928FBB1" author="REEVES, R. R. & C. SMEENK & C. C. KINZE & R. L. BROWNELL & J. LIEN" box="[585,776,1099,1122]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" refId="ref13889" refString="REEVES, R. R., C. SMEENK, C. C. KINZE, R. L. BROWNELL, AND J. LIEN. 1999. White-beaked dolphin Lagenorhynchus albirostris Gray, 1846. Pp. 1 - 29 in Handbook of marine mammals, volume 6: the second book of dolphins and the porpoises (S. H. Ridgway and S. R. Harrison, eds.). Academic Press, San Diego, California." type="book" year="1999">Reeves et al. 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF236C92D706B13FC8777A3BFCAFD91" blockId="2.[840,1523,203,578]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">
|
||
Means and ranges (mm; by A. Galatius) of selected cranial measurements of adult females and males, respectively, from the eastern North Sea were: condylobasal length, 444 (415–452;
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D706B13FCBC7643B975FE91" box="[840,853,299,322]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 16), 451 (435–464;
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D706B13FBA67643BE7FFE91" box="[1106,1119,299,322]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 12); rostral length, 219 (206–227;
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D706B13FCBC7623B975FEB1" box="[840,853,331,354]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 17), 220 (212–226;
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D706B13FB967623BE4FFEB1" box="[1122,1135,331,354]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 12); rostral width at base, 139 (130–145;
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D706B13FC4B7603B9ECFE51" box="[959,972,363,386]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 16), 143 (132–153;
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D706B13FB3C7603BEF5FE51" box="[1224,1237,363,386]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 12); width at antorbital processes, 228 (216–241;
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D706B13FBAA76E3BE4BFE71" box="[1118,1131,395,418]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 16), 234 (222–246;
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D706B13FAAF76E3BF48FE71" box="[1371,1384,395,418]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 12); zygomatic width, 243 (233–257;
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D706B13FB8676C3BE5FFE11" box="[1138,1151,427,450]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 16), 253 (240–266;
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D706B13FA9D76C3BF56FE11" box="[1385,1398,427,450]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 12); right mandible length, 369 (350–385;
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D706B13FB5776A3BE90FE31" box="[1187,1200,459,482]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 17), 376 (354–391;
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D706B13FA6B76A3BF8CFE31" box="[1439,1452,459,482]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 15); length of right upper toothrow, 192 (182–202;
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D706B13FAAB7683BF4CFDD1" box="[1375,1388,491,514]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 16), 194 (188–202;
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D706B13FC4F7563B9E8FDF1" box="[955,968,523,546]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 12). The skull has large, deep temporal fossae and robust antorbital, postorbital, and zygomatic processes (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13762A4C2D706B13FA687543BFFAFD91" box="[1436,1498,555,578]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[840,875,1808,1829]" captionTargetBox="[861,1501,652,1794]" captionTargetId="figure-545@2.[861,1501,652,1794]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 3.—Dorsal, ventral, and lateral views of skull and lateral view of mandible ofan adultLagenorhynchus albirostris ofunknownsex (CN94; Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen) collected in Esbjerg, Denmark. Condylobasal length is 429mm. Photos by A. Galatius and G. Brovad, with permission." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573394" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573394/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF3266412D706B13FCBC7078BED4F849" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573394" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4573394" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573394/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" startId="2.[840,875,1808,1829]" targetBox="[861,1501,652,1794]" targetPageId="2">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF236C92D706B13FCBC7078BED4F849" blockId="2.[840,1523,1808,1946]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D706B13FCBC7078B9A9F8F6" bold="true" box="[840,905,1808,1829]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Fig. 3.</emphasis>
|
||
—Dorsal, ventral, and lateral views of skull and lateral view of mandible of an adult
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D706B13FBFE7046BF30F890" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1846" box="[1034,1296,1838,1859]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Lagenorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D706B13FBFE7046BF30F890" box="[1034,1296,1838,1859]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Lagenorhynchus albirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
of unknown sex (CN94; Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen) collected in Esbjerg, Denmark. Condylobasal length is 429 mm. Photos by A. Galatius and G. Brovad, with permission.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF3266412D706B13FF997045B8F2F849" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573396" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4573396" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573396/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" startId="2.[109,144,1837,1858]" targetBox="[133,771,1173,1824]" targetPageId="2">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF236C92D706B13FF997045B8F2F849" blockId="2.[109,792,1837,1946]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D706B13FF997045BA8DF891" bold="true" box="[109,173,1837,1858]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Fig. 2.</emphasis>
|
||
—Lateral, dorsal, and ventral views of representative coloration pattern of adult
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D706B13FEE67023B83FF8B3" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1846" box="[274,543,1867,1888]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Lagenorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D706B13FEE67023B83FF8B3" box="[274,543,1867,1888]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Lagenorhynchus albirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on photos of 437 individuals taken around Iceland (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D706B13FE4E7000B852F8AE" author="BERTULLI, C. G. & A. GALATIUS & C. C. KINZE & M. H. RASMUSSEN & W. KEENER & M. A. WEBBER" box="[442,626,1896,1917]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" refId="ref9139" refString="BERTULLI, C. G., A. GALATIUS, C. C. KINZE, M. H. RASMUSSEN, W. KEENER, AND M. A. WEBBER. 2016. Color patterns in white-beaked dolphins (Lagenorhynchus albirostris) from Iceland. Marine Mammal Science. doi: 10.1111 / mms 12312." type="book" year="2016">Bertulli et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Used with permission of the illustrator U. Gorter, Natural History Illustration.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSection id="E2C22F222D716B12FEA277A3B938FBD5" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" type="multiple">
|
||
<subSubSection id="C35765422D716B12FEA277A3B938FBD5" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF236C92D716B12FEA277A3B80EFF36" blockId="3.[342,558,203,229]" box="[342,558,203,229]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
|
||
<heading id="D0BA81A52D716B12FEA277A3B80EFF36" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[342,558,203,229]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D716B12FEA277A3B80EFF36" bold="true" box="[342,558,203,229]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">DISTRIBUTION</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF236C92D716B12FF6C7667B938FBD5" blockId="3.[109,792,271,1030]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D716B12FF6C7667BB9DFEF5" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1846" box="[152,445,271,294]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Lagenorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D716B12FF6C7667BB9DFEF5" box="[152,445,271,294]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Lagenorhynchus albirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is endemic to the cooler temperate and subarctic North Atlantic (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D716B12FE3D7647B8A7FE95" author="REEVES, R. R. & C. SMEENK & C. C. KINZE & R. L. BROWNELL & J. LIEN" box="[457,647,303,326]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" refId="ref13889" refString="REEVES, R. R., C. SMEENK, C. C. KINZE, R. L. BROWNELL, AND J. LIEN. 1999. White-beaked dolphin Lagenorhynchus albirostris Gray, 1846. Pp. 1 - 29 in Handbook of marine mammals, volume 6: the second book of dolphins and the porpoises (S. H. Ridgway and S. R. Harrison, eds.). Academic Press, San Diego, California." type="book" year="1999">Reeves et al. 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="13762A4C2D716B12FD607647B8F1FE95" box="[660,721,303,326]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[109,144,1837,1858]" captionTargetBox="[273,1358,1084,1823]" captionTargetId="figure-517@3.[272,1360,1083,1824]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 4.—Geographic distribution of Lagenorhynchus albirostris according to Øien (1996); Reid et al. (2003); Waring et al. (2008); Lawson and Gosselin (2009); Pike et al. (2009); Hammond et al. (2013); Hansen and Heide-Jørgensen (2013); Fall and Skern-Mauritzen (2014). Recent data on distribution off East Greenland are not available, but Jonsgård and Christensen (1968) report the species as the most common dolphin off southeastern Greenland." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573398" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573398/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
). Four principal centers with higher density have been identified (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D716B12FD2C7627BA82FE55" author="KINZE, C. C." pageId="3" pageNumber="38" refId="ref12057" refString="KINZE, C. C. 2009. White-beaked dolphin Lagenorhynchus albirostris. Pp. 1254 - 1258 in Encyclopedia of marine mammals (W. F. Perrin, B. Wursig, and J. G. M. Thewissen, eds.). 2 nd ed. Academic Press, San Diego, California." type="book" year="2009">Kinze 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
): (1) The Labrador Shelf and southwestern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35A76592D716B12FD567607B935FE55" box="[674,789,367,390]" name="Greenland" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Greenland</collectingCountry>
|
||
; (2) around
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35A76592D716B12FF1D76E7BB1BFE75" box="[233,315,399,422]" name="Iceland" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Iceland</collectingCountry>
|
||
; (3) around the northern part of the British Isles and the North Sea; (4) the shelf along the Norwegian coast, including the Barents Sea. In (1), the species has been recorded from western
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35A76592D716B12FE867687BBC1FDD5" box="[370,481,495,518]" name="Greenland" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Greenland</collectingCountry>
|
||
in the North (71°) to Cape Cod, Massachusetts (Alling and Whitehead 1987; Kingsley and Reeves 1998;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D716B12FEFC7547BBF5FD95" author="WARING, G. T. & E. JOSEPHSON & WASH, AND K." box="[264,469,559,582]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" refId="ref15315" refString="WARING, G. T., E. JOSEPHSON, C. P. FAIRFIELD- WASH, AND K. MAZE- FOLEY. 2008. US Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico marine mammal stock assessments. TM F / NE- 210. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Woods Hole, Massachussetts." type="book" year="2008">Waring et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Lawson and Gosselin 2009; Hansen and Heide-Jørgensen 2013). Apart from 2 recent sightings near the southeastern coast of Baffin Island, the species is unknown in this area (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D716B12FEAF75E7B80EFD75" author="REINHART, N. R. & S. M. E. FORTUNE & P. R. RICHARD & C. J. D. MATTHEWS" box="[347,558,655,678]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" pagination="1 - 5" refId="ref14115" refString="REINHART, N. R., S. M. E. FORTUNE, P. R. RICHARD, AND C. J. D. MATTHEWS. 2014. Rare sightings of white-beaked dolphins (Lagenorhynchus albirostris) off south-eastern Baffin Island, Canada. Marine Biodiversity Records 7: 1 - 5." type="journal article" year="2014">Reinhart et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In (2),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D716B12FD7A75E7B938FD75" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1846" box="[654,792,655,678]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Lagenorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D716B12FD7A75E7B8BDFD75" box="[654,669,655,678]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D716B12FD5E75E7B938FD75" box="[682,792,655,678]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">albirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the most common dolphin (Vikingsson and Ólafsdóttir 2004;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D716B12FF9975A7BB02FD35" author="PIKE, D. G. & C. G. M. PAXTON & T. GUNNLAUGSSON & G. VIKINGSSON" box="[109,290,719,742]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" pagination="117 - 142" refId="ref13467" refString="PIKE, D. G., C. G. M. PAXTON, T. GUNNLAUGSSON, AND G. VIKINGSSON. 2009. Trends in distribution and abundance of cetaceans from aerial surveys in Icelandic coastal waters, 1986 - 2001. NAMMCO Scientific Publications 7: 117 - 142." type="journal article" year="2009">Pike et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This area may also extend to southeastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35A76592D716B12FF997587BAFFFCD5" box="[109,223,751,774]" name="Greenland" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Greenland</collectingCountry>
|
||
, where it is also the most common dolphin (Jonsgård and Christensen 1968). In (3), the highest sighting rates are from the Outer Hebrides and in the western North Sea, but its distribution also extends into the central North Sea to the Danish coast, around
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35A76592D716B12FF4B7407BB2BFC55" box="[191,267,879,902]" name="Ireland" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Ireland</collectingCountry>
|
||
and even some sightings in the English Channel (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D716B12FF8274E7BB42FC75" author="NORTHRIDGE, S. P. & M. L. TASKER & A. WEBB & J. M. WILLIAMS" box="[118,354,911,934]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" pagination="55 - 66" refId="ref13276" refString="NORTHRIDGE, S. P., M. L. TASKER, A. WEBB, AND J. M. WILLIAMS. 1995. Distribution and relative abundance of harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena L.), white-beaked dolphins (Lagenorhynchus albirostris Gray), and minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata Lacepede) around the British Isles. ICES Journal of Marine Science 52: 55 - 66." type="journal article" year="1995">Northridge et al. 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D716B12FE8474E7BB85FC75" author="NORTHRIDGE, S. P. & ASKER, A. & EBB, K. & AMPHUYSEN, AND M." box="[368,421,911,934]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" pagination="797 - 805" refId="ref13211" refString="NORTHRIDGE, S. P., M. L. T ASKER, A. W EBB, K. C AMPHUYSEN, AND M. L EOPOLD. 1997. White-beaked dolphin Lagenorhynchus albirostris and Atlantic white-sided dolphin L. acutus distributions in Northwest European and US North Atlantic waters. Reports of the International Whaling Commission 47: 797 - 805." type="journal article" year="1997">1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D716B12FE4074E7B8BCFC75" author="HAMMOND, P. S." box="[436,668,911,934]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" pagination="361 - 376" refId="ref11237" refString="HAMMOND, P. S., ET AL. 2002. Abundance of harbour porpoise and other cetaceans in the North Sea and adjacent waters. Journal of Applied Ecology 39: 361 - 376." type="journal article" year="2002">Hammond et al. 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D716B12FD5E74E7BA82FC15" author="REID, J. B. & P. G. H. EVANS & S. P. NORTHRIDGE" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" refId="ref14032" refString="REID, J. B., P. G. H. EVANS, AND S. P. NORTHRIDGE. 2003. Atlas of cetacean distribution in North-West European waters. Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Peterborough, United Kingdom." type="book" year="2003">Reid et al. 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D716B12FF4774C7BBBFFC15" author="HAMMOND, P. S." box="[179,415,943,966]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" pagination="107 - 122" refId="ref11340" refString="HAMMOND, P. S., ET AL. 2013. Cetacean abundance and distribution in European shelf waters to inform conservation and management. Biological Conservation 164: 107 - 122." type="journal article" year="2013">Hammond et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In (4), distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D716B12FD5374C7BAB1FC35" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1846" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Lagenorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D716B12FD5374C7B896FC15" box="[679,694,943,966]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D716B12FD3174C7BAB1FC35" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">albirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
extends throughout the western Barents Sea except for the northernmost parts (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D716B12FEB77487BB92FBD5" author="OIEN, N." box="[323,434,1007,1030]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" pagination="15" refId="ref13426" refString="OIEN, N. 1996. Lagenorhynchus species in Norwegian waters as revealed from incidental observations and recent sighting surveys. Document SC / 48 / SM 15. International Whaling Commission, Scientific Committee, Cambridge, United Kingdom." type="journal article" year="1996">Øien 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Fall and Skern-Mauritzen 2014).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C35765422D716B15FBD277A3BF14FED1" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" type="description">
|
||
<subSection id="E2C22F222D716B12FBD277A3BF25FE75" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF236C92D716B12FBD277A3BF35FF36" blockId="3.[1062,1301,203,229]" box="[1062,1301,203,229]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
|
||
<heading id="D0BA81A52D716B12FBD277A3BF35FF36" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[1062,1301,203,229]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D716B12FBD277A3BF35FF36" bold="true" box="[1062,1301,203,229]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">FOSSIL RECORD</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF236C92D716B12FC877667BF25FE75" blockId="3.[840,1523,271,422]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
|
||
There is no fossil record of the taxon. Subfossil remains from the greater North Sea and Baltic Sea area document its presence in European waters since the last glacial period (Aaris-Sørensen et al. 2010).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D716B12FC397607BE5EFE55" author="DEGERBOL, M." box="[973,1150,367,390]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" pagination="3 - 54" refId="ref10058" refString="DEGERBOL, M. 1936. Animal remains from the West Settlement in Greenland with special reference to livestock. Meddelelser om Gronland 88: 3 - 54." type="journal article" year="1936">Degerbøl (1936)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported subfossils from the medieval Norse West Settlement in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35A76592D716B12FB7B76E7BF22FE75" box="[1167,1282,399,422]" name="Greenland" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Greenland</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
<subSection id="E2C22F222D716B15FC087682BBDAFCB1" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF236C92D716B12FC087682BF1EFDD7" blockId="3.[1020,1342,490,516]" box="[1020,1342,490,516]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
|
||
<heading id="D0BA81A52D716B12FC087682BF1EFDD7" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[1020,1342,490,516]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D716B12FC087682BF1EFDD7" bold="true" box="[1020,1342,490,516]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">FORM AND FUNCTION</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF236C92D716B12FC877545BF95FBD7" blockId="3.[840,1524,557,1028]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
|
||
The dental formula of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D716B12FB9C7546BFAEFD96" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1846" box="[1128,1422,558,581]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Lagenorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D716B12FB9C7546BFAEFD96" box="[1128,1422,558,581]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Lagenorhynchus albirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is 25–28 homodont teeth in each jaw, but the 3 anteriormost teeth often do not protrude from the gums (van Bree and Nijssen 1964). Vertebral formula is 7 C, 15–16 T, 23–24 L, 43–45 Ca, total 88–92 vertebrae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D716B12FBFD75C5BEB2FD17" author="LUTKEN, C. F." box="[1033,1170,685,708]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" pagination="179 - 186" refId="ref12484" refString="LUTKEN, C. F. 1888. Critical studies upon some Odontoceti of the genera Tursiops, Orca, and Lagenorhynchus. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 6 th Series 2: 179 - 186." type="book chapter" year="1888">Lütken 1888</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D716B12FB5775C5BF32FD17" author="TRUE, F. W." box="[1187,1298,685,708]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" pagination="1 - 191" refId="ref14739" refString="TRUE, F. W. 1889. Contributions to the natural history of the cetaceans. A review of the family Delphinidae. Bulletin of the United States National Museum 36: 1 - 191." type="journal article" year="1889">True 1889</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) or 7 C, 14 T, 27 L, 45 Ca, total 93 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D716B12FC0375A5BEA7FD37" author="TOMILIN, A. G." box="[1015,1159,717,740]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" refId="ref14666" refString="TOMILIN, A. G. 1967. Mammals of USSR and adjoining countries, vol. IX: Cetaceans. Izdatelstvo AN SSSR, Moscow, USSR." type="book" year="1967">Tomilin 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This is the highest count of vertebrae in a delphinid. The vertebrae have short, wide centra and long spinal and transverse processes. Such vertebral morphology is an adaptation to fast, dynamic swimming at the expense of flexibility (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D716B12FC2B7425BEAAFCB7" author="BUCHHOLTZ, E. A." box="[991,1162,845,868]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" pagination="175 - 190" refId="ref9344" refString="BUCHHOLTZ, E. A. 2001. Vertebral osteology and swimming style in living and fossil whales (Order: Cetacea). Journal of Zoology 253: 175 - 190." type="journal article" year="2001">Buchholtz 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). We have observed that the first 2 cervical vertebrae are always fused, but often all 7 are fused. The phalangeal formula is I2, II6, III4, IV1, V0 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D716B12FAA774E5BFC3FC77" author="TOMILIN, A. G." box="[1363,1507,909,932]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" refId="ref14666" refString="TOMILIN, A. G. 1967. Mammals of USSR and adjoining countries, vol. IX: Cetaceans. Izdatelstvo AN SSSR, Moscow, USSR." type="book" year="1967">Tomilin 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In most specimens, the right humerus is longer and more robust than the left, indicating lateralized behavior, something that has been recorded in several cetacean species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D716B12FAE57485BF85FBD7" author="GALATIUS, A." box="[1297,1445,1005,1028]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" pagination="232 - 235" refId="ref10715" refString="GALATIUS, A. 2006. Bilateral directional asymmetry of the appendicular skeleton of the white-beaked dolphin (Lagenorhynchus albirostris). Aquatic Mammals 32: 232 - 235." type="journal article" year="2006">Galatius 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF3266412D716B12FF997045BADDF849" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573398" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4573398" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573398/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" startId="3.[109,144,1837,1858]" targetBox="[273,1358,1084,1823]" targetPageId="3">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF236C92D716B12FF997045BADDF849" blockId="3.[109,1523,1837,1946]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D716B12FF997045BA8FF891" bold="true" box="[109,175,1837,1858]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Fig. 4.</emphasis>
|
||
—Geographic distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D716B12FE257046B8FBF890" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1846" box="[465,731,1838,1859]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Lagenorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D716B12FE257046B8FBF890" box="[465,731,1838,1859]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Lagenorhynchus albirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
according to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D716B12FC917045B9FCF891" author="OIEN, N." box="[869,988,1837,1858]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" pagination="15" refId="ref13426" refString="OIEN, N. 1996. Lagenorhynchus species in Norwegian waters as revealed from incidental observations and recent sighting surveys. Document SC / 48 / SM 15. International Whaling Commission, Scientific Committee, Cambridge, United Kingdom." type="journal article" year="1996">Øien (1996)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D716B12FC1E7045BEB9F891" author="REID, J. B. & P. G. H. EVANS & S. P. NORTHRIDGE" box="[1002,1177,1837,1858]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" refId="ref14032" refString="REID, J. B., P. G. H. EVANS, AND S. P. NORTHRIDGE. 2003. Atlas of cetacean distribution in North-West European waters. Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Peterborough, United Kingdom." type="book" year="2003">Reid et al. (2003)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D716B12FB537045BF4EF891" author="WARING, G. T. & E. JOSEPHSON & WASH, AND K." box="[1191,1390,1837,1858]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" refId="ref15315" refString="WARING, G. T., E. JOSEPHSON, C. P. FAIRFIELD- WASH, AND K. MAZE- FOLEY. 2008. US Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico marine mammal stock assessments. TM F / NE- 210. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Woods Hole, Massachussetts." type="book" year="2008">Waring et al. (2008)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Lawson and Gosselin (2009);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D716B12FEE07023BB99F8B3" author="PIKE, D. G. & C. G. M. PAXTON & T. GUNNLAUGSSON & G. VIKINGSSON" box="[276,441,1867,1888]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" pagination="117 - 142" refId="ref13467" refString="PIKE, D. G., C. G. M. PAXTON, T. GUNNLAUGSSON, AND G. VIKINGSSON. 2009. Trends in distribution and abundance of cetaceans from aerial surveys in Icelandic coastal waters, 1986 - 2001. NAMMCO Scientific Publications 7: 117 - 142." type="journal article" year="2009">Pike et al. (2009)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D716B12FE327023B886F8B3" author="HAMMOND, P. S." box="[454,678,1867,1888]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" pagination="107 - 122" refId="ref11340" refString="HAMMOND, P. S., ET AL. 2013. Cetacean abundance and distribution in European shelf waters to inform conservation and management. Biological Conservation 164: 107 - 122." type="journal article" year="2013">Hammond et al. (2013)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Hansen and Heide-Jørgensen (2013); Fall and Skern-Mauritzen (2014). Recent data on distribution off East Greenland are not available, but Jonsgård and Christensen (1968) report the species as the most common dolphin off southeastern Greenland.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF236C92D766B15FF6C77A3B939FD11" blockId="4.[109,793,203,866]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">
|
||
The 2–4 vibrissae on each upper lip in fetuses and neonates (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D766B15FF827783BADBFED1" author="TURNER, W." box="[118,251,235,258]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" pagination="5 - 13" refId="ref14776" refString="TURNER, W. 1889. Notes on the white-beaked dolphin (Delphinus albirostris). Proceedings of the Physiological Society of Edinburgh 10: 5 - 13." type="journal article" year="1889">Turner 1889</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D766B15FEFF7783BBA5FED1" author="JAPHA, A." box="[267,389,235,258]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" pagination="1 - 42" refId="ref11717" refString="JAPHA, A. 1912. Die Haare der Waltiere. Zoologische Jahrbucher (Abteilung Anatomie und Ontogenie der Tiere) 32: 1 - 42." type="journal article" year="1912">Japha 1912</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) disappear during development as in other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D766B15FF5E7663BB01FEF1" box="[170,289,267,290]" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="4" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Odontoceti">Odontoceti</taxonomicName>
|
||
and adults have none. The integumentary blubber is
|
||
<quantity id="4CB59B2C2D766B15FF447643BB3FFE91" box="[176,287,299,322]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.45" metricValueMax="3.1" metricValueMin="1.8" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" unit="mm" value="24.5" valueMax="31.0" valueMin="18.0">18–31 mm</quantity>
|
||
thick, except for the fins and flukes in which a countercurrent heat exchange system operates to conserve heat (Scholander and Schevill 1955). The organ systems of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D766B15FD337603BA91FE71" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1846" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Lagenorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D766B15FD337603B8F6FE51" box="[711,726,363,386]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D766B15FD127603BA91FE71" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">albirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
exhibit a typical delphinid organization (muscular sys-tem—Murie (1873); nervous system: spinal cord—Cunningham (1877), brain—Weber (1887); sensory system—Fraser (1952); lungs—Cleland (1884) and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D766B15FE5F7683B865FDD1" author="WEBER, M." box="[427,581,491,514]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" pagination="114 - 127" refId="ref15369" refString="WEBER, M. 1887. Ueber Lagenorhynchus albirostris, Gray. Tijdschrift der Nederlandsche Dierkundige Vereeniging 1: 114 - 127." type="journal article" year="1887">Weber (1887)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; digestive system: stomach—Clark (1876),
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D766B15FE727563B80FFDF1" author="CLELAND, J." box="[390,559,523,546]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" pagination="327 - 336" refId="ref9721" refString="CLELAND, J. 1884. Notes on the viscera of the porpoise (Phocaena communis) and the white-beaked dolphin (Lagenorhynchus albirostris). Journal of Anatomy and Physiology 18: 327 - 336." type="journal article" year="1884">Cleland (1884)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D766B15FDB67563B8FDFDF1" author="WEBER, M." box="[578,733,523,546]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" pagination="114 - 127" refId="ref15369" refString="WEBER, M. 1887. Ueber Lagenorhynchus albirostris, Gray. Tijdschrift der Nederlandsche Dierkundige Vereeniging 1: 114 - 127." type="journal article" year="1887">Weber (1887)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D766B15FF997543BB25FD91" author="TURNER, W." box="[109,261,555,578]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" pagination="5 - 13" refId="ref14776" refString="TURNER, W. 1889. Notes on the white-beaked dolphin (Delphinus albirostris). Proceedings of the Physiological Society of Edinburgh 10: 5 - 13." type="journal article" year="1889">Turner (1889)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, small and large intestine—van
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D766B15FD9E7543B938FD91" author="VAN BENEDEN, P. J." box="[618,792,555,578]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" pagination="3 - 38" refId="ref14805" refString="VAN BENEDEN, P. J. 1860. Recherches sur la Fauna littorale de Belgique - Cetaces. Memoires de l'Academie Royale des Sciences et des Sciences, des Lettres et des Beaux-Arts de Belgique 32: 3 - 38." type="journal article" year="1860">Beneden (1860)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D766B15FF687523BB60FDB1" author="CLELAND, J." box="[156,320,587,610]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" pagination="327 - 336" refId="ref9721" refString="CLELAND, J. 1884. Notes on the viscera of the porpoise (Phocaena communis) and the white-beaked dolphin (Lagenorhynchus albirostris). Journal of Anatomy and Physiology 18: 327 - 336." type="journal article" year="1884">Cleland (1884)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; circulatory system: blood vessels—Slijper (1936), heart—Smet et al. (1985) and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D766B15FDD47503B8E1FD51" author="VAN NIE, C. J." box="[544,705,619,642]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" pagination="106 - 112" refId="ref14963" refString="VAN NIE, C. J. 1985. The conducting system of the heart of the white-snouted dolphin Lagenorhynchus albirostris (Gray, 1846). Lutra 28: 106 - 112." type="journal article" year="1985">van Nie (1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D766B15FD267503B927FD51" author="VAN NIE, C. J." box="[722,775,619,642]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" pagination="61 - 64" refId="ref14997" refString="VAN NIE, C. J. 1986. The Purkinje fibres in the heart of the common seal Phocoa vitulina (Linnaeus, 1758), the Baikal seal Pusa siberica (Gmelin, 1788), the fur seal Arctocephalus australis (Zimmermann, 1782), the harbour porpoise Phocoena phocoena (Linnaeus, 1758) and the white-beaked dolphin Lagenorhynchus albirostris (Gray, 1846). Aquatic Mammals 12: 61 - 64." type="journal article" year="1986">1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); female reproductive system—van
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D766B15FE1F75E3B8BCFD71" author="VAN BENEDEN, P. J." box="[491,668,651,674]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" pagination="3 - 38" refId="ref14805" refString="VAN BENEDEN, P. J. 1860. Recherches sur la Fauna littorale de Belgique - Cetaces. Memoires de l'Academie Royale des Sciences et des Sciences, des Lettres et des Beaux-Arts de Belgique 32: 3 - 38." type="journal article" year="1860">Beneden (1860)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D766B15FD2F75E3BA95FD11" author="MEEK, A." pageId="4" pageNumber="39" pagination="186 - 210" refId="ref12780" refString="MEEK, A. 1918. The reproductive organs of Cetacea. Journal of Anatomy 52: 186 - 210." type="journal article" year="1918">Meek (1918)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; functional anatomy of mammary slits—Gylling (1912)).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF236C92D766B15FF6C75A3BBDAFCB1" blockId="4.[109,793,203,866]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">
|
||
In animals from the North Sea (
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D766B15FE0075A3B821FD31" box="[500,513,715,738]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 10), the lungs weighed
|
||
<quantity id="4CB59B2C2D766B15FF997583BB23FCD1" box="[109,259,747,770]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.55" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.1" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" unit="g" value="1550.0" valueMax="2000.0" valueMin="1100.0">
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE79500E2D766B15FF997583BA88FCD1" box="[109,168,747,770]" degrees="1,100" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" precision="55" value="1.1">1,100</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE79500E2D766B15FF5C7583BAD3FCD1" box="[168,243,747,770]" degrees="2,000" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" precision="55" value="-2.0">–2,000</geoCoordinate>
|
||
g
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
(left) and
|
||
<quantity id="4CB59B2C2D766B15FE7C7583B83DFCD1" box="[392,541,747,770]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.75" metricValueMax="2.2" metricValueMin="1.3" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" unit="g" value="1750.0" valueMax="2200.0" valueMin="1300.0">
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE79500E2D766B15FE7C7583BBE3FCD1" box="[392,451,747,770]" degrees="1,300" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" precision="55" value="1.3">1,300</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE79500E2D766B15FE367583B82DFCD1" box="[450,525,747,770]" degrees="2,200" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" precision="55" value="-2.2">–2,200</geoCoordinate>
|
||
g
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
(right). Heart masses were
|
||
<quantity id="4CB59B2C2D766B15FF457463BB14FCF1" box="[177,308,779,802]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.35" metricValueMax="1.9" metricValueMin="0.8" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" unit="g" value="1350.0" valueMax="1900.0" valueMin="800.0">800–1,900 g</quantity>
|
||
, liver masses
|
||
<quantity id="4CB59B2C2D766B15FE177463B85BFCF1" box="[483,635,779,802]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.6" metricValueMax="3.4" metricValueMin="1.8" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" unit="g" value="2600.0" valueMax="3400.0" valueMin="1800.0">
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE79500E2D766B15FE177463B83EFCF1" box="[483,542,779,802]" degrees="1,800" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" precision="55" value="1.8">1,800</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE79500E2D766B15FDEA7463B849FCF1" box="[542,617,779,802]" degrees="3,400" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" precision="55" value="-3.4">–3,400</geoCoordinate>
|
||
g
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
, and kidneys weighed
|
||
<quantity id="4CB59B2C2D766B15FF3B7443BB1CFC91" box="[207,316,811,834]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" unit="g" value="450.0" valueMax="600.0" valueMin="300.0">300–600 g</quantity>
|
||
each. Adrenals are tiny:
|
||
<quantity id="4CB59B2C2D766B15FDBC7443B8A0FC91" box="[584,640,811,834]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="5.0" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" unit="g" value="5.0" valueMax="8.0" valueMin="2.0">2–8 g</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D766B15FD657443BA82FCB1" author="REEVES, R. R. & C. SMEENK & C. C. KINZE & R. L. BROWNELL & J. LIEN" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" refId="ref13889" refString="REEVES, R. R., C. SMEENK, C. C. KINZE, R. L. BROWNELL, AND J. LIEN. 1999. White-beaked dolphin Lagenorhynchus albirostris Gray, 1846. Pp. 1 - 29 in Handbook of marine mammals, volume 6: the second book of dolphins and the porpoises (S. H. Ridgway and S. R. Harrison, eds.). Academic Press, San Diego, California." type="book" year="1999">Reeves et al. 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; and measured by C. C. Kinze).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
<subSection id="E2C22F222D766B15FF3B74F6BF14FED1" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF236C92D766B15FF3B74F6B896FC6B" blockId="4.[207,694,926,952]" box="[207,694,926,952]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">
|
||
<heading id="D0BA81A52D766B15FF3B74F6B896FC6B" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[207,694,926,952]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D766B15FF3B74F6B896FC6B" bold="true" box="[207,694,926,952]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">ONTOGENY AND REPRODUCTION</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF236C92D766B15FF6C748ABB9EF9CA" blockId="4.[109,792,994,1945]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D766B15FF6C748ABB2AFC29" bold="true" box="[152,266,994,1018]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Ontogeny.</emphasis>
|
||
—Some highly specialized information is known only from single fetal specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D766B15FDF1736ABAB1FBEA" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1846" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Lagenorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D766B15FDF1736ABAB1FBEA" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Lagenorhynchus albirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(larynx—Thompson 1890; retina—ten
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D766B15FDB9734AB928FBEA" author="TEN DOESSCHATE, G." box="[589,776,1058,1081]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" pagination="200 - 205" refId="ref14616" refString="TEN DOESSCHATE, G. 1918. Die Retina von Walembryonen. Anatomischer Anzeiger 51: 200 - 205." type="journal article" year="1918">Doesschate 1918</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Length at birth is estimated at
|
||
<quantity id="4CB59B2C2D766B15FE2A732AB842FB8A" box="[478,610,1090,1113]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.15" metricValueMax="1.2" metricValueMin="1.1" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" unit="cm" value="115.0" valueMax="120.0" valueMin="110.0">110–120 cm</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D766B15FD8C732AB930FB8A" author="TOMILIN, A. G." box="[632,784,1090,1113]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" refId="ref14666" refString="TOMILIN, A. G. 1967. Mammals of USSR and adjoining countries, vol. IX: Cetaceans. Izdatelstvo AN SSSR, Moscow, USSR." type="book" year="1967">Tomilin 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Collet and Duguy 1981), but the age and length at weaning are not known. Growth has only been thoroughly investigated in a North Sea sample of
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D4BFD402D766B15FE6773CAB82CFB6A" box="[403,524,1186,1209]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" type="female">64 females</specimenCount>
|
||
and
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D4BFD402D766B15FDB273CAB88AFB6A" box="[582,682,1186,1209]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" type="male">52 males</specimenCount>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D766B15FD4973CABAD5FB0A" author="GALATIUS, A. & O. E. JANSEN & C. C. KINZE" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" pagination="348 - 355" refId="ref10779" refString="GALATIUS, A., O. E. JANSEN, AND C. C. KINZE. 2013 a. Parameters of growth and reproduction of white-beaked dolphins (Lagenorhynchus albirostris) from the North Sea. Marine Mammal Science 29: 348 - 355." type="journal article" year="2013">Galatius et al. 2013a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). During the first 3 years, young of both sexes grew to about
|
||
<quantity id="4CB59B2C2D766B15FEE5738ABB42FB2A" box="[273,354,1250,1273]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" unit="cm" value="210.0">210 cm</quantity>
|
||
, after which growth rate slowed somewhat. Females reached 95% of asymptotic length by about 5.2 years but males continued growing 5 more years, resulting in sexual size dimorphism. Females become sexually mature at 6–10 years and
|
||
<quantity id="4CB59B2C2D766B15FECD720ABB9DFAAA" box="[313,445,1378,1401]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.35" metricValueMax="2.4" metricValueMin="2.3" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" unit="cm" value="235.0" valueMax="240.0" valueMin="230.0">230–240 cm</quantity>
|
||
in length. Males become sexually mature about 2 years later than females and are typically
|
||
<quantity id="4CB59B2C2D766B15FF9972CABAD1FA6A" box="[109,241,1442,1465]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.45" metricValueMax="2.6" metricValueMin="2.3" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" unit="cm" value="245.0" valueMax="260.0" valueMin="230.0">230–260 cm</quantity>
|
||
in length. Adult size of the cranium is achieved at about 6 years of age in the North Sea population (
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D766B15FD4A72AAB8EBFA0A" box="[702,715,1474,1497]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 81), whereas sutures of the skull are not fully developed until about 9 years of age (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D766B15FEE2716ABB8EF9CA" author="GALATIUS, A." box="[278,430,1538,1561]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" pagination="278 - 295" refId="ref10745" refString="GALATIUS, A. 2010. Paedomorphosis in two small species of toothed whales (Odontoceti): how and why? Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 99: 278 - 295." type="journal article" year="2010">Galatius 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF236C92D766B15FF6C714ABF14FED1" blockId="4.[109,792,994,1945]" lastBlockId="4.[840,1522,203,258]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D766B15FF6C714ABB17F9E9" bold="true" box="[152,311,1570,1594]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Reproduction.</emphasis>
|
||
—Paired testes mass in
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D4BFD402D766B15FDBC714AB88EF9EA" box="[584,686,1570,1593]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" type="adult">16 adults</specimenCount>
|
||
from the North Sea showed annual fluctuations from about
|
||
<quantity id="4CB59B2C2D766B15FD64712AB8EAF98A" box="[656,714,1602,1625]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="7.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" unit="g" value="700.0">700 g</quantity>
|
||
during the winter to near
|
||
<quantity id="4CB59B2C2D766B15FEDB710ABB5DF9AA" box="[303,381,1634,1657]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.1" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" unit="g" value="2100.0">2,100 g</quantity>
|
||
during the boreal summer, suggesting that mating occurs in the latter period (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D766B15FDD771EAB928F94A" author="GALATIUS, A. & O. E. JANSEN & C. C. KINZE" box="[547,776,1666,1689]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" pagination="348 - 355" refId="ref10779" refString="GALATIUS, A., O. E. JANSEN, AND C. C. KINZE. 2013 a. Parameters of growth and reproduction of white-beaked dolphins (Lagenorhynchus albirostris) from the North Sea. Marine Mammal Science 29: 348 - 355." type="journal article" year="2013">Galatius et al. 2013a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Around the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35A76592D766B15FEF671CABBE6F96A" box="[258,454,1698,1721]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">United Kingdom</collectingCountry>
|
||
, strandings of calves below
|
||
<quantity id="4CB59B2C2D766B15FF9971AABA9BF90A" box="[109,187,1730,1753]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" unit="cm" value="130.0">130 cm</quantity>
|
||
in length are reported almost exclusively between June and September, supporting that parturition occurs during this time (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D766B15FF5B706ABB11F8CA" author="FRASER, F. C." box="[175,305,1794,1817]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" refId="ref10678" refString="FRASER, F. C. 1974. Report on Cetacea stranded on the British coasts from 1948 to 1966. 14 th ed. British Museum (Natural History), London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1974">Fraser 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D766B15FEB5706AB83AF8CA" author="CANNING, S. J." box="[321,538,1794,1817]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" pagination="1159 - 1166" refId="ref9445" refString="CANNING, S. J., ET AL. 2008. Seasonal distribution of white-beaked dolphins (Lagenorhynchus albirostris) in UK waters with new information on diet and habitat use. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 88: 1159 - 1166." type="journal article" year="2008">Canning et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Gestation is believed to last about 11 months (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D766B15FE75704AB86BF8EA" author="REEVES, R. R. & C. SMEENK & C. C. KINZE & R. L. BROWNELL & J. LIEN" box="[385,587,1826,1849]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" refId="ref13889" refString="REEVES, R. R., C. SMEENK, C. C. KINZE, R. L. BROWNELL, AND J. LIEN. 1999. White-beaked dolphin Lagenorhynchus albirostris Gray, 1846. Pp. 1 - 29 in Handbook of marine mammals, volume 6: the second book of dolphins and the porpoises (S. H. Ridgway and S. R. Harrison, eds.). Academic Press, San Diego, California." type="book" year="1999">Reeves et al. 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), litter size is 1 as in other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D766B15FF39702ABB07F88A" authorityName="Brisson" authorityYear="1762" box="[205,295,1858,1881]" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Cetacea</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Only 3 of 22 sexually mature females were lactating and only 1 was pregnant in the North Sea sample of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D766B15FF7970EABBA8F84A" author="GALATIUS, A. & O. E. JANSEN & C. C. KINZE" box="[141,392,1922,1945]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" pagination="348 - 355" refId="ref10779" refString="GALATIUS, A., O. E. JANSEN, AND C. C. KINZE. 2013 a. Parameters of growth and reproduction of white-beaked dolphins (Lagenorhynchus albirostris) from the North Sea. Marine Mammal Science 29: 348 - 355." type="journal article" year="2013">Galatius et al. (2013a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. This observation indicates either a significant resting period between parturitions or segregation of reproductively active females from others.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSection id="E2C22F222D766B17FBA67655BE09FD71" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="41" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" type="multiple">
|
||
<subSubSection id="C35765422D766B17FBA67655BE09FD71" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="41" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF236C92D766B15FBA67655BEC8FE84" blockId="4.[1106,1256,317,343]" box="[1106,1256,317,343]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">
|
||
<heading id="D0BA81A52D766B15FBA67655BEC8FE84" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[1106,1256,317,343]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D766B15FBA67655BEC8FE84" bold="true" box="[1106,1256,317,343]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">ECOLOGY</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF236C92D766B15FC8776E8BFFEFD2B" blockId="4.[840,1524,384,1944]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D766B15FC8776E8BE8EFE4B" bold="true" box="[883,1198,384,408]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Population characteristics.</emphasis>
|
||
—Skull morphometric evidence suggesting segregation between the eastern and western North Atlantic populations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D766B15FB3076A9BEA9FE2B" authority="(Mikkelsen and Lund 1994)" baseAuthorityName="Mikkelsen and Lund" baseAuthorityYear="1994" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Lagenorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D766B15FB3076A9BFD3FE0B" box="[1220,1523,449,472]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Lagenorhynchus albirostris</emphasis>
|
||
(Mikkelsen and Lund 1994)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was confirmed by a molecular study (Banguera-Hinestroza et al. 2010), which also found segregation between dolphins from the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35A76592D766B15FAF37549BFE1FDEB" box="[1287,1473,545,568]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">United Kingdom</collectingCountry>
|
||
and North Sea and those from northern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35A76592D766B15FB287529BF15FD8B" box="[1244,1333,577,600]" name="Norway" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Norway</collectingCountry>
|
||
. The latter study did not include samples from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35A76592D766B15FB7B7509BEFFFDAB" box="[1167,1247,609,632]" name="Iceland" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Iceland</collectingCountry>
|
||
or
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35A76592D766B15FAF17509BF5AFDAB" box="[1285,1402,609,632]" name="Greenland" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Greenland</collectingCountry>
|
||
; thus, population structure throughout the range of the species remains unresolved. Using> 50,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D766B15FCBC75A9BE6CFD0B" author="FERNANDEZ, R." box="[840,1100,705,728]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" pagination="266 - 276" refId="ref10577" refString="FERNANDEZ, R., ET AL. 2016. A genomewide catalogue of single nucleotide polymorphisms in white-beaked and Atlantic white-sided dolphins. Molecular Ecology Resources 16: 266 - 276." type="journal article" year="2016">Fernandez et al. (2016)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
detected 2 genetic clusters among
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D4BFD402D766B15FA2C75A9B97EFD2B" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" type="generic">
|
||
70
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D766B15FCBC7589B97EFD2B" baseAuthorityName="Mikkelsen and Lund" baseAuthorityYear="1994" box="[840,862,737,760]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Lagenorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D766B15FCBC7589B97EFD2B" box="[840,862,737,760]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">L.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</specimenCount>
|
||
albirostris sampled throughout the eastern North Atlantic.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF236C92D766B14FC877469BB85FEF1" blockId="4.[840,1524,384,1944]" lastBlockId="5.[109,793,203,1954]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="40" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">
|
||
Aerial surveys conducted from 1978 to 1982 for the shelf waters from Cape Hatteras to Nova Scotia yielded a population abundance estimate of 573 (
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D766B15FB507429BEE6FC8B" box="[1188,1222,833,856]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">CV</emphasis>
|
||
: 0.69—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D766B15FAEA7429BE42FCAB" author="CETACEAN AND TURTLE ASSESSMENT PROGRAM" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" refId="ref9529" refString="CETACEAN AND TURTLE ASSESSMENT PROGRAM. 1982. A characterization of marine mammals and turtles in the mid- and north Atlantic areas of the U. S. outer continental shelf. Cetacean and Turtle Assessment Program, University of Rhode Island. Final Report # AA 551 - CT 8 - 48 to the Bureau of Land Management, Washington, D. C." type="book" year="1982">Cetacean and Turtle Assessment Program 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Aerial surveys in the 1980s off eastern Newfoundland and the Labrador coast yielded an estimate of 5,500
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D766B15FC5B74C9BE1DFC6B" baseAuthorityName="Mikkelsen and Lund" baseAuthorityYear="1994" box="[943,1085,929,952]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Lagenorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D766B15FC5B74C9B99EFC6B" box="[943,958,929,952]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D766B15FC3B74C9BE1DFC6B" box="[975,1085,929,952]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">albirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(no
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D766B15FB8174C9BEB7FC6B" box="[1141,1175,929,952]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">CV</emphasis>
|
||
—Alling and Whitehead 1987). An abundance of 3,486 individuals (95%
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D766B15FAFE74A9BF05FC0B" box="[1290,1317,961,984]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">CI</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE79500E2D766B15FAC074A9BF50FC0B" box="[1332,1392,961,984]" degrees="2,001" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" precision="55" value="2.001">2,001</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE79500E2D766B15FA8474A9BF9BFC0B" box="[1392,1467,961,984]" degrees="4,971" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" precision="55" value="-4.971">–4,971</geoCoordinate>
|
||
) was estimated from a shipboard survey of a small segment of the Labrador shelf in 1982 (Alling and Whitehead 1987). Aerial surveys in 1995 and
|
||
<quantity id="4CB59B2C2D766B15FBD97349BEA1FBEB" box="[1069,1153,1057,1080]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.06984" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" unit="in" value="1996.0">1996 in</quantity>
|
||
the Gulf of St. Lawrence yielded estimates of 2,640 (
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D766B15FBD07329BE62FB8B" box="[1060,1090,1089,1112]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">SE</emphasis>
|
||
: 2,080) and 2,380 (
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D766B15FAD57329BF1FFB8B" box="[1313,1343,1089,1112]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">SE</emphasis>
|
||
: 2,540), respectively (Kingsley and Reeves 1998), and a 2007 aerial survey of the Canadian shelf from north Labrador to the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35A76592D766B15FA9673E9BFD3FB4B" box="[1378,1523,1153,1176]" name="United States of America" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">United States</collectingCountry>
|
||
border gave a preliminary estimate of 1842 (
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D766B15FAD173C9BF67FB6B" box="[1317,1351,1185,1208]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">CV</emphasis>
|
||
: 0.22—Lawson and Gosselin 2009). A coast-to-
|
||
<quantity id="4CB59B2C2D766B15FB6A73A9BEC1FB0B" box="[1182,1249,1217,1240]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" unit="km" value="90.0">90 km</quantity>
|
||
aerial survey of the shelf of West
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35A76592D766B15FC537389BE36FB2B" box="[935,1046,1249,1272]" name="Greenland" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Greenland</collectingCountry>
|
||
up to
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE79500E2D766B15FB917389BEBEFB2B" box="[1125,1182,1249,1272]" degrees="71" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" precision="55555" value="71.0">71°N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
yielded an estimate of 11,984 (
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D766B15FCA57269B953FACB" box="[849,883,1281,1304]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">CV</emphasis>
|
||
: 0.19)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D766B15FC367269BE6EFACB" baseAuthorityName="Mikkelsen and Lund" baseAuthorityYear="1994" box="[962,1102,1281,1304]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Lagenorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D766B15FC367269B9F1FACB" box="[962,977,1281,1304]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D766B15FC147269BE6EFACB" box="[992,1102,1281,1304]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">albirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in 2007 (Hansen and Heide-Jørgensen 2013). Aerial surveys in Icelandic waters in 2001 yielded a point estimate of 31,653 (95%
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D766B15FBA37229BE52FA8B" box="[1111,1138,1345,1368]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">CI</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE79500E2D766B15FB757229BEE8FA8B" box="[1153,1224,1345,1368]" degrees="17,679" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" precision="55" value="17.679">17,679</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE79500E2D766B15FB3C7229BF00FA8B" box="[1224,1312,1345,1368]" degrees="56,672" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" precision="55" value="-56.672">–56,672</geoCoordinate>
|
||
—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D766B15FACF7229BFC3FA8B" author="PIKE, D. G. & C. G. M. PAXTON & T. GUNNLAUGSSON & G. VIKINGSSON" box="[1339,1507,1345,1368]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" pagination="117 - 142" refId="ref13467" refString="PIKE, D. G., C. G. M. PAXTON, T. GUNNLAUGSSON, AND G. VIKINGSSON. 2009. Trends in distribution and abundance of cetaceans from aerial surveys in Icelandic coastal waters, 1986 - 2001. NAMMCO Scientific Publications 7: 117 - 142." type="journal article" year="2009">Pike et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This estimate also included other dolphin species, although the overwhelming majority of the sightings were
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D766B15FACB72E9BFECFA4B" baseAuthorityName="Mikkelsen and Lund" baseAuthorityYear="1994" box="[1343,1484,1409,1432]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Lagenorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D766B15FACB72E9BF6EFA4B" box="[1343,1358,1409,1432]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D766B15FAAA72E9BFECFA4B" box="[1374,1484,1409,1432]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">albirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In the greater North Sea, shipboard surveys in 1994 yielded an estimate of 7,856 individuals (
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D766B15FB8172A9BEB7FA0B" box="[1141,1175,1473,1496]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">CV</emphasis>
|
||
: 0.30—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D766B15FB0672A9BFC3FA0B" author="HAMMOND, P. S." box="[1266,1507,1473,1496]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" pagination="361 - 376" refId="ref11237" refString="HAMMOND, P. S., ET AL. 2002. Abundance of harbour porpoise and other cetaceans in the North Sea and adjacent waters. Journal of Applied Ecology 39: 361 - 376." type="journal article" year="2002">Hammond et al. 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). A 2005 estimate for this area was 16,536 (
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D766B15FAFD7289BF0BFA2B" box="[1289,1323,1505,1528]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">CV</emphasis>
|
||
: 0.30—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D766B15FA767289B99CF9CB" author="HAMMOND, P. S." pageId="4" pageNumber="39" pagination="107 - 122" refId="ref11340" refString="HAMMOND, P. S., ET AL. 2013. Cetacean abundance and distribution in European shelf waters to inform conservation and management. Biological Conservation 164: 107 - 122." type="journal article" year="2013">Hammond et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The latter survey covered an area to the west that was not covered in 1994 and showed high density in 2005. The design of this survey was criticized for being inappropriate for the patchy distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D766B15FB537109BFCEF9AB" authority="(MacLeod 2014)" baseAuthorityName="MacLeod" baseAuthorityYear="2014" box="[1191,1518,1633,1656]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Lagenorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D766B15FB537109BE96F9AB" box="[1191,1206,1633,1656]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D766B15FB377109BF11F9AB" box="[1219,1329,1633,1656]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">albirostris</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D766B15FAB57109BFC3F9AB" author="MACLEOD, C. D." box="[1345,1507,1633,1656]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" pagination="336 - 337" refId="ref12553" refString="MACLEOD, C. D. 2014. One size does not necessarily fit all for cetacean abundance estimate survey design - reply to Hammond. Biological Conservation 170: 336 - 337." type="journal article" year="2014">MacLeod 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In their response,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D766B15FBE671E9BF35F94B" author="HAMMOND, P. S." box="[1042,1301,1665,1688]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" pagination="338 - 339" refId="ref11374" refString="HAMMOND, P. S., ET AL. 2014. Large scale surveys for cetaceans: line transect assumptions, reliability of abundance estimates and improving survey efficiency - a response to MacLeod. Biological Conservation 170: 338 - 339." type="journal article" year="2014">Hammond et al. (2014)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
maintained that the design was appropriate for large-scale abundance estimates, but not for understanding fine-scale distribution and abundance. This discussion probably is relevant for all the abundance studies cited here. Estimates of numbers of small
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D766B15FABD7069BFEEF8CB" authorityName="J.E.Gray" authorityYear="1821" box="[1353,1486,1793,1816]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Delphinidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, of which the dominant species was
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D766B15FB427049BF63F8EB" baseAuthorityName="MacLeod" baseAuthorityYear="2014" box="[1206,1347,1825,1848]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Lagenorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D766B15FB427049BEE5F8EB" box="[1206,1221,1825,1848]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D766B15FB217049BF63F8EB" box="[1237,1347,1825,1848]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">albirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, for Norwegian waters, including the southern North Sea, waters south and west of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35A76592D766B15FC907009B9E2F8AB" box="[868,962,1889,1912]" name="Svalbard and Jan Mayen" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Svalbard</collectingCountry>
|
||
and the southern Barents Sea are 132,000 (
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D766B15FA787009BF8EF8AB" box="[1420,1454,1889,1912]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">CV</emphasis>
|
||
: 0.23) in 1988 and 91,000 (
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D766B15FBDC70E9BE6AF84B" box="[1064,1098,1921,1944]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">CV</emphasis>
|
||
: 0.59) in 1995 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D766B15FB0C70E9BF48F84B" author="OIEN, N." box="[1272,1384,1921,1944]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" pagination="15" refId="ref13426" refString="OIEN, N. 1996. Lagenorhynchus species in Norwegian waters as revealed from incidental observations and recent sighting surveys. Document SC / 48 / SM 15. International Whaling Commission, Scientific Committee, Cambridge, United Kingdom." type="journal article" year="1996">Øien 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In brief,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D766B14FA2970E9BAFBFF31" baseAuthorityName="MacLeod" baseAuthorityYear="2014" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Lagenorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="40" order="Cetacea" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D766B15FA2970E9BFCCF84B" box="[1501,1516,1921,1944]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D776B14FF9977A3BAFBFF31" box="[109,219,203,226]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">albirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
seemingly is abundant in the temperate and subarctic shelf habitats of the North Atlantic Ocean and in many localities is the most common dolphin.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF236C92D776B14FF6C7643BBD8FD71" blockId="5.[109,793,203,1954]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">
|
||
Stranding data indicate a segregation of the sexes in the eastern North Atlantic. For example, along the eastern coast of the North Sea, a pronounced bias toward stranded females is reported (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D776B14FF0776E3BB97FE71" author="JANSEN, O. E. & M. F. LEOPOLD & E. H. W. G. MEESTERS & C. SMEENK" box="[243,439,395,418]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" pagination="1501 - 1508" refId="ref11655" refString="JANSEN, O. E., M. F. LEOPOLD, E. H. W. G. MEESTERS, AND C. SMEENK. 2010. Are white-beaked dolphins Lagenorhynchus albirostris food specialists? Their diet in the southern North Sea. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 90: 1501 - 1508." type="journal article" year="2010">Jansen et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). A similar but less pronounced tendency is found around the British Isles (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D776B14FDCC76C3B928FE11" author="CANNING, S. J." box="[568,776,427,450]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" pagination="1159 - 1166" refId="ref9445" refString="CANNING, S. J., ET AL. 2008. Seasonal distribution of white-beaked dolphins (Lagenorhynchus albirostris) in UK waters with new information on diet and habitat use. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 88: 1159 - 1166." type="journal article" year="2008">Canning et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It is also likely that reproductively active females are segregated from others because only 4 of 22 sexually mature females in the sample of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D776B14FF2A7563BBEEFDF1" author="GALATIUS, A. & O. E. JANSEN & C. C. KINZE" box="[222,462,523,546]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" pagination="348 - 355" refId="ref10779" refString="GALATIUS, A., O. E. JANSEN, AND C. C. KINZE. 2013 a. Parameters of growth and reproduction of white-beaked dolphins (Lagenorhynchus albirostris) from the North Sea. Marine Mammal Science 29: 348 - 355." type="journal article" year="2013">Galatius et al. (2013a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35A76592D776B14FDE57563B857FDF1" box="[529,631,523,546]" name="Denmark" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">Denmark</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35A76592D776B14FD767563B8C6FDF1" box="[642,742,523,546]" name="Germany" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">Germany</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35A76592D776B14FF997543BB38FD91" box="[109,280,555,578]" name="Netherlands" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">the Netherlands</collectingCountry>
|
||
were pregnant or lactating. Around the British Isles, the majority of the stranded calves are reported from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35A76592D776B14FF997503BAEAFD51" box="[109,202,619,642]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">Scotland</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D776B14FF2D7503BB87FD51" author="CANNING, S. J." box="[217,423,619,642]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" pagination="1159 - 1166" refId="ref9445" refString="CANNING, S. J., ET AL. 2008. Seasonal distribution of white-beaked dolphins (Lagenorhynchus albirostris) in UK waters with new information on diet and habitat use. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 88: 1159 - 1166." type="journal article" year="2008">Canning et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), suggestive that most births occur in northern waters in this population.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF236C92D776B14FF6C75C3BB96FB71" blockId="5.[109,793,203,1954]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D776B14FF6C75C3B87AFD11" box="[152,602,683,707]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D776B14FF6C75C3BB30FD10" bold="true" box="[152,272,683,707]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">Space use.</emphasis>
|
||
—
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D776B14FEDF75C3B87AFD11" baseAuthorityName="MacLeod" baseAuthorityYear="2014" box="[299,602,683,706]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Lagenorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albirostris">Lagenorhynchus albirostris</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is found primarily in shelf waters (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D776B14FEB175A3B823FD31" author="KINZE, C. C." box="[325,515,715,738]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" pagination="675 - 681" refId="ref12116" refString="KINZE, C. C., ET AL. 1997. The white-beaked dolphin (Lagenorhynchus albirostris) and the white-sided dolphin (Lagenorhynchus acutus) in the North and Baltic Seas: review of available information. Reports of the International Whaling Commission 47: 675 - 681." type="journal article" year="1997">Kinze et al. 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D776B14FDE775A3B928FD31" author="NORTHRIDGE, S. P. & ASKER, A. & EBB, K. & AMPHUYSEN, AND M." box="[531,776,715,738]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" pagination="797 - 805" refId="ref13211" refString="NORTHRIDGE, S. P., M. L. T ASKER, A. W EBB, K. C AMPHUYSEN, AND M. L EOPOLD. 1997. White-beaked dolphin Lagenorhynchus albirostris and Atlantic white-sided dolphin L. acutus distributions in Northwest European and US North Atlantic waters. Reports of the International Whaling Commission 47: 797 - 805." type="journal article" year="1997">Northridge et al. 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Around
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35A76592D776B14FF3F7583BB0DFCD1" box="[203,301,747,770]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">Scotland</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D776B14FECF7583BBEDFCD1" baseAuthorityName="MacLeod" baseAuthorityYear="2014" box="[315,461,747,770]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Lagenorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D776B14FECF7583BB6AFCD1" box="[315,330,747,770]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D776B14FEA87583BBEDFCD1" box="[348,461,747,770]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">albirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
mainly occurs in waters less than
|
||
<quantity id="4CB59B2C2D776B14FF5C7463BAD2FCF1" box="[168,242,779,802]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" unit="m" value="200.0">200 m</quantity>
|
||
deep (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D776B14FEB37463B823FCF1" author="WEIR, C. R. & C. POLLOCK & C. CRONIN & S. TAYLOR" box="[327,515,779,802]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" pagination="1047 - 1071" refId="ref15454" refString="WEIR, C. R., C. POLLOCK, C. CRONIN, AND S. TAYLOR. 2001. Cetaceans of the Atlantic Frontier, north and west of Scotland. Continental Shelf Research 21: 1047 - 1071." type="journal article" year="2001">Weir et al. 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D776B14FDE37463B928FCF1" author="MACLEOD, C. D. & C. R. WEIR & C. PIERPOINT & E. J. HARLAND" box="[535,776,779,802]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" pagination="157 - 164" refId="ref12587" refString="MACLEOD, C. D., C. R. WEIR, C. PIERPOINT, AND E. J. HARLAND. 2007. The habitat preferences of marine mammals west of Scotland (UK). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 87: 157 - 164." type="journal article" year="2007">MacLeod et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). By contrast, it is reported from deeper waters off the West
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35A76592D776B14FF997423BAFEFCB1" box="[109,222,843,866]" name="Greenland" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">Greenland</collectingCountry>
|
||
shelf, with large groups associated with depths from
|
||
<quantity id="4CB59B2C2D776B14FF5D7403BB6EFC51" box="[169,334,875,898]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" unit="m" value="650.0" valueMax="1000.0" valueMin="300.0">300 to 1,000 m</quantity>
|
||
and smaller groups in even deeper waters (Hansen and Heide-Jørgensen 2013). Sightings and strandings of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D776B14FF7B74C3BB00FC11" baseAuthorityName="MacLeod" baseAuthorityYear="2014" box="[143,288,939,962]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Lagenorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D776B14FF7B74C3BABEFC11" box="[143,158,939,962]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D776B14FF5B74C3BB00FC11" box="[175,288,939,962]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">albirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in northwest
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35A76592D776B14FE3574C3B800FC11" box="[449,544,939,962]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">Scotland</collectingCountry>
|
||
decline in number as water temperatures rise (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D776B14FE7174A3B850FC31" author="MACLEOD, C. D." box="[389,624,971,994]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" pagination="477 - 483" refId="ref12523" refString="MACLEOD, C. D., ET AL. 2005. Climate change and the cetacean community of north-west Scotland. Biological Conservation 124: 477 - 483." type="journal article" year="2005">MacLeod et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and distribution around the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35A76592D776B14FED77483BBFDFBD1" box="[291,477,1003,1026]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">United Kingdom</collectingCountry>
|
||
is restricted to more northerly, cooler areas, especially during the summer (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D776B14FD757363BA83FB91" author="CANNING, S. J." pageId="5" pageNumber="40" pagination="1159 - 1166" refId="ref9445" refString="CANNING, S. J., ET AL. 2008. Seasonal distribution of white-beaked dolphins (Lagenorhynchus albirostris) in UK waters with new information on diet and habitat use. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 88: 1159 - 1166." type="journal article" year="2008">Canning et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Thus, distributions of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D776B14FE5E7343B818FB91" baseAuthorityName="MacLeod" baseAuthorityYear="2014" box="[426,568,1067,1090]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Lagenorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D776B14FE5E7343BB99FB91" box="[426,441,1067,1090]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D776B14FE337343B818FB91" box="[455,568,1067,1090]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">albirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
vary seasonally. For example, sightings in the coastal waters off
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4989F82B2D776B14FD867323B933FBB1" box="[626,787,1099,1122]" country="United Kingdom" name="Aberdeenshire" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">Aberdeenshire</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35A76592D776B14FF997303BAEFFB51" box="[109,207,1131,1154]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">Scotland</collectingCountry>
|
||
, were recorded only in the June–August periods of 1999–2001 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D776B14FF0C73E3BB85FB71" author="WEIR, C. R. & K. A. STOCKIN & G. J. PIERCE" box="[248,421,1163,1186]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" pagination="327 - 338" refId="ref15497" refString="WEIR, C. R., K. A. STOCKIN, AND G. J. PIERCE. 2007. Spatial and temporal trends in the distribution of harbour porpoises, white-beaked dolphins and minke whales off Aberdeenshire (UK), north-western North Sea. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 87: 327 - 338." type="journal article" year="2007">Weir et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF236C92D776B14FF6C73C3B829F891" blockId="5.[109,793,203,1954]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D776B14FF6C73C3BAEDFB10" bold="true" box="[152,205,1195,1219]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">Diet.</emphasis>
|
||
—Although associated with schools of herring (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D776B14FD3E73C3BAF1FB31" authorityName="C.Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Clupea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="harengus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D776B14FD3E73C3BAF1FB31" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">Clupea harengus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and mackerel (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D776B14FE7B73A3B841FB31" authorityName="C.Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[399,609,1227,1250]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Scombridae" genus="Scomber" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scombrus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D776B14FE7B73A3B841FB31" box="[399,609,1227,1250]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">Scomber scombrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D776B14FD8873A3B930FB31" author="HARMER, S. F." box="[636,784,1227,1250]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" refId="ref11500" refString="HARMER, S. F., 1927. Report on Cetacea stranded on the British coasts from 1913 to 1926. 10 th ed. British Museum of Natural History, London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1927">Harmer 1927</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D776B14FF997383BAD2FAD1" author="FRASER, F. C." box="[109,242,1259,1282]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" refId="ref10610" refString="FRASER, F. C., 1946. Report on Cetacea stranded on the British coasts from 1933 to 1937. 12 th ed. British Museum (Natural History), London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1946">Fraser 1946</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D776B14FEF07383BBA6FAD1" author="EVANS, P. G. H." box="[260,390,1259,1282]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" pagination="1 - 52" refId="ref10275" refString="EVANS, P. G. H. 1980. Cetaceans in British waters. Mammal Review 10: 1 - 52." type="journal article" year="1980">Evans 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D776B14FE6D7383B83BFAD1" author="EVANS, P. G. H." box="[409,539,1259,1282]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" refId="ref10325" refString="EVANS, P. G. H. 1987. The natural history of whales and dolphins. Academic Press, London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1987">Evans 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), analyses of stomach contents indicate that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D776B14FE967263B8B0FAF1" baseAuthorityName="MacLeod" baseAuthorityYear="2014" box="[354,656,1291,1314]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Lagenorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D776B14FE967263B8B0FAF1" box="[354,656,1291,1314]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">Lagenorhynchus albirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
relies heavily on gadoid fishes. In a Dutch sample, gadoids constituted 98% of prey items by weight (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D776B14FE467223B850FAB1" author="JANSEN, O. E. & M. F. LEOPOLD & E. H. W. G. MEESTERS & C. SMEENK" box="[434,624,1355,1378]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" pagination="1501 - 1508" refId="ref11655" refString="JANSEN, O. E., M. F. LEOPOLD, E. H. W. G. MEESTERS, AND C. SMEENK. 2010. Are white-beaked dolphins Lagenorhynchus albirostris food specialists? Their diet in the southern North Sea. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 90: 1501 - 1508." type="journal article" year="2010">Jansen et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), with the most important species being cod (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D776B14FE427203B87AFA51" authorityName="C.Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[438,602,1387,1410]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Gadidae" genus="Gadus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gadiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="morhua">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D776B14FE427203B87AFA51" box="[438,602,1387,1410]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">Gadus morhua</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; 56%) and whiting (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D776B14FF6B72E3BBB6FA71" baseAuthorityName="C.Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[159,406,1419,1442]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Gadidae" genus="Merlangius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gadiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="merlangus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D776B14FF6B72E3BBB6FA71" box="[159,406,1419,1442]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">Merlangius merlangus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; 38%). In a sample from the British Isles, haddock (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D776B14FED572C3B871FA11" baseAuthorityName="C.Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[289,593,1451,1474]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Gadidae" genus="Melanogrammus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gadiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aeglefinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D776B14FED572C3B871FA11" box="[289,593,1451,1474]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">Melanogrammus aeglefinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 43% by weight) and whiting (24%) were most important (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D776B14FDC672A3B928FA31" author="CANNING, S. J." box="[562,776,1483,1506]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" pagination="1159 - 1166" refId="ref9445" refString="CANNING, S. J., ET AL. 2008. Seasonal distribution of white-beaked dolphins (Lagenorhynchus albirostris) in UK waters with new information on diet and habitat use. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 88: 1159 - 1166." type="journal article" year="2008">Canning et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In another eastern Atlantic study,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D776B14FE027283B85DF9D1" author="LICK, R." box="[502,637,1515,1538]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" refId="ref12385" refString="LICK, R. 1994. Nahrungsanalysen von Kleinwalen deutscher Kustengewasser. University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany." type="book" year="1994">Lick (1994)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
found a predominance of whiting, cod, and poor cod (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D776B14FDAA7163BAB9F991" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Actinopterygii" family="Gadidae" genus="Trisopterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gadiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minutes">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D776B14FDAA7163BAB9F991" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">Trisopterus minutes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). In the western Atlantic, stomachs from 20 animals from Newfoundland contained only cod (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D776B14FE0C7123B890F9B1" author="DONG, J. H. & J. LIEN & K. CURREN" box="[504,688,1611,1634]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" pagination="278 - 287" refId="ref10198" refString="DONG, J. H., J. LIEN, AND K. CURREN. 1996. A contribution to the biology of the white-beaked dolphin, Lagenorhynchus albirostris, in waters off Newfoundland. Canadian Field Naturalist 110: 278 - 287." type="journal article" year="1996">Dong et al. 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) as did
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D4BFD402D776B14FCFF7123BAFEF951" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" type="generic">2 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
from other Canadian waters (Sergeant and Fisher 1957). In the North Sea, Irish Sea, and French Channel coast, δ
|
||
<superScript id="7C389B812D776B14FF8971C1BAADF964" attach="right" box="[125,141,1705,1719]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">15</superScript>
|
||
N values show
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D776B14FEC471C3BB95F911" box="[304,437,1707,1730]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Lagenorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albirosris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D776B14FEC471C3BB1FF911" box="[304,319,1707,1730]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D776B14FEB871C3BB95F911" box="[332,437,1707,1730]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">albirosris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to be among species in the highest trophic positions (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D776B14FEA971A3B831F931" author="DAS, K." box="[349,529,1739,1762]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" pagination="349 - 365" refId="ref9924" refString="DAS, K., ET AL. 2003 a. Marine mammals from Northeast Atlantic: relationship between their trophic status as determined by delta C- 13 and delta N- 15 measurements and their trace metal concentrations. Marine Environmental Research 56: 349 - 365." type="journal article" year="2003">Das et al. 2003a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D776B14FDD471A3B844F931" author="DAS, K. & G. LEPOINT & Y. LEROY & J. M. BOUQUEGNEAU" box="[544,612,1739,1762]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" pagination="287 - 298" refId="ref9972" refString="DAS, K., G. LEPOINT, Y. LEROY, AND J. M. BOUQUEGNEAU. 2003 b. Marine mammals from the southern North Sea: feeding ecology data from delta C- 13 and delta N- 15 measurements. Marine Ecology Progress Series 263: 287 - 298." type="book chapter" year="2003">2003b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In the Barents Sea,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D776B14FF517183BB16F8D1" baseAuthorityName="MacLeod" baseAuthorityYear="2014" box="[165,310,1771,1794]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Lagenorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D776B14FF517183BA94F8D1" box="[165,180,1771,1794]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D776B14FF317183BB16F8D1" box="[197,310,1771,1794]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">albirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is associated with schools of blue whiting (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D776B14FF837063BBB3F8F1" baseAuthorityName="A.Risso" baseAuthorityYear="1827" box="[119,403,1803,1826]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Gadidae" genus="Micromesistius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gadiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="poutassou">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D776B14FF837063BBB3F8F1" box="[119,403,1803,1826]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">Micromesistius poutassou</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—Fall and Skern-Mauritzen 2014), but not of capelin (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D776B14FEC97043BBD8F891" baseAuthorityName="Muller in Muller" baseAuthorityYear="1776" box="[317,504,1835,1858]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Osmeridae" genus="Mallotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osmeriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="villosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D776B14FEC97043BBD8F891" box="[317,504,1835,1858]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">Mallotus villosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF236C92D776B14FF6C7023BF91FBF1" blockId="5.[109,793,203,1954]" lastBlockId="5.[840,1524,203,1954]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D776B14FF6C7023BB84F8B0" bold="true" box="[152,420,1867,1891]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">Diseases and parasites.</emphasis>
|
||
—Staphylococci were implicated in the deaths of 3 of 5
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D776B14FEAE7003B8A5F851" baseAuthorityName="MacLeod" baseAuthorityYear="2014" box="[346,645,1899,1922]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Lagenorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D776B14FEAE7003B8A5F851" box="[346,645,1899,1922]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">Lagenorhynchus albirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
rescued from ice entrapment in Newfoundland; the others died from infections of
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D776B14FC8577A3BE9CFF31" box="[881,1212,203,226]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">Erysopelothrix rhusiopathiae</emphasis>
|
||
bacteria and unidentified Gram-negative bacteria (Buck and Spotte 1986). Two mortalities of wild dolphins were due to
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D776B14FB177663BF54FEF1" box="[1251,1396,267,290]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">Morbillivirus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D776B14FA727663B99CFE91" author="OSTERHAUS, A. D. M. E." pageId="5" pageNumber="40" pagination="219 - 227" refId="ref13389" refString="OSTERHAUS, A. D. M. E., ET AL. 1995. Morbillivirus infections of aquatic mammals - newly identified members of the genus. Veterinary Microbiology 44: 219 - 227." type="journal article" year="1995">Osterhaus et al. 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D776B14FC3E7643BE8CFE91" author="WOHLSEIN, P. & C. PUFF & M. KREUTZER & U. SIEBERT & W. BAUMGARTNER" box="[970,1196,299,322]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" pagination="1959 - 1961" refId="ref15561" refString="WOHLSEIN, P., C. PUFF, M. KREUTZER, U. SIEBERT, AND W. BAUMGARTNER. 2007. Distemper in a dolphin. Emerging Infectious Diseases 13: 1959 - 1961." type="journal article" year="2007">Wohlsein et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but, because 2 stranded and rescued animals infected with Dolphin
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D776B14FB0F7623BFACFEB1" box="[1275,1420,331,354]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">Morbillivirus</emphasis>
|
||
lived for up to 6 months before dying from other causes, this strain does not seem to be highly virulent to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D776B14FB4976E3B9A9FE11" authority="(van Elk et al. 2014)" baseAuthorityName="van Elk" baseAuthorityYear="2014" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Lagenorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D776B14FB4976E3BEECFE71" box="[1213,1228,395,418]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D776B14FB2876E3BF6DFE71" box="[1244,1357,395,418]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">albirostris</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D776B14FAAA76E3B95EFE11" author="VAN ELK, C. E." pageId="5" pageNumber="40" pagination="1174 - 1182" refId="ref14930" refString="VAN ELK, C. E., ET AL. 2014. Is dolphin morbillivirus virulent for whitebeaked dolphins (Lagenorhynchus albirostris). Veterinary Pathology 51: 1174 - 1182." type="journal article" year="2014">van Elk et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. A rhabdo-like virus was also isolated from a stranded specimen (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D776B14FC3776A3BE94FE31" author="OSTERHAUS, A. D. M. E." box="[963,1204,459,482]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" pagination="189 - 193" refId="ref13348" refString="OSTERHAUS, A. D. M. E., ET AL. 1993. Isolation of a virus with rhabdovirus morphology from a white-beaked dolphin (Lagenorhynchus albirostris). Archives of Virology 133: 189 - 193." type="journal article" year="1993">Osterhaus et al. 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D776B14FB2476A3BF41FE31" box="[1232,1377,459,482]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Lagenorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D776B14FB2476A3BEFFFE31" box="[1232,1247,459,482]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D776B14FB0476A3BF41FE31" box="[1264,1377,459,482]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">albirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
seems to be particularly susceptible to vertebral lesions associated with spondylosis deformans; 15 of 29 of the North Sea adults of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D776B14FCBC7543BE2DFD91" author="KOMPANJE, E. J. O." box="[840,1037,555,578]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" pagination="231 - 250" refId="ref12194" refString="KOMPANJE, E. J. O. 1995. Spondylosis deformans in white-beaked dolphins. Zoologische Mededelingen Leiden 69: 231 - 250." type="journal article" year="1995">Kompanje (1995)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
were affected and 18 of
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D4BFD402D776B14FACF7543BF84FD91" box="[1339,1444,555,578]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" type="adult">25 adults</specimenCount>
|
||
in the North Sea sample of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D776B14FBCE7523BF0AFDB1" author="GALATIUS, A. & C. SONNE & C. C. KINZE & R. DIETZ & J. E. B. JENSEN" box="[1082,1322,587,610]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" pagination="19 - 28" refId="ref10862" refString="GALATIUS, A., C. SONNE, C. C. KINZE, R. DIETZ, AND J. E. B. JENSEN. 2009. Occurrence of vertebral osteophytosis in a museum sample of whitebeaked dolphins (Lagenorhynchus albirostris) from Danish waters. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 45: 19 - 28." type="journal article" year="2009">Galatius et al. (2009)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
were afflicted, of which 11 had pathologically fused vertebrae. The youngest afflicted specimens were 12 years old. Of more than 400 identified free-ranging individuals around
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35A76592D776B14FB1A75C3BF61FD11" box="[1262,1345,683,706]" name="Iceland" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">Iceland</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D4BFD402D776B14FAB975C3BF5AFD11" box="[1357,1402,683,706]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" type="generic">
|
||
5
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D776B14FA9075C3BF5AFD11" box="[1380,1402,683,706]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Lagenorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D776B14FA9075C3BF5AFD11" box="[1380,1402,683,706]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">L.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</specimenCount>
|
||
albirostris had conspicuous vertebral malformations, another 3 stranded individuals with the same condition were reported from the eastern North Atlantic (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D776B14FBA07463BF0CFCF1" author="BERTULLI, C. G." box="[1108,1324,779,802]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" pagination="59 - 67" refId="ref9105" refString="BERTULLI, C. G., ET AL. 2015. Vertebral column deformities in whitebeaked dolphins from the eastern North Atlantic. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 116: 59 - 67." type="journal article" year="2015">Bertulli et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The most common parasite is the nematode
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D776B14FB7D7443BF1EFC91" baseAuthorityName="Rudolphi" baseAuthorityYear="1809" box="[1161,1342,811,834]" class="Secernentea" family="Anisakidae" genus="Anisakis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ascaridida" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="simplex">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D776B14FB7D7443BF1EFC91" box="[1161,1342,811,834]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">Anisakis simplex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, found in the 1st and 2nd stomachs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D776B14FBED7423BE86FCB1" author="KRABBE, H." box="[1049,1190,843,866]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" pagination="43 - 51" refId="ref12219" refString="KRABBE, H. 1878. Saelernes og Hvalernes Spolorme. Oversigt over det Kongelige Videnskabernes Selskabs Forhandlinger 1878: 43 - 51." type="journal article" year="1878">Krabbe 1878</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) where severe infestations can cause stomach ulcers. The tapeworm
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D776B14FB2F7403B949FC71" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">Plicobotrium globicephalae</emphasis>
|
||
occurs in the intestines and another nematode,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D776B14FA8274E3B9C4FC11" authorityName="Baylis & Daubney" authorityYear="1925" class="Secernentea" family="Pseudaliidae" genus="Halocercus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strongylida" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="lagenorhynchi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D776B14FA8274E3B9C4FC11" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">Halocercus lagenorhynchi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in the lungs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D776B14FB8B74C3BED3FC11" author="RAGA, J. A." box="[1151,1267,939,962]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" refId="ref13537" refString="RAGA, J. A. 1994. Parasitismus bei Cetacea. Pp. 132 - 179 in Handbuch der Saugetiere Europas Bd. 6 / 1 A (D. Robineau, R. Duguy, and M. Klima, eds.). Aula-Verlag, Wiesbaden, Germany." type="book" year="1994">Raga 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In a study of skin disorders of free-ranging
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D776B14FBC874A3BEE9FC31" box="[1084,1225,971,994]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Lagenorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D776B14FBC874A3BE6BFC31" box="[1084,1099,971,994]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D776B14FBAC74A3BEE9FC31" box="[1112,1225,971,994]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">albirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35A76592D776B14FAFD74A3BF79FC31" box="[1289,1369,971,994]" name="Iceland" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">Iceland</collectingCountry>
|
||
(2004–2009), tattoo-like epidermal marks were found in 6 of 90 dolphins and cutaneous bumps in one individual (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D776B14FB207363BF81FBF1" author="BERTULLI, C. & A. CECHETTI & M. - F. VAN BRESSEM & K. VAN WAEREBEEK" box="[1236,1441,1035,1058]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" pagination="29 - 40" refId="ref9051" refString="BERTULLI, C., A. CECHETTI, M. - F. VAN BRESSEM, AND K. VAN WAEREBEEK. 2012. Skin disorders in common minke whales and white-beaked dolphins off Iceland, a photographic assessment. Journal of Marine Animals and Their Ecology 5: 29 - 40." type="journal article" year="2012">Bertulli et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF236C92D776B17FC877343BB43FBB1" blockId="5.[840,1524,203,1954]" lastBlockId="6.[109,793,203,1954]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="41" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">
|
||
With its role as a top predator of carnivorous fishes, it is not surprising that some populations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D776B14FB327323BF6FFBB1" box="[1222,1359,1099,1122]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Lagenorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D776B14FB327323BF6FFBB1" box="[1222,1359,1099,1122]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">L. albirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have high concentrations of heavy metals and organochlorine compounds in their tissues. In a sample of
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D4BFD402D776B14FB9B73E3BE85FB71" box="[1135,1189,1163,1186]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" type="generic">
|
||
27
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D776B14FB7B73E3BE85FB71" box="[1167,1189,1163,1186]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Lagenorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D776B14FB7B73E3BE85FB71" box="[1167,1189,1163,1186]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">L.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</specimenCount>
|
||
albirostris killed by ice entrapment in Newfoundland in 1982,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D776B14FB4173C3BF5EFB11" author="MUIR, D. C. G. & R. WAGEMANN & N. P. GRIFT & R. J. NORSTROM & M. SIMON & J. LIEN" box="[1205,1406,1195,1218]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" pagination="613 - 629" refId="ref13037" refString="MUIR, D. C. G., R. WAGEMANN, N. P. GRIFT, R. J. NORSTROM, M. SIMON, AND J. LIEN. 1988. Organochlorine chemical and heavy metal contaminants in white-beaked dolphins (Lagenorhynchus albirostris) and pilot whales (Globicephala malaena) from the coast of Newfoundland, Canada. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 17: 613 - 629." type="journal article" year="1988">Muir et al. (1988)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
quantified heavy metal concentrations (mg/kg dry weight in kidney, liver, and muscle tissue). Lead ranged between 0.01–2.17; copper, 3.50–32.1; cadmium, 0.20–43.8; mercury, 0.0–5.82; selenium, 0.0–20.2; and zinc, 43.5–136, of which selenium levels may be cause for concern (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D776B14FBE77223BEE1FAB1" author="DIETZ, R." box="[1043,1217,1355,1378]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" refId="ref10087" refString="DIETZ, R., ET AL. 1998. Heavy metals. Pp. 373 - 524 in AMAP Assessment Report: Arctic Pollution Issues. Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme, Oslo, Norway." type="book" year="1998">Dietz et al. 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Two individuals of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D776B14FA517223B9ACFA51" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Lagenorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D776B14FA517223BF94FAB1" box="[1445,1460,1355,1378]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D776B14FA347223B9ACFA51" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">albirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, one stranded in the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35A76592D776B14FB987203BF01FA51" box="[1132,1313,1387,1410]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">United Kingdom</collectingCountry>
|
||
in 1989 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D776B14FA7D7203B95DFA71" author="LAW, R. J." pageId="5" pageNumber="40" pagination="183 - 191" refId="ref12243" refString="LAW, R. J., ET AL. 1991. Concentrations of trace metals in the livers of marine mammals (seals, porpoises and dolphins) from waters around the British Isles. Marine Pollution Bulletin 22: 183 - 191." type="journal article" year="1991">Law et al. 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and one in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35A76592D776B14FBE672E3BE55FA71" box="[1042,1141,1419,1442]" name="Denmark" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">Denmark</collectingCountry>
|
||
in 1972 (Andersen and Rebsdorff 1976), showed levels comparable to those found in the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35A76592D776B14FA5E72C3B98DFA31" name="United Kingdom" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">United Kingdom</collectingCountry>
|
||
for copper, but levels of zinc and cadmium were lower and those of mercury were higher (1.3–19.0 mg/kg wet weight). One dolphin from West Kirby,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35A76592D776B14FB427163BF36F9F1" box="[1206,1302,1547,1570]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">Scotland</collectingCountry>
|
||
, had
|
||
<quantity id="4CB59B2C2D776B14FAA87163BFBCF9F1" box="[1372,1436,1547,1570]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.7" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" unit="mg" value="27.0">27 mg</quantity>
|
||
/kg wet weight mercury in the liver (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D776B14FB707143BF10F991" author="LAW, R. J." box="[1156,1328,1579,1602]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" pagination="183 - 191" refId="ref12243" refString="LAW, R. J., ET AL. 1991. Concentrations of trace metals in the livers of marine mammals (seals, porpoises and dolphins) from waters around the British Isles. Marine Pollution Bulletin 22: 183 - 191." type="journal article" year="1991">Law et al. 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). A white-beaked dolphin from the French Channel coast (collected between 1998 and 2001) had liver concentrations in mg/kg dry weight of mercury (229), copper (27), cadmium (0.4), and zinc (96—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D776B14FA6471E3B9A9F911" author="DAS, K." pageId="5" pageNumber="40" pagination="349 - 365" refId="ref9924" refString="DAS, K., ET AL. 2003 a. Marine mammals from Northeast Atlantic: relationship between their trophic status as determined by delta C- 13 and delta N- 15 measurements and their trace metal concentrations. Marine Environmental Research 56: 349 - 365." type="journal article" year="2003">Das et al. 2003a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In the same study, 3 dolphins from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35A76592D776B14FAE371C3BF43F911" box="[1303,1379,1707,1730]" name="Ireland" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">Ireland</collectingCountry>
|
||
(1989–1993) had mg/kg dry weight values 14–34 (Cu), 0.2–0.3 (Cd), and 81–121 (Zn). Three
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D776B14FBDC7183BE95F8D1" box="[1064,1205,1771,1794]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Lagenorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D776B14FBDC7183BE17F8D1" box="[1064,1079,1771,1794]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D776B14FBB37183BE95F8D1" box="[1095,1205,1771,1794]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">albirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the German North Sea coast (1991–1993) had median mercury concentrations in the liver of
|
||
<quantity id="4CB59B2C2D776B14FC557043BE11F891" box="[929,1073,1835,1858]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.132" metricValueMax="2.207" metricValueMin="0.057" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" unit="mg" value="113.19999999999999" valueMax="220.7" valueMin="5.7">5.7–220.7 mg</quantity>
|
||
/kg dry weight (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D776B14FB127043BF90F891" author="SIEBERT, U." box="[1254,1456,1835,1858]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" pagination="285 - 295" refId="ref14317" refString="SIEBERT, U., ET AL. 1999. Potential relation between mercury concentrations and necropsy findings in cetaceans from German waters of the North and Baltic Seas. Marine Pollution Bulletin 38: 285 - 295." type="journal article" year="1999">Siebert et al. 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The greater part of this range is above thresholds for toxicity (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D776B14FA4D7023B99EF851" author="DIETZ, R." pageId="5" pageNumber="40" pagination="775 - 790" refId="ref10124" refString="DIETZ, R., ET AL. 2013. What are the toxicological effects of mercury in Arctic biota? Science of the Total Environment 443: 775 - 790." type="journal article" year="2013">Dietz et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Compared to other studies from the early 1990s, lead levels in the kidneys of coastal dolphins in Newfoundland (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D746B17FF8277A3BB3FFF31" author="MUIR, D. C. G. & R. WAGEMANN & N. P. GRIFT & R. J. NORSTROM & M. SIMON & J. LIEN" box="[118,287,203,226]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" pagination="613 - 629" refId="ref13037" refString="MUIR, D. C. G., R. WAGEMANN, N. P. GRIFT, R. J. NORSTROM, M. SIMON, AND J. LIEN. 1988. Organochlorine chemical and heavy metal contaminants in white-beaked dolphins (Lagenorhynchus albirostris) and pilot whales (Globicephala malaena) from the coast of Newfoundland, Canada. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 17: 613 - 629." type="journal article" year="1988">Muir et al. 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) were 40 times higher than those of harbor porpoises (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D746B17FF4A7783BBB5FED1" authority="phocoena" box="[190,405,235,258]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocoenidae" genus="Phocoena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="phocoena">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D746B17FF4A7783BBB5FED1" box="[190,405,235,258]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Phocoena phocoena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) from the Bay of Fundy, Nova Scotia (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D746B17FF827663BADDFEF1" author="GASKIN, D. E." box="[118,253,267,290]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" refId="ref10921" refString="GASKIN, D. E. 1982. The ecology of whales and dolphins. Heinemann, London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1982">Gaskin 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but one-half of that of harbor porpoises from the North and Baltic Seas (Andersen and Rebsdorff 1976;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D746B17FD257643BAFCFEB1" author="HARMS, U. & H. E. DRESCHER & E. HUSCHENBETH" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" pagination="153 - 161" refId="ref11537" refString="HARMS, U., H. E. DRESCHER, AND E. HUSCHENBETH. 1978. Further data on heavy metals and organochlorines in marine mammals from German coastal waters. Meeresforschung 26: 153 - 161." type="journal article" year="1978">Harms et al. 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and dolphins from the western Mediterranean (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D746B17FD147623BA82FE51" author="VIALE, D." pageId="6" pageNumber="41" pagination="5 - 16" refId="ref15114" refString="VIALE, D. 1978. Evidence of metal pollution in Cetacea of the western Mediterranean. Annales de l'Institut Oceanographique (Paris) 54: 5 - 16." type="journal article" year="1978">Viale 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In the ice-entrapped sample from Newfoundland (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D746B17FD177603BAC0FE71" author="MUIR, D. C. G. & R. WAGEMANN & N. P. GRIFT & R. J. NORSTROM & M. SIMON & J. LIEN" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" pagination="613 - 629" refId="ref13037" refString="MUIR, D. C. G., R. WAGEMANN, N. P. GRIFT, R. J. NORSTROM, M. SIMON, AND J. LIEN. 1988. Organochlorine chemical and heavy metal contaminants in white-beaked dolphins (Lagenorhynchus albirostris) and pilot whales (Globicephala malaena) from the coast of Newfoundland, Canada. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 17: 613 - 629." type="journal article" year="1988">Muir et al. 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), the mg/kg wet weight concentrations of the dominant organochlorines in the blubber were 4.5–88.6 for ∑DDT, 20.3–83.8 for ∑toxaphenes, 9.62–87.0 for ∑PCBs, and 3.72–25.0 for ∑chlordanes. Among these, the range for ∑PCBs goes well beyond the level for marked reproductive impairment in ringed seals at
|
||
<quantity id="4CB59B2C2D746B17FF327543BB26FD91" box="[198,262,555,578]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="4.1" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" unit="mg" value="41.0">41 mg</quantity>
|
||
/kg lipid weight (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D746B17FE317543B85BFD91" author="HELLE, E. & M. OLSSON & S. JENSEN" box="[453,635,555,578]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" pagination="188 - 189" refId="ref11618" refString="HELLE, E., M. OLSSON, AND S. JENSEN. 1976. DDT and PCB levels and reproduction in ringed seal from the Bothnian Bay. Ambio 5: 188 - 189." type="journal article" year="1976">Helle et al. 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The organochlorine concentrations were generally several times higher than those in long-finned pilot whales (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D746B17FE2D7503B88EFD51" baseAuthorityName="Traill" baseAuthorityYear="1809" box="[473,686,619,642]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Globicephala" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melas">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D746B17FE2D7503B88EFD51" box="[473,686,619,642]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Globicephala melas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) from the same area (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D746B17FF1C75E3BBB6FD71" author="MUIR, D. C. G. & R. WAGEMANN & N. P. GRIFT & R. J. NORSTROM & M. SIMON & J. LIEN" box="[232,406,651,674]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" pagination="613 - 629" refId="ref13037" refString="MUIR, D. C. G., R. WAGEMANN, N. P. GRIFT, R. J. NORSTROM, M. SIMON, AND J. LIEN. 1988. Organochlorine chemical and heavy metal contaminants in white-beaked dolphins (Lagenorhynchus albirostris) and pilot whales (Globicephala malaena) from the coast of Newfoundland, Canada. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 17: 613 - 629." type="journal article" year="1988">Muir et al. 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) in concentrations of
|
||
<quantity id="4CB59B2C2D746B17FEBF75C3BB9AFD11" box="[331,442,683,706]" metricMagnitude="-10" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.285" metricValueMax="4.43" metricValueMin="0.13999999999999999" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" unit="ng" value="228.5" valueMax="443.0" valueMin="14.0">14–443 ng</quantity>
|
||
/g wet weight was found in liver tissues of
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D4BFD402D746B17FF2875A3BB27FD31" box="[220,263,715,738]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" type="generic">
|
||
6
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D746B17FF0575A3BB27FD31" box="[241,263,715,738]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Lagenorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D746B17FF0575A3BB20FD31" box="[241,256,715,738]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</specimenCount>
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D746B17FEFB75A3BB5DFD31" box="[271,381,715,738]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">albirostris</emphasis>
|
||
stranded in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35A76592D746B17FDF275A3B845FD31" box="[518,613,715,738]" name="Belgium" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Belgium</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35A76592D746B17FD8575A3B89CFD31" box="[625,700,715,738]" name="France" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">France</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35A76592D746B17FD0375A3BACEFCD1" name="Netherlands" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">the Netherlands</collectingCountry>
|
||
in 1995–2000 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D746B17FE6D7583B8BFFCD1" author="VAN DE VIJVER, K. I." box="[409,671,747,770]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" pagination="5545 - 5550" refId="ref14888" refString="VAN DE VIJVER, K. I., ET AL. 2003. Perfluorinated chemicals infiltrate ocean waters: link between exposure levels and stable isotope ratios in marine mammals. Environmental Science & Technology 37: 5545 - 5550." type="journal article" year="2003">van de Vijver et al. 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) compared to a critical body residue of
|
||
<quantity id="4CB59B2C2D746B17FE637463BBFEFCF1" box="[407,478,779,802]" metricMagnitude="-10" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="6.55" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" unit="ng" value="655.0">655 ng</quantity>
|
||
/g wet weight for carcinogenity (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D746B17FF6C7443BB67FC91" author="DIETZ, R." box="[152,327,811,834]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" pagination="45 - 55" refId="ref10156" refString="DIETZ, R., ET AL. 2015. Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modelling of immune, reproductive and carcinogenic effects from contaminant exposure in polar bears (Ursus maritimus) across the Arctic. Environmental Research 140: 45 - 55." type="journal article" year="2015">Dietz et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Among
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D4BFD402D746B17FE457443B813FC91" box="[433,563,811,834]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" type="generic">7 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
stranded in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35A76592D746B17FD417443B938FC91" box="[693,792,811,834]" name="Denmark" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Denmark</collectingCountry>
|
||
from the same period, the predominant perfluorinated chemicals were PFOS (
|
||
<quantity id="4CB59B2C2D746B17FF0C7403BB56FC51" box="[248,374,875,898]" metricMagnitude="-10" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="3.3299999999999996" metricValueMax="5.4" metricValueMin="1.26" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" unit="ng" value="333.0" valueMax="540.0" valueMin="126.0">126–540 ng</quantity>
|
||
/g wet weight) and perfluorooctanesulfonamide (PFOSA;
|
||
<quantity id="4CB59B2C2D746B17FEB474E3BB81FC71" box="[320,417,907,930]" metricMagnitude="-10" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.435" metricValueMax="2.83" metricValueMin="0.04" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" unit="ng" value="143.5" valueMax="283.0" valueMin="4.0">4–283 ng</quantity>
|
||
/g wet weight). The total concentrations of perfluorinated chemicals were below known levels for toxic effects and similar to those in harbor seals (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D746B17FD8074A3B92FFC31" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[628,783,971,994]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Phoca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vitulina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D746B17FD8074A3B92FFC31" box="[628,783,971,994]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Phoca vitulina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and harbor porpoises from the same area, but PFOSA concentrations were higher than in the other species, indicating different species-specific capabilities for metabolism of the substances (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D746B17FF827323BB73FBB1" author="GALATIUS, A." box="[118,339,1099,1122]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" pagination="8013 - 8020" refId="ref10826" refString="GALATIUS, A., ET AL. 2013 b. PFAS profiles in three North Sea top predators: metabolic differences among species? Environmental Science and Pollution Research 20: 8013 - 8020." type="journal article" year="2013">Galatius et al. 2013b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF236C92D746B17FF6C7303B878F8F1" blockId="6.[109,793,203,1954]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D746B17FF6C7303B938FB51" box="[152,792,1131,1155]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D746B17FF6C7303BBE3FB50" bold="true" box="[152,451,1131,1155]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Interspecific interactions.</emphasis>
|
||
—
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D746B17FE2B7303B938FB51" box="[479,792,1131,1154]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Lagenorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albirostris">Lagenorhynchus albirostris</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is known to associate with feeding baleen whales such as fin whales (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D746B17FF3B73C3BBEEFB11" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[207,462,1195,1218]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Balaenoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="physalus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D746B17FF3B73C3BBEEFB11" box="[207,462,1195,1218]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Balaenoptera physalus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) off the coast of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35A76592D746B17FD5373C3B938FB11" box="[679,792,1195,1218]" name="Greenland" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Greenland</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Jonsgård and Christensen 1968) and humpback whales (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D746B17FF827383BBA7FAD1" baseAuthorityName="Borowski" baseAuthorityYear="1781" box="[118,391,1259,1282]" class="Mammalia" family="Balaenopteridae" genus="Megaptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="novaeangliae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D746B17FF827383BBA7FAD1" box="[118,391,1259,1282]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Megaptera novaeangliae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) off the coast of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35A76592D746B17FDBE7383B8BBFAD1" box="[586,667,1259,1282]" name="Canada" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Sears and Williamson 1982). It sometimes mixes with several species of delphinids; common dolphins (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D746B17FE377243B8AAFA91" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[451,650,1323,1346]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Delphinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="delphis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D746B17FE377243B8AAFA91" box="[451,650,1323,1346]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Delphinus delphis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) off
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35A76592D746B17FD357243B938FA91" box="[705,792,1323,1346]" name="Norway" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Norway</collectingCountry>
|
||
and in the Irish Sea (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D746B17FEB87223BBDEFAB1" author="HAUG, T. & B. GULLINKSEN & I. CHRISTENSEN" box="[332,510,1355,1378]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" pagination="97 - 100" refId="ref11577" refString="HAUG, T., B. GULLINKSEN, AND I. CHRISTENSEN. 1981. Observations of the common dolphin, (Delphinus delphis), in North Norway. Fauna (Oslo) 34: 97 - 100." type="journal article" year="1981">Haug et al. 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D746B17FDF87223B8A4FAB1" author="JONES, P. H." box="[524,644,1355,1378]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" pagination="62 - 64" refId="ref11836" refString="JONES, P. H. 1984. Cetaceans seen in the Irish Sea and approaches, late summer 1983. Nature in Wales 3: 62 - 64." type="journal article" year="1984">Jones 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), long-finned pilot whales in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35A76592D746B17FEEA7203BB4FFA51" box="[286,367,1387,1410]" name="Canada" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Sears and Williamson 1982), bottlenose dolphins (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D746B17FEEE72E3BBC9FA71" baseAuthorityName="Montagu" baseAuthorityYear="1821" box="[282,489,1419,1442]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Tursiops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="truncatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D746B17FEEE72E3BBC9FA71" box="[282,489,1419,1442]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Tursiops truncatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) off
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35A76592D746B17FDD172E3B852FA71" box="[549,626,1419,1442]" name="Ireland" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Ireland</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D746B17FD7272E3B928FA71" author="EVANS, P. G. H." box="[646,776,1419,1442]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" pagination="1 - 52" refId="ref10275" refString="EVANS, P. G. H. 1980. Cetaceans in British waters. Mammal Review 10: 1 - 52." type="journal article" year="1980">Evans 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Risso’s dolphin (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D746B17FED172C3BBC0FA11" baseAuthorityName="G.Cuvier" baseAuthorityYear="1812" box="[293,480,1451,1474]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Grampus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="griseus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D746B17FED172C3BBC0FA11" box="[293,480,1451,1474]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Grampus griseus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) off
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35A76592D746B17FDE072C3B853FA11" box="[532,627,1451,1474]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Scotland</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D746B17FD7772C3BAC5FA31" author="JEEWOONARAIN, T. & E. C. M. PARSONS & P. G. H. EVANS" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" pagination="237 - 241" refId="ref11744" refString="JEEWOONARAIN, T., E. C. M. PARSONS, AND P. G. H. EVANS. 1999. Operation sightings: sightings of cetaceans in the Southern Hebrides, Scotland. European Research on Cetaceans 13: 237 - 241." type="journal article" year="1999">Jeewoonarain et al. 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D746B17FEDB72A3BBB6FA31" baseAuthorityName="Bloch" baseAuthorityYear="1996" box="[303,406,1483,1506]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Leucopleurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acutus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D746B17FEDB72A3BB1EFA31" box="[303,318,1483,1506]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D746B17FEBB72A3BBB6FA31" box="[335,406,1483,1506]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">acutus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the North Sea (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D746B17FD9F72A3B8CDFA31" author="HAASE, B. J. M." box="[619,749,1483,1506]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" pagination="105 - 106" refId="ref11155" refString="HAASE, B. J. M. 1987. A mixed herd of white-beaked dolphins Lagenorhynchus albirostris and white-sided dolphins Lagenorhynchus acutus in the southern North Sea. Lutra 30: 105 - 106." type="journal article" year="1987">Haase 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D746B17FD0B72A3BAC4F9D1" author="DE BOER, R." pageId="6" pageNumber="41" pagination="181 - 189" refId="ref10026" refString="DE BOER, R. 1989. Waarneming van een gemengde groep witflankdolfijnen Lagenorhynchus acutus en witsnuitdolfijnen L. albirostris in de centrale Nordzee. Lutra 32: 181 - 189." type="journal article" year="1989">de Boer 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D746B17FEF47283BBB2F9D1" box="[256,402,1515,1538]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Lagenorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D746B17FEF47283BB2FF9D1" box="[256,271,1515,1538]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D746B17FED57283BBB2F9D1" box="[289,402,1515,1538]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">albirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D746B17FE257283B819F9D1" baseAuthorityName="Bloch" baseAuthorityYear="1996" box="[465,569,1515,1538]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Leucopleurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acutus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D746B17FE257283B819F9D1" box="[465,569,1515,1538]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">L. acutus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
partition habitat in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35A76592D746B17FF997163BAF0F9F1" box="[109,208,1547,1570]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Scotland</collectingCountry>
|
||
; the latter species replaces the former as water depths increases (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D746B17FF107143BBEEF991" author="MACLEOD, C. D. & C. R. WEIR & C. PIERPOINT & E. J. HARLAND" box="[228,462,1579,1602]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" pagination="157 - 164" refId="ref12587" refString="MACLEOD, C. D., C. R. WEIR, C. PIERPOINT, AND E. J. HARLAND. 2007. The habitat preferences of marine mammals west of Scotland (UK). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 87: 157 - 164." type="journal article" year="2007">MacLeod et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). When sea surface temperatures exceed 13–14°C, common dolphins replace
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D746B17FD7F7123B938F9B1" box="[651,792,1611,1634]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Lagenorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D746B17FD7F7123B8BAF9B1" box="[651,666,1611,1634]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D746B17FD537123B938F9B1" box="[679,792,1611,1634]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">albirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in shelf habitats of the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35A76592D746B17FE977103B839F951" box="[355,537,1643,1666]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">United Kingdom</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35A76592D746B17FDB97103B8BDF951" box="[589,669,1643,1666]" name="Ireland" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Ireland</collectingCountry>
|
||
, (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D746B17FD447103BAC3F971" author="MACLEOD, C. D. & C. R. WEIR & M. B. SANTOS & T. E. DUNN" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" pagination="1193 - 1198" refId="ref12642" refString="MACLEOD, C. D., C. R. WEIR, M. B. SANTOS, AND T. E. DUNN. 2008. Temperature-based summer habitat partitioning between whitebeaked and common dolphins around the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 88: 1193 - 1198." type="journal article" year="2008">MacLeod et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). A fine-scale study in the Minch Strait (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35A76592D746B17FD5A71E3B930F971" box="[686,784,1675,1698]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Scotland</collectingCountry>
|
||
) detected a degree of habitat segregation or niche partitioning between these 2 species, with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D746B17FE4471A3B81CF931" box="[432,572,1739,1762]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Lagenorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D746B17FE4471A3BB9FF931" box="[432,447,1739,1762]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D746B17FE3F71A3B81CF931" box="[459,572,1739,1762]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">albirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
foraging subsurface and farther from shore than common dolphins, which tended to forage more at the surface (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D746B17FE6E7063B868F8F1" author="WEIR, C. R. & C. D. MACLEOD & S. V. CALDERAN" box="[410,584,1803,1826]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" pagination="951 - 960" refId="ref15392" refString="WEIR, C. R., C. D. MACLEOD, AND S. V. CALDERAN. 2009. Fine-scale habitat selection by white-beaked and common dolphins in the Minch (Scotland, UK): evidence for interspecific competition or coexistence? Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 89: 951 - 960." type="journal article" year="2009">Weir et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF236C92D746B17FF6C7043BF1DFE11" blockId="6.[109,793,203,1954]" lastBlockId="6.[840,1523,203,674]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">
|
||
Even top predators sometimes are prey themselves. Rake marks, probably tooth marks from killer whales (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D746B17FD897023B929F8B1" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[637,777,1867,1890]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Orcinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="orca">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D746B17FD897023B929F8B1" box="[637,777,1867,1890]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Orcinus orca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), were found on 3 of
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D4BFD402D746B17FEAE7003BBB7F851" box="[346,407,1899,1922]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" type="generic">
|
||
90
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D746B17FE757003BBB7F851" box="[385,407,1899,1922]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Lagenorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D746B17FE757003BBB0F851" box="[385,400,1899,1922]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</specimenCount>
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D746B17FE577003B831F851" box="[419,529,1899,1922]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">albirostris</emphasis>
|
||
in waters near
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35A76592D746B17FD3D7003B937F851" box="[713,791,1899,1922]" name="Iceland" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Iceland</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D746B17FF8270E3BB64F871" author="BERTULLI, C. & A. CECHETTI & M. - F. VAN BRESSEM & K. VAN WAEREBEEK" box="[118,324,1931,1954]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" pagination="29 - 40" refId="ref9051" refString="BERTULLI, C., A. CECHETTI, M. - F. VAN BRESSEM, AND K. VAN WAEREBEEK. 2012. Skin disorders in common minke whales and white-beaked dolphins off Iceland, a photographic assessment. Journal of Marine Animals and Their Ecology 5: 29 - 40." type="journal article" year="2012">Bertulli et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Killer whales hunting
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D746B17FDA570E3B8FEF871" box="[593,734,1931,1954]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Lagenorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D746B17FDA570E3B840F871" box="[593,608,1931,1954]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D746B17FD8470E3B8FEF871" box="[624,734,1931,1954]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">albirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have been observed in Pentland Firth,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35A76592D746B17FB5D77A3BF26FF31" box="[1193,1286,203,226]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Scotland</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D746B17FAE277A3BE27FED1" author="BRITISH BROADCASTING CORPORATION" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" refId="ref9311" refString="BRITISH BROADCASTING CORPORATION. 2012. Killer whales hunting dolphins in Scotland photographed. http: // www. bbc. com / news / uk-scotlandhighlands-islands- 18175090. Accessed 20 January 2015." type="url" year="2012">British Broadcasting Corporation 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In their review of killer whale interactions with other marine mammals,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D746B17FB777663BF4DFEF1" author="JEFFERSON, T. A. & P. J. STACEY & R. W. BAIRD" box="[1155,1389,267,290]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" pagination="151 - 180" refId="ref11791" refString="JEFFERSON, T. A., P. J. STACEY, AND R. W. BAIRD. 1991. A review of killer whale interactions with other marine mammals: predation to co-existence. Mammal Review 21: 151 - 180." type="journal article" year="1991">Jefferson et al. (1991)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
recorded no predatory events on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D746B17FBEE7643BE82FE91" box="[1050,1186,299,322]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Lagenorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D746B17FBEE7643BE82FE91" box="[1050,1186,299,322]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">L. albirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and 6 nonpredatory interactions of killer whales and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D746B17FBE97623BE86FEB1" box="[1053,1190,331,354]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Lagenorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D746B17FBE97623BE86FEB1" box="[1053,1190,331,354]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">L. albirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
without specifying locations or other details. In the southern North Sea, 2 harbor porpoise calves were found stranded with scars suspected to originate from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D746B17FA2976E3B996FE11" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Lagenorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D746B17FA2976E3BFCCFE71" box="[1501,1516,395,418]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D746B17FCBC76C3B996FE11" box="[840,950,427,450]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">albirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
teeth (Haelters and Everaarts 2011).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF236C92D746B17FC8776A3BE09FD71" blockId="6.[840,1523,203,674]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D746B17FC8776A3BEBAFE31" box="[883,1178,459,482]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Lagenorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D746B17FC8776A3BEBAFE31" box="[883,1178,459,482]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Lagenorhynchus albirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has also been reported in association with seabirds such as thick-billed murres (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D746B17FA927683BFCAFDD1" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1382,1514,491,514]" class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Uria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lomvia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D746B17FA927683BFCAFDD1" box="[1382,1514,491,514]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Uria lomvia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) in the Barents Sea (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D746B17FBD37563BF23FDF1" author="MEHLUM, F. & G. L. HUNT & M. B. DECKER & N. NORDLUND" box="[1063,1283,523,546]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" pagination="243 - 252" refId="ref12801" refString="MEHLUM, F., G. L. HUNT, M. B. DECKER, AND N. NORDLUND. 1998. Hydrographic features, cetaceans and the foraging of thick-billed murres and other marine birds in the northwestern Barents Sea. Arctic 51: 243 - 252." type="journal article" year="1998">Mehlum et al. 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and northern gannet (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D746B17FCA57543B9C6FD91" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[849,998,555,578]" class="Aves" family="Sulidae" genus="Sula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Suliformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bassana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D746B17FCA57543B9C6FD91" box="[849,998,555,578]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Sula bassana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) off northwestern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35A76592D746B17FB317543BF02FD91" box="[1221,1314,555,578]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Scotland</collectingCountry>
|
||
and the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4989F82B2D746B17FA617543B9B4FDB1" country="United Kingdom" name="Shetland Islands" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Shetland Islands</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D746B17FC567523BE3EFDB1" author="EVANS, P. G. H." box="[930,1054,587,610]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" pagination="187 - 206" refId="ref10298" refString="EVANS, P. G. H. 1982. Associations between seabirds and cetaceans: a review. Mammal Review 12: 187 - 206." type="journal article" year="1982">Evans 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D746B17FBDF7523BEF5FDB1" author="SKOV, H. & J. DURINCK & F. DANIELSEN & D. BLOCH" box="[1067,1237,587,610]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" pagination="71 - 88" refId="ref14393" refString="SKOV, H., J. DURINCK, F. DANIELSEN, AND D. BLOCH. 1995. Co-occurrence of cetaceans and seabirds in the Northeast Atlantic. Journal of Biogeography 22: 71 - 88." type="journal article" year="1995">Skov et al. 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Gannets and murres possibly take advantage of fish herded by the dolphins (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D746B17FA9B7503BFCBFD51" author="EVANS, P. G. H." box="[1391,1515,619,642]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" pagination="187 - 206" refId="ref10298" refString="EVANS, P. G. H. 1982. Associations between seabirds and cetaceans: a review. Mammal Review 12: 187 - 206." type="journal article" year="1982">Evans 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D746B17FCBC75E3BE39FD71" author="MEHLUM, F. & G. L. HUNT & M. B. DECKER & N. NORDLUND" box="[840,1049,651,674]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" pagination="243 - 252" refId="ref12801" refString="MEHLUM, F., G. L. HUNT, M. B. DECKER, AND N. NORDLUND. 1998. Hydrographic features, cetaceans and the foraging of thick-billed murres and other marine birds in the northwestern Barents Sea. Arctic 51: 243 - 252." type="journal article" year="1998">Mehlum et al. 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C35765422D746B16FBA47581B82AFA07" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="42" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" type="description">
|
||
<subSection id="E2C22F222D746B16FBA47581B83AFD11" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="42" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF236C92D746B17FBA47581BECBFCD0" blockId="6.[1104,1259,745,771]" box="[1104,1259,745,771]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">
|
||
<heading id="D0BA81A52D746B17FBA47581BECBFCD0" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[1104,1259,745,771]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D746B17FBA47581BECBFCD0" bold="true" box="[1104,1259,745,771]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">BEHAVIOR</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF236C92D746B17FC877445BF7BFB37" blockId="6.[840,1523,813,1956]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D746B17FC877445BEBFFC97" box="[883,1183,813,836]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Lagenorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D746B17FC877445BEBFFC97" box="[883,1183,813,836]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Lagenorhynchus albirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, like other delphinids, shows tendencies to form social groups. Most reports are of average group sizes of less than 10 animals (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35A76592D746B17FB317405BF76FC57" box="[1221,1366,877,900]" name="United States of America" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">United States</collectingCountry>
|
||
and Canada—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D746B17FCBC74E5BF45FC77" author="CETACEAN AND TURTLE ASSESSMENT PROGRAM" box="[840,1381,909,932]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" refId="ref9529" refString="CETACEAN AND TURTLE ASSESSMENT PROGRAM. 1982. A characterization of marine mammals and turtles in the mid- and north Atlantic areas of the U. S. outer continental shelf. Cetacean and Turtle Assessment Program, University of Rhode Island. Final Report # AA 551 - CT 8 - 48 to the Bureau of Land Management, Washington, D. C." type="book" year="1982">Cetacean and Turtle Assessment Program 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Alling and Whitehead 1987; Kingsley and Reeves 1998; Greenland— Hansen and Heide-Jørgensen 2013; Iceland—Pike et al. 2009; North Sea and United Kingdom—Evans 1992;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D746B17FACD7485BFCBFBD7" author="KINZE, C. C." box="[1337,1515,1005,1028]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" pagination="675 - 681" refId="ref12116" refString="KINZE, C. C., ET AL. 1997. The white-beaked dolphin (Lagenorhynchus albirostris) and the white-sided dolphin (Lagenorhynchus acutus) in the North and Baltic Seas: review of available information. Reports of the International Whaling Commission 47: 675 - 681." type="journal article" year="1997">Kinze et al. 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D746B17FCBC7365B9D0FBF7" author="REID, J. B. & P. G. H. EVANS & S. P. NORTHRIDGE" box="[840,1008,1037,1060]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" refId="ref14032" refString="REID, J. B., P. G. H. EVANS, AND S. P. NORTHRIDGE. 2003. Atlas of cetacean distribution in North-West European waters. Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Peterborough, United Kingdom." type="book" year="2003">Reid et al. 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D746B17FC097365BE85FBF7" author="WEIR, C. R. & C. D. MACLEOD & S. V. CALDERAN" box="[1021,1189,1037,1060]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" pagination="951 - 960" refId="ref15392" refString="WEIR, C. R., C. D. MACLEOD, AND S. V. CALDERAN. 2009. Fine-scale habitat selection by white-beaked and common dolphins in the Minch (Scotland, UK): evidence for interspecific competition or coexistence? Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 89: 951 - 960." type="journal article" year="2009">Weir et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Norway—Øien 1996; Barents Sea—Fall and Skern-Mauritzen 2014). Large social groups from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35A76592D746B17FCBC7325B9B6FBB7" box="[840,918,1101,1124]" name="Iceland" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Iceland</collectingCountry>
|
||
have up to 100 individuals (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D746B17FB207325BFA0FBB7" author="PIKE, D. G. & C. G. M. PAXTON & T. GUNNLAUGSSON & G. VIKINGSSON" box="[1236,1408,1101,1124]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" pagination="117 - 142" refId="ref13467" refString="PIKE, D. G., C. G. M. PAXTON, T. GUNNLAUGSSON, AND G. VIKINGSSON. 2009. Trends in distribution and abundance of cetaceans from aerial surveys in Icelandic coastal waters, 1986 - 2001. NAMMCO Scientific Publications 7: 117 - 142." type="journal article" year="2009">Pike et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and even larger groups are known from the Barents Sea (Fall and Skern- Mauritzen 2014). Off West
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35A76592D746B17FB9A73E5BEC0FB77" box="[1134,1248,1165,1188]" name="Greenland" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Greenland</collectingCountry>
|
||
, large groups used depths of
|
||
<quantity id="4CB59B2C2D746B17FC9173C5B9D2FB17" box="[869,1010,1197,1220]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" unit="m" value="650.0" valueMax="1000.0" valueMin="300.0">300–1,000 m</quantity>
|
||
and smaller groups tended to use deeper waters (> 1,000 m—Hansen and Heide-Jørgensen 2013).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF236C92D746B16FC877385BB6AFE51" blockId="6.[840,1523,813,1956]" lastBlockId="7.[109,792,203,706]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="42" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">
|
||
Studies of acoustics and hearing in free-ranging
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D746B17FA6A7385B9ACFAF7" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Lagenorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D746B17FA6A7385BF8DFAD7" box="[1438,1453,1261,1284]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D746B17FA347385B9ACFAF7" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">albirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
off
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35A76592D746B17FC4F7265BE29FAF7" box="[955,1033,1293,1316]" name="Iceland" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Iceland</collectingCountry>
|
||
have estimated the 3 and 10 dB beamwidths of the echolocation signals to be 8° and 10°, respectively, significantly narrower than in the bottlenose dolphin (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D746B17FA8F7225B998FA57" author="RASMUSSEN, M. H. & M. WAHLBERG & L. A. MILLER" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" pagination="1827 - 1831" refId="ref13796" refString="RASMUSSEN, M. H., M. WAHLBERG, AND L. A. MILLER. 2004. Estimated transmission beam pattern of clicks recorded from free-ranging white-beaked dolphins (Lagenorhynchus albirostris). Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 116: 1827 - 1831." type="journal article" year="2004">Rasmussen et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The echolocation clicks of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D746B17FB1A7205BF59FA57" box="[1262,1401,1389,1412]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Lagenorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D746B17FB1A7205BEDDFA57" box="[1262,1277,1389,1412]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D746B17FAFF7205BF59FA57" box="[1291,1401,1389,1412]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">albirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
off
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35A76592D746B17FA507205BFD2FA57" box="[1444,1522,1389,1412]" name="Iceland" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Iceland</collectingCountry>
|
||
have average peak frequencies around 115 kHz with a secondary peak around 250 kHz, and a center frequency at around 82 kHz (Rasmussen and Miller 2002; Rasmussen et al. 2002). Click source level (the effective level of sound intensity) varies from about 190–210 dB re. 1 µPa, increasing with the distance to the target (Rasmussen et al. 2002;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D746B17FB7B7145BF60F997" author="ATEM, A. C. G. & M. H. RASMUSSEN & M. WAHLBERG & H. C. PETERSEN & L. A. MILLER" box="[1167,1344,1581,1604]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" pagination="49 - 65" refId="ref8845" refString="ATEM, A. C. G., M. H. RASMUSSEN, M. WAHLBERG, H. C. PETERSEN, AND L. A. MILLER. 2009. Changes in click source levels with distance to targets: studies of free-ranging white-beaked dolphins Lagenorhynchus albirostris and captive harbour porpoises Phocoena phocoena. Bioacoustics 19: 49 - 65." type="journal article" year="2009">Atem et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The maximum source level recorded is about 219 dB re. 1 µPa peak-to-peak (Rasmussen et al. 2002). When socializing, whistles vary in frequency up to 35 kHz (Rasmussen and Miller 2002). Whistles can potentially be used for communication at distances up to
|
||
<quantity id="4CB59B2C2D746B17FA3071C5B94AF937" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.05" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" unit="km" value="10.5">10.5 km</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D746B17FC8F71A5BE4EF937" author="RASMUSSEN, M. H. & M. LAMMERS & K. BEEDHOLM & L. A. MILLER" box="[891,1134,1741,1764]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" pagination="510 - 517" refId="ref13649" refString="RASMUSSEN, M. H., M. LAMMERS, K. BEEDHOLM, AND L. A. MILLER. 2006. Source levels and harmonic content of whistles in white-beaked dolphins (Lagenorhynchus albirostris). Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 120: 510 - 517." type="journal article" year="2006">Rasmussen et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Hearing studies in 2 captured and restrained dolphins from western
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35A76592D746B17FB5E7185BED8F8D7" box="[1194,1272,1773,1796]" name="Iceland" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Iceland</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D746B17FAF37185BFCAF8D7" author="NACHTIGALL, P. E." box="[1287,1514,1773,1796]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" pagination="642 - 647" refId="ref13138" refString="NACHTIGALL, P. E., ET AL. 2008. Shipboard measurements of the hearing of the white-beaked dolphin Lagenorhynchus albirostris. Journal of Experimental Biology 211: 642 - 647." type="journal article" year="2008">Nachtigall et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) revealed highest sensitivities between 45 and 128 kHz. In one dolphin, detection threshold at 152 kHz was at 100 dB and at 181 kHz at 121 dB, indicating that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D746B17FB487025BF66F8B7" box="[1212,1350,1869,1892]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Lagenorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D746B17FB487025BEEBF8B7" box="[1212,1227,1869,1892]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D746B17FB2C7025BF66F8B7" box="[1240,1350,1869,1892]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">albirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has more sensitive high-frequency hearing than any known dolphin. The capability for temporal resolution of sound, when tested in one of the caught dolphins (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D756B16FEA677A3B805FF31" author="MOONEY, T. A. & P. E. NACHTIGALL & K. A. TAYLOR & M. H. RASMUSSEN & L. A. MILLER" box="[338,549,203,226]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" pagination="375 - 384" refId="ref12979" refString="MOONEY, T. A., P. E. NACHTIGALL, K. A. TAYLOR, M. H. RASMUSSEN, AND L. A. MILLER. 2009. Auditory temporal resolution of a wild whitebeaked dolphin (Lagenorhynchus albirostris). Journal of Comparative Physiology A 195: 375 - 384." type="journal article" year="2009">Mooney et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), revealed the dolphin could follow rhythmic clicks up to a rate of about
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE79500E2D756B16FD677783B8EEFED1" box="[659,718,235,258]" degrees="1,125" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" precision="55" value="1.125">1,125</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE79500E2D756B16FD3A7783B938FED1" box="[718,792,235,258]" degrees="1,250" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" precision="55" value="-1.25">–1,250</geoCoordinate>
|
||
Hz, a similar capability to other odontocetes. Mean pulse rate for supposed communication burst-pulse signals was at 719 Hz (range 423–1,103), with a mean peak frequency of 35.3 kHz (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D756B16FF827603BB19FE51" author="SIMARD, P. & D. A. MANN & S. GOWANS" box="[118,313,363,386]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" pagination="464 - 470" refId="ref14356" refString="SIMARD, P., D. A. MANN, AND S. GOWANS. 2008. Burst-pulse sounds recorded from white-beaked dolphins (Lagenorhynchus albirostris). Aquatic Mammals 34: 464 - 470." type="journal article" year="2008">Simard et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF236C92D756B16FF6C76E3B83AFD11" blockId="7.[109,792,203,706]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D756B16FF6C76E3BBEAFE71" box="[152,458,395,418]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Lagenorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D756B16FF6C76E3BBEAFE71" box="[152,458,395,418]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Lagenorhynchus albirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sometimes approaches vessels and rides their bow waves (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D756B16FE3B76C3B84BFE11" author="JONSGARD, A." box="[463,619,427,450]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" pagination="1 - 13" refId="ref11866" refString="JONSGARD, A. 1962. On the species of dolphins found on the coast of northern Norway and in adjacent waters. Norsk Hvalfangst-Tidende 51: 1 - 13." type="journal article" year="1962">Jonsgård 1962</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D756B16FD8876C3B930FE11" author="DE BOER, R." box="[636,784,427,450]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" pagination="181 - 189" refId="ref10026" refString="DE BOER, R. 1989. Waarneming van een gemengde groep witflankdolfijnen Lagenorhynchus acutus en witsnuitdolfijnen L. albirostris in de centrale Nordzee. Lutra 32: 181 - 189." type="journal article" year="1989">de Boer 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D756B16FF9976A3BACCFE31" author="EVANS, P. G. H." box="[109,236,459,482]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" refId="ref10351" refString="EVANS, P. G. H. 1991. Whales, dolphins and porpoises: Order Cetacea. Pp. 299 - 350 in Handbook of British mammals (G. B. Corbet and S. Harris, eds.). 3 rd ed. Mammal Society, Blackwell, Oxford, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1991">Evans 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and frequently leaps out of the water, often vertically (Sears and Williamson 1982;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D756B16FE047683B89BFDD1" author="KATONA, S. K. & V. ROUGH & D. T. RICHARDSON" box="[496,699,491,514]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" refId="ref11963" refString="KATONA, S. K., V. ROUGH, AND D. T. RICHARDSON. 1983. A field guide to the whales, porpoises and seals of the Gulf of Maine and eastern Canada - Cape Cod to Newfoundland. Charles Scribner's, New York." type="book" year="1983">Katona et al. 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D756B16FD387683BA82FDF1" author="BAPTIST, H. J. M." pageId="7" pageNumber="42" pagination="93 - 104" refId="ref9023" refString="BAPTIST, H. J. M. 1987. Waarnemingen van zeezoogdieren in de Nederlandse sector van de Nordzee. Lutra 30: 93 - 104." type="journal article" year="1987">Baptist 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Although it usually travels at
|
||
<quantity id="4CB59B2C2D756B16FDF27563B849FDF1" box="[518,617,523,546]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" metricValueMax="12.0" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" unit="km" value="9.0" valueMax="12.0" valueMin="6.0">6–12 km</quantity>
|
||
/h, speeds of
|
||
<quantity id="4CB59B2C2D756B16FD097563BAAFFD91" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" unit="km" value="30.0">30 km</quantity>
|
||
/h are known from the North Sea area (Evans and Smeenk 2008). A juvenile male from Faxaflói Bay in western
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35A76592D756B16FD3D7523B937FDB1" box="[713,791,587,610]" name="Iceland" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Iceland</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D756B16FF827503BB41FD51" author="RASMUSSEN, M. H. & T. AKAMATSU & J. TEILMANN & G. VIKINGSSON & L. A. MILLER" box="[118,353,619,642]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" pagination="97 - 105" refId="ref13589" refString="RASMUSSEN, M. H., T. AKAMATSU, J. TEILMANN, G. VIKINGSSON, AND L. A. MILLER. 2013. Biosonar, diving and movements of two tagged white-beaked dolphins in Icelandic waters. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 88 - 89: 97 - 105." type="journal article" year="2013">Rasmussen et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) dove to
|
||
<quantity id="4CB59B2C2D756B16FE377503BBD8FD51" box="[451,504,619,642]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" unit="m" value="45.0">45 m</quantity>
|
||
(mean dive depth:
|
||
<quantity id="4CB59B2C2D756B16FD347503B8D6FD51" box="[704,758,619,642]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" unit="m" value="24.0">24 m</quantity>
|
||
) in dives up to 78 s (mean: 28 s). More than one-half of the feeding activity seemed to occur at the sea floor.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
<subSection id="E2C22F222D756B16FE837591B82AFA07" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF236C92D756B16FE837591B82FFCC0" blockId="7.[375,527,761,787]" box="[375,527,761,787]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<heading id="D0BA81A52D756B16FE837591B82FFCC0" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[375,527,761,787]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D756B16FE837591B82FFCC0" bold="true" box="[375,527,761,787]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">GENETICS</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF236C92D756B16FF6C7455B82AFA07" blockId="7.[109,793,829,1492]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">
|
||
Moderate variation of mitochondrial as well as nuclear markers in a sample of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D756B16FECE7435B841FCA7" box="[314,609,861,884]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Lagenorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D756B16FECE7435B841FCA7" box="[314,609,861,884]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Lagenorhynchus albirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35A76592D756B16FD3B7435BA8DFC47" name="United States of America" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">United States</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35A76592D756B16FF127415BB19FC47" box="[230,313,893,916]" name="Canada" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
, the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35A76592D756B16FE847415B80AFC47" box="[368,554,893,916]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">United Kingdom</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35A76592D756B16FDC37415B8C5FC47" box="[567,741,893,916]" name="Netherlands" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">the Netherlands</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and northern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35A76592D756B16FF2574F5BB07FC67" box="[209,295,925,948]" name="Norway" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Norway</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Banguera-Hinestroza et al. 2010) indicate a population contraction, possibly during the last glacial epoch.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D756B16FF9974B5BB4CFC27" author="FERNANDEZ, R." box="[109,364,989,1012]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" pagination="266 - 276" refId="ref10577" refString="FERNANDEZ, R., ET AL. 2016. A genomewide catalogue of single nucleotide polymorphisms in white-beaked and Atlantic white-sided dolphins. Molecular Ecology Resources 16: 266 - 276." type="journal article" year="2016">Fernandez et al. (2016)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
mapped 52,981 nuclear single nucleotide polymorphisms in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D756B16FE997495BBDAFBC7" box="[365,506,1021,1044]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Lagenorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D756B16FE997495BBDAFBC7" box="[365,506,1021,1044]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">L. albirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D756B16FDC07495B8BAFBC7" baseAuthorityName="Bloch" baseAuthorityYear="1996" box="[564,666,1021,1044]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Leucopleurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acutus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D756B16FDC07495B8BAFBC7" box="[564,666,1021,1044]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">L. acutus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Studies of the mitochondrial genome (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D756B16FE507375B84CFBE7" author="XIONG, Y. & M. C. BRANDLEY & S. X. XU & K. Y. ZHOU & G. YANG" box="[420,620,1053,1076]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" pagination="20" refId="ref15599" refString="XIONG, Y., M. C. BRANDLEY, S. X. XU, K. Y. ZHOU, AND G. YANG. 2009. Seven new dolphin mitochondrial genomes and a time-calibrated phylogeny of whales. BMC Evolutionary Biology 9: 20." type="journal article" year="2009">Xiong et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D756B16FD8A7375BA82FB87" author="VILSTRUP, J. T." pageId="7" pageNumber="42" pagination="65" refId="ref15187" refString="VILSTRUP, J. T., ET AL. 2011. Mitogenomic phylogenetic analyses of the Delphinidae with an emphasis on the Globicephalinae. BMC Evolutionary Biology 11: 65." type="journal article" year="2011">Vilstrup et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), mitochondrial and nuclear markers (Harlin-Cognato and Honeycutt 2006; Banguera-Hinestroza et al. 2014), and mitochondrial sequences (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D756B16FEAE7315BBD6FB47" author="CIPRIANO, F." box="[346,502,1149,1172]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" refId="ref9595" refString="CIPRIANO, F. 1997. Antitropical distributions and speciation in dolphins of the genus Lagenorhynchus: a preliminary analysis. Pp. 305 - 316 in Molecular genetics of marine mammals, special publication no. 3 (A. E. Dizon, S. J. Chivers, and W. F. Perrin, eds.). Society for Marine Mammalogy, Lawrence, Kansas." type="book" year="1997">Cipriano 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D756B16FDF37315B8EEFB47" author="LEDUC, R. G. & W. F. PERRIN & A. E. DIZON" box="[519,718,1149,1172]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" pagination="619 - 648" refId="ref12341" refString="LEDUC, R. G., W. F. PERRIN, AND A. E. DIZON. 1999. Phylogenetic relationships among the delphinid cetaceans based on full Cytochrome B sequences. Marine Mammal Science 15: 619 - 648." type="journal article" year="1999">LeDuc et al. 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) show that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D756B16FF6E73F5BB02FB67" box="[154,290,1181,1204]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Lagenorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D756B16FF6E73F5BA89FB67" box="[154,169,1181,1204]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D756B16FF4073F5BB02FB67" box="[180,290,1181,1204]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">albirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is not related to its putative Pacific and Southern ocean relatives formerly included in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D756B16FDE873D5B8EDFB07" box="[540,717,1213,1236]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Lagenorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D756B16FDE873D5B8EDFB07" box="[540,717,1213,1236]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Lagenorhynchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
genus. It may be the sole extant representative of a long-lasting independent taxon, which is possibly the sister taxon of the remaining
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D756B16FF6E7275BB3FFAE7" authorityName="J.E.Gray" authorityYear="1821" box="[154,287,1309,1332]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Delphinidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, although the studies opening this possibility (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D756B16FF827255BB0DFA87" author="XIONG, Y. & M. C. BRANDLEY & S. X. XU & K. Y. ZHOU & G. YANG" box="[118,301,1341,1364]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" pagination="20" refId="ref15599" refString="XIONG, Y., M. C. BRANDLEY, S. X. XU, K. Y. ZHOU, AND G. YANG. 2009. Seven new dolphin mitochondrial genomes and a time-calibrated phylogeny of whales. BMC Evolutionary Biology 9: 20." type="journal article" year="2009">Xiong et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D756B16FECD7255B823FA87" author="VILSTRUP, J. T." box="[313,515,1341,1364]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" pagination="65" refId="ref15187" refString="VILSTRUP, J. T., ET AL. 2011. Mitogenomic phylogenetic analyses of the Delphinidae with an emphasis on the Globicephalinae. BMC Evolutionary Biology 11: 65." type="journal article" year="2011">Vilstrup et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) did not include
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D756B16FD437255B938FA87" baseAuthorityName="Bloch" baseAuthorityYear="1996" box="[695,792,1341,1364]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Leucopleurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acutus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D756B16FD437255B8E6FA87" box="[695,710,1341,1364]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D756B16FD267255B938FA87" box="[722,792,1341,1364]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">acutus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in their study. One study (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D756B16FE757235B81EFAA7" author="LEDUC, R. G. & W. F. PERRIN & A. E. DIZON" box="[385,574,1373,1396]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" pagination="619 - 648" refId="ref12341" refString="LEDUC, R. G., W. F. PERRIN, AND A. E. DIZON. 1999. Phylogenetic relationships among the delphinid cetaceans based on full Cytochrome B sequences. Marine Mammal Science 15: 619 - 648." type="journal article" year="1999">LeDuc et al. 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) did not find a close affinity between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D756B16FEEB7215BBA1FA47" baseAuthorityName="Bloch" baseAuthorityYear="1996" box="[287,385,1405,1428]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Leucopleurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acutus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D756B16FEEB7215BB0EFA47" box="[287,302,1405,1428]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D756B16FECF7215BBA1FA47" box="[315,385,1405,1428]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">acutus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D756B16FE477215B81CFA47" box="[435,572,1405,1428]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Lagenorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D756B16FE477215BBE2FA47" box="[435,450,1405,1428]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D756B16FE3A7215B81CFA47" box="[462,572,1405,1428]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">albirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but Harlin-Cognato and Honeycutt (2006) and Banguera-Hinestroza et al. (2014) supported monophyly of the 2 species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSection id="E2C22F222D756B19FEBB7160BB45FC51" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="43" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" type="multiple">
|
||
<subSubSection id="C35765422D756B19FEBB7160BB45FC51" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="43" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF236C92D756B16FEBB7160B816F9F1" blockId="7.[335,566,1544,1570]" box="[335,566,1544,1570]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<heading id="D0BA81A52D756B16FEBB7160B816F9F1" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[335,566,1544,1570]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D756B16FEBB7160B816F9F1" bold="true" box="[335,566,1544,1570]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">CONSERVATION</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF236C92D756B16FF6C7123BEEEFD71" blockId="7.[109,793,1611,1922]" lastBlockId="7.[840,1523,203,1922]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">
|
||
Although population size of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D756B16FE3E7123B8CEF9B1" box="[458,750,1611,1634]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Lagenorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D756B16FE3E7123B8CEF9B1" box="[458,750,1611,1634]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Lagenorhynchus albirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been assessed in all centers of distribution, few of the surveys are recent. Also, the results of these surveys come with the caveat related to most abundance assessments of cetacean species: large statistical uncertainties of the estimates. Furthermore, repeated surveys to assess trends in abundance are few. The molecular studies of population structure have not covered the entire range of the species (Banguera-Hinestroza et al. 2010;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D756B16FD847043BA82F8B1" author="FERNANDEZ, R." pageId="7" pageNumber="42" pagination="266 - 276" refId="ref10577" refString="FERNANDEZ, R., ET AL. 2016. A genomewide catalogue of single nucleotide polymorphisms in white-beaked and Atlantic white-sided dolphins. Molecular Ecology Resources 16: 266 - 276." type="journal article" year="2016">Fernandez et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and the available abundance data refer to areas rather than well-defined populations.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D756B16FE897003B825F851" box="[381,517,1899,1922]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Lagenorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D756B16FE897003BBACF851" box="[381,396,1899,1922]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D756B16FE6C7003B825F851" box="[408,517,1899,1922]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">albirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is listed on Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D756B16FBB67783BE99FED1" author="CULIK, B." box="[1090,1209,235,258]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" refId="ref9874" refString="CULIK, B. 2011. Odontocetes - the toothed whales. UNEP / CMS Secretariat, Bonn, Germany." type="book" year="2011">Culik 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D756B16FABE7663BFE7FEF1" author="CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN ENDANGERED SPECIES OF WILD FAUNA AND FLORA" box="[1354,1479,267,290]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" refId="ref9793" refString="CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN ENDANGERED SPECIES OF WILD FAUNA AND FLORA. 2014. Appendices I, II and III. http: // www. cites. org / eng / app / appendices. php. Accessed 20 January 2015." type="url" year="2014">Fauna 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D756B16FA297663B995FE91" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Lagenorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D756B16FA297663BFCCFEF1" box="[1501,1516,267,290]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D756B16FCBC7643B995FE91" box="[840,949,299,322]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">albirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is also listed as “Least Concern” under the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Red List of Threatened Species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D756B16FB8E7603BF45FE51" author="HAMMOND, P. S." box="[1146,1381,363,386]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" refId="ref11274" refString="HAMMOND, P. S., ET AL. 2012. Lagenorhynchus albirostris (white-beaked dolphin). The International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Red List of Threatened Species. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2305 / IUCN. UK. 2012. RLTS. T 11142 A 17875454. en. Accessed 26 April 2016." type="book" year="2012">Hammond et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). A decrease has been observed in the rates of sightings and strandings of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D756B16FA2976E3B995FE11" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Lagenorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D756B16FA2976E3BFCCFE71" box="[1501,1516,395,418]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D756B16FCBC76C3B995FE11" box="[840,949,427,450]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">albirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
concurrent with increased presence of common dolphins off northwestern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35A76592D756B16FBCF76A3BEB7FE31" box="[1083,1175,459,482]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Scotland</collectingCountry>
|
||
as water temperatures have risen (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D756B16FCA57683BE0AFDD1" author="MACLEOD, C. D." box="[849,1066,491,514]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" pagination="477 - 483" refId="ref12523" refString="MACLEOD, C. D., ET AL. 2005. Climate change and the cetacean community of north-west Scotland. Biological Conservation 124: 477 - 483." type="journal article" year="2005">MacLeod et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This has led to concern that as water temperatures rise
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D756B16FC157563BE4CFDF1" box="[993,1132,523,546]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Lagenorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D756B16FC157563B9D0FDF1" box="[993,1008,523,546]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D756B16FC0B7563BE4CFDF1" box="[1023,1132,523,546]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">albirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may be displaced by warmer water species in much of its current distribution (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D756B16FAFB7543BFCBFD91" author="MACLEOD, C. D." box="[1295,1515,555,578]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" pagination="477 - 483" refId="ref12523" refString="MACLEOD, C. D., ET AL. 2005. Climate change and the cetacean community of north-west Scotland. Biological Conservation 124: 477 - 483." type="journal article" year="2005">MacLeod et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D756B16FCBC7523BE37FDB1" author="CANNING, S. J." box="[840,1047,587,610]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" pagination="1159 - 1166" refId="ref9445" refString="CANNING, S. J., ET AL. 2008. Seasonal distribution of white-beaked dolphins (Lagenorhynchus albirostris) in UK waters with new information on diet and habitat use. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 88: 1159 - 1166." type="journal article" year="2008">Canning et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D756B16FBD17523BF20FDB1" author="MACLEOD, C. D. & C. R. WEIR & M. B. SANTOS & T. E. DUNN" box="[1061,1280,587,610]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" pagination="1193 - 1198" refId="ref12642" refString="MACLEOD, C. D., C. R. WEIR, M. B. SANTOS, AND T. E. DUNN. 2008. Temperature-based summer habitat partitioning between whitebeaked and common dolphins around the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 88: 1193 - 1198." type="journal article" year="2008">MacLeod et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Particularly in northwestern Europe, the area of suitable shelf waters may be dramatically reduced (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D756B16FC1075E3BE9FFD71" author="MACLEOD, C. D." box="[996,1215,651,674]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" pagination="477 - 483" refId="ref12523" refString="MACLEOD, C. D., ET AL. 2005. Climate change and the cetacean community of north-west Scotland. Biological Conservation 124: 477 - 483." type="journal article" year="2005">MacLeod et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF236C92D756B16FC8775C3BF2EFC11" blockId="7.[840,1523,203,1922]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">
|
||
Reported concentrations of heavy metals and organic pollutants in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D756B16FC6D75A3BE05FD31" box="[921,1061,715,738]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Lagenorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D756B16FC6D75A3B988FD31" box="[921,936,715,738]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D756B16FC4375A3BE05FD31" box="[951,1061,715,738]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">albirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have been similar to or greater than those found in other cetacean species from the same areas (Andersen and Rebsdorff 1976;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D756B16FBC47463BEC3FCF1" author="MUIR, D. C. G. & R. WAGEMANN & N. P. GRIFT & R. J. NORSTROM & M. SIMON & J. LIEN" box="[1072,1251,779,802]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" pagination="613 - 629" refId="ref13037" refString="MUIR, D. C. G., R. WAGEMANN, N. P. GRIFT, R. J. NORSTROM, M. SIMON, AND J. LIEN. 1988. Organochlorine chemical and heavy metal contaminants in white-beaked dolphins (Lagenorhynchus albirostris) and pilot whales (Globicephala malaena) from the coast of Newfoundland, Canada. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 17: 613 - 629." type="journal article" year="1988">Muir et al. 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D756B16FB077463BF9CFCF1" author="SIEBERT, U." box="[1267,1468,779,802]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" pagination="285 - 295" refId="ref14317" refString="SIEBERT, U., ET AL. 1999. Potential relation between mercury concentrations and necropsy findings in cetaceans from German waters of the North and Baltic Seas. Marine Pollution Bulletin 38: 285 - 295." type="journal article" year="1999">Siebert et al. 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D756B16FA397463BE00FC91" author="VAN DE VIJVER, K. I." pageId="7" pageNumber="42" pagination="5545 - 5550" refId="ref14888" refString="VAN DE VIJVER, K. I., ET AL. 2003. Perfluorinated chemicals infiltrate ocean waters: link between exposure levels and stable isotope ratios in marine mammals. Environmental Science & Technology 37: 5545 - 5550." type="journal article" year="2003">van de Vijver et al. 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D756B16FBDA7443BF2BFC91" author="GALATIUS, A." box="[1070,1291,811,834]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" pagination="8013 - 8020" refId="ref10826" refString="GALATIUS, A., ET AL. 2013 b. PFAS profiles in three North Sea top predators: metabolic differences among species? Environmental Science and Pollution Research 20: 8013 - 8020." type="journal article" year="2013">Galatius et al. 2013b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The effects of these concentrations are unknown. However, in the sample of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D756B16FA497423B9F0FC51" author="MUIR, D. C. G. & R. WAGEMANN & N. P. GRIFT & R. J. NORSTROM & M. SIMON & J. LIEN" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" pagination="613 - 629" refId="ref13037" refString="MUIR, D. C. G., R. WAGEMANN, N. P. GRIFT, R. J. NORSTROM, M. SIMON, AND J. LIEN. 1988. Organochlorine chemical and heavy metal contaminants in white-beaked dolphins (Lagenorhynchus albirostris) and pilot whales (Globicephala malaena) from the coast of Newfoundland, Canada. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 17: 613 - 629." type="journal article" year="1988">Muir et al. (1988)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, organochlorine concentrations were well beyond the concentrations associated with reproductive failure in pinnipeds (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D756B16FC6974C3BE6DFC11" author="HELLE, E. & M. OLSSON & S. JENSEN" box="[925,1101,939,962]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" pagination="188 - 189" refId="ref11618" refString="HELLE, E., M. OLSSON, AND S. JENSEN. 1976. DDT and PCB levels and reproduction in ringed seal from the Bothnian Bay. Ambio 5: 188 - 189." type="journal article" year="1976">Helle et al. 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D756B16FBAF74C3BEDDFC11" author="REIJNDERS, P. J. H." box="[1115,1277,939,962]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" pagination="30 - 65" refId="ref14075" refString="REIJNDERS, P. J. H. 1980. Organochlorine and heavy metal residues in harbour seals from the Wadden Sea and their possible effects on reproduction. Netherlands Journal of Sea Research 14: 30 - 65." type="journal article" year="1980">Reijnders 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF236C92D756B16FC8774A3BF9BF931" blockId="7.[840,1523,203,1922]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D756B16FC8774A3BE81FC31" box="[883,1185,971,994]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Lagenorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D756B16FC8774A3BE81FC31" box="[883,1185,971,994]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Lagenorhynchus albirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been hunted in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35A76592D756B16FA5774A3BFD3FC31" box="[1443,1523,971,994]" name="Canada" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Sergeant and Fisher 1957),
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35A76592D756B16FB9A7483BE9CFBD1" box="[1134,1212,1003,1026]" name="Iceland" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Iceland</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D756B16FB3E7483BF7EFBD1" author="MITCHELL, E." box="[1226,1374,1003,1026]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" refId="ref12944" refString="MITCHELL, E. 1975. Porpoise, dolphin and small whale fisheries of the world. Status and problems. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Gland, Switzerland." type="book" year="1975">Mitchell 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35A76592D756B16FA697483BFD3FBD1" box="[1437,1523,1003,1026]" name="Norway" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Norway</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D756B16FCA57363B9D0FBF1" author="JONSGARD, A." box="[849,1008,1035,1058]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" pagination="1 - 13" refId="ref11866" refString="JONSGARD, A. 1962. On the species of dolphins found on the coast of northern Norway and in adjacent waters. Norsk Hvalfangst-Tidende 51: 1 - 13." type="journal article" year="1962">Jonsgård 1962</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Alling and Whitehead (1987) estimated that
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D4BFD402D756B16FCBC7343B9ADFB91" box="[840,909,1067,1090]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" type="generic">
|
||
366
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D756B16FC837343B9ADFB91" box="[887,909,1067,1090]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Lagenorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D756B16FC837343B9A6FB91" box="[887,902,1067,1090]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</specimenCount>
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D756B16FC607343BE22FB91" box="[916,1026,1067,1090]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">albirostris</emphasis>
|
||
were taken annually in directed catches along the Labrador coast based on interviews with fishermen in 1982 and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D756B16FC8F7303BE2BFB51" box="[891,1035,1131,1154]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Lagenorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D756B16FC8F7303B9AAFB51" box="[891,906,1131,1154]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D756B16FC697303BE2BFB51" box="[925,1035,1131,1154]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">albirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is still hunted opportunistically in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35A76592D756B16FA577303BFD3FB51" box="[1443,1523,1131,1154]" name="Canada" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D756B16FCA573E3B9D8FB71" author="LIEN, J. & D. NELSON & D. J. HAI" box="[849,1016,1163,1186]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" pagination="118 - 126" refId="ref12445" refString="LIEN, J., D. NELSON, AND D. J. HAI. 2001. Status of the white-beaked dolphin, Lagenorhychus albirostris, in Canada. Canadian Field Naturalist 115: 118 - 126." type="journal article" year="2001">Lien et al. 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Hunting is also done in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35A76592D756B16FAFA73E3BFA0FB71" box="[1294,1408,1163,1186]" name="Greenland" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Greenland</collectingCountry>
|
||
, where the reported combined catches of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D756B16FB6473C3BF3CFB11" box="[1168,1308,1195,1218]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Lagenorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D756B16FB6473C3BEBFFB11" box="[1168,1183,1195,1218]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D756B16FB5A73C3BF3CFB11" box="[1198,1308,1195,1218]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">albirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D756B16FAA773C3BF97FB11" baseAuthorityName="Bloch" baseAuthorityYear="1996" box="[1363,1463,1195,1218]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Leucopleurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acutus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D756B16FAA773C3BF42FB11" box="[1363,1378,1195,1218]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D756B16FA8573C3BF97FB11" box="[1393,1463,1195,1218]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">acutus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were 261 and
|
||
<quantity id="4CB59B2C2D756B16FC5D73A3B9CFFB31" box="[937,1007,1227,1250]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.9182" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" unit="in" value="233.0">233 in</quantity>
|
||
2010 and 2011, respectively (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D756B16FACA73A3BFC3FB31" author="PINIARNEQ" box="[1342,1507,1227,1250]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" refId="ref13521" refString="PINIARNEQ. 2014. Jagtinformation og fangstregistrering. Government of Greenland, Nuuk, Greenland." type="book" year="2014">Piniarneq 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35A76592D756B16FC647383BE02FAD1" box="[912,1058,1259,1282]" name="Faroe Islands" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Faroe Islands</collectingCountry>
|
||
, drive catches for long-finned pilot whales have been conducted for centuries. Among other species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D756B16FA297263B996FA91" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Lagenorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D756B16FA297263BFCCFAF1" box="[1501,1516,1291,1314]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D756B16FCBC7243B996FA91" box="[840,950,1323,1346]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">albirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is occasionally taken in such drive catches, either in mixed schools with long-finned pilot whales or in single-species groups (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D756B16FC6B7203BE3AFA51" author="BLOCH, D." box="[927,1050,1387,1410]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" refId="ref9198" refString="BLOCH, D. 1996. Whaling in the Faroe Islands, 1584 - 1994: an overview. Pp. 49 - 61 in The North Atlantic fisheries, 1100 - 1976. National perspectives on a common resource (P. Holm, D. J. Starkey, and J. T. Thor, eds.). Fiskeri- og Sofartsmuseets Forlag, Esbjerg, Denmark." type="book" year="1996">Bloch 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The reported combined numbers of hunted
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D756B16FCBC72E3B9F2FA71" box="[840,978,1419,1442]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Lagenorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D756B16FCBC72E3B9F2FA71" box="[840,978,1419,1442]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">L. albirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D756B16FBF072E3BE46FA71" baseAuthorityName="Bloch" baseAuthorityYear="1996" box="[1028,1126,1419,1442]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Leucopleurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acutus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D756B16FBF072E3BE46FA71" box="[1028,1126,1419,1442]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">L. acutus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the years
|
||
<quantity id="4CB59B2C2D756B16FB1872E3BF5FFA71" box="[1260,1407,1419,1442]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.70408" metricValueMax="5.0673" metricValueMin="4.340859999999999" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" unit="in" value="1852.0" valueMax="1995.0" valueMin="1709.0">1709–1995 in</quantity>
|
||
the Faroes were 5,148 individuals, most of which were
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D756B16FACF72C3B9A8FA31" authority="(Bloch 1996)" baseAuthorityName="Bloch" baseAuthorityYear="1996" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Leucopleurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acutus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D756B16FACF72C3BF80FA11" box="[1339,1440,1451,1474]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">L. acutus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D756B16FA4772C3B95DFA31" author="BLOCH, D." pageId="7" pageNumber="42" refId="ref9198" refString="BLOCH, D. 1996. Whaling in the Faroe Islands, 1584 - 1994: an overview. Pp. 49 - 61 in The North Atlantic fisheries, 1100 - 1976. National perspectives on a common resource (P. Holm, D. J. Starkey, and J. T. Thor, eds.). Fiskeri- og Sofartsmuseets Forlag, Esbjerg, Denmark." type="book" year="1996">Bloch 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Six dolphins ice-entrapped in Newfoundland were taken to an aquarium in Connecticut, where the last of them died after 101 days (Buck and Spotte 1986). At least
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D4BFD402D756B16FADA7163BF94F9F1" box="[1326,1460,1547,1570]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" type="generic">3 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
were captured off
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35A76592D756B16FC2C7143BE06F991" box="[984,1062,1579,1602]" name="Iceland" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Iceland</collectingCountry>
|
||
for live display in Hafnarfjörður Marine Zoo in 1977 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D756B16FC167123BEB2F9B1" author="ANDRESSON, G." box="[994,1170,1611,1634]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" pagination="28 - 31" refId="ref8825" refString="ANDRESSON, G. 1978. Chasing the elusive dolphin. Atlantica Iceland Review 16: 28 - 31." type="journal article" year="1978">Andrésson 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In the North Sea area and the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35A76592D756B16FCBC7103B9DEF951" box="[840,1022,1643,1666]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">United Kingdom</collectingCountry>
|
||
, live-stranded individuals of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D756B16FAC47103BF99F951" box="[1328,1465,1643,1666]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Lagenorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D756B16FAC47103BF1FF951" box="[1328,1343,1643,1666]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D756B16FABF7103BF99F951" box="[1355,1465,1643,1666]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">albirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were taken into captivity and in at least 2 instances later released after rehabilitation (Klinowska and Brown 1986;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D756B16FAA071C3B95DF931" author="KASTELEIN, R. A. & T. DOKTER & J. HILGENKAMP" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" pagination="155 - 159" refId="ref11928" refString="KASTELEIN, R. A., T. DOKTER, AND J. HILGENKAMP. 1995. A swimming support for dolphins undergoing veterinary care. Aquatic Mammals 21: 155 - 159." type="journal article" year="1995">Kastelein et al. 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D756B16FC7F71A3BE3DF931" author="SMEENK, C." box="[907,1053,1739,1762]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" pagination="90 - 104" refId="ref14457" refString="SMEENK, C. 1995. Strandingen van Cetacea op de Nederlandse kust in 1990, 1991 en 1992. Lutra 38: 90 - 104." type="journal article" year="1995">Smeenk 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D756B16FBDF71A3BED3F931" author="VAN ELK, C. E." box="[1067,1267,1739,1762]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" pagination="1174 - 1182" refId="ref14930" refString="VAN ELK, C. E., ET AL. 2014. Is dolphin morbillivirus virulent for whitebeaked dolphins (Lagenorhynchus albirostris). Veterinary Pathology 51: 1174 - 1182." type="journal article" year="2014">van Elk et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Ceta-Base 2015).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF236C92D756B19FC877183BB56FEB1" blockId="7.[840,1523,203,1922]" lastBlockId="8.[109,792,203,898]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="43" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">
|
||
Bycatches in pelagic trawls and gillnets are reported throughout the range of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D756B16FBAD7063BEC7F8F1" box="[1113,1255,1803,1826]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Lagenorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D756B16FBAD7063BE48F8F1" box="[1113,1128,1803,1826]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D756B16FB8D7063BEC7F8F1" box="[1145,1255,1803,1826]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">albirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D756B16FB0F7063BF4BF8F1" author="LIEN, J." box="[1275,1387,1803,1826]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" pagination="30 - 38" refId="ref12405" refString="LIEN, J. 1989. Problems of Newfoundland fishermen with large whales and sharks during 1987 and a review of incidental entrapment in inshore fishing gear during the past decade. The Osprey 19: 30 - 38." type="journal article" year="1989">Lien 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D756B16FA8A7063B95DF891" author="NORTHRIDGE, S. P." pageId="7" pageNumber="42" refId="ref13172" refString="NORTHRIDGE, S. P. 1991. An updated world review of interactions between marine mammals and fisheries. 251, Suppl. 1. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy." type="book" year="1991">Northridge 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D756B16FC787043BE1EF891" author="DONG, J. H. & J. LIEN & K. CURREN" box="[908,1086,1835,1858]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" pagination="278 - 287" refId="ref10198" refString="DONG, J. H., J. LIEN, AND K. CURREN. 1996. A contribution to the biology of the white-beaked dolphin, Lagenorhynchus albirostris, in waters off Newfoundland. Canadian Field Naturalist 110: 278 - 287." type="journal article" year="1996">Dong et al. 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D756B16FBB97043BECFF891" author="COUPERUS, A. S." box="[1101,1263,1835,1858]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" pagination="209 - 218" refId="ref9837" refString="COUPERUS, A. S. 1997. Interactions between Dutch midwater trawl and Atlantic white-sided dolphins (Lagenorhynchus acutus) southwest of Ireland. Journal of Northwest Atlantic Fishery Science 22: 209 - 218." type="journal article" year="1997">Couperus 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) but consistently underreported (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D756B16FC407023BE47F8B1" author="LIEN, J. & D. NELSON & D. J. HAI" box="[948,1127,1867,1890]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" pagination="118 - 126" refId="ref12445" refString="LIEN, J., D. NELSON, AND D. J. HAI. 2001. Status of the white-beaked dolphin, Lagenorhychus albirostris, in Canada. Canadian Field Naturalist 115: 118 - 126." type="journal article" year="2001">Lien et al. 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, because no quantitative assessments of bycatch rate have been made, the impact on populations remains unknown. Scars or wounds suspected to have resulted from entanglement in fishing gear or marine debris were detected in 15 of 90 photo-identified
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D7A6B19FDA97663B8CDFEF1" box="[605,749,267,290]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Lagenorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D7A6B19FDA97663B84CFEF1" box="[605,620,267,290]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D7A6B19FD8B7663B8CDFEF1" box="[639,749,267,290]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">albirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
off
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35A76592D7A6B19FF997643BA9BFE91" box="[109,187,299,322]" name="Iceland" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">Iceland</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D7A6B19FF397643BBBAFE91" author="BERTULLI, C. & A. CECHETTI & M. - F. VAN BRESSEM & K. VAN WAEREBEEK" box="[205,410,299,322]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" pagination="29 - 40" refId="ref9051" refString="BERTULLI, C., A. CECHETTI, M. - F. VAN BRESSEM, AND K. VAN WAEREBEEK. 2012. Skin disorders in common minke whales and white-beaked dolphins off Iceland, a photographic assessment. Journal of Marine Animals and Their Ecology 5: 29 - 40." type="journal article" year="2012">Bertulli et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), indicating that sublethal conflicts with fisheries also occur.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF236C92D7A6B19FF6C7603B938FD11" blockId="8.[109,792,203,898]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">
|
||
Like other odontocetes,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D7A6B19FE687603B807FE51" box="[412,551,363,386]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Lagenorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D7A6B19FE687603B807FE51" box="[412,551,363,386]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">L. albirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
use sound to communicate and echolocate; thus, noise from man-made sources may interfere with behavior and potentially cause physical injury (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D7A6B19FF8276A3BB6EFE31" author="SOUTHALL, B. L." box="[118,334,459,482]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" pagination="497" refId="ref14526" refString="SOUTHALL, B. L., ET AL. 2007. Marine mammal noise exposure criteria: initial scientific recommendations. Aquatic Mammals 33: 497." type="journal article" year="2007">Southall et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D7A6B19FEAA76A3B861FE31" author="TOUGAARD, J. & A. J. WRIGHT & P. T. MADSEN" box="[350,577,459,482]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" pagination="196 - 208" refId="ref14695" refString="TOUGAARD, J., A. J. WRIGHT, AND P. T. MADSEN. 2015. Cetacean noise criteria revisited in the light of exposed exposure limits for harbour porpoises. Marine Pollution Bulletin 90: 196 - 208." type="journal article" year="2015">Tougaard et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Detrimental manmade sound may include explosions, seismic airguns, pile driving, vessels, aircraft, drilling, wind turbines, and active sonars (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D7A6B19FF827543BB65FD91" author="SOUTHALL, B. L." box="[118,325,555,578]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" pagination="497" refId="ref14526" refString="SOUTHALL, B. L., ET AL. 2007. Marine mammal noise exposure criteria: initial scientific recommendations. Aquatic Mammals 33: 497." type="journal article" year="2007">Southall et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Because
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D7A6B19FE4E7543B863FD91" box="[442,579,555,578]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Lagenorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D7A6B19FE4E7543BBE9FD91" box="[442,457,555,578]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D7A6B19FE227543B863FD91" box="[470,579,555,578]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">albirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has hearing characteristics similar to those of other dolphins (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D7A6B19FDDD7523B929FDB1" author="NACHTIGALL, P. E." box="[553,777,587,610]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" pagination="642 - 647" refId="ref13138" refString="NACHTIGALL, P. E., ET AL. 2008. Shipboard measurements of the hearing of the white-beaked dolphin Lagenorhynchus albirostris. Journal of Experimental Biology 211: 642 - 647." type="journal article" year="2008">Nachtigall et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), it is expected to show similar sensitivities to noise. Like other small odontocetes,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D4A2D7A6B19FEC875E3BBE6FD71" box="[316,454,651,674]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Lagenorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D7A6B19FEC875E3BB6BFD71" box="[316,331,651,674]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EADB2D7A6B19FEAD75E3BBE6FD71" box="[345,454,651,674]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">albirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is behaviorally sensitive to airgun emissions used for seismic surveys (Stone and Tasker 2006).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF236C92D7A6B19FF6C75A3BB45FC51" blockId="8.[109,792,203,898]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">
|
||
Mortality from multiple ice entrapments is known in the northeast Atlantic (Sergeant and Fisher 1957;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D7A6B19FD947583B930FCD1" author="MUIR, D. C. G. & R. WAGEMANN & N. P. GRIFT & R. J. NORSTROM & M. SIMON & J. LIEN" box="[608,784,747,770]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" pagination="613 - 629" refId="ref13037" refString="MUIR, D. C. G., R. WAGEMANN, N. P. GRIFT, R. J. NORSTROM, M. SIMON, AND J. LIEN. 1988. Organochlorine chemical and heavy metal contaminants in white-beaked dolphins (Lagenorhynchus albirostris) and pilot whales (Globicephala malaena) from the coast of Newfoundland, Canada. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 17: 613 - 629." type="journal article" year="1988">Muir et al. 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D7A6B19FF997463BB0DFCF1" author="DONG, J. H. & J. LIEN & K. CURREN" box="[109,301,779,802]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" pagination="278 - 287" refId="ref10198" refString="DONG, J. H., J. LIEN, AND K. CURREN. 1996. A contribution to the biology of the white-beaked dolphin, Lagenorhynchus albirostris, in waters off Newfoundland. Canadian Field Naturalist 110: 278 - 287." type="journal article" year="1996">Dong et al. 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and entrapment is a regular occurrence in Newfoundland, where 21 entrapments of about 350 dolphins were reported from 1979 to 1990, with a known mortality rate of 55% (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B382D7A6B19FF5A7403BB75FC51" author="LIEN, J. & D. NELSON & D. J. HAI" box="[174,341,875,898]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" pagination="118 - 126" refId="ref12445" refString="LIEN, J., D. NELSON, AND D. J. HAI. 2001. Status of the white-beaked dolphin, Lagenorhychus albirostris, in Canada. Canadian Field Naturalist 115: 118 - 126." type="journal article" year="2001">Lien et al. 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |