230 lines
24 KiB
XML
230 lines
24 KiB
XML
<document id="AD39AC1BF85D7E667EAF2D216ED81CD4" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3641.3.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="0934da3b-4a76-425c-b481-32fee1b6654a" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="223165" ID-ZooBank="8E36BE56-61EA-4FB9-BEF8-BCDA043EA6DE" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460595293200" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Yamamoto, Shûhei & Maruyama, Munetoshi" docDate="2013" docId="03D94D1BFFDDFFF353C4F987C137894F" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03641p222.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3641 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Coprochara Mulsant & Rey 1874" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="205" masterDocId="FFE03563FFDEFFF75353FF9FC5128D18" masterDocTitle="Revision of the Subgenus Coprochara Mulsant & Rey of the Genus Aleochara Gravenhorst from Japan (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae)" masterLastPageNumber="222" masterPageNumber="201" pageNumber="204" updateTime="1698326675319" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:mods id="B82ED1ECD7EE23B9E795928065B14723" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="0651931CF681B5F761A8C61EBE1CC129">
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<mods:title id="6B12A66E3B2E3265CE9BF212DEF6A2FE">Revision of the Subgenus Coprochara Mulsant & Rey of the Genus Aleochara Gravenhorst from Japan (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="723F748D7289DEED1FE9609C7993CBF6">Yamamoto, Shûhei</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="DFCFE150C355332C3C9D47CABDEAE92D" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="18EBB8D017751E86E6A51605B553D839">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="6EEA7880C2BCA81E78A9030B26BD7BE1">Maruyama, Munetoshi</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="92FA931F5CD71A646F2B3670A297E501">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo id="9739A06934FF69AADAACFFE8ED5C6FDA">
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<mods:title id="A2832C1AEAAA6390DBFB8BC8681A585E">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="F1735833C2C12854B9E098F2D60071D1">
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<mods:date id="B52C969C442A81190EEA4807CAF15C01">2013</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="7D46FF62607385C892A00DA5612D30FC" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="EEA8EC45847686472CC3BA6283455FF9">3641</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="D2C0FD04778A7586895EDC8A881BED76" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="D12FD57AB9FECAB3474B8BD6F226B114">3</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="0312A34A5E3F4CFEE664E06577C10086">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="F1E7D9C7E3420929E3DE23756147BFD2" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3641.3.1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="8E9C69B59D02FA24B29C7D4D53489808" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03D94D1BFFDDFFF353C4F987C137894F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6149265" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119566531" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6149265" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D94D1BFFDDFFF353C4F987C137894F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D94D1BFFDDFFF353C4F987C137894F" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="205" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">
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<subSubSection id="C36AAF86FFDDFFF453C4F987C4CF8BAA" pageId="3" pageNumber="204" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BCFFC0DFFDDFFF453C4F987C7A58B2A" blockId="3.[151,695,1560,1587]" box="[151,695,1560,1587]" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">
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<heading id="D0874B61FFDDFFF453C4F987C7A58B2A" bold="true" box="[151,695,1560,1587]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="204" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B904201FFFDDFFF453C4F987C7A58B2A" bold="true" box="[151,695,1560,1587]" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">
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Subgenus
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<taxonomicName id="4C70878EFFDDFFF45244F986C7A58B2A" authority="Mulsant & Rey, 1874" authorityName="Mulsant & Rey" authorityYear="1874" box="[279,695,1560,1587]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Coprochara" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="204" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B904201FFFDDFFF45244F986C4BA8B2B" bold="true" box="[279,424,1561,1587]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">Coprochara</emphasis>
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Mulsant & Rey, 1874
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BCFFC0DFFDDFFF453C4F9FFC4CF8BAA" blockId="3.[151,1435,1632,1900]" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">
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<taxonomicName id="4C70878EFFDDFFF453C4F9FFC7298B6E" authority="Mulsant & Rey, 1874: 146" authorityName="Mulsant & Rey" authorityPageNumber="146" authorityYear="1874" box="[151,571,1632,1654]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Coprochara" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="204" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B904201FFFDDFFF453C4F9FFC4008B6E" box="[151,274,1632,1654]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">Coprochara</emphasis>
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Mulsant & Rey, 1874: 146
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</taxonomicName>
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; Klimaszewski, 1984: 14; Lohse, 1989: 236; Klimaszewski & Jansen, 1994: 148; Welch, 1997: 3; Maus, 1998: 83; Maus & Ashe, 1998 (online); Klimaszewski
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<emphasis id="B904201FFFDDFFF45084F91FC1118B8D" box="[983,1027,1663,1685]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">et al</emphasis>
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., 2000: 237; Smetana, 2004: 355; Gouix & Klimaszewski, 2007: 23.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C36AAF86FFDDFFF453C4F923C6218A73" pageId="3" pageNumber="204" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BCFFC0DFFDDFFF453C4F923C4C18BC9" blockId="3.[151,1435,1632,1900]" box="[151,467,1723,1746]" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">
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<taxonomicName id="4C70878EFFDDFFF453C4F923C4DD8BC9" authority="Thomson, 1858: 31" authorityName="Thomson" authorityPageNumber="31" authorityYear="1858" box="[151,463,1723,1746]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Baryodma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="204" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B904201FFFDDFFF453C4F923C4138BCA" box="[151,257,1724,1746]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">Baryodma</emphasis>
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Thomson, 1858: 31
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BCFFC0DFFDDFFF453C4F945C7508BE8" blockId="3.[151,1435,1632,1900]" box="[151,578,1754,1776]" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">
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<taxonomicName id="4C70878EFFDDFFF453C4F945C4A88BE8" authority="Casey, 1906: 165" authorityName="Casey" authorityPageNumber="165" authorityYear="1906" box="[151,442,1754,1776]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Eucharina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="204" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B904201FFFDDFFF453C4F945C4108BE8" box="[151,258,1754,1776]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">Eucharina</emphasis>
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Casey, 1906: 165
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</taxonomicName>
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. [homonym].
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BCFFC0DFFDDFFF453C4F966C7BC8A17" blockId="3.[151,1435,1632,1900]" box="[151,686,1785,1807]" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">
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<taxonomicName id="4C70878EFFDDFFF453C4F966C4C68A17" authority="Blackwelder, 1952: 166" authorityName="Blackwelder" authorityPageNumber="166" authorityYear="1952" box="[151,468,1785,1807]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Funda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="204" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B904201FFFDDFFF453C4F966C5CB8A17" box="[151,217,1785,1807]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">Funda</emphasis>
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Blackwelder, 1952: 166
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</taxonomicName>
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. [replacement name].
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BCFFC0DFFDDFFF453C4F887C4F68A35" blockId="3.[151,1435,1632,1900]" box="[151,484,1816,1838]" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">
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<taxonomicName id="4C70878EFFDDFFF453C4F887C4F28A35" authority="Solier, 1849: 347" authorityName="Solier" authorityPageNumber="347" authorityYear="1849" box="[151,480,1816,1838]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Mecorhopalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="204" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B904201FFFDDFFF453C4F887C43B8A36" box="[151,297,1816,1838]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">Mecorhopalus</emphasis>
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Solier, 1849: 347
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BCFFC0DFFDDFFF453C4F8A8C79C8A54" blockId="3.[151,1435,1632,1900]" box="[151,654,1846,1869]" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">
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<taxonomicName id="4C70878EFFDDFFF453C4F8A8C7988A54" authority="Bernhauer & Scheerpeltz, 1926: 795" authorityName="Bernhauer & Scheerpeltz" authorityPageNumber="795" authorityYear="1926" box="[151,650,1846,1869]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Skenochara" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="204" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B904201FFFDDFFF453C4F8A8C41D8A55" box="[151,271,1847,1869]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">Skenochara</emphasis>
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Bernhauer & Scheerpeltz, 1926: 795
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BCFFC0DFFDDFFF453C4F8C9C6218A73" blockId="3.[151,1435,1632,1900]" box="[151,819,1877,1900]" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">See Klimaszewski (1984) and Maus (1998) for further references.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C36AAF86FFDDFFF453C4F807C7CF8AB7" box="[151,733,1943,1968]" pageId="3" pageNumber="204" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BCFFC0DFFDDFFF453C4F807C7CF8AB7" blockId="3.[151,733,1943,1968]" box="[151,733,1943,1968]" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">
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<emphasis id="B904201FFFDDFFF453C4F807C4268AA8" bold="true" box="[151,308,1943,1968]" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">
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<typeStatus id="54CB42AFFFDDFFF453C4F807C5C08AA8" box="[151,210,1944,1968]" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">Type</typeStatus>
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species:
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</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C70878EFFDDFFF45268F807C7CB8AB7" authority="Gyllenhal, 1810" authorityName="Gyllenhal" authorityYear="1810" box="[315,729,1943,1968]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Aleochara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="204" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bilineata">
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<emphasis id="B904201FFFDDFFF45268F807C7088AA8" box="[315,538,1944,1968]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="204">Aleochara bilineata</emphasis>
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Gyllenhal, 1810
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C36AAF86FFDAFFF35394FF08C6C98C9F" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8BCFFC0DFFDAFFF35394FF08C6C98C9F" blockId="4.[151,1436,151,1112]" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">
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<emphasis id="B904201FFFDAFFF35394FF08C4538DA8" bold="true" box="[199,321,151,176]" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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The subgenus
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<taxonomicName id="4C70878EFFDAFFF352A5FF07C76C8DA8" box="[502,638,152,176]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Coprochara" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B904201FFFDAFFF352A5FF07C76C8DA8" box="[502,638,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">Coprochara</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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can be distinguished from the other subgenera of
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<taxonomicName id="4C70878EFFDAFFF35780FF07C05A8DA8" box="[1235,1352,152,176]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Aleochara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B904201FFFDAFFF35780FF07C05A8DA8" box="[1235,1352,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">Aleochara</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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by the combination of following character states (see details in Klimaszewski, 1984; Klimaszewski & Jansen, 1994; Maus, 1998): antennae thick with segments V–X clearly transverse; two longitudinal, parallel or subparallel rows of more or less impressed punctures on midline of pronotum; elytra in some species with orange or yellow spot; mesoventrite with complete carina; spermatheca usually multiply coiled posteriorly, varying from 1 to more than 100 coils; median lobe of aedeagus with flagellum and distinctively arranged sclerites (
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<figureCitation id="134BE088FFDAFFF357F0FED3C0228C7C" box="[1187,1328,332,356]" captionStart="FIGURES 14 – 21" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1938,1961]" captionTargetBox="[213,1379,182,1923]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[191,1401,159,1944]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 14 – 21. Terminalia of Aleochara (Coprochara) verna. 14. tergite VIII of male; 15. tergite VIII of female; 16. sternite VIII of male; 17. sternite VIII of female; 18. male genitalia: median lobe of aedeagus in lateral view; 19. male genitalia: median lobe of aedeagus in ventral view; 20. apical lobe of paramerite, lateral view; 21. female genitalia: spermatheca." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223168/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">Figs. 18–19</figureCitation>
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), lacking subapico-ventral projections (see Yamamoto & Maruyama, 2012:
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<figureCitation id="134BE088FFDAFFF35028FEF0C6DC8C9F" box="[891,974,367,391]" captionStart="FIGURES 14 – 21" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1938,1961]" captionTargetBox="[213,1379,182,1923]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[191,1401,159,1944]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 14 – 21. Terminalia of Aleochara (Coprochara) verna. 14. tergite VIII of male; 15. tergite VIII of female; 16. sternite VIII of male; 17. sternite VIII of female; 18. male genitalia: median lobe of aedeagus in lateral view; 19. male genitalia: median lobe of aedeagus in ventral view; 20. apical lobe of paramerite, lateral view; 21. female genitalia: spermatheca." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223168/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">Fig. 18</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C36AAF86FFDAFFF353EFFE0BC137894F" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BCFFC0DFFDAFFF353EFFE0BC0668F24" blockId="4.[151,1436,151,1112]" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">
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<emphasis id="B904201FFFDAFFF353EFFE0BC4228CB4" bold="true" box="[188,304,404,428]" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
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The subgenus
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<taxonomicName id="4C70878EFFDAFFF35288FE0BC7718CB4" box="[475,611,404,428]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Coprochara" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
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<emphasis id="B904201FFFDAFFF35288FE0BC7718CB4" box="[475,611,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">Coprochara</emphasis>
|
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</taxonomicName>
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includes 37 species worldwide and 18 species from the Palearctic region (Maus, 1998, 2000; Smetana, 2004). This subgenus is widely distributed in all zoogeographical regions (Klimaszewski, 1984). The taxonomy of the subgenus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C70878EFFDAFFF3506EFE43C6D78CEC" box="[829,965,476,500]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Coprochara" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904201FFFDAFFF3506EFE43C6D78CEC" box="[829,965,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">Coprochara</emphasis>
|
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</taxonomicName>
|
||
is difficult due to external similarity, considerable variation within species, and incorrect interpretations of the configuration of male genitalia (Maus, 1998). For example, species identifications in
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<collectingCountry id="F367BC9DFFDAFFF351CEFDBBC7E88F24" box="[669,762,548,572]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">England</collectingCountry>
|
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were confused until the late 1980s (Welch, 1990, 1997).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BCFFC0DFFDAFFF35394FDD8C71C8FE8" blockId="4.[151,1436,151,1112]" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">
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Despite these taxonomic difficulties, species belonging to the subgenus have attracted special attentions as biological control agents for pest flies. Most studies on the subgenus have used
|
||
<emphasis id="B904201FFFDAFFF35773FDF3C12A8F9C" box="[1056,1080,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">A.</emphasis>
|
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(
|
||
<emphasis id="B904201FFFDAFFF3571AFDF2C14E8F9C" box="[1097,1116,621,644]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">C</emphasis>
|
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.)
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<taxonomicName id="4C70878EFFDAFFF35727FDF3C08A8F9C" authority="Gyllenhal, 1810" authorityName="Gyllenhal" authorityYear="1810" box="[1140,1432,620,644]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Aleochara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bilineata">
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<emphasis id="B904201FFFDAFFF35727FDF3C1C58F9C" box="[1140,1239,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">bilineata</emphasis>
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Gyllenhal, 1810
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<emphasis id="B904201FFFDAFFF353C4FD0FC5BD8FB0" box="[151,175,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">A.</emphasis>
|
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(
|
||
<emphasis id="B904201FFFDAFFF35394FD0FC5C88FBF" box="[199,218,656,679]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">C</emphasis>
|
||
.)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C70878EFFDAFFF353ABFD0FC75C8FBF" authority="Linnaeus, 1760" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1760" box="[248,590,655,680]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Aleochara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bipustulata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904201FFFDAFFF353ABFD0FC4648FB0" box="[248,374,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">bipustulata</emphasis>
|
||
(Linnaeus, 1760)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<emphasis id="B904201FFFDAFFF351CAFD0FC7A38FB0" box="[665,689,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">A.</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B904201FFFDAFFF3519AFD0FC7CE8FBF" box="[713,732,656,679]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">C</emphasis>
|
||
.)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C70878EFFDAFFF351A9FD0EC6D38FBF" authority="Say, 1833" authorityName="Say" authorityYear="1833" box="[762,961,655,680]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Aleochara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="verna">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904201FFFDAFFF351A9FD0EC6288FB0" box="[762,826,657,680]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">verna</emphasis>
|
||
Say, 1833
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. One advantage of using the subgenus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C70878EFFDAFFF353C4FD2BC40D8FD4" box="[151,287,692,716]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Coprochara" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904201FFFDAFFF353C4FD2BC40D8FD4" box="[151,287,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">Coprochara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
for biological control is that they are native species within a wide distribution range, which reduces ecological impact on ecosystems.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCFFC0DFFDAFFF35396FD63C4158EDF" blockId="4.[151,1436,151,1112]" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">
|
||
Phylogenetic relationships among species of the subgenus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C70878EFFDAFFF35035FD63C6FC8E0C" box="[870,1006,764,788]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Coprochara" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904201FFFDAFFF35035FD63C6FC8E0C" box="[870,1006,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">Coprochara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are relatively well known. Maus and Ashe (1998), based on morphological characters, and Maus
|
||
<emphasis id="B904201FFFDAFFF3500DFCBEC6868E20" box="[862,916,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2001), based on molecular data, produced phylogenetic trees for the subgenus. However, Maus and Ashe (1998) noted difficulties in the examination of phylogenetic relationships within the subgenus, such as the high frequencies of parallelism and homoplasy in the group, and most of the apomorphic character states have evolved independently in different lineages within the subgenus.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCFFC0DFFDAFFF35394FC4BC137894F" blockId="4.[151,1436,151,1112]" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">
|
||
Three species of the subgenus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C70878EFFDAFFF3514EFC4BC7B78EF4" box="[541,677,980,1004]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Coprochara" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904201FFFDAFFF3514EFC4BC7B78EF4" box="[541,677,980,1004]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">Coprochara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have been recorded in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F367BC9DFFDAFFF350FBFC4AC6F98EF4" box="[936,1003,981,1004]" name="Japan" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C70878EFFDAFFF350A6FC4BC1808EF4" box="[1013,1170,980,1004]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Aleochara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bipustulata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904201FFFDAFFF350A6FC4BC1808EF4" box="[1013,1170,980,1004]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">A. bipustulata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C70878EFFDAFFF357F3FC4BC5C08917" authority="Sharp, 1888" authorityName="Sharp" authorityYear="1888" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Aleochara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="squalithorax">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904201FFFDAFFF357F3FC4BC05E8EF4" box="[1184,1356,980,1004]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">A. squalithorax</emphasis>
|
||
Sharp, 1888
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C70878EFFDAFFF35258FC67C4788908" box="[267,362,1016,1040]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Aleochara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="verna">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904201FFFDAFFF35258FC67C4788908" box="[267,362,1016,1040]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">A. verna</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the latter reliably only from Gunma and Kanagawa Prefectures (Maus, 1998; Park
|
||
<emphasis id="B904201FFFDAFFF3565CFC66C0528908" box="[1295,1344,1016,1040]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">et al</emphasis>
|
||
., 2011). “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C70878EFFDAFFF353F0FB83C4B6892C" box="[163,420,1052,1076]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Aleochara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bipustulata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904201FFFDAFFF353F0FB83C4B6892C" box="[163,420,1052,1076]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">Aleochara bipustulata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
”, on the other hand, has been widely recorded from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F367BC9DFFDAFFF35764FB82C168892C" box="[1079,1146,1053,1076]" name="Japan" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
. The littoral species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C70878EFFDAFFF356D7FB83C4378940" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Aleochara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="squalithorax">
|
||
<emphasis id="B904201FFFDAFFF356D7FB83C4378940" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">A. squalithorax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was originally described from Hokkaidô and Honshû (Sharp, 1888).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |