1456 lines
355 KiB
XML
1456 lines
355 KiB
XML
<document id="4B76B8445FD1B110DC394D2BCA88A866" ID-CLB-Dataset="39166" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4107.2.2" ID-GBIF-Dataset="7b19ffd4-ea65-4b5f-b12e-600ac7afcf38" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="267335" ID-ZooBank="E36771E3-13D7-491C-8F57-73271113C8FD" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1462170346029" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Tëmkin, Ilya & Printrakoon, Cheewarat" docDate="2016" docId="03D5613CFFF2FFEFFF65FAD545E88DE3" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4107.2.2.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4107 (2)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Isognomon spathulatus Reeve 1858" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="163" masterDocId="FFEC1944FFF0FFF9FFF2FF8247708A05" masterDocTitle="Morphology and taxonomy of Isognomon spathulatus (Reeve, 1858), a cryptic bivalve from the mangroves of Thailand" masterLastPageNumber="174" masterPageNumber="141" pageNumber="143" updateTime="1698662106494" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="A1C2FF0EF7442B282AAA3A5C2DA9F9B4">Morphology and taxonomy of Isognomon spathulatus (Reeve, 1858), a cryptic bivalve from the mangroves of Thailand</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="8A75BDDEB092DAD68FBA55694357C370">2016</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03D5613CFFF2FFEFFF65FAD545E88DE3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6061192" ID-GBIF-Taxon="120609121" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6061192" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D5613CFFF2FFEFFF65FAD545E88DE3" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D5613CFFF2FFEFFF65FAD545E88DE3" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="163" pageId="2" pageNumber="143">
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<paragraph id="8BC3D02AFFF2FFFBFF65FAD545118F77" blockId="2.[151,609,1367,1427]" box="[151,609,1367,1394]" pageId="2" pageNumber="143">
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<heading id="D08B6746FFF2FFFBFF65FAD545118F77" bold="true" box="[151,609,1367,1394]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="143" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C7CABA9FFF2FFFBFF65FAD545118F77" authority="Reeve, 1858" authorityName="Reeve" authorityYear="1858" box="[151,609,1367,1394]" class="Bivalvia" family="Pteriidae" genus="Isognomon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="2" pageNumber="143" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="spathulatus">
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<emphasis id="B9080C38FFF2FFFBFF65FAD545118F77" bold="true" box="[151,609,1367,1394]" pageId="2" pageNumber="143">
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<emphasis id="B9080C38FFF2FFFBFF65FAD546C38F74" bold="true" box="[151,435,1367,1393]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="143">Isognomon spathulatus</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEDADDBFFF2FFFBFE30FADA45298F77" author="Reeve" box="[450,601,1368,1394]" pageId="2" pageNumber="143" refString="Reeve, L. A. (1858) [November, March]. Monograph of the genus Perna. In: Reeve, L. A., Conchologia Iconica, or illustrations of the shells of molluscous animals. Vol. 11. Lovell Reeve, London, pp. 1 - 8." type="book" year="1858">Reeve, 1858</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC3D02AFFF2FFFBFF65FAF846F98F97" blockId="2.[151,609,1367,1427]" box="[151,393,1402,1427]" pageId="2" pageNumber="143">
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<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFF2FFFBFF65FAF8465C8F96" box="[151,300,1402,1427]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStart-10="FIGURE 11" captionStart-11="FIGURE 12" captionStart-12="FIGURE 13" captionStart-13="FIGURE 14" captionStart-14="FIGURE 15" captionStart-15="FIGURE 16" captionStart-2="FIGURE 3" captionStart-3="FIGURE 4" captionStart-4="FIGURE 5" captionStart-5="FIGURE 6" captionStart-6="FIGURE 7" captionStart-7="FIGURE 8" captionStart-8="FIGURE 9" captionStart-9="FIGURE 10" captionStartId-0="3.[151,249,1905,1927]" captionStartId-1="5.[151,249,1115,1137]" captionStartId-10="15.[151,249,1545,1567]" captionStartId-11="16.[151,249,966,988]" captionStartId-12="17.[151,249,1268,1290]" captionStartId-13="18.[151,249,968,990]" captionStartId-14="19.[151,249,1841,1863]" captionStartId-15="20.[151,249,1697,1719]" captionStartId-2="6.[151,249,1965,1987]" captionStartId-3="7.[151,249,559,581]" captionStartId-4="8.[151,249,1860,1882]" captionStartId-5="9.[151,249,641,663]" captionStartId-6="10.[151,249,1877,1899]" captionStartId-7="11.[151,249,752,774]" captionStartId-8="12.[151,249,1797,1819]" captionStartId-9="14.[151,249,1530,1552]" captionTargetBox-0="[163,1406,195,1865]" captionTargetBox-1="[150,1436,591,1093]" captionTargetBox-10="[415,1171,195,1523]" captionTargetBox-11="[153,1434,195,944]" captionTargetBox-12="[151,1424,345,1246]" captionTargetBox-13="[163,1420,337,940]" captionTargetBox-14="[301,1285,483,1820]" captionTargetBox-15="[151,1436,1057,1675]" captionTargetBox-2="[334,1251,271,1936]" captionTargetBox-3="[151,1436,193,537]" captionTargetBox-4="[216,1373,265,1823]" captionTargetBox-5="[151,1435,211,599]" captionTargetBox-6="[387,1199,193,1855]" captionTargetBox-7="[151,1436,193,730]" captionTargetBox-8="[151,1436,373,1774]" captionTargetBox-9="[340,1246,303,1508]" captionTargetId-0="figure@3.[163,1407,195,1865]" captionTargetId-1="figure@5.[150,1436,591,1093]" captionTargetId-10="figure@15.[415,1171,195,1523]" captionTargetId-11="figure@16.[153,1434,195,944]" captionTargetId-12="figure@17.[151,1436,339,1246]" captionTargetId-13="figure@18.[163,1423,337,947]" captionTargetId-14="figure@19.[301,1285,483,1820]" captionTargetId-15="figure@20.[151,1436,1057,1675]" captionTargetId-2="figure@6.[325,1259,265,1937]" captionTargetId-3="figure@7.[151,1436,193,538]" captionTargetId-4="figure@8.[216,1374,265,1825]" captionTargetId-5="figure@9.[151,1435,211,599]" captionTargetId-6="figure@10.[387,1200,193,1856]" captionTargetId-7="figure@11.[151,1436,193,731]" captionTargetId-8="figure@12.[151,1436,373,1775]" captionTargetId-9="figure@14.[340,1247,303,1508]" captionTargetPageId-0="3" captionTargetPageId-1="5" captionTargetPageId-10="15" captionTargetPageId-11="16" captionTargetPageId-12="17" captionTargetPageId-13="18" captionTargetPageId-14="19" captionTargetPageId-15="20" captionTargetPageId-2="6" captionTargetPageId-3="7" captionTargetPageId-4="8" captionTargetPageId-5="9" captionTargetPageId-6="10" captionTargetPageId-7="11" captionTargetPageId-8="12" captionTargetPageId-9="14" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Isognomon spathulatus, lectotype (NHMUK 20130275 / 1; 39 mm). A—Original illustration by G. B. Sowerby II of a syntype here selected as lectotype (Reeve, 1858: pl. 6, fig. 28); B—H. Cuming’s original label with the locality (“ Isle of Negros ”) glued to the specimen box with markings by other scholars; C—Exterior of the right valve; D—Exterior of the left valve; E—Interior of the left valve; F—Interior of the right valve. Scale bar: 10 mm." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. Diagrammatic representation of major features of the shell of Isognomon spathulatus, showing methods of shell measurements and extent of shape variation. A— Exterior of the right valve; B—Interior of the left valve; C—Consensus of shell and nacre margin outlines (dotted lines) with superimposed profiles of individual specimens based on the analysis of 50 individuals from the same population (see text for details). Abbreviations: aa, anterior auricle; ams, accessory (pedo-byssal) muscle scar; anm, anterior margin; bg, byssal gape; cl, calcitic lamella; dom, dorsal margin; farms, fused anterior (pedo-byssal) retractor muscle scar; hl, hinge line; HS, shell height; lga, ligamental area; LS, shell length; mlg, multivincular ligament; nb, border of nacreous layer; pal, pallial line; pams, posterior adductor muscle scar; pmg, prismatic margin; pms, pallial muscle scar; pom, posterior margin; prms, posterior (pedo-byssal) retractor muscle scar; u, umbo; vem, ventral margin." captionText-10="FIGURE 11. Diagrammatic representation of generalized morphology of ctenidia of Isognomon spathulatus. Abbreviations: abv, afferent blood vessel; cdr, row of ciliated disks; crm, ctenidial longitudinal retractor muscle; cta, ctenidial axis; ds, dorsal septum; ebv, efferent blood vessel; fg, food groove; id, inner demibranch; idb, interdemibranchial buttress; od, outer demibranch; ogf, ordinary gill filament; sm, suspensory membrane; tf, tissue fusion." captionText-11="FIGURE 12. Morphology of ctenidia of Isognomon spathulatus (transverse histological section, 5 - µm, PAS stain of single inner demibranch; AMNH 319258; 52 mm). A—Section at distal-most edge of demibranch margin showing absence of serial interfilamentar tissue fusion; B—Section slightly proximal to that of A showing limited extent of interfilamental serial fusion restricted to narrow, median bridge; C—Section at mid-height of demibranch; D—Closeup of single lamella showing ciliation of ordinary filaments; E—Section though row of ciliated disks showing interfilamental junctions. Abbreviations: ac, apical cilia; cd, ciliated disk; fg, food groove; lc, lateral cilia; lfc, laterofrontal cilia; ogf, ordinary gill filament; tf, tissue fusion. Scale bars: A − C: 150 Μm; D: 50 µm; E: 100 µm." captionText-12="FIGURE 13. Morphology of ctenidia of Isognomon spathulatus (SEM; AMNH 319257; 63 mm). A—Right lateroventral view of ventral part of right ctenidium; B—Abfrontal surface of descending lamella of right demibranch in region of its fusion to ctenidial axis; close-up view of ciliated disks (inset); C—Right lateral view of middle part of right ctenidium; D—Abfrontal surface of lamella showing interfilamentar connections mediated by rows of ciliated disks. Abbreviations: cdr, row of ciliated disks; fg, food groove; id, inner demibranch; od, outer demibranch; ogf, ordinary gill filament; tf, tissue fusion. Scale bars: A: 200 Μm; B, C: 100 Μm; D: 500 Μm." captionText-13="FIGURE 14. Diagrammatic views of the gastric chamber of Isognomon spathulatus. A—Left interior view; B—Right interior view. Dotted area indicates extent of the cuticle. Abbreviations: ant, antechamber; cr, cuticular ridge; ddd, duct of digestive diverticula; df, dorsal fold; dgr, dorsal groove; dh, dorsal hood; e, esophagus; ff, fleshy fold; fsc, food-sorting caecum; gs, gastric shield; ig, intestinal groove; lpo, left pouch; mst, main stomach chamber; sh, stirring hollow; sta, striated area; stys / in, merged intestine and style sac; tgr, typhlosolar guard ridge; trf, transverse folds; ty, major typhlosole; tym, minor typhlosole; vd, ventral diverticulum; vf, ventral fold. Scale bar: 1 mm." captionText-14="FIGURE 15. Diagrammatic representation of the excretory system and its relation to the pericardium of Isognomon spathulatus in posterior view; dorsal part of adductor muscle and intestine removed (above dotted line). Inset: abnormal bifurcated anal funnel (AMNH 319257; 62 mm). Abbreviations: af, anal funnel; an, anus; aso, abdominal sense organ; au, auricle; in, intestine; k, kidney; pam, posterior adductor muscle; pc, pericardial cavity; ty / tym, fused major and minor typhlosoles; v, ventricle. Scale bar: 150 mm." captionText-15="FIGURE 16. Habitat of Isognomon spathulatus at Kungkrabaen Bay, Gulf of Thailand, at low tide. A—Mangrove forest dominated by Rhizophoraceae; B—Individuals of Isognomon spathulatus byssally attached to and wedged into the crevices formed by prop roots of mangrove trees." captionText-2="FIGURE 3. Growth series of Isognomon spathulatus. Specimens from the same population; AMNH 319254; 319256; 319257). Abbreviations: cl, calcitic lamella; rr, radial rib. Scale bar: 10 mm." captionText-3="FIGURE 4. Isognomon pearls. A—Free pearl from I. spathulatus, diameter 0.4 mm; B— Pair of free pears from I. ephippium, diameters 0.4 and 0.9 mm; C—The same pearls (indicated by arrows) as in B embedded in soft tissue proximal to hinge." captionText-4="FIGURE 5. External and internal features of dorsal shell region of juvenile Isognomon spathulatus (SEM). A — Right lateral view of articulated shell (AMNH 319254; 5.53 mm). Lateral views of left (B) and right (C) valves showing ligamental area and hinge dentition (AMNH 319254; 7.72 mm). Abbreviations: aa, anterior auricle; at, anterior subumbonal tooth; ats, anterior tooth socket; bn, byssal notch; Fn, fibrous ligamental layer (number corresponding to order of ontogenetic development); lga, ligamental area; P 2, prodissoconch 2; pt, posterior submarginal tooth; pts, posterior tooth socket; re, resilifer. Scale bars: 1 mm." captionText-5="FIGURE 6. Ligament and larval shell of Isognomon spathulatus (SEM; AMNH 319254). A—Right dorsolateral view of left (top) and right (bottom) prodissoconchs; B—Interior view of anterior region of left valve hinge showing terminal prodissoconch, anterior dentition, and ontogenetically earliest ligamental layers. Abbreviations: at, anterior subumbonal tooth; F 1, ontogenetically first fibrous ligamental layer; mel, metamorphic line; P 1, prodissoconch 1; P 2, prodissoconch 2; re, resilifer. Scale bars: A: 150 Μm; B: 250 Μm." captionText-6="FIGURE 7. Isognomon spathulatus shell microstructure (SEM; AMNH 319258; 55 mm). A—Oval tablets of the outer surface of the nacreous layer; B—Prismatic-nacreous layer boundary at the interior surface of ventral shell margin; C—Exterior surface of the outer shell layer showing polygonal cross-sectional shape of prisms. Scale bars: A: 15 Μm; B: 50 Μm; C: 25 Μm." captionText-7="FIGURE 8. Soft anatomy of Isognomon spathulatus (AMNH 319257; 39 mm). A—Right lateral view of intact soft anatomy with the right valve removed; B—Right lateral view of the soft anatomy with the valves and the mantle lobe removed; C—Diagrammatic view of the soft anatomy showing the internal features on the visceral mass. Abbreviations: ad, adhesive disk of byssus; af, anal funnel; am, accessory pedo-byssal muscle; amc, “ catch ” component of posterior adductor muscle; amq, “ quick ” component of posterior adductor muscle; au, auricle; by, byssus; byt, byssal thread; ct, ctenidium; e, esophagus; f, foot; farm, fused anterior pedo-byssal retractor muscles; h, heart; hl, hinge line; in, intestine; k, kidney (shaded gray); lp, labial palp; mi, mantle isthmus; mlc, contractile zone of mantle lobe; mlh, homogeneous central zone of mantle lobe; mm, mantle margin; mo, mouth; nb, border of nacreous layer; pam, posterior adductor muscle; pf, pallial fold; prm, posterior pedo-byssal retractor muscle; rprm, radial pallial retractor muscle; sm, suspensory membrane; st, gastric chamber (“ stomach ”); ss, supramyal septum; ur, ureter; v, ventricle; vm, visceral mass. Scale bar: 10 mm." captionText-8="FIGURE 9. Mantle morphology of Isognomon spathulatus (A, B: Histology, 5 - µm, PAS stain; AMNH 319258; 52 mm; D: SEM; AMNH 319258; 55 mm). A—Cross-section of the mantle margin; B—Cross-section of the mantle margin at the centralto-contractile zone transition region; C—Fragment from the ventral part of mantle showing the inner surface with distinct central, contractile, and marginal zones; D—Laterodorsal view of the mantle edge with a fragment of OF- 2 removed to reveal OF- 1 (SEM). Abbreviations: ce, columnar epithelium; cpa, circumpallial artery; cpn, circumpallial nerve; ec, eosinophilic cell; if- n, inner mantle fold; mfb, muscle fiber; mlc, contractile zone of mantle lobe; mlh, homogeneous central zone of mantle lobe; mm, mantle margin; of- n, outer mantle fold; p, periostracum; pgr, periostracal groove; pm, pallial muscle; t, tentacle. Scale bars: A, B: 200 Μm; C: 2 mm; D: 500 Μm." captionText-9="FIGURE 10. Labial palps morphology of Isognomon spathulatus (SEM; AMNH 319257; 39 mm). A—Inner surface of the right outer labial palp showing the parallel arrangement of ridges; B—Cross-section of the same palp showing the ridged inner surface (top), smooth outer surface (bottom), and its internal organization. Abbreviations: le, ledge; ri, ridge. Scale bars: 150 Μm." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/267336/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/267337/files/figure.png" httpUri-10="https://zenodo.org/record/267346/files/figure.png" httpUri-11="https://zenodo.org/record/267347/files/figure.png" httpUri-12="https://zenodo.org/record/267348/files/figure.png" httpUri-13="https://zenodo.org/record/267349/files/figure.png" httpUri-14="https://zenodo.org/record/267350/files/figure.png" httpUri-15="https://zenodo.org/record/267351/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/267338/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/267339/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/267340/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/267341/files/figure.png" httpUri-6="https://zenodo.org/record/267342/files/figure.png" httpUri-7="https://zenodo.org/record/267343/files/figure.png" httpUri-8="https://zenodo.org/record/267344/files/figure.png" httpUri-9="https://zenodo.org/record/267345/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="143">Figures 1–16</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFF2FFFBFECAFAF946248F96" box="[312,340,1403,1427]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="23.[151,249,1124,1146]" captionTargetBox="[390,1197,195,1102]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[390,1197,195,1102]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 18. Diagrammatic exterior views of the stomach of Isognomon spathulatus (A, B) and Isognomon ephippium (C, D). A, C—Right lateral view; B, D—Anterior (frontal) view. Abbreviations: e, esophagus; st, gastric chamber (“ stomach ”); vd, ventral diverticulum." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267353/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="143">18</figureCitation>
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A, B
|
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C36683A1FFF2FFFBFF65FA4143268D62" pageId="2" pageNumber="143" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BC3D02AFFF2FFFBFF65FA4146368C95" blockId="2.[151,1437,1474,1895]" pageId="2" pageNumber="143">
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<taxonomicName id="4C7CABA9FFF2FFFBFF65FA4146AA8FDD" authority="Reeve, 1858" authorityName="Reeve" authorityYear="1858" box="[151,474,1474,1496]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mytilidae" genus="Perna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mytiloida" pageId="2" pageNumber="143" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="spathulata">
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<emphasis id="B9080C38FFF2FFFBFF65FA41463B8FDD" box="[151,331,1474,1496]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="143">Perna spathulata</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEDADDBFFF2FFFBFEA4FA4146AA8FDD" author="Reeve" box="[342,474,1474,1496]" pageId="2" pageNumber="143" refString="Reeve, L. A. (1858) [November, March]. Monograph of the genus Perna. In: Reeve, L. A., Conchologia Iconica, or illustrations of the shells of molluscous animals. Vol. 11. Lovell Reeve, London, pp. 1 - 8." type="book" year="1858">Reeve, 1858</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
|
||
[November]: non-numbered page accompanying pl. 6, pl. 6, fig. 28.—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEDADDBFFF2FFFBFB28FA40478A8FF2" author="Kuster" pageId="2" pageNumber="143" refString="Kuster, H. C. & Clessin, S. (1890 - 1891) Die Familie Malleacea. In Abbildungen nach der Natur mit Beschreibungen. In: Kuster, H. C. (Ed.), Systematisches Conchylien-Cabinet von Martini und Chemnitz. Vol. 8 (1) [(2)]. Verlag von Bauer & Raspe, Nurnberg, pp. 1 - 72, pts. 3 - 28 (1890), pp. 73 - 108, pts. 29 - 46 (1891)." type="journal article" year="1890">
|
||
Küster & Clessin,
|
||
<date id="FFC2F6EAFFF2FFFBFF35FA63478A8FF2" box="[199,250,1505,1527]" pageId="2" pageNumber="143" value="1890" valueMax="1891">1890</date>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
–1891 (
|
||
<date id="FFC2F6EAFFF2FFFBFEB4FA63469B8FF2" box="[326,491,1505,1527]" pageId="2" pageNumber="143" value="1890-08-18">18 August 1890</date>
|
||
; Lieferung 378): 39, pl. 14, fig. 2 [taxonomic revision of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7CABA9FFF2FFFBFBDBFA6043E98FF2" box="[1065,1177,1506,1527]" class="Bivalvia" family="Pteriidae" genus="Isognomon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="2" pageNumber="143" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFF2FFFBFBDBFA6043E98FF2" box="[1065,1177,1506,1527]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="143">Isognomon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
];
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEDADDBFFF2FFFBFB5CFA63425E8FF2" author="Paetel" box="[1198,1326,1505,1527]" pageId="2" pageNumber="143" refString="Paetel, F. (1890) Catalog der Conchylien-Sammlung, mit Hinzufugung der bis jetzt publicirten recenten Arten, sowie der ermittelten Synonyma. Verlag der Gebruder Paetel, Berlin, 256 + xxxii pp." type="book" year="1890">Paetel, 1890</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 207 [shell collection catalog];
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEDADDBFFF2FFFBFE7DF982456A8C13" author="Fischer" box="[399,538,1536,1558]" pageId="2" pageNumber="143" refString="Fischer, P. (1891) Catalogue et distribution geographique des mollusques terrestres, fluviatiles et marins d'une partie de l'Indochine (Siam, Laos, Cambodge, Cochinchine, Annam, Tonkin). Bulletin de Societe d'Histoire Naturelle d'Autun, 4, 87 - 276. [1 - 193] http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 14809" type="journal article" year="1891">Fischer, 1891</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 211 [127] [catalog of mollusks of southeast Asia];
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEDADDBFFF2FFFBFBD3F98243E98C13" author="Elera" box="[1057,1177,1536,1558]" pageId="2" pageNumber="143" refString="Elera, C. de (1896) Catalogo sistematico de toda la fauna de Filipinas conocida hasta el presente, y a la vez el de la coleccion zoologica del Museo de PP. Dominicos del Colegio-universidad de Sto. Tomas de Manila, escrito con motivo de la Exposicion Regional Filipina. Vol. 3. Moluscos y radiados. Imprenta del Colegio de Santo Tomas, Manila, [ii] + 942 + lxiv pp." type="book chapter" year="1896">Elera, 1896</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 798 [University of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36B90BAFFF2FFFBFA90F982467A8C31" name="Sao Tome and Principe" pageId="2" pageNumber="143">Santo Tomas</collectingCountry>
|
||
museum catalog and faunal checklist of the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36B90BAFFF2FFFBFD1DF99C44178C31" box="[751,871,1566,1588]" name="Philippines" pageId="2" pageNumber="143">Philippines</collectingCountry>
|
||
];
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEDADDBFFF2FFFBFC89F99C436F8C31" author="Hidalgo" box="[891,1055,1566,1588]" pageId="2" pageNumber="143" refString="Hidalgo, J. G. (1905 a) Catalogo de los moluscos testaceos de las islas Filipinas, Jolo y Marianas (1). Revista de la Real Academia de Ciencias, 3, 9 - 64." type="journal article" year="1905" yearSuffix="a">Hidalgo, 1905a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 25, 1905b: 369 [catalog of shelled mollusks of the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36B90BAFFF2FFFBFE98F9BF46AC8C56" box="[362,476,1597,1619]" name="Philippines" pageId="2" pageNumber="143">Philippines</collectingCountry>
|
||
and the Marianas];
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEDADDBFFF2FFFBFD55F9BC44598C56" author="Lynge" box="[679,809,1597,1619]" pageId="2" pageNumber="143" refString="Lynge, H. (1909) The Danish Expedition to Siam 1899 - 1900. IV. Marine Lamellibranchiata. Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Skrifter, Naturvidenskabelig og Mathematisk Afdeling, (7), 5 (3), 97 - 299." type="journal article" year="1909">Lynge, 1909</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 52 [148] [as synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7CABA9FFF2FFFBFBC6F9BC423B8C56" authority="Lamarck, 1819" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1819" box="[1076,1355,1597,1619]" class="Bivalvia" family="Pteriidae" genus="Isognomon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="2" pageNumber="143" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="nucleus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFF2FFFBFBC6F9BC43E68C56" box="[1076,1174,1597,1619]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="143">I. nucleus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEDADDBFFF2FFFBFB56F9BF42338C56" author="Lamarck" box="[1188,1347,1597,1619]" pageId="2" pageNumber="143" refString="Lamarck, [J. P. B. A de M.] de (1819) Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertebres, presentant les caracteres generaux et particuliers de ces animaux, leur distribution, leurs classes, leurs familles, leurs genres, et la citation des principales especes qui s'y rapportent; precedee d'une introduction offrant la determination des caracteres essentiels de l'animal, sa distinction du vegetal et des autres corps naturels, enfin, l'exposition des principes fondamentaux de la zoologie. Tome sixieme. 1 re. Partie. Chez l'auteur, au jardin du roi, Paris, [i - v], vi + 343 pp." type="book" year="1819">Lamarck, 1819</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; marine bivalves of Gulf of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36B90BAFFF2FFFBFE55F9DE45778C77" box="[423,519,1628,1650]" name="Thailand" pageId="2" pageNumber="143">Thailand</collectingCountry>
|
||
];
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEDADDBFFF2FFFBFDECF9DE45848C77" author="Fischer-Piette" box="[542,756,1628,1650]" pageId="2" pageNumber="143" refString="Fischer-Piette, E. (1976) Revision des Aviculidees. 1. Crenatula, Pedalion, Foramelina. Journal de Conchyliologie, 113 (1 - 2), 3 - 42." type="journal article" year="1976">Fischer-Piette, 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 25, 39 [as synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7CABA9FFF2FFFBFBFEF9DF43ED8C77" box="[1036,1181,1629,1650]" class="Bivalvia" family="Pteriidae" genus="Isognomon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="2" pageNumber="143" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="isognomum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFF2FFFBFBFEF9DF43ED8C77" box="[1036,1181,1629,1650]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="143">I. isognomum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; taxonomic revision of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7CABA9FFF2FFFBFF35F9F946488C95" box="[199,312,1659,1680]" class="Bivalvia" family="Pteriidae" genus="Isognomon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="2" pageNumber="143" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFF2FFFBFF35F9F946488C95" box="[199,312,1659,1680]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="143">Isognomon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
].
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3D02AFFF2FFFBFF65F91843168CAA" blockId="2.[151,1437,1474,1895]" box="[151,1126,1689,1711]" pageId="2" pageNumber="143">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB6CF704FFF2FFFBFF65F91843168CAA" box="[151,1126,1689,1711]" pageId="2" pageNumber="143">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7CABA9FFF2FFFBFF65F91846498CAA" box="[151,313,1689,1711]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mytilidae" genus="Perna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mytiloida" pageId="2" pageNumber="143" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="spatulata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFF2FFFBFF65F91846498CAA" box="[151,313,1689,1711]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="143">Perna spatulata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFF2FFFBFEBAF91846148CAA" box="[328,356,1690,1711]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="143">sic</emphasis>
|
||
].—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0ADDF63BFFF2FFFBFE7BF91B45228CAA" author="Martens" box="[393,594,1689,1711]" page="203" pageId="2" pageNumber="143" year="1887">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEDADDBFFF2FFFBFE7BF91B45528CAA" author="Martens" box="[393,546,1689,1711]" pageId="2" pageNumber="143" refString="Martens, E. von (1887) List of the shells of Mergui and its archipelago, collected for the trustees of the Indian Museum, Calcutta, by Dr. John Anderson, F. R. S., superintendent of the Museum. The Journal of the Linnean Society of London. Zoology, 21, 155 - 219." type="journal article" year="1887">Martens, 1887</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 203
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
[list of shelled mollusks from Mergui Archipelago].
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3D02AFFF2FFFBFF65F93B43268D2F" blockId="2.[151,1437,1474,1895]" pageId="2" pageNumber="143">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB6CF704FFF2FFFBFF65F93B43268D2F" pageId="2" pageNumber="143">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7CABA9FFF2FFFBFF65F93B457D8CCB" authority="Reeve, 1858" authorityName="Reeve" authorityYear="1858" box="[151,525,1720,1742]" class="Bivalvia" family="Pteriidae" genus="Isognomon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="2" pageNumber="143" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="spathulata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFF2FFFBFF65F93B46098CCB" box="[151,377,1720,1742]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="143">Isognomon spathulata</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEDADDBFFF2FFFBFE75F93A45778CCB" author="Reeve" box="[391,519,1720,1742]" pageId="2" pageNumber="143" refString="Reeve, L. A. (1858) [November, March]. Monograph of the genus Perna. In: Reeve, L. A., Conchologia Iconica, or illustrations of the shells of molluscous animals. Vol. 11. Lovell Reeve, London, pp. 1 - 8." type="book" year="1858">Reeve, 1858</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0ADDF63BFFF2FFFBFDDAF93A45AF8CCB" author="Cooke" box="[552,735,1720,1742]" page="138" pageId="2" pageNumber="143" year="1886">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEDADDBFFF2FFFBFDDAF93A45DF8CCB" author="Cooke" box="[552,687,1720,1742]" pageId="2" pageNumber="143" refString="Cooke, A. H. (1886) Report on the testaceous Mollusca obtained during a dredging-excursion in the Gulf of Suez in the months of February and March 1869. Part 4. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Including Zoology, Botany, and Geology, Series 5, 15, 128 - 142." type="journal article" year="1886">Cooke, 1886</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 138
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
[as synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7CABA9FFF2FFFBFC79F93B449E8CCB" box="[907,1006,1720,1742]" class="Bivalvia" family="Pteriidae" genus="Isognomon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="2" pageNumber="143" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="nucleus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFF2FFFBFC79F93B449E8CCB" box="[907,1006,1720,1742]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="143">I. nucleus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
];
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0ADDF63BFFF2FFFBFBF7F93A43CE8CCB" author="Cotton" box="[1029,1214,1720,1742]" page="231" pageId="2" pageNumber="143" year="1930">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEDADDBFFF2FFFBFBF7F93A43FD8CCB" author="Cotton" box="[1029,1165,1720,1742]" pageId="2" pageNumber="143" refString="Cotton, B. C. (1930) Pelecypoda of the ' Flindersian' region, south Australia. No. 1. Records of the South Australian Museum, 4 (2), 223 - 240." type="journal article" year="1930">Cotton, 1930</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 231
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
[bivalves of southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36B90BAFFF2FFFBFF35F954465A8CE9" box="[199,298,1750,1772]" name="Australia" pageId="2" pageNumber="143">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
];
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0ADDF63BFFF2FFFBFECEF95445428CE9" author="Fischer-Piette" box="[316,562,1750,1772]" page="10" pageId="2" pageNumber="143" year="1976">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEDADDBFFF2FFFBFECEF954457D8CE9" author="Fischer-Piette" box="[316,525,1750,1772]" pageId="2" pageNumber="143" refString="Fischer-Piette, E. (1976) Revision des Aviculidees. 1. Crenatula, Pedalion, Foramelina. Journal de Conchyliologie, 113 (1 - 2), 3 - 42." type="journal article" year="1976">Fischer-Piette, 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 10
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
[as synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7CABA9FFF2FFFBFD16F95A44008CE8" box="[740,880,1752,1773]" class="Bivalvia" family="Pteriidae" genus="Isognomon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="2" pageNumber="143" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="isognomum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFF2FFFBFD16F95A44008CE8" box="[740,880,1752,1773]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="143">I. isognomum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; taxonomic revision of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7CABA9FFF2FFFBFB99F95A43AB8CE8" box="[1131,1243,1752,1773]" class="Bivalvia" family="Pteriidae" genus="Isognomon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="2" pageNumber="143" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFF2FFFBFB99F95A43AB8CE8" box="[1131,1243,1752,1773]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="143">Isognomon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
];
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0ADDF63BFFF2FFFBFB06F954479D8D0E" author="Lutaenko" page="368" pageId="2" pageNumber="143" year="2000">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEDADDBFFF2FFFBFB06F95442E98CE9" author="Lutaenko" box="[1268,1433,1750,1772]" pageId="2" pageNumber="143" refString="Lutaenko, K. A. (2000) Russian contributions to studies of Vietnamese bivalves. Part 2. List of species recorded by Russian authors or stored in museums. Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication, 21, 361 - 390." type="journal article" year="2000">Lutaenko, 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 368
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
[bivalves of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36B90BAFFF2FFFBFE86F97746BA8D0E" box="[372,458,1781,1803]" name="Vietnam" pageId="2" pageNumber="143">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
|
||
in collection of Zoological Institute, St. Petersburg];
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0ADDF63BFFF2FFFBFC1CF97743E88D0E" author="Temkin" box="[1006,1176,1781,1803]" page="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="143" year="2010">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEDADDBFFF2FFFBFC1CF97743F28D0E" author="Temkin" box="[1006,1154,1781,1803]" pageId="2" pageNumber="143" refString="Temkin, I. (2010) Molecular phylogeny of pearl oysters and their relatives (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Pterioidea). BMC Evolutionary Biology, 10 (342), 1 - 28. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1186 / 1471 - 2148 - 10 - 342" type="journal article" year="2010">Tëmkin, 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 5
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
[molecular phylogeny of Pterioidea];
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0ADDF63BFFF2FFFBFEB1F89745698D2F" author="Xue" box="[323,537,1812,1834]" page="350" pageId="2" pageNumber="143" year="2012">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEDADDBFFF2FFFBFEB1F897469A8D2F" author="Xue" box="[323,490,1812,1834]" pageId="2" pageNumber="143" refString="Xue, D. X., Wang, H. Y., Zhang, T., Zhang, S. P. & Xu, F. S. (2012) Phylogenetic analysis of the subclass Pteriomorphia (Bivalvia) based on partial 28 S rRNA sequence. Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica, 43 (2), 348 - 356." type="journal article" year="2012">
|
||
Xue
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFF2FFFBFE86F89746D78D2F" box="[372,423,1812,1834]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="143">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2012
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 350
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
[molecular phylogeny of Pteriomorphia
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEDADDBFFF2FFFBFC45F896433C8D2F" author="Beurlen" box="[951,1100,1812,1834]" pageId="2" pageNumber="143" refString="Beurlen, K. (1944) Beitrage zur Stammesgeschichte der Muscheln. Munchen Akademie Sitzungsberichte, 11, 113 - 131." type="journal article" year="1944">Beurlen, 1944</bibRefCitation>
|
||
].
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3D02AFFF2FFFBFF65F8B142458D4D" blockId="2.[151,1437,1474,1895]" box="[151,1333,1842,1864]" pageId="2" pageNumber="143">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB6CF704FFF2FFFBFF65F8B142458D4D" box="[151,1333,1842,1864]" pageId="2" pageNumber="143">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7CABA9FFF2FFFBFF65F8B1456D8D4D" authority="Reeve, 1858" authorityName="Reeve" authorityYear="1858" box="[151,541,1842,1864]" class="Bivalvia" family="Pteriidae" genus="Isognomon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="2" pageNumber="143" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="spathulatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFF2FFFBFF65F8B146FA8D4D" box="[151,394,1842,1864]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="143">Isognomon spathulatum</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEDADDBFFF2FFFBFE6AF8B045668D4D" author="Reeve" box="[408,534,1842,1864]" pageId="2" pageNumber="143" refString="Reeve, L. A. (1858) [November, March]. Monograph of the genus Perna. In: Reeve, L. A., Conchologia Iconica, or illustrations of the shells of molluscous animals. Vol. 11. Lovell Reeve, London, pp. 1 - 8." type="book" year="1858">Reeve, 1858</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0ADDF63BFFF2FFFBFDCAF8B044578D4D" author="Rochebrune" box="[568,807,1842,1864]" page="101" pageId="2" pageNumber="143" year="1881">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEDADDBFFF2FFFBFDCAF8B045878D4D" author="Rochebrune" box="[568,759,1842,1864]" pageId="2" pageNumber="143" refString="Rochebrune, A. - T. de (1881) Supplement aux documents sur la faune malacologique de la Cochinchine et du Cambodge. Bulletin de la Societe philomathique de Paris, 7 eme Serie, 5 (1), 99 - 118." type="journal article" year="1881">Rochebrune, 1881</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 101
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
[malacofauna of southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36B90BAFFF2FFFBFBC4F8B043FB8D4D" box="[1078,1163,1842,1864]" name="Vietnam" pageId="2" pageNumber="143">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36B90BAFFF2FFFBFB4FF8B0425B8D4D" box="[1213,1323,1842,1864]" name="Cambodia" pageId="2" pageNumber="143">Cambodia</collectingCountry>
|
||
].
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3D02AFFF2FFFBFF65F8D343268D62" blockId="2.[151,1437,1474,1895]" box="[151,1110,1873,1895]" pageId="2" pageNumber="143">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB6CF704FFF2FFFBFF65F8D343268D62" box="[151,1110,1873,1895]" pageId="2" pageNumber="143">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7CABA9FFF2FFFBFF65F8D345798D62" authority="Reeve, 1858" authorityName="Reeve" authorityYear="1858" box="[151,521,1873,1895]" class="Bivalvia" family="Isognomonidae" genus="Pedalion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreida" pageId="2" pageNumber="143" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="spathulatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFF2FFFBFF65F8D346068D62" box="[151,374,1873,1895]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="143">Pedalion spathulatum</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEDADDBFFF2FFFBFE71F8D345728D62" author="Reeve" box="[387,514,1873,1895]" pageId="2" pageNumber="143" refString="Reeve, L. A. (1858) [November, March]. Monograph of the genus Perna. In: Reeve, L. A., Conchologia Iconica, or illustrations of the shells of molluscous animals. Vol. 11. Lovell Reeve, London, pp. 1 - 8." type="book" year="1858">Reeve, 1858</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0ADDF63BFFF2FFFBFDD6F8D345928D62" author="Faustino" box="[548,738,1873,1895]" page="25" pageId="2" pageNumber="143" year="1928">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEDADDBFFF2FFFBFDD6F8D345CF8D62" author="Faustino" box="[548,703,1873,1895]" pageId="2" pageNumber="143" refString="Faustino, L. A. (1928) Summary of Philippine marine and fresh-water mollusks. Bureau of Printing, Manila, 384 pp." type="book" year="1928">Faustino, 1928</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 25
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
[review of mollusks of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36B90BAFFF2FFFBFC26F8D3433C8D62" box="[980,1100,1873,1895]" name="Philippines" pageId="2" pageNumber="143">Philippines</collectingCountry>
|
||
].
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C36683A1FFF2FFFDFF65F81646288985" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="145" pageId="2" pageNumber="143" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3D02AFFF2FFFBFF65F81643A68DD5" blockId="2.[151,1436,1940,2000]" pageId="2" pageNumber="143">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFF2FFFBFF65F81646B38DA8" bold="true" box="[151,451,1940,1965]" pageId="2" pageNumber="143">
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C76E88FFF2FFFBFF65F81647A28DA8" box="[151,210,1940,1965]" pageId="2" pageNumber="143">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
material examined.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED6D48EFFFF2FFFBFE3EF81745468DA9" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" box="[460,566,1941,1964]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="2" pageNumber="143">NHMUK</collectionCode>
|
||
20130275/1 (
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C76E88FFF2FFFBFD27F81644308DA8" box="[725,832,1940,1965]" pageId="2" pageNumber="143" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, designated herein; one pair of disarticulated valves;
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFF2FFFBFF65F83547A78DD5" box="[151,215,1975,2000]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,249,1905,1927]" captionTargetBox="[163,1406,195,1865]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[163,1407,195,1865]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Isognomon spathulatus, lectotype (NHMUK 20130275 / 1; 39 mm). A—Original illustration by G. B. Sowerby II of a syntype here selected as lectotype (Reeve, 1858: pl. 6, fig. 28); B—H. Cuming’s original label with the locality (“ Isle of Negros ”) glued to the specimen box with markings by other scholars; C—Exterior of the right valve; D—Exterior of the left valve; E—Interior of the left valve; F—Interior of the right valve. Scale bar: 10 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267336/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="143">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED6D48EFFFF2FFFBFF02F83A462A8DCA" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" box="[240,346,1976,1999]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="2" pageNumber="143">NHMUK</collectionCode>
|
||
20130275/2–4 (
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C76E88FFF2FFFBFDE3F83545C88DD5" box="[529,696,1975,2000]" pageId="2" pageNumber="143" type="paralectotype">paralectotypes</typeStatus>
|
||
; three pairs of disarticulated valves and byssus).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF0380A2FFF3FFFAFF65F8F344808DE6" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267336/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="144" targetBox="[163,1406,195,1865]" targetPageId="3">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3D02AFFF3FFFAFF65F8F344808DE6" blockId="3.[151,1436,1905,2019]" pageId="3" pageNumber="144">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFF3FFFAFF65F8F3467C8D83" bold="true" box="[151,268,1905,1927]" pageId="3" pageNumber="144">FIGURE 1</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFF3FFFAFEEAF8F0457A8D82" box="[280,522,1905,1927]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="144">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7CABA9FFF3FFFAFEEAF8F045768D82" box="[280,518,1905,1927]" class="Bivalvia" family="Pteriidae" genus="Isognomon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="3" pageNumber="144" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="spathulatus">Isognomon spathulatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
lectotype (NHMUK 20130275/1; 39 mm). A—Original illustration by G.B. Sowerby II of a syntype here selected as lectotype (Reeve, 1858: pl. 6, fig. 28); B—H. Cuming’s original label with the locality (“Isle of Negros”) glued to the specimen box with markings by other scholars; C—Exterior of the right valve; D—Exterior of the left valve; E—Interior of the left valve; F—Interior of the right valve. Scale bar: 10 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3D02AFFF4FFFDFF35FF1543748865" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="4" pageNumber="145">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFF4FFFDFF35FF1545788AB5" bold="true" box="[199,520,151,176]" pageId="4" pageNumber="145">Other material examined.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7CABA9FFF4FFFDFDE6FF1B46638AD1" authority="The Second International Marine Bivalve Workshop Study, Stn." authorityName="The Second International Marine Bivalve Workshop Study, Stn." class="Bivalvia" family="Pteriidae" genus="Isognomon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="4" pageNumber="145" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="spathulatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFF4FFFDFDE6FF1B446F8AB5" box="[532,799,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="145">Isognomon spathulatus</emphasis>
|
||
: The Second International Marine Bivalve Workshop Study, Stn.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
KKB-01, southeastern part of Kungkrabaen Bay, eastern coast of Gulf of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36B90BAFFF4FFFDFB9CFF3E43A48AD0" box="[1134,1236,188,213]" name="Thailand" pageId="4" pageNumber="145">Thailand</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Thamai District, Chantaburi Province,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36B90BAFFF4FFFDFE7DFF5D46858AFD" box="[399,501,223,248]" name="Thailand" pageId="4" pageNumber="145">Thailand</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE48B6EDFFF4FFFDFDF0FF6245F58AFD" box="[514,645,224,248]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="145" precision="9" value="12.573667">12º34.42´N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 101º 54. 25´E (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEDADDBFFF4FFFDFCCDFF5D437C8AFD" author="Bieler" box="[831,1036,223,248]" pageId="4" pageNumber="145" refString="Bieler, R., Chalermwat, K., Mikkelsen, P. M. & Wells, F. E. (2008) International Marine Bivalve Workshop 2005: introduction and summary. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 18 (Supplement), 1 - 6." type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
Bieler
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFF4FFFDFC7CFF6344B08AFD" box="[910,960,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="145">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), byssally attached to prop roots of mangrove trees (
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D7A1BA3FFF4FFFDFEA8FE8646878B18" box="[346,503,260,285]" pageId="4" pageNumber="145" type="generic">10 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
in 95% ethanol,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED6D48EFFFF4FFFDFD37FE86446A8B19" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" box="[709,794,260,284]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="4" pageNumber="145">AMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
319254;
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D7A1BA3FFF4FFFDFC7EFE86436A8B18" box="[908,1050,260,285]" pageId="4" pageNumber="145" type="generic">9 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
5% formalin fixed, 85% ethanol preserved,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED6D48EFFFF4FFFDFEE0FEAA46178B45" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" box="[274,359,296,320]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="4" pageNumber="145">AMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
319256;
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D7A1BA3FFF4FFFDFE21FEAA451C8B45" box="[467,620,295,320]" pageId="4" pageNumber="145" type="generic">10 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
in 95% ethanol,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED6D48EFFFF4FFFDFCDEFEAA44F28B45" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" box="[812,898,296,320]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="4" pageNumber="145">AMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
319257;
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D7A1BA3FFF4FFFDFC1FFEA543F68B45" box="[1005,1158,295,320]" pageId="4" pageNumber="145" type="generic">15 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
in 95% ethanol,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED6D48EFFFF4FFFDFAB5FEAA42EC8B45" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" box="[1351,1436,296,320]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="4" pageNumber="145">AMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
319258; 2 dry pairs + 1
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED6D48EFFFF4FFFDFE27FECF46878B61" box="[469,503,333,356]" pageId="4" pageNumber="145">LV</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED6D48EFFFF4FFFDFDF8FECE45128B60" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" box="[522,610,332,357]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="4" pageNumber="145">AMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
319367;
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D7A1BA3FFF4FFFDFD39FECE441B8B60" box="[715,875,332,357]" pageId="4" pageNumber="145" type="generic">18 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
in 95% ethanol,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED6D48EFFFF4FFFDFBB8FECF43EB8B61" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" box="[1098,1179,333,356]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" name="Field Museum of Natural History" pageId="4" pageNumber="145">FMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
311974; 50 pairs of disarticulated valves,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED6D48EFFFF4FFFDFE7EFEF246AF8B82" box="[396,479,368,391]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/zbmn-bynd" name="Kiev Zoological Museum" pageId="4" pageNumber="145">ZMKU</collectionCode>
|
||
Bil 800001–80050); Bãi Dài beach, Vân Đồn
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36B90BAFFF4FFFDFC03FEED43488B8D" box="[1009,1080,367,392]" name="Iceland" pageId="4" pageNumber="145">Island</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Quảng Ninh Province, Gulf of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36B90BAFFF4FFFDFF65FE1647998BA8" box="[151,233,404,429]" name="Vietnam" pageId="4" pageNumber="145">Tonkin</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36B90BAFFF4FFFDFF0AFE1646278BA8" box="[248,343,404,429]" name="Vietnam" pageId="4" pageNumber="145">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D7A1BA3FFF4FFFDFE99FE16468B8BA8" box="[363,507,404,429]" pageId="4" pageNumber="145" type="generic">2 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
in alcohol,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED6D48EFFFF4FFFDFD7EFE1645B68BA9" box="[652,710,404,428]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/vmfx-g997" name="Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences" pageId="4" pageNumber="145">ZISP</collectionCode>
|
||
62048); Cát Bà Island, Hải Phòng province, Gulf of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36B90BAFFF4FFFDFAB4FE1642E88BA8" box="[1350,1432,404,429]" name="Vietnam" pageId="4" pageNumber="145">Tonkin</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36B90BAFFF4FFFDFF65FE3547868BD5" box="[151,246,439,464]" name="Vietnam" pageId="4" pageNumber="145">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
|
||
(5 pairs in alcohol,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED6D48EFFFF4FFFDFE2AFE3A45628BD5" box="[472,530,440,464]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/vmfx-g997" name="Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences" pageId="4" pageNumber="145">ZISP</collectionCode>
|
||
62049; 5 pairs in alcohol,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED6D48EFFFF4FFFDFCB2FE3A44098BD5" box="[832,889,440,464]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/vmfx-g997" name="Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences" pageId="4" pageNumber="145">ZISP</collectionCode>
|
||
62050; 5 pairs in alcohol,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED6D48EFFFF4FFFDFB55FE3A43918BD5" box="[1191,1249,440,464]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/vmfx-g997" name="Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences" pageId="4" pageNumber="145">ZISP</collectionCode>
|
||
62051; 1 pair in alcohol,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED6D48EFFFF4FFFDFF05FE5E46418BF1" box="[247,305,476,500]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/vmfx-g997" name="Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences" pageId="4" pageNumber="145">ZISP</collectionCode>
|
||
62052; 1 pair in alcohol,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED6D48EFFFF4FFFDFDA3FE5E45FA8BF1" box="[593,650,476,500]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/vmfx-g997" name="Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences" pageId="4" pageNumber="145">ZISP</collectionCode>
|
||
62053; 2 dry pairs,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED6D48EFFFF4FFFDFC9EFE5E44D68BF1" box="[876,934,476,500]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/vmfx-g997" name="Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences" pageId="4" pageNumber="145">ZISP</collectionCode>
|
||
62055; 1 pair in alcohol,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED6D48EFFFF4FFFDFB34FE5E42708BF1" box="[1222,1280,476,500]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/vmfx-g997" name="Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences" pageId="4" pageNumber="145">ZISP</collectionCode>
|
||
62059); Vĩnh Thực
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36B90BAFFF4FFFDFF29FE7D4652881D" box="[219,290,511,536]" name="Iceland" pageId="4" pageNumber="145">Island</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Quảng Ninh Province, Gulf of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36B90BAFFF4FFFDFD6BFE7D459B881D" box="[665,747,511,536]" name="Vietnam" pageId="4" pageNumber="145">Tonkin</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36B90BAFFF4FFFDFD0BFE7D4428881D" box="[761,856,511,536]" name="Vietnam" pageId="4" pageNumber="145">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
|
||
(1 pair in alcohol,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED6D48EFFFF4FFFDFBC9FD824305881D" box="[1083,1141,512,536]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/vmfx-g997" name="Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences" pageId="4" pageNumber="145">ZISP</collectionCode>
|
||
62054; 1 pair in alcohol,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED6D48EFFFF4FFFDFF65FDA647A18839" box="[151,209,548,572]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/vmfx-g997" name="Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences" pageId="4" pageNumber="145">ZISP</collectionCode>
|
||
62058); Cồn Lò
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36B90BAFFF4FFFDFE52FDA646978838" box="[416,487,548,573]" name="Iceland" pageId="4" pageNumber="145">Island</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Gulf of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36B90BAFFF4FFFDFDA7FDA645D78838" box="[597,679,548,573]" name="Vietnam" pageId="4" pageNumber="145">Tonkin</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36B90BAFFF4FFFDFD44FDA644658838" box="[694,789,548,573]" name="Vietnam" pageId="4" pageNumber="145">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
|
||
(1 dry pair,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED6D48EFFFF4FFFDFC5FFDA644978839" box="[941,999,548,572]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/vmfx-g997" name="Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences" pageId="4" pageNumber="145">ZISP</collectionCode>
|
||
62056); Hồng Gai City, Quảng Ninh Province, province, Gulf of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36B90BAFFF4FFFDFE23FDC545538865" box="[465,547,583,608]" name="Vietnam" pageId="4" pageNumber="145">Tonkin</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36B90BAFFF4FFFDFDDCFDC545FD8865" box="[558,653,583,608]" name="Vietnam" pageId="4" pageNumber="145">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
|
||
(2 pairs in alcohol,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED6D48EFFFF4FFFDFC9FFDCA44D78865" box="[877,935,584,608]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/vmfx-g997" name="Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences" pageId="4" pageNumber="145">ZISP</collectionCode>
|
||
62057).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3D02AFFF4FFFDFF35FDEF46288985" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="4" pageNumber="145">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7CABA9FFF4FFFDFF35FDEF43EB8881" authority="The Second International Marine Bivalve Workshop Study, Stn." authorityName="The Second International Marine Bivalve Workshop Study, Stn." box="[199,1179,620,645]" class="Bivalvia" family="Pteriidae" genus="Isognomon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="4" pageNumber="145" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="ephippium">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFF4FFFDFF35FDEF46B08880" box="[199,448,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="145">Isognomon ephippium</emphasis>
|
||
: The Second International Marine Bivalve Workshop Study, Stn.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
KKB-01, southeastern part of Kungkrabaen Bay, eastern coast of Gulf of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36B90BAFFF4FFFDFD07FD0D442B88AD" box="[757,859,655,680]" name="Thailand" pageId="4" pageNumber="145">Thailand</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Thamai District, Chantaburi Province,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36B90BAFFF4FFFDFAC3FD0D42E788AD" box="[1329,1431,655,680]" name="Thailand" pageId="4" pageNumber="145">Thailand</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE48B6EDFFF4FFFDFF65FD36466A88C9" box="[151,282,692,716]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="145" precision="9" value="12.573667">12º34.42´N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 101º 54. 25´E, in clumps on mudflats fringing mangroves (
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D7A1BA3FFF4FFFDFC2CFD36430A88C8" box="[990,1146,692,717]" pageId="4" pageNumber="145" type="generic">33 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
in 95% ethanol,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED6D48EFFFF4FFFDFAB5FD3642EC88C9" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" box="[1351,1436,692,716]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="4" pageNumber="145">AMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
319250;
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D7A1BA3FFF4FFFDFEF2FD5A46EE88F5" box="[256,414,727,752]" pageId="4" pageNumber="145" type="generic">37 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
in 95% ethanol,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED6D48EFFFF4FFFDFD87FD5A45BA88F5" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" box="[629,714,728,752]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="4" pageNumber="145">AMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
319251;
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D7A1BA3FFF4FFFDFCB3FD5A44AE88F5" box="[833,990,727,752]" pageId="4" pageNumber="145" type="generic">11 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
in 95% ethanol,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED6D48EFFFF4FFFDFB46FD5A427A88F5" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" box="[1204,1290,728,752]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="4" pageNumber="145">AMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
319252;
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D7A1BA3FFF4FFFDFA72FD5A467C8910" pageId="4" pageNumber="145" type="generic">33 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
in 95% ethanol,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED6D48EFFFF4FFFDFE3CFD7E45548911" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" box="[462,548,764,788]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="4" pageNumber="145">AMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
319253; 3 dry pairs of disarticulated valves,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED6D48EFFFF4FFFDFBD7FD7E430A8911" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" box="[1061,1146,764,788]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="4" pageNumber="145">AMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
319366;
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D7A1BA3FFF4FFFDFB14FD7E420F8910" box="[1254,1407,764,789]" pageId="4" pageNumber="145" type="generic">10 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
in 95% ethanol,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED6D48EFFFF4FFFDFECAFCA246F98932" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" box="[312,393,800,823]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" name="Field Museum of Natural History" pageId="4" pageNumber="145">FMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
311976; 50 pairs of disarticulated valves,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED6D48EFFFF4FFFDFC8FFCA244BF8932" box="[893,975,800,823]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/zbmn-bynd" name="Kiev Zoological Museum" pageId="4" pageNumber="145">ZMKU</collectionCode>
|
||
Bil 800051–800100); KKB-6, “midden material,” fishermen by-catch collected by trawl offshore of Kungkrabaen Bay area (6 RV + 12
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED6D48EFFFF4FFFDFB00FCC742658959" box="[1266,1301,837,860]" pageId="4" pageNumber="145">LV</collectionCode>
|
||
dry valves,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED6D48EFFFF4FFFDFF65FCEA479C8985" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" box="[151,236,872,896]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="4" pageNumber="145">AMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
319268).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C36683A1FFF4FFFDFF35FC0E43318DD8" pageId="4" pageNumber="145" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3D02AFFF4FFFDFF35FC0E46298E79" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="4" pageNumber="145">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFF4FFFDFF35FC0E45F289A0" bold="true" box="[199,642,908,933]" pageId="4" pageNumber="145">Original diagnosis and description.</emphasis>
|
||
“Species 28. (Mus. Cuming.) /
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7CABA9FFF4FFFDFBE4FC0E427589A6" box="[1046,1285,908,932]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mytilidae" genus="Perna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mytiloida" pageId="4" pageNumber="171" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="spathulata">PERNA SPATHULATA</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFF4FFFDFAE8FC0F466289E9" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="145">Pern. testâ subpyriformi-ovatâ, / depressiusculâ, irregulari, versus marginem rudè tami- / natá; lutescente-albâ, purpureo marginatâ.</emphasis>
|
||
/ THE SPATHULATE
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7CABA9FFF4FFFDFDFAFC56452489E9" box="[520,596,980,1004]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mytilidae" genus="Perna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mytiloida" pageId="4" pageNumber="145" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">PERNA</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Shell somewhat pyriformly ovate, / rather depressed, irregular, rudely laminated / towards the margin; yellowish-white, edged with / purple. /
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFF4FFFDFC0AFC7543588E15" box="[1016,1064,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="145">Hab</emphasis>
|
||
. Island of Negros,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36B90BAFFF4FFFDFAE4FC7542E88E15" box="[1302,1432,1015,1040]" name="Philippines" pageId="4" pageNumber="145">Philippines</collectingCountry>
|
||
; Cuming. / Very rudely laminated in respect of sculpture, but pe- / culiar in form.” (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEDADDBFFF4FFFDFBDCFB9E47978E5D" author="Reeve" pageId="4" pageNumber="145" refString="Reeve, L. A. (1858) [November, March]. Monograph of the genus Perna. In: Reeve, L. A., Conchologia Iconica, or illustrations of the shells of molluscous animals. Vol. 11. Lovell Reeve, London, pp. 1 - 8." type="book" year="1858">Reeve 1858: page opposite pl. 6, fig. 28.</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) [Note: “…/…” indicates line break as in the original text; diacritical marks in Latin words are copied from the original text.]
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3D02AFFF4FFFDFF35FB0545268FC5" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="4" pageNumber="145">Emended diagnosis: Mangrove-associated isognomonid with equivalve, light brown-yellow to dark brown shell; sculpture of irregular commarginal lamellae (typically abraded); anterior auricles absent to greatly reduced, posterior auricles absent; anteroventral margins produced anteriorly; outline of nacreous layer characteristically comma-shaped; confluent scar of posterior adductor and retractor muscles with greatly elongated, narrow dorsal extremity; edentuous hinge bearing anterior terminal prodissoconch and 6–10 resilifers in adults; outer surface of mantle edge circumnavigated by dark brown stripe; inner surface of innermost mantle fold and adjacent proximal area dark brown-black; distal tips of ctenidia dark brown-black (in living specimens); gastric chamber with posteriorly facing ventral diverticulum; larger right and smaller left abdominal sense organs symmetrically placed with respect to anus in transverse plane.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3D02AFFF4FFFDFF35FA4E42018CE5" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="4" pageNumber="145">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFF4FFFDFF35FA4E45C38FE0" bold="true" box="[199,691,1484,1509]" pageId="4" pageNumber="145">Taxonomic and nomenclatural remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
The
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C76E88FFF4FFFDFD07FA4F44558FE0" box="[757,805,1485,1509]" pageId="4" pageNumber="145">type</typeStatus>
|
||
specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7CABA9FFF4FFFDFC21FA4F43AB8FE0" box="[979,1243,1484,1509]" class="Bivalvia" family="Pteriidae" genus="Isognomon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="4" pageNumber="145" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="spathulatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFF4FFFDFC21FA4F43AB8FE0" box="[979,1243,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="145">Isognomon spathulatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
derive from the collection of Hugh Cuming (
|
||
<date id="FFC2F6EAFFF4FFFDFE2EFA6D452F8C0D" box="[476,607,1519,1544]" pageId="4" pageNumber="145" value="1791" valueMax="1865">1791–1865</date>
|
||
), who travelled to the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36B90BAFFF4FFFDFCAEFA6D44AA8C0D" box="[860,986,1519,1544]" name="Philippines" pageId="4" pageNumber="145">Philippines</collectingCountry>
|
||
in
|
||
<date id="FFC2F6EAFFF4FFFDFC0DFA6D430D8C0D" box="[1023,1149,1519,1544]" pageId="4" pageNumber="145" value="1836" valueMax="1840">1836–1840</date>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEDADDBFFF4FFFDFB7EFA7242688C0D" author="Dance" box="[1164,1304,1520,1544]" pageId="4" pageNumber="145" refString="Dance, S. P. (1980) Hugh Cuming (1791 - 1865) Prince of collectors. Journal of the Society for the Bibliography of Natural History, 9 (4), 477 - 501. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3366 / jsbnh. 1980.9.4.477" type="journal article" year="1980">Dance 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEDADDBFFF4FFFDFAD6FA6D422D8C0D" author="Dance" box="[1316,1373,1519,1544]" pageId="4" pageNumber="145" refString="Dance, S. P. (1986) A history of shell collecting. E. J. Brill & Dr W. Backhuys, Leiden, 280 pp." type="book" year="1986">1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and, possibly, obtained the shells sometime in
|
||
<date id="FFC2F6EAFFF4FFFDFD83F99645828C29" box="[625,754,1556,1580]" pageId="4" pageNumber="145" value="1837" valueMax="1838">1837–1838</date>
|
||
, when he visited Negros Island. The
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C76E88FFF4FFFDFB68F99743BA8C28" box="[1178,1226,1557,1581]" pageId="4" pageNumber="145">type</typeStatus>
|
||
lot contained four pairs of valves, but the original description neither mentioned the actual number of specimens, nor included the terms “
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C76E88FFF4FFFDFF14F9DE463F8C70" box="[230,335,1628,1653]" pageId="4" pageNumber="145" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
,” “the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C76E88FFF4FFFDFE68F9DE46BE8C71" box="[410,462,1628,1652]" pageId="4" pageNumber="145">type</typeStatus>
|
||
,” or equivalent expressions that would fix the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C76E88FFF4FFFDFC26F9DE43468C70" box="[980,1078,1628,1653]" pageId="4" pageNumber="145" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
by original designation (73.1.1;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEDADDBFFF4FFFDFF65F902466D8C9D" author="ICZN" box="[151,285,1664,1688]" pageId="4" pageNumber="145" refString="ICZN [International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature] (1999) International code of zoological nomenclature = Code international de nomenclature zoologique; adopted by the International Union of Biological Sciences. 4 th Edition. International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, c / o Natural History Museum, London, 306 pp." type="book" year="1999">ICZN 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 79). Given the extent of variation in shell morphology and uncertainty regarding the identity of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C76E88FFF4FFFDFF65F92747B78CB8" box="[151,199,1701,1725]" pageId="4" pageNumber="145">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality for all four specimens, a single specimen, corresponding to the illustration by G.B. Sowerby II in the original description (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFF4FFFDFE73F94546B48CE5" box="[385,452,1735,1760]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,249,1905,1927]" captionTargetBox="[163,1406,195,1865]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[163,1407,195,1865]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Isognomon spathulatus, lectotype (NHMUK 20130275 / 1; 39 mm). A—Original illustration by G. B. Sowerby II of a syntype here selected as lectotype (Reeve, 1858: pl. 6, fig. 28); B—H. Cuming’s original label with the locality (“ Isle of Negros ”) glued to the specimen box with markings by other scholars; C—Exterior of the right valve; D—Exterior of the left valve; E—Interior of the left valve; F—Interior of the right valve. Scale bar: 10 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267336/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="145">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEDADDBFFF4FFFDFE20F94B452B8CE5" author="Reeve" box="[466,603,1735,1760]" pageId="4" pageNumber="145" refString="Reeve, L. A. (1858) [November, March]. Monograph of the genus Perna. In: Reeve, L. A., Conchologia Iconica, or illustrations of the shells of molluscous animals. Vol. 11. Lovell Reeve, London, pp. 1 - 8." type="book" year="1858">Reeve 1858</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: pl. 6, fig. 28), is designated here as the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C76E88FFF4FFFDFBEFF94543F48CE5" box="[1053,1156,1735,1760]" pageId="4" pageNumber="145" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7CABA9FFF4FFFDFB5BF94B421A8CE5" box="[1193,1386,1735,1760]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mytilidae" genus="Perna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mytiloida" pageId="4" pageNumber="145" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="spathulata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFF4FFFDFB5BF94B421A8CE5" box="[1193,1386,1735,1760]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="145">Perna spathulata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3D02AFFF4FFFDFF35F96E43318DD8" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="4" pageNumber="145">
|
||
The Latin adjective “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7CABA9FFF4FFFDFE32F96E45328D00" box="[448,578,1772,1797]" class="Bivalvia" family="Pteriidae" genus="Isognomon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="4" pageNumber="145" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="spathulatus">spathulatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
” derives from a diminutive form of the noun “spatha,” that comes from Ancient Greek
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFF4FFFDFEB1F88D46FC8D2D" box="[323,396,1807,1832]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="145">spáthē</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFF4FFFDFE6FF88D469A8D2D" box="[413,490,1807,1832]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="145">σπάθη,</emphasis>
|
||
f.), or "any broad blade, of wood or metal," that probably referred to the spoon-like shape of the shell of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7CABA9FFF4FFFDFE75F8B745518D48" box="[391,545,1844,1869]" class="Bivalvia" family="Pteriidae" genus="Isognomon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="4" pageNumber="145" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="spathulatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFF4FFFDFE75F8B745518D48" box="[391,545,1844,1869]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="145">I. spathulatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In the original combination with the generic epithet
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7CABA9FFF4FFFDFB76F8B743B88D49" box="[1156,1224,1845,1868]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mytilidae" genus="Perna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mytiloida" pageId="4" pageNumber="145" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFF4FFFDFB76F8B743B88D49" box="[1156,1224,1845,1868]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="145">Perna</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the adjective was properly applied in its feminine form,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7CABA9FFF4FFFDFDA1F8D545B98D75" box="[595,713,1879,1904]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mytilidae" genus="Perna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mytiloida" pageId="4" pageNumber="145" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="spathulata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFF4FFFDFDA1F8D545B98D75" box="[595,713,1879,1904]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="145">spathulata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; however, its use in combination with masculine genus names
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7CABA9FFF4FFFDFF65F8FE478C8D90" box="[151,252,1916,1941]" class="Bivalvia" family="Isognomonidae" genus="Pedalion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreida" pageId="4" pageNumber="145" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFF4FFFDFF65F8FE478C8D90" box="[151,252,1916,1941]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="145">Pedalion</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7CABA9FFF4FFFDFEC9F8FF46C78D91" box="[315,439,1917,1940]" class="Bivalvia" family="Pteriidae" genus="Isognomon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="4" pageNumber="145" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFF4FFFDFEC9F8FF46C78D91" box="[315,439,1917,1940]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="145">Isognomon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
resulted in species names that were uncoordinated in gender. The grammatical form “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7CABA9FFF4FFFDFF53F82246418DBC" box="[161,305,1952,1977]" class="Bivalvia" family="Isognomonidae" genus="Pedalion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreida" pageId="4" pageNumber="145" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="spathulatum">spathulatum</taxonomicName>
|
||
,” that was occasionally applied to the masculine genus names, is an inflected form of the masculine adjective
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7CABA9FFF4FFFDFEF1F84646F48DD8" box="[259,388,1988,2013]" class="Bivalvia" family="Pteriidae" genus="Isognomon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="4" pageNumber="145" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="spathulatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFF4FFFDFEF1F84646F48DD8" box="[259,388,1988,2013]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="145">spathulatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Therefore,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7CABA9FFF4FFFDFDFCF84744638DD8" box="[526,787,1988,2013]" class="Bivalvia" family="Pteriidae" genus="Isognomon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="4" pageNumber="145" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="spathulatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFF4FFFDFDFCF84744638DD8" box="[526,787,1988,2013]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="145">Isognomon spathulatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the proper combination.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C36683A1FFF5FFEDFF35FF15434189E8" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="161" pageId="5" pageNumber="146" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3D02AFFF5FFFCFF35FF154513881D" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,536]" pageId="5" pageNumber="146">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFF5FFFCFF35FF1546298AB5" bold="true" box="[199,345,151,176]" pageId="5" pageNumber="146">Description.</emphasis>
|
||
Shell morphology.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFF5FFFCFDB2FF1544FC8AB5" box="[576,908,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="146">General features of the shell</emphasis>
|
||
: Shell (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFF5FFFCFC18FF1543408AB5" box="[1002,1072,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,249,1905,1927]" captionTargetBox="[163,1406,195,1865]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[163,1407,195,1865]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Isognomon spathulatus, lectotype (NHMUK 20130275 / 1; 39 mm). A—Original illustration by G. B. Sowerby II of a syntype here selected as lectotype (Reeve, 1858: pl. 6, fig. 28); B—H. Cuming’s original label with the locality (“ Isle of Negros ”) glued to the specimen box with markings by other scholars; C—Exterior of the right valve; D—Exterior of the left valve; E—Interior of the left valve; F—Interior of the right valve. Scale bar: 10 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267336/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="146">Figs 1</figureCitation>
|
||
C–F; 2; 3) strongly prosocline, inequilateral, weakly inequivalve, with left valve slightly more convex than nearly flat right valve. Region of maximum convexity approximately one fourth of valve height from hinge margin. Hinge line short (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFF5FFFCFAE2FF5D42258AFD" box="[1296,1365,223,248]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,249,1115,1137]" captionTargetBox="[150,1436,591,1093]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[150,1436,591,1093]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Diagrammatic representation of major features of the shell of Isognomon spathulatus, showing methods of shell measurements and extent of shape variation. A— Exterior of the right valve; B—Interior of the left valve; C—Consensus of shell and nacre margin outlines (dotted lines) with superimposed profiles of individual specimens based on the analysis of 50 individuals from the same population (see text for details). Abbreviations: aa, anterior auricle; ams, accessory (pedo-byssal) muscle scar; anm, anterior margin; bg, byssal gape; cl, calcitic lamella; dom, dorsal margin; farms, fused anterior (pedo-byssal) retractor muscle scar; hl, hinge line; HS, shell height; lga, ligamental area; LS, shell length; mlg, multivincular ligament; nb, border of nacreous layer; pal, pallial line; pams, posterior adductor muscle scar; pmg, prismatic margin; pms, pallial muscle scar; pom, posterior margin; prms, posterior (pedo-byssal) retractor muscle scar; u, umbo; vem, ventral margin." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267337/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="146">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
B, hl), straight in adults (slightly arcuate in juveniles), with terminal umbones (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFF5FFFCFC27FE86436A8B19" box="[981,1050,260,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,249,1115,1137]" captionTargetBox="[150,1436,591,1093]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[150,1436,591,1093]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Diagrammatic representation of major features of the shell of Isognomon spathulatus, showing methods of shell measurements and extent of shape variation. A— Exterior of the right valve; B—Interior of the left valve; C—Consensus of shell and nacre margin outlines (dotted lines) with superimposed profiles of individual specimens based on the analysis of 50 individuals from the same population (see text for details). Abbreviations: aa, anterior auricle; ams, accessory (pedo-byssal) muscle scar; anm, anterior margin; bg, byssal gape; cl, calcitic lamella; dom, dorsal margin; farms, fused anterior (pedo-byssal) retractor muscle scar; hl, hinge line; HS, shell height; lga, ligamental area; LS, shell length; mlg, multivincular ligament; nb, border of nacreous layer; pal, pallial line; pams, posterior adductor muscle scar; pmg, prismatic margin; pms, pallial muscle scar; pom, posterior margin; prms, posterior (pedo-byssal) retractor muscle scar; u, umbo; vem, ventral margin." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267337/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="146">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
B, u) at anteriormost extremity of straight dorsal hinge margin (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFF5FFFCFE16FEA545588B45" box="[484,552,295,320]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,249,1115,1137]" captionTargetBox="[150,1436,591,1093]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[150,1436,591,1093]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Diagrammatic representation of major features of the shell of Isognomon spathulatus, showing methods of shell measurements and extent of shape variation. A— Exterior of the right valve; B—Interior of the left valve; C—Consensus of shell and nacre margin outlines (dotted lines) with superimposed profiles of individual specimens based on the analysis of 50 individuals from the same population (see text for details). Abbreviations: aa, anterior auricle; ams, accessory (pedo-byssal) muscle scar; anm, anterior margin; bg, byssal gape; cl, calcitic lamella; dom, dorsal margin; farms, fused anterior (pedo-byssal) retractor muscle scar; hl, hinge line; HS, shell height; lga, ligamental area; LS, shell length; mlg, multivincular ligament; nb, border of nacreous layer; pal, pallial line; pams, posterior adductor muscle scar; pmg, prismatic margin; pms, pallial muscle scar; pom, posterior margin; prms, posterior (pedo-byssal) retractor muscle scar; u, umbo; vem, ventral margin." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267337/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="146">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
A, dom). Shell outline variable, ventrally widening, with anteroventral margin curved anteriorly in most specimens (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFF5FFFCFDCEFECE450F8B61" box="[572,639,332,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,249,1115,1137]" captionTargetBox="[150,1436,591,1093]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[150,1436,591,1093]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Diagrammatic representation of major features of the shell of Isognomon spathulatus, showing methods of shell measurements and extent of shape variation. A— Exterior of the right valve; B—Interior of the left valve; C—Consensus of shell and nacre margin outlines (dotted lines) with superimposed profiles of individual specimens based on the analysis of 50 individuals from the same population (see text for details). Abbreviations: aa, anterior auricle; ams, accessory (pedo-byssal) muscle scar; anm, anterior margin; bg, byssal gape; cl, calcitic lamella; dom, dorsal margin; farms, fused anterior (pedo-byssal) retractor muscle scar; hl, hinge line; HS, shell height; lga, ligamental area; LS, shell length; mlg, multivincular ligament; nb, border of nacreous layer; pal, pallial line; pams, posterior adductor muscle scar; pmg, prismatic margin; pms, pallial muscle scar; pom, posterior margin; prms, posterior (pedo-byssal) retractor muscle scar; u, umbo; vem, ventral margin." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267337/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="146">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
C). Ventral prismatic margins (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFF5FFFCFC2AFECE436B8B61" box="[984,1051,332,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,249,1115,1137]" captionTargetBox="[150,1436,591,1093]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[150,1436,591,1093]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Diagrammatic representation of major features of the shell of Isognomon spathulatus, showing methods of shell measurements and extent of shape variation. A— Exterior of the right valve; B—Interior of the left valve; C—Consensus of shell and nacre margin outlines (dotted lines) with superimposed profiles of individual specimens based on the analysis of 50 individuals from the same population (see text for details). Abbreviations: aa, anterior auricle; ams, accessory (pedo-byssal) muscle scar; anm, anterior margin; bg, byssal gape; cl, calcitic lamella; dom, dorsal margin; farms, fused anterior (pedo-byssal) retractor muscle scar; hl, hinge line; HS, shell height; lga, ligamental area; LS, shell length; mlg, multivincular ligament; nb, border of nacreous layer; pal, pallial line; pams, posterior adductor muscle scar; pmg, prismatic margin; pms, pallial muscle scar; pom, posterior margin; prms, posterior (pedo-byssal) retractor muscle scar; u, umbo; vem, ventral margin." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267337/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="146">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
B, C, pmg) wide, flexible in living specimens, allowing for tightly sealed shell closure by valve adpression. Anterior and ventral margins coincident (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFF5FFFCFF6DFE1647978BA9" box="[159,231,404,429]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,249,1115,1137]" captionTargetBox="[150,1436,591,1093]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[150,1436,591,1093]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Diagrammatic representation of major features of the shell of Isognomon spathulatus, showing methods of shell measurements and extent of shape variation. A— Exterior of the right valve; B—Interior of the left valve; C—Consensus of shell and nacre margin outlines (dotted lines) with superimposed profiles of individual specimens based on the analysis of 50 individuals from the same population (see text for details). Abbreviations: aa, anterior auricle; ams, accessory (pedo-byssal) muscle scar; anm, anterior margin; bg, byssal gape; cl, calcitic lamella; dom, dorsal margin; farms, fused anterior (pedo-byssal) retractor muscle scar; hl, hinge line; HS, shell height; lga, ligamental area; LS, shell length; mlg, multivincular ligament; nb, border of nacreous layer; pal, pallial line; pams, posterior adductor muscle scar; pmg, prismatic margin; pms, pallial muscle scar; pom, posterior margin; prms, posterior (pedo-byssal) retractor muscle scar; u, umbo; vem, ventral margin." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267337/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="146">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
B, anm, vem), broadly rounded; posterior margin (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFF5FFFCFCCBFE1644F08BA9" box="[825,896,404,429]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,249,1115,1137]" captionTargetBox="[150,1436,591,1093]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[150,1436,591,1093]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Diagrammatic representation of major features of the shell of Isognomon spathulatus, showing methods of shell measurements and extent of shape variation. A— Exterior of the right valve; B—Interior of the left valve; C—Consensus of shell and nacre margin outlines (dotted lines) with superimposed profiles of individual specimens based on the analysis of 50 individuals from the same population (see text for details). Abbreviations: aa, anterior auricle; ams, accessory (pedo-byssal) muscle scar; anm, anterior margin; bg, byssal gape; cl, calcitic lamella; dom, dorsal margin; farms, fused anterior (pedo-byssal) retractor muscle scar; hl, hinge line; HS, shell height; lga, ligamental area; LS, shell length; mlg, multivincular ligament; nb, border of nacreous layer; pal, pallial line; pams, posterior adductor muscle scar; pmg, prismatic margin; pms, pallial muscle scar; pom, posterior margin; prms, posterior (pedo-byssal) retractor muscle scar; u, umbo; vem, ventral margin." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267337/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="146">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
B, pom) straight to weakly concave. Width of prismatic margin approximately equal between valves. Outline of inner nacreous layer (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFF5FFFCFB89FE3543CF8BD5" box="[1147,1215,439,464]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,249,1115,1137]" captionTargetBox="[150,1436,591,1093]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[150,1436,591,1093]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Diagrammatic representation of major features of the shell of Isognomon spathulatus, showing methods of shell measurements and extent of shape variation. A— Exterior of the right valve; B—Interior of the left valve; C—Consensus of shell and nacre margin outlines (dotted lines) with superimposed profiles of individual specimens based on the analysis of 50 individuals from the same population (see text for details). Abbreviations: aa, anterior auricle; ams, accessory (pedo-byssal) muscle scar; anm, anterior margin; bg, byssal gape; cl, calcitic lamella; dom, dorsal margin; farms, fused anterior (pedo-byssal) retractor muscle scar; hl, hinge line; HS, shell height; lga, ligamental area; LS, shell length; mlg, multivincular ligament; nb, border of nacreous layer; pal, pallial line; pams, posterior adductor muscle scar; pmg, prismatic margin; pms, pallial muscle scar; pom, posterior margin; prms, posterior (pedo-byssal) retractor muscle scar; u, umbo; vem, ventral margin." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267337/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="146">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
B, C, nb) following outline of shell margins anteriorly and ventrally; posterior nacreous margin straight, producing characteristic comma-shaped outline of nacreous layer.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF0380A2FFF5FFFCFF65FBD9438F8F5F" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267337/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="146" targetBox="[150,1436,591,1093]" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3D02AFFF5FFFCFF65FBD9438F8F5F" blockId="5.[151,1436,1115,1370]" pageId="5" pageNumber="146">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFF5FFFCFF65FBD9467D8E75" bold="true" box="[151,269,1115,1137]" pageId="5" pageNumber="146">FIGURE 2</emphasis>
|
||
. Diagrammatic representation of major features of the shell of
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFF5FFFCFC68FBDE43FD8E74" box="[922,1165,1115,1137]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="146">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7CABA9FFF5FFFCFC68FBDE43F98E74" box="[922,1161,1115,1137]" class="Bivalvia" family="Pteriidae" genus="Isognomon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="5" pageNumber="146" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="spathulatus">Isognomon spathulatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
showing methods of shell measurements and extent of shape variation. A— Exterior of the right valve; B—Interior of the left valve; C—Consensus of shell and nacre margin outlines (dotted lines) with superimposed profiles of individual specimens based on the analysis of 50 individuals from the same population (see text for details). Abbreviations: aa, anterior auricle; ams, accessory (pedo-byssal) muscle scar; anm, anterior margin; bg, byssal gape; cl, calcitic lamella; dom, dorsal margin; farms, fused anterior (pedo-byssal) retractor muscle scar; hl, hinge line; HS, shell height; lga, ligamental area; LS, shell length; mlg, multivincular ligament; nb, border of nacreous layer; pal, pallial line; pams, posterior adductor muscle scar; pmg, prismatic margin; pms, pallial muscle scar; pom, posterior margin; prms, posterior (pedo-byssal) retractor muscle scar; u, umbo; vem, ventral margin.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3D02AFFF5FFFCFF35FA0B45FB8C0B" blockId="5.[151,1437,1417,2019]" pageId="5" pageNumber="146">
|
||
Height (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFF5FFFCFEDBFA0B46038FA7" box="[297,371,1417,1442]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,249,1115,1137]" captionTargetBox="[150,1436,591,1093]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[150,1436,591,1093]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Diagrammatic representation of major features of the shell of Isognomon spathulatus, showing methods of shell measurements and extent of shape variation. A— Exterior of the right valve; B—Interior of the left valve; C—Consensus of shell and nacre margin outlines (dotted lines) with superimposed profiles of individual specimens based on the analysis of 50 individuals from the same population (see text for details). Abbreviations: aa, anterior auricle; ams, accessory (pedo-byssal) muscle scar; anm, anterior margin; bg, byssal gape; cl, calcitic lamella; dom, dorsal margin; farms, fused anterior (pedo-byssal) retractor muscle scar; hl, hinge line; HS, shell height; lga, ligamental area; LS, shell length; mlg, multivincular ligament; nb, border of nacreous layer; pal, pallial line; pams, posterior adductor muscle scar; pmg, prismatic margin; pms, pallial muscle scar; pom, posterior margin; prms, posterior (pedo-byssal) retractor muscle scar; u, umbo; vem, ventral margin." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267337/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="146">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
A, HS) exceeding length (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFF5FFFCFD41FA0B458C8FA7" box="[691,764,1417,1442]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,249,1115,1137]" captionTargetBox="[150,1436,591,1093]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[150,1436,591,1093]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Diagrammatic representation of major features of the shell of Isognomon spathulatus, showing methods of shell measurements and extent of shape variation. A— Exterior of the right valve; B—Interior of the left valve; C—Consensus of shell and nacre margin outlines (dotted lines) with superimposed profiles of individual specimens based on the analysis of 50 individuals from the same population (see text for details). Abbreviations: aa, anterior auricle; ams, accessory (pedo-byssal) muscle scar; anm, anterior margin; bg, byssal gape; cl, calcitic lamella; dom, dorsal margin; farms, fused anterior (pedo-byssal) retractor muscle scar; hl, hinge line; HS, shell height; lga, ligamental area; LS, shell length; mlg, multivincular ligament; nb, border of nacreous layer; pal, pallial line; pams, posterior adductor muscle scar; pmg, prismatic margin; pms, pallial muscle scar; pom, posterior margin; prms, posterior (pedo-byssal) retractor muscle scar; u, umbo; vem, ventral margin." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267337/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="146">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
A, LS) in most specimens. Principal dissoconch growth gradients shifting from infracrescent growth in early growth stages to procrescent in later stages (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFF5FFFCFAB0FA2F42FE8FC3" box="[1346,1422,1453,1478]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,249,1965,1987]" captionTargetBox="[334,1251,271,1936]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[325,1259,265,1937]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Growth series of Isognomon spathulatus. Specimens from the same population; AMNH 319254; 319256; 319257). Abbreviations: cl, calcitic lamella; rr, radial rib. Scale bar: 10 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267338/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="146">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
). Externally, valves concordant in color, varying from light yellowish-brown or gray to dark brown and brown-red in adults, without specific pattern (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFF5FFFCFE0DFA7745338C0B" box="[511,579,1525,1550]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,249,1905,1927]" captionTargetBox="[163,1406,195,1865]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[163,1407,195,1865]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Isognomon spathulatus, lectotype (NHMUK 20130275 / 1; 39 mm). A—Original illustration by G. B. Sowerby II of a syntype here selected as lectotype (Reeve, 1858: pl. 6, fig. 28); B—H. Cuming’s original label with the locality (“ Isle of Negros ”) glued to the specimen box with markings by other scholars; C—Exterior of the right valve; D—Exterior of the left valve; E—Interior of the left valve; F—Interior of the right valve. Scale bar: 10 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267336/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="146">Figs 1</figureCitation>
|
||
C, D).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3D02AFFF5FFFCFF35F99844D18D0F" blockId="5.[151,1437,1417,2019]" pageId="5" pageNumber="146">
|
||
Juveniles (<
|
||
<quantity id="4C847DCFFFF5FFFCFE96F99846C98C37" box="[356,441,1562,1586]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="146" unit="mm" value="10.0">10 mm</quantity>
|
||
height) typically white. White coloration proximal to umbones often retained into adulthood and sharply demarcated from distal brown part of valves. Inner prismatic margin of same color as outer shell surface but generally lighter and often with irregularly shaped, dark brown or black blotches (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFF5FFFCFAE3F9E042288C7F" box="[1297,1368,1634,1659]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,249,1905,1927]" captionTargetBox="[163,1406,195,1865]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[163,1407,195,1865]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Isognomon spathulatus, lectotype (NHMUK 20130275 / 1; 39 mm). A—Original illustration by G. B. Sowerby II of a syntype here selected as lectotype (Reeve, 1858: pl. 6, fig. 28); B—H. Cuming’s original label with the locality (“ Isle of Negros ”) glued to the specimen box with markings by other scholars; C—Exterior of the right valve; D—Exterior of the left valve; E—Interior of the left valve; F—Interior of the right valve. Scale bar: 10 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267336/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="146">Figs 1</figureCitation>
|
||
E, F). Border of inner nacreous layer circumscribed by dark brown-back margin in most specimens. Nacre iridescent, silvery blue with light pink blotches proximally. Region of maximal shell thickness approximately at level of dorsalmost extremity of posterior adductor muscle. Occasional pearls small (diameter
|
||
<quantity id="4C847DCFFFF5FFFCFB96F94C43CE8CE3" box="[1124,1214,1742,1766]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="146" unit="mm" value="0.4">0.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
; n = 1), white, with smooth surface of considerable luster but weak iridescence (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFF5FFFCFCC8F970440E8D0F" box="[826,894,1778,1803]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,249,559,581]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,537]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,193,538]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Isognomon pearls. A—Free pearl from I. spathulatus, diameter 0.4 mm; B— Pair of free pears from I. ephippium, diameters 0.4 and 0.9 mm; C—The same pearls (indicated by arrows) as in B embedded in soft tissue proximal to hinge." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267339/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="146">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
A).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3D02AFFF5FFFCFF35F89743148D73" blockId="5.[151,1437,1417,2019]" pageId="5" pageNumber="146">
|
||
Shell mean dimensions (from single population, ZMKU Bil 800001–800050, n = 50): height (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFF5FFFCFAF7F897423A8D2B" box="[1285,1354,1813,1838]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,249,1115,1137]" captionTargetBox="[150,1436,591,1093]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[150,1436,591,1093]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Diagrammatic representation of major features of the shell of Isognomon spathulatus, showing methods of shell measurements and extent of shape variation. A— Exterior of the right valve; B—Interior of the left valve; C—Consensus of shell and nacre margin outlines (dotted lines) with superimposed profiles of individual specimens based on the analysis of 50 individuals from the same population (see text for details). Abbreviations: aa, anterior auricle; ams, accessory (pedo-byssal) muscle scar; anm, anterior margin; bg, byssal gape; cl, calcitic lamella; dom, dorsal margin; farms, fused anterior (pedo-byssal) retractor muscle scar; hl, hinge line; HS, shell height; lga, ligamental area; LS, shell length; mlg, multivincular ligament; nb, border of nacreous layer; pal, pallial line; pams, posterior adductor muscle scar; pmg, prismatic margin; pms, pallial muscle scar; pom, posterior margin; prms, posterior (pedo-byssal) retractor muscle scar; u, umbo; vem, ventral margin." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267337/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="146">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
A, HS)
|
||
<quantity id="4C847DCFFFF5FFFCFF65F8B8462C8D57" box="[151,348,1850,1875]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.627" metricValueMax="6.968" metricValueMin="4.286" pageId="5" pageNumber="146" unit="mm" value="56.27" valueMax="69.68" valueMin="42.86">42.86–69.68 mm</quantity>
|
||
, mean 58.95 ±
|
||
<quantity id="4C847DCFFFF5FFFCFDE8F8B845F38D57" box="[538,643,1850,1875]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.81" pageId="5" pageNumber="146" unit="mm" value="5.81">5.81 mm</quantity>
|
||
SD; length (= width;
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFF5FFFCFC7CF8B844A48D57" box="[910,980,1850,1875]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,249,1115,1137]" captionTargetBox="[150,1436,591,1093]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[150,1436,591,1093]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Diagrammatic representation of major features of the shell of Isognomon spathulatus, showing methods of shell measurements and extent of shape variation. A— Exterior of the right valve; B—Interior of the left valve; C—Consensus of shell and nacre margin outlines (dotted lines) with superimposed profiles of individual specimens based on the analysis of 50 individuals from the same population (see text for details). Abbreviations: aa, anterior auricle; ams, accessory (pedo-byssal) muscle scar; anm, anterior margin; bg, byssal gape; cl, calcitic lamella; dom, dorsal margin; farms, fused anterior (pedo-byssal) retractor muscle scar; hl, hinge line; HS, shell height; lga, ligamental area; LS, shell length; mlg, multivincular ligament; nb, border of nacreous layer; pal, pallial line; pams, posterior adductor muscle scar; pmg, prismatic margin; pms, pallial muscle scar; pom, posterior margin; prms, posterior (pedo-byssal) retractor muscle scar; u, umbo; vem, ventral margin." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267337/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="146">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
A, LS)
|
||
<quantity id="4C847DCFFFF5FFFCFBC2F8B8439B8D56" box="[1072,1259,1850,1875]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.521" metricValueMax="6.853" metricValueMin="4.189" pageId="5" pageNumber="146" unit="mm" value="55.21" valueMax="68.53" valueMin="41.89">41.89–68.53mm</quantity>
|
||
, mean 55.98 ±
|
||
<quantity id="4C847DCFFFF5FFFCFF65F8DC47838D73" box="[151,243,1886,1910]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.71" pageId="5" pageNumber="146" unit="mm" value="7.71">7.71mm</quantity>
|
||
SD; hinge length (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFF5FFFCFE3AF8DF457A8D73" box="[456,522,1885,1910]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,249,1115,1137]" captionTargetBox="[150,1436,591,1093]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[150,1436,591,1093]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Diagrammatic representation of major features of the shell of Isognomon spathulatus, showing methods of shell measurements and extent of shape variation. A— Exterior of the right valve; B—Interior of the left valve; C—Consensus of shell and nacre margin outlines (dotted lines) with superimposed profiles of individual specimens based on the analysis of 50 individuals from the same population (see text for details). Abbreviations: aa, anterior auricle; ams, accessory (pedo-byssal) muscle scar; anm, anterior margin; bg, byssal gape; cl, calcitic lamella; dom, dorsal margin; farms, fused anterior (pedo-byssal) retractor muscle scar; hl, hinge line; HS, shell height; lga, ligamental area; LS, shell length; mlg, multivincular ligament; nb, border of nacreous layer; pal, pallial line; pams, posterior adductor muscle scar; pmg, prismatic margin; pms, pallial muscle scar; pom, posterior margin; prms, posterior (pedo-byssal) retractor muscle scar; u, umbo; vem, ventral margin." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267337/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="146">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
A, LH)
|
||
<quantity id="4C847DCFFFF5FFFCFD90F8DF44538D73" box="[610,803,1885,1910]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.151" metricValueMax="2.735" metricValueMin="1.567" pageId="5" pageNumber="146" unit="mm" value="21.51" valueMax="27.35" valueMin="15.67">15.67–27.35 mm</quantity>
|
||
, mean 22.05 ±
|
||
<quantity id="4C847DCFFFF5FFFCFC3CF8DF43428D73" box="[974,1074,1885,1910]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.52" pageId="5" pageNumber="146" unit="mm" value="2.52">2.52 mm</quantity>
|
||
SD.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3D02AFFF5FFFFFF35F80046348AD0" blockId="5.[151,1437,1417,2019]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1436,151,213]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="147" pageId="5" pageNumber="146">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFF5FFFCFF35F80045268D9F" box="[199,598,1922,1947]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="146">Auricles, byssal notch, and gapes</emphasis>
|
||
: Anterior auricles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFF5FFFCFCB6F80044FC8D9F" box="[836,908,1922,1947]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,249,1115,1137]" captionTargetBox="[150,1436,591,1093]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[150,1436,591,1093]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Diagrammatic representation of major features of the shell of Isognomon spathulatus, showing methods of shell measurements and extent of shape variation. A— Exterior of the right valve; B—Interior of the left valve; C—Consensus of shell and nacre margin outlines (dotted lines) with superimposed profiles of individual specimens based on the analysis of 50 individuals from the same population (see text for details). Abbreviations: aa, anterior auricle; ams, accessory (pedo-byssal) muscle scar; anm, anterior margin; bg, byssal gape; cl, calcitic lamella; dom, dorsal margin; farms, fused anterior (pedo-byssal) retractor muscle scar; hl, hinge line; HS, shell height; lga, ligamental area; LS, shell length; mlg, multivincular ligament; nb, border of nacreous layer; pal, pallial line; pams, posterior adductor muscle scar; pmg, prismatic margin; pms, pallial muscle scar; pom, posterior margin; prms, posterior (pedo-byssal) retractor muscle scar; u, umbo; vem, ventral margin." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267337/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="146">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
A, aa) absent or inconspicuous in adults. In juveniles, anterior auricles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFF5FFFCFE29F82745518DBB" box="[475,545,1957,1982]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,249,1860,1882]" captionTargetBox="[216,1373,265,1823]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[216,1374,265,1825]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. External and internal features of dorsal shell region of juvenile Isognomon spathulatus (SEM). A — Right lateral view of articulated shell (AMNH 319254; 5.53 mm). Lateral views of left (B) and right (C) valves showing ligamental area and hinge dentition (AMNH 319254; 7.72 mm). Abbreviations: aa, anterior auricle; at, anterior subumbonal tooth; ats, anterior tooth socket; bn, byssal notch; Fn, fibrous ligamental layer (number corresponding to order of ontogenetic development); lga, ligamental area; P 2, prodissoconch 2; pt, posterior submarginal tooth; pts, posterior tooth socket; re, resilifer. Scale bars: 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267340/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="146">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
A, aa) small, narrow (higher than long), subtriangular, symmetrical between valves, extending ventrally from umbones at acute angle with hinge line, with densely lamellose surface. Anterior auricles demarcated from concave anterodorsal shell margin by groove, more distinct in right valve. Posterior auricles absent.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF0380A2FFF6FFFFFF65F82F44488DE7" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267338/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="147" targetBox="[334,1251,271,1936]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3D02AFFF6FFFFFF65F82F44488DE7" blockId="6.[151,1437,1965,2018]" pageId="6" pageNumber="147">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFF6FFFFFF65F82F467B8DC7" bold="true" box="[151,267,1965,1987]" pageId="6" pageNumber="147">FIGURE 3</emphasis>
|
||
. Growth series of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7CABA9FFF6FFFFFE36F82C45DF8DC6" box="[452,687,1965,1987]" class="Bivalvia" family="Pteriidae" genus="Isognomon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="6" pageNumber="147" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="spathulatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFF6FFFFFE36F82C45DF8DC6" box="[452,687,1965,1987]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="147">Isognomon spathulatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Specimens from the same population; AMNH 319254; 319256; 319257). Abbreviations: cl, calcitic lamella; rr, radial rib. Scale bar: 10 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF0380A2FFF7FFFEFF65FDAD422B8861" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267339/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="148" targetBox="[151,1436,193,537]" targetPageId="7">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3D02AFFF7FFFEFF65FDAD422B8861" blockId="7.[151,1436,559,612]" pageId="7" pageNumber="148">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFF7FFFEFF65FDAD467C8841" bold="true" box="[151,268,559,581]" pageId="7" pageNumber="148">FIGURE 4</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7CABA9FFF7FFFEFEEBFDB346F98843" box="[281,393,561,582]" class="Bivalvia" family="Pteriidae" genus="Isognomon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="7" pageNumber="148" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFF7FFFEFEEBFDB346F98843" box="[281,393,561,582]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="148">Isognomon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
pearls. A—Free pearl from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7CABA9FFF7FFFEFD5AFDB344428840" box="[680,818,559,582]" class="Bivalvia" family="Pteriidae" genus="Isognomon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="7" pageNumber="148" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="spathulatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFF7FFFEFD5AFDB344428840" box="[680,818,559,582]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="148">I. spathulatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, diameter 0.4 mm; B— Pair of free pears from
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFF7FFFEFAE7FDB342EC8840" box="[1301,1436,559,582]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="148">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7CABA9FFF7FFFEFAE7FDB342E88840" box="[1301,1432,559,582]" class="Bivalvia" family="Pteriidae" genus="Isognomon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="7" pageNumber="148" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="ephippium">I. ephippium</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
diameters 0.4 and 0.9 mm; C—The same pearls (indicated by arrows) as in B embedded in soft tissue proximal to hinge.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3D02AFFF7FFFEFF35FD1242E48913" blockId="7.[151,1437,656,2014]" pageId="7" pageNumber="148">
|
||
Commissural line straight or slightly wavy along the ventral margin. Byssal notch (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFF7FFFEFB95FD1243D988AC" box="[1127,1193,656,681]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,249,1860,1882]" captionTargetBox="[216,1373,265,1823]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[216,1374,265,1825]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. External and internal features of dorsal shell region of juvenile Isognomon spathulatus (SEM). A — Right lateral view of articulated shell (AMNH 319254; 5.53 mm). Lateral views of left (B) and right (C) valves showing ligamental area and hinge dentition (AMNH 319254; 7.72 mm). Abbreviations: aa, anterior auricle; at, anterior subumbonal tooth; ats, anterior tooth socket; bn, byssal notch; Fn, fibrous ligamental layer (number corresponding to order of ontogenetic development); lga, ligamental area; P 2, prodissoconch 2; pt, posterior submarginal tooth; pts, posterior tooth socket; re, resilifer. Scale bars: 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267340/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="148">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
A, bn) present only in right valves of juveniles (<
|
||
<quantity id="4C847DCFFFF7FFFEFE1BFD36454E88C8" box="[489,574,692,717]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="7" pageNumber="148" unit="mm" value="25.0">25 mm</quantity>
|
||
in height). Byssal notch broad, weakly demarcated, with ventral border coincident with anterior shell margin. Byssal gape (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFF7FFFEFCF2FD5A443988F4" box="[768,841,728,753]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,249,1115,1137]" captionTargetBox="[150,1436,591,1093]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[150,1436,591,1093]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Diagrammatic representation of major features of the shell of Isognomon spathulatus, showing methods of shell measurements and extent of shape variation. A— Exterior of the right valve; B—Interior of the left valve; C—Consensus of shell and nacre margin outlines (dotted lines) with superimposed profiles of individual specimens based on the analysis of 50 individuals from the same population (see text for details). Abbreviations: aa, anterior auricle; ams, accessory (pedo-byssal) muscle scar; anm, anterior margin; bg, byssal gape; cl, calcitic lamella; dom, dorsal margin; farms, fused anterior (pedo-byssal) retractor muscle scar; hl, hinge line; HS, shell height; lga, ligamental area; LS, shell length; mlg, multivincular ligament; nb, border of nacreous layer; pal, pallial line; pams, posterior adductor muscle scar; pmg, prismatic margin; pms, pallial muscle scar; pom, posterior margin; prms, posterior (pedo-byssal) retractor muscle scar; u, umbo; vem, ventral margin." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267337/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="148">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
A, bg) facing anterodorsally, symmetrical between valves, formed along concave shell margin between beak and convex anterior shell margin. Posterior gape absent.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3D02AFFF7FFFEFF35FCA2446B89A3" blockId="7.[151,1437,656,2014]" pageId="7" pageNumber="148">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFF7FFFEFF35FCA24641893C" box="[199,305,800,825]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="148">Sculpture</emphasis>
|
||
: Irregular lamellae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFF7FFFEFDD2FCA2451B893C" box="[544,619,800,825]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,249,1115,1137]" captionTargetBox="[150,1436,591,1093]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[150,1436,591,1093]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Diagrammatic representation of major features of the shell of Isognomon spathulatus, showing methods of shell measurements and extent of shape variation. A— Exterior of the right valve; B—Interior of the left valve; C—Consensus of shell and nacre margin outlines (dotted lines) with superimposed profiles of individual specimens based on the analysis of 50 individuals from the same population (see text for details). Abbreviations: aa, anterior auricle; ams, accessory (pedo-byssal) muscle scar; anm, anterior margin; bg, byssal gape; cl, calcitic lamella; dom, dorsal margin; farms, fused anterior (pedo-byssal) retractor muscle scar; hl, hinge line; HS, shell height; lga, ligamental area; LS, shell length; mlg, multivincular ligament; nb, border of nacreous layer; pal, pallial line; pams, posterior adductor muscle scar; pmg, prismatic margin; pms, pallial muscle scar; pom, posterior margin; prms, posterior (pedo-byssal) retractor muscle scar; u, umbo; vem, ventral margin." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267337/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="148">Figs 2</figureCitation>
|
||
A; 3, cl) projecting from broadly spaced, irregular, wavy commarginal lirae. Lamellae fragile, largely or entirely abraded in most specimens, resulting in nearly smooth exterior shell surface or low-relief irregular commarginal sculpture. Occasional specimens with low-relief radial ribs (costae;
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFF7FFFEFF65FC0F47A989A0" box="[151,217,909,934]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,249,1965,1987]" captionTargetBox="[334,1251,271,1936]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[325,1259,265,1937]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Growth series of Isognomon spathulatus. Specimens from the same population; AMNH 319254; 319256; 319257). Abbreviations: cl, calcitic lamella; rr, radial rib. Scale bar: 10 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267338/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="148">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
, rr). External sculpture concordant between valves.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3D02AFFF7FFFEFF35FC3245E28F9B" blockId="7.[151,1437,656,2014]" pageId="7" pageNumber="148">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFF7FFFEFF35FC32462B89CC" box="[199,347,944,969]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="148">Muscle scars</emphasis>
|
||
: Posterior adductor muscle (PAM) and posterior pedobyssal retractor muscle (PRM) attachment sites forming a single, large, elongated, confluent muscle scar (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFF7FFFEFC9CFC5744C389E8" box="[878,947,981,1006]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,249,1115,1137]" captionTargetBox="[150,1436,591,1093]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[150,1436,591,1093]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Diagrammatic representation of major features of the shell of Isognomon spathulatus, showing methods of shell measurements and extent of shape variation. A— Exterior of the right valve; B—Interior of the left valve; C—Consensus of shell and nacre margin outlines (dotted lines) with superimposed profiles of individual specimens based on the analysis of 50 individuals from the same population (see text for details). Abbreviations: aa, anterior auricle; ams, accessory (pedo-byssal) muscle scar; anm, anterior margin; bg, byssal gape; cl, calcitic lamella; dom, dorsal margin; farms, fused anterior (pedo-byssal) retractor muscle scar; hl, hinge line; HS, shell height; lga, ligamental area; LS, shell length; mlg, multivincular ligament; nb, border of nacreous layer; pal, pallial line; pams, posterior adductor muscle scar; pmg, prismatic margin; pms, pallial muscle scar; pom, posterior margin; prms, posterior (pedo-byssal) retractor muscle scar; u, umbo; vem, ventral margin." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267337/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="148">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
B, pams, prms) in posteroventral region of nacreous surface at approximately 40–45º relative to hinge axis, with two subequal lobes along anterior margin and elongated narrow dorsal extremity. PAM and PRM scars symmetrical between valves. PAM scar crescent-shaped, widest in ventralmost extremity and gradually tapering dorsally. PRM scars suboval, laterally compressed, often with concave anterior margin, adjacent to concave anterior border of PAM scars. PRM scars extending from ventralmost border to approximately two thirds of PAM scar height. Two small, subequal, rounded scars formed by fused extremities of anterior pedobyssal retractor (FARM;
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFF7FFFEFCCDFB2F44F58EC0" box="[831,901,1197,1222]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,249,1115,1137]" captionTargetBox="[150,1436,591,1093]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[150,1436,591,1093]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Diagrammatic representation of major features of the shell of Isognomon spathulatus, showing methods of shell measurements and extent of shape variation. A— Exterior of the right valve; B—Interior of the left valve; C—Consensus of shell and nacre margin outlines (dotted lines) with superimposed profiles of individual specimens based on the analysis of 50 individuals from the same population (see text for details). Abbreviations: aa, anterior auricle; ams, accessory (pedo-byssal) muscle scar; anm, anterior margin; bg, byssal gape; cl, calcitic lamella; dom, dorsal margin; farms, fused anterior (pedo-byssal) retractor muscle scar; hl, hinge line; HS, shell height; lga, ligamental area; LS, shell length; mlg, multivincular ligament; nb, border of nacreous layer; pal, pallial line; pams, posterior adductor muscle scar; pmg, prismatic margin; pms, pallial muscle scar; pom, posterior margin; prms, posterior (pedo-byssal) retractor muscle scar; u, umbo; vem, ventral margin." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267337/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="148">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
B, farms) and pedo-byssal accessory (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFF7FFFEFACFFB2F42F38EC0" box="[1341,1411,1197,1222]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,249,1115,1137]" captionTargetBox="[150,1436,591,1093]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[150,1436,591,1093]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Diagrammatic representation of major features of the shell of Isognomon spathulatus, showing methods of shell measurements and extent of shape variation. A— Exterior of the right valve; B—Interior of the left valve; C—Consensus of shell and nacre margin outlines (dotted lines) with superimposed profiles of individual specimens based on the analysis of 50 individuals from the same population (see text for details). Abbreviations: aa, anterior auricle; ams, accessory (pedo-byssal) muscle scar; anm, anterior margin; bg, byssal gape; cl, calcitic lamella; dom, dorsal margin; farms, fused anterior (pedo-byssal) retractor muscle scar; hl, hinge line; HS, shell height; lga, ligamental area; LS, shell length; mlg, multivincular ligament; nb, border of nacreous layer; pal, pallial line; pams, posterior adductor muscle scar; pmg, prismatic margin; pms, pallial muscle scar; pom, posterior margin; prms, posterior (pedo-byssal) retractor muscle scar; u, umbo; vem, ventral margin." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267337/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="148">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
B, ams) muscles, with former situated slightly anterodorsal to latter in subumbonal cavity of each valve. Pallial line (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFF7FFFEFF6DFB7747928F08" box="[159,226,1269,1294]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,249,1115,1137]" captionTargetBox="[150,1436,591,1093]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[150,1436,591,1093]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Diagrammatic representation of major features of the shell of Isognomon spathulatus, showing methods of shell measurements and extent of shape variation. A— Exterior of the right valve; B—Interior of the left valve; C—Consensus of shell and nacre margin outlines (dotted lines) with superimposed profiles of individual specimens based on the analysis of 50 individuals from the same population (see text for details). Abbreviations: aa, anterior auricle; ams, accessory (pedo-byssal) muscle scar; anm, anterior margin; bg, byssal gape; cl, calcitic lamella; dom, dorsal margin; farms, fused anterior (pedo-byssal) retractor muscle scar; hl, hinge line; HS, shell height; lga, ligamental area; LS, shell length; mlg, multivincular ligament; nb, border of nacreous layer; pal, pallial line; pams, posterior adductor muscle scar; pmg, prismatic margin; pms, pallial muscle scar; pom, posterior margin; prms, posterior (pedo-byssal) retractor muscle scar; u, umbo; vem, ventral margin." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267337/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="148">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
B, pal) discontinuous, consisting of multiple attachments of sinuses formed by merged radial pallial retractor muscles in both valves. Pallial line extending from anteroventral extremity of PAM scar to area proximal to FARM scar, roughly following outline of anterior shell margin. Relatively indistinct small pallial muscle scars (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFF7FFFEFACCFABF42F38F50" box="[1342,1411,1341,1366]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,249,1115,1137]" captionTargetBox="[150,1436,591,1093]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[150,1436,591,1093]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Diagrammatic representation of major features of the shell of Isognomon spathulatus, showing methods of shell measurements and extent of shape variation. A— Exterior of the right valve; B—Interior of the left valve; C—Consensus of shell and nacre margin outlines (dotted lines) with superimposed profiles of individual specimens based on the analysis of 50 individuals from the same population (see text for details). Abbreviations: aa, anterior auricle; ams, accessory (pedo-byssal) muscle scar; anm, anterior margin; bg, byssal gape; cl, calcitic lamella; dom, dorsal margin; farms, fused anterior (pedo-byssal) retractor muscle scar; hl, hinge line; HS, shell height; lga, ligamental area; LS, shell length; mlg, multivincular ligament; nb, border of nacreous layer; pal, pallial line; pams, posterior adductor muscle scar; pmg, prismatic margin; pms, pallial muscle scar; pom, posterior margin; prms, posterior (pedo-byssal) retractor muscle scar; u, umbo; vem, ventral margin." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267337/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="148">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
B, pms), occasionally fused, forming straight, narrow, secondary pallial line, stretching from dorsal extremity of PAM scar toward posterior extremity of hinge line.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3D02AFFF7FFFEFF35FA2847828C2B" blockId="7.[151,1437,656,2014]" pageId="7" pageNumber="148">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFF7FFFEFF35FA2846D68FC4" box="[199,422,1448,1473]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="148">Hinge and ligament</emphasis>
|
||
: Hinge in juveniles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFF7FFFEFD60FA2A45AB8FC4" box="[658,731,1448,1473]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,249,1860,1882]" captionTargetBox="[216,1373,265,1823]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[216,1374,265,1825]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. External and internal features of dorsal shell region of juvenile Isognomon spathulatus (SEM). A — Right lateral view of articulated shell (AMNH 319254; 5.53 mm). Lateral views of left (B) and right (C) valves showing ligamental area and hinge dentition (AMNH 319254; 7.72 mm). Abbreviations: aa, anterior auricle; at, anterior subumbonal tooth; ats, anterior tooth socket; bn, byssal notch; Fn, fibrous ligamental layer (number corresponding to order of ontogenetic development); lga, ligamental area; P 2, prodissoconch 2; pt, posterior submarginal tooth; pts, posterior tooth socket; re, resilifer. Scale bars: 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267340/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="148">Figs 5</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFF7FFFEFD1AFA2A45878FC4" box="[744,759,1448,1473]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="9.[151,249,641,663]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,211,599]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1435,211,599]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 6. Ligament and larval shell of Isognomon spathulatus (SEM; AMNH 319254). A—Right dorsolateral view of left (top) and right (bottom) prodissoconchs; B—Interior view of anterior region of left valve hinge showing terminal prodissoconch, anterior dentition, and ontogenetically earliest ligamental layers. Abbreviations: at, anterior subumbonal tooth; F 1, ontogenetically first fibrous ligamental layer; mel, metamorphic line; P 1, prodissoconch 1; P 2, prodissoconch 2; re, resilifer. Scale bars: A: 150 Μm; B: 250 Μm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267341/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="148">6</figureCitation>
|
||
) with posteriorly oblique, single, anterior subumbonal tooth (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFF7FFFEFF6DFA4F47998FE3" box="[159,233,1485,1510]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,249,1860,1882]" captionTargetBox="[216,1373,265,1823]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[216,1374,265,1825]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. External and internal features of dorsal shell region of juvenile Isognomon spathulatus (SEM). A — Right lateral view of articulated shell (AMNH 319254; 5.53 mm). Lateral views of left (B) and right (C) valves showing ligamental area and hinge dentition (AMNH 319254; 7.72 mm). Abbreviations: aa, anterior auricle; at, anterior subumbonal tooth; ats, anterior tooth socket; bn, byssal notch; Fn, fibrous ligamental layer (number corresponding to order of ontogenetic development); lga, ligamental area; P 2, prodissoconch 2; pt, posterior submarginal tooth; pts, posterior tooth socket; re, resilifer. Scale bars: 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267340/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="148">Figs 5</figureCitation>
|
||
B; 6B, at) and posteriorly oblique, ridge-like, posterior submarginal tooth (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFF7FFFEFBBEFA4F43E18FE3" box="[1100,1169,1485,1510]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,249,1860,1882]" captionTargetBox="[216,1373,265,1823]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[216,1374,265,1825]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. External and internal features of dorsal shell region of juvenile Isognomon spathulatus (SEM). A — Right lateral view of articulated shell (AMNH 319254; 5.53 mm). Lateral views of left (B) and right (C) valves showing ligamental area and hinge dentition (AMNH 319254; 7.72 mm). Abbreviations: aa, anterior auricle; at, anterior subumbonal tooth; ats, anterior tooth socket; bn, byssal notch; Fn, fibrous ligamental layer (number corresponding to order of ontogenetic development); lga, ligamental area; P 2, prodissoconch 2; pt, posterior submarginal tooth; pts, posterior tooth socket; re, resilifer. Scale bars: 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267340/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="148">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
B, pt) in left valve and corresponding sockets in right valve (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFF7FFFEFDBBFA7245FE8C0C" box="[585,654,1520,1545]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,249,1860,1882]" captionTargetBox="[216,1373,265,1823]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[216,1374,265,1825]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. External and internal features of dorsal shell region of juvenile Isognomon spathulatus (SEM). A — Right lateral view of articulated shell (AMNH 319254; 5.53 mm). Lateral views of left (B) and right (C) valves showing ligamental area and hinge dentition (AMNH 319254; 7.72 mm). Abbreviations: aa, anterior auricle; at, anterior subumbonal tooth; ats, anterior tooth socket; bn, byssal notch; Fn, fibrous ligamental layer (number corresponding to order of ontogenetic development); lga, ligamental area; P 2, prodissoconch 2; pt, posterior submarginal tooth; pts, posterior tooth socket; re, resilifer. Scale bars: 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267340/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="148">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
C, ats, pts). Hinge teeth in adults less distinct and frequently absent entirely.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3D02AFFF7FFFEFF35F9BA42638CBB" blockId="7.[151,1437,656,2014]" pageId="7" pageNumber="148">
|
||
Ligamental (cardinal) area (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFF7FFFEFDF2F9BA45378C54" box="[512,583,1592,1617]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,249,1115,1137]" captionTargetBox="[150,1436,591,1093]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[150,1436,591,1093]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Diagrammatic representation of major features of the shell of Isognomon spathulatus, showing methods of shell measurements and extent of shape variation. A— Exterior of the right valve; B—Interior of the left valve; C—Consensus of shell and nacre margin outlines (dotted lines) with superimposed profiles of individual specimens based on the analysis of 50 individuals from the same population (see text for details). Abbreviations: aa, anterior auricle; ams, accessory (pedo-byssal) muscle scar; anm, anterior margin; bg, byssal gape; cl, calcitic lamella; dom, dorsal margin; farms, fused anterior (pedo-byssal) retractor muscle scar; hl, hinge line; HS, shell height; lga, ligamental area; LS, shell length; mlg, multivincular ligament; nb, border of nacreous layer; pal, pallial line; pams, posterior adductor muscle scar; pmg, prismatic margin; pms, pallial muscle scar; pom, posterior margin; prms, posterior (pedo-byssal) retractor muscle scar; u, umbo; vem, ventral margin." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267337/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="148">Figs 2</figureCitation>
|
||
B, 5C, lga) symmetrical, occupying dorsal part of valves along entire length of hinge axis, extending to dorsal shell margin, and typically gradually decreasing posteriorly. Ligamental areas of opposing valves separated by broad, V-shaped cleft (resulting from interumbonal growth), allowing opening of valves about hinge axis. Dorsal margin (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFF7FFFEFDA9F92745ED8CB8" box="[603,669,1701,1726]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,249,1115,1137]" captionTargetBox="[150,1436,591,1093]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[150,1436,591,1093]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Diagrammatic representation of major features of the shell of Isognomon spathulatus, showing methods of shell measurements and extent of shape variation. A— Exterior of the right valve; B—Interior of the left valve; C—Consensus of shell and nacre margin outlines (dotted lines) with superimposed profiles of individual specimens based on the analysis of 50 individuals from the same population (see text for details). Abbreviations: aa, anterior auricle; ams, accessory (pedo-byssal) muscle scar; anm, anterior margin; bg, byssal gape; cl, calcitic lamella; dom, dorsal margin; farms, fused anterior (pedo-byssal) retractor muscle scar; hl, hinge line; HS, shell height; lga, ligamental area; LS, shell length; mlg, multivincular ligament; nb, border of nacreous layer; pal, pallial line; pams, posterior adductor muscle scar; pmg, prismatic margin; pms, pallial muscle scar; pom, posterior margin; prms, posterior (pedo-byssal) retractor muscle scar; u, umbo; vem, ventral margin." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267337/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="148">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
A, dom) typically severely damaged in adult specimens.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3D02AFFF7FFF1FF35F94A42E08AD1" blockId="7.[151,1437,656,2014]" lastBlockId="8.[151,1436,151,213]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="149" pageId="7" pageNumber="148">
|
||
Ligament (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFF7FFFEFEB1F94A46F88CE4" box="[323,392,1736,1761]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,249,1115,1137]" captionTargetBox="[150,1436,591,1093]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[150,1436,591,1093]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Diagrammatic representation of major features of the shell of Isognomon spathulatus, showing methods of shell measurements and extent of shape variation. A— Exterior of the right valve; B—Interior of the left valve; C—Consensus of shell and nacre margin outlines (dotted lines) with superimposed profiles of individual specimens based on the analysis of 50 individuals from the same population (see text for details). Abbreviations: aa, anterior auricle; ams, accessory (pedo-byssal) muscle scar; anm, anterior margin; bg, byssal gape; cl, calcitic lamella; dom, dorsal margin; farms, fused anterior (pedo-byssal) retractor muscle scar; hl, hinge line; HS, shell height; lga, ligamental area; LS, shell length; mlg, multivincular ligament; nb, border of nacreous layer; pal, pallial line; pams, posterior adductor muscle scar; pmg, prismatic margin; pms, pallial muscle scar; pom, posterior margin; prms, posterior (pedo-byssal) retractor muscle scar; u, umbo; vem, ventral margin." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267337/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="148">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
B, mlg) multivincular, opisthodetic, and dorsal submarginal. Greater part of ligamental area dorsal to hinge axis occupied by older, non-functional part of ligament; active part of ligament restricted to area at and slightly ventral to hinge axis. Fibrous components of ligament (resilia;
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFF7FFFEFBF0F892433B8D2C" box="[1026,1099,1808,1833]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,249,1860,1882]" captionTargetBox="[216,1373,265,1823]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[216,1374,265,1825]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. External and internal features of dorsal shell region of juvenile Isognomon spathulatus (SEM). A — Right lateral view of articulated shell (AMNH 319254; 5.53 mm). Lateral views of left (B) and right (C) valves showing ligamental area and hinge dentition (AMNH 319254; 7.72 mm). Abbreviations: aa, anterior auricle; at, anterior subumbonal tooth; ats, anterior tooth socket; bn, byssal notch; Fn, fibrous ligamental layer (number corresponding to order of ontogenetic development); lga, ligamental area; P 2, prodissoconch 2; pt, posterior submarginal tooth; pts, posterior tooth socket; re, resilifer. Scale bars: 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267340/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="148">Figs 5</figureCitation>
|
||
B, C; 6B, F1–3) deposited in resilifers (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFF7FFFEFEFBF8B746228D4B" box="[265,338,1845,1870]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,249,1860,1882]" captionTargetBox="[216,1373,265,1823]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[216,1374,265,1825]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. External and internal features of dorsal shell region of juvenile Isognomon spathulatus (SEM). A — Right lateral view of articulated shell (AMNH 319254; 5.53 mm). Lateral views of left (B) and right (C) valves showing ligamental area and hinge dentition (AMNH 319254; 7.72 mm). Abbreviations: aa, anterior auricle; at, anterior subumbonal tooth; ats, anterior tooth socket; bn, byssal notch; Fn, fibrous ligamental layer (number corresponding to order of ontogenetic development); lga, ligamental area; P 2, prodissoconch 2; pt, posterior submarginal tooth; pts, posterior tooth socket; re, resilifer. Scale bars: 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267340/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="148">Figs 5</figureCitation>
|
||
B, C; 6B, re); lamellar component of ligament occupying flat ligamental area between resilifers. Fibrous and lamellar layers continuous across valves, with former produced more ventrally than latter. Resilifers perpendicular to hinge axis, slightly curving anteriorly in their dorsal part, typically uniform in width, and deposited at relatively equal intervals in same individual. Resilifers monoserial, rounded in cross section, breached along ventral surface in large and crenulated in small individuals (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFF7FFFEFC5BF84744858DDB" box="[937,1013,1989,2014]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,249,1860,1882]" captionTargetBox="[216,1373,265,1823]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[216,1374,265,1825]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. External and internal features of dorsal shell region of juvenile Isognomon spathulatus (SEM). A — Right lateral view of articulated shell (AMNH 319254; 5.53 mm). Lateral views of left (B) and right (C) valves showing ligamental area and hinge dentition (AMNH 319254; 7.72 mm). Abbreviations: aa, anterior auricle; at, anterior subumbonal tooth; ats, anterior tooth socket; bn, byssal notch; Fn, fibrous ligamental layer (number corresponding to order of ontogenetic development); lga, ligamental area; P 2, prodissoconch 2; pt, posterior submarginal tooth; pts, posterior tooth socket; re, resilifer. Scale bars: 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267340/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="148">Figs 5</figureCitation>
|
||
B, C, 6B). One or two anteriormost resilifers in adult shells generally narrower and frequently not reaching hinge axis in adults. Number of resilifers in adult individuals (from single population, ZMKU Bil 800001–800050, n = 50): 6–10 (mean 7.62 ±
|
||
<quantity id="4C847DCFFFF8FFF1FB03FF3E42258AD1" box="[1265,1365,188,212]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.03" pageId="8" pageNumber="149" unit="mm" value="1.03">1.03 mm</quantity>
|
||
SD).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF0380A2FFF8FFF1FF65F8C642EC8DD1" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267340/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="149" targetBox="[216,1373,265,1823]" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3D02AFFF8FFF1FF65F8C642EC8DD1" blockId="8.[151,1436,1860,2004]" pageId="8" pageNumber="149">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFF8FFF1FF65F8C6467E8D5C" bold="true" box="[151,270,1860,1882]" pageId="8" pageNumber="149">FIGURE 5</emphasis>
|
||
. External and internal features of dorsal shell region of juvenile
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7CABA9FFF8FFF1FC5EF8C743E98D5F" box="[940,1177,1860,1882]" class="Bivalvia" family="Pteriidae" genus="Isognomon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="8" pageNumber="149" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="spathulatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFF8FFF1FC5EF8C743E98D5F" box="[940,1177,1860,1882]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="149">Isognomon spathulatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(SEM). A
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFF8FFF1FAF4F8C7426C8D5F" box="[1286,1308,1861,1882]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="149">—</emphasis>
|
||
Right lateral view of articulated shell (AMNH 319254; 5.53 mm). Lateral views of left (B) and right (C) valves showing ligamental area and hinge dentition (AMNH 319254; 7.72 mm). Abbreviations: aa, anterior auricle; at, anterior subumbonal tooth; ats, anterior tooth socket; bn, byssal notch; Fn, fibrous ligamental layer (number corresponding to order of ontogenetic development); lga, ligamental area; P2, prodissoconch 2; pt, posterior submarginal tooth; pts, posterior tooth socket; re, resilifer. Scale bars: 1 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF0380A2FFF9FFF0FF65FD0345248917" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267341/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="150" targetBox="[151,1435,211,599]" targetPageId="9">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3D02AFFF9FFF0FF65FD0345248917" blockId="9.[151,1436,641,786]" pageId="9" pageNumber="150">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFF9FFF0FF65FD03467D8893" bold="true" box="[151,269,641,663]" pageId="9" pageNumber="150">FIGURE 6</emphasis>
|
||
. Ligament and larval shell of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7CABA9FFF9FFF0FDB6FD0044418892" box="[580,817,641,663]" class="Bivalvia" family="Pteriidae" genus="Isognomon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="9" pageNumber="150" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="spathulatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFF9FFF0FDB6FD0044418892" box="[580,817,641,663]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="150">Isognomon spathulatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(SEM; AMNH 319254). A—Right dorsolateral view of left (top) and right (bottom) prodissoconchs; B—Interior view of anterior region of left valve hinge showing terminal prodissoconch, anterior dentition, and ontogenetically earliest ligamental layers. Abbreviations: at, anterior subumbonal tooth; F1, ontogenetically first fibrous ligamental layer; mel, metamorphic line; P1, prodissoconch 1; P2, prodissoconch 2; re, resilifer. Scale bars: A: 150 Μm; B: 250 Μm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3D02AFFF9FFF0FF35FCBC45E489EC" blockId="9.[151,1437,830,1974]" pageId="9" pageNumber="150">
|
||
Ontogenetically first (anteriormost) resilifer (F1) originating below center of larval hinge (provinculum), projecting first posteriorly nearly parallel to hinge line and gradually widening, then abruptly turning ventrally (perpendicular to hinge axis), and from that point no longer expanding in width (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFF9FFF0FBD2FC044313899A" box="[1056,1123,902,927]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="9.[151,249,641,663]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,211,599]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1435,211,599]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 6. Ligament and larval shell of Isognomon spathulatus (SEM; AMNH 319254). A—Right dorsolateral view of left (top) and right (bottom) prodissoconchs; B—Interior view of anterior region of left valve hinge showing terminal prodissoconch, anterior dentition, and ontogenetically earliest ligamental layers. Abbreviations: at, anterior subumbonal tooth; F 1, ontogenetically first fibrous ligamental layer; mel, metamorphic line; P 1, prodissoconch 1; P 2, prodissoconch 2; re, resilifer. Scale bars: A: 150 Μm; B: 250 Μm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267341/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="150">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
B). All subsequent resilifers developing posterior to F1 along hinge axis along similar growth trajectory. Ligament growth pattern formula (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEDADDBFFF9FFF0FF6CFC53463589EC" author="Malchus" box="[158,325,977,1002]" pageId="9" pageNumber="150" refString="Malchus, N. (2004) Constraints in the ligament ontogeny and evolution of pteriomorphian Bivalvia. Palaeontology, 47 (6), 1539 - 1574. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 0031 - 0239.2004.00419. x" type="journal article" year="2004">Malchus 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
): [1c a -p, 2p-pv, 3p-pv,
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFF9FFF0FDB1FC50452189EC" box="[579,593,978,1001]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="150">n</emphasis>
|
||
p-pv].
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3D02AFFF9FFF0FF35FC77427D8EC7" blockId="9.[151,1437,830,1974]" pageId="9" pageNumber="150">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFF9FFF0FF35FC77463D8E0B" box="[199,333,1013,1038]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="150">Larval shell</emphasis>
|
||
: Prodissoconch (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFF9FFF0FDFFFC7745238E0B" box="[525,595,1013,1038]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,249,1860,1882]" captionTargetBox="[216,1373,265,1823]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[216,1374,265,1825]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. External and internal features of dorsal shell region of juvenile Isognomon spathulatus (SEM). A — Right lateral view of articulated shell (AMNH 319254; 5.53 mm). Lateral views of left (B) and right (C) valves showing ligamental area and hinge dentition (AMNH 319254; 7.72 mm). Abbreviations: aa, anterior auricle; at, anterior subumbonal tooth; ats, anterior tooth socket; bn, byssal notch; Fn, fibrous ligamental layer (number corresponding to order of ontogenetic development); lga, ligamental area; P 2, prodissoconch 2; pt, posterior submarginal tooth; pts, posterior tooth socket; re, resilifer. Scale bars: 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267340/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="150">Figs 5</figureCitation>
|
||
A; 6, P2) terminal, tilted ventrally relative to hinge axis, with homogeneous surface texture. Prodissoconch 1 (P1) D-shaped, equilateral, devoid of commarginal sculpture; length 58 Μm (n = 1) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFF9FFF0FF37FBBF467F8E53" box="[197,271,1085,1110]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="9.[151,249,641,663]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,211,599]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1435,211,599]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 6. Ligament and larval shell of Isognomon spathulatus (SEM; AMNH 319254). A—Right dorsolateral view of left (top) and right (bottom) prodissoconchs; B—Interior view of anterior region of left valve hinge showing terminal prodissoconch, anterior dentition, and ontogenetically earliest ligamental layers. Abbreviations: at, anterior subumbonal tooth; F 1, ontogenetically first fibrous ligamental layer; mel, metamorphic line; P 1, prodissoconch 1; P 2, prodissoconch 2; re, resilifer. Scale bars: A: 150 Μm; B: 250 Μm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267341/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="150">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
A, P1). P1 distinguished from prodissoconch 2 (P2) by first commarginal lira. P2 very slightly opisthogyrate, subtriangular in outline, with posterior margin slightly broader and rounder than anterior margin; average length 266.5 ± 0.5 Μm SD (n = 2). Exterior surface of P2 with conspicuous, regularly widely spaced commarginal lirae. P2 sharply demarcated from early dissoconch by metamorphic line (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFF9FFF0FB9CFB2B43C08EC7" box="[1134,1200,1193,1218]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="9.[151,249,641,663]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,211,599]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1435,211,599]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 6. Ligament and larval shell of Isognomon spathulatus (SEM; AMNH 319254). A—Right dorsolateral view of left (top) and right (bottom) prodissoconchs; B—Interior view of anterior region of left valve hinge showing terminal prodissoconch, anterior dentition, and ontogenetically earliest ligamental layers. Abbreviations: at, anterior subumbonal tooth; F 1, ontogenetically first fibrous ligamental layer; mel, metamorphic line; P 1, prodissoconch 1; P 2, prodissoconch 2; re, resilifer. Scale bars: A: 150 Μm; B: 250 Μm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267341/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="150">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
A, mel).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3D02AFFF9FFF0FF35FB4F420B8F73" blockId="9.[151,1437,830,1974]" pageId="9" pageNumber="150">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFF9FFF0FF35FB4F46DE8EE0" box="[199,430,1229,1254]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="150">Shell microstructure</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFF9FFF0FE32FB4F45798EE3" box="[448,521,1229,1254]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="10.[151,249,1877,1899]" captionTargetBox="[387,1199,193,1855]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[387,1200,193,1856]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 7. Isognomon spathulatus shell microstructure (SEM; AMNH 319258; 55 mm). A—Oval tablets of the outer surface of the nacreous layer; B—Prismatic-nacreous layer boundary at the interior surface of ventral shell margin; C—Exterior surface of the outer shell layer showing polygonal cross-sectional shape of prisms. Scale bars: A: 15 Μm; B: 50 Μm; C: 25 Μm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267342/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="150">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
): Microstructure prismatonacreous, with outer shell layer composed of simple, vertical, polygonal (predominantly pentagonal and hexagonal, frequently irregular) prisms (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFF9FFF0FB56FB73439D8F0C" box="[1188,1261,1265,1290]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="10.[151,249,1877,1899]" captionTargetBox="[387,1199,193,1855]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[387,1200,193,1856]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 7. Isognomon spathulatus shell microstructure (SEM; AMNH 319258; 55 mm). A—Oval tablets of the outer surface of the nacreous layer; B—Prismatic-nacreous layer boundary at the interior surface of ventral shell margin; C—Exterior surface of the outer shell layer showing polygonal cross-sectional shape of prisms. Scale bars: A: 15 Μm; B: 50 Μm; C: 25 Μm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267342/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="150">Figs 7</figureCitation>
|
||
B, C) and inner sheet nacreous layer. Individual nacre tablets (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFF9FFF0FD50FA9745998F2B" box="[674,745,1301,1326]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="10.[151,249,1877,1899]" captionTargetBox="[387,1199,193,1855]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[387,1200,193,1856]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 7. Isognomon spathulatus shell microstructure (SEM; AMNH 319258; 55 mm). A—Oval tablets of the outer surface of the nacreous layer; B—Prismatic-nacreous layer boundary at the interior surface of ventral shell margin; C—Exterior surface of the outer shell layer showing polygonal cross-sectional shape of prisms. Scale bars: A: 15 Μm; B: 50 Μm; C: 25 Μm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267342/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="150">Figs 7</figureCitation>
|
||
A, B) regularly oval in outline and varying in size depending on growth stage; growing predominantly by nucleation with subsequent coalescence and, occasionally, by dextral or sinistral spiral growth. Prismatic layer in umbonal region often abraded, revealing underlying nacreous layer.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3D02AFFF9FFF0FF35FA00464E8C03" blockId="9.[151,1437,830,1974]" pageId="9" pageNumber="150">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFF9FFF0FF35FA0046418F9C" box="[199,305,1410,1433]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="150">Anatomy.</emphasis>
|
||
Visceral mass (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFF9FFF0FE19FA0345408F9C" box="[491,560,1409,1434]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="11.[151,249,752,774]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,730]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,193,731]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 8. Soft anatomy of Isognomon spathulatus (AMNH 319257; 39 mm). A—Right lateral view of intact soft anatomy with the right valve removed; B—Right lateral view of the soft anatomy with the valves and the mantle lobe removed; C—Diagrammatic view of the soft anatomy showing the internal features on the visceral mass. Abbreviations: ad, adhesive disk of byssus; af, anal funnel; am, accessory pedo-byssal muscle; amc, “ catch ” component of posterior adductor muscle; amq, “ quick ” component of posterior adductor muscle; au, auricle; by, byssus; byt, byssal thread; ct, ctenidium; e, esophagus; f, foot; farm, fused anterior pedo-byssal retractor muscles; h, heart; hl, hinge line; in, intestine; k, kidney (shaded gray); lp, labial palp; mi, mantle isthmus; mlc, contractile zone of mantle lobe; mlh, homogeneous central zone of mantle lobe; mm, mantle margin; mo, mouth; nb, border of nacreous layer; pam, posterior adductor muscle; pf, pallial fold; prm, posterior pedo-byssal retractor muscle; rprm, radial pallial retractor muscle; sm, suspensory membrane; st, gastric chamber (“ stomach ”); ss, supramyal septum; ur, ureter; v, ventricle; vm, visceral mass. Scale bar: 10 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267343/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="150">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
B, vm) relatively small compared to size of shell, situated ventral to hinge, produced posteroventrally toward anterior surface of posterior adductor muscle and connected to it by loose connective tissue. Visceral mass occupied by digestive glands, enveloping centrally placed gastric chamber and gonadal tissue.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3D02AFFF9FFF0FF35F99346088C74" blockId="9.[151,1437,830,1974]" pageId="9" pageNumber="150">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFF9FFF0FF35F99346668C2F" box="[199,278,1553,1578]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="150">Mantle</emphasis>
|
||
: Mantle lobes occupying most of area between valves extending from hinge line (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFF9FFF0FB32F99342728C2C" box="[1216,1282,1553,1578]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="11.[151,249,752,774]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,730]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,193,731]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 8. Soft anatomy of Isognomon spathulatus (AMNH 319257; 39 mm). A—Right lateral view of intact soft anatomy with the right valve removed; B—Right lateral view of the soft anatomy with the valves and the mantle lobe removed; C—Diagrammatic view of the soft anatomy showing the internal features on the visceral mass. Abbreviations: ad, adhesive disk of byssus; af, anal funnel; am, accessory pedo-byssal muscle; amc, “ catch ” component of posterior adductor muscle; amq, “ quick ” component of posterior adductor muscle; au, auricle; by, byssus; byt, byssal thread; ct, ctenidium; e, esophagus; f, foot; farm, fused anterior pedo-byssal retractor muscles; h, heart; hl, hinge line; in, intestine; k, kidney (shaded gray); lp, labial palp; mi, mantle isthmus; mlc, contractile zone of mantle lobe; mlh, homogeneous central zone of mantle lobe; mm, mantle margin; mo, mouth; nb, border of nacreous layer; pam, posterior adductor muscle; pf, pallial fold; prm, posterior pedo-byssal retractor muscle; rprm, radial pallial retractor muscle; sm, suspensory membrane; st, gastric chamber (“ stomach ”); ss, supramyal septum; ur, ureter; v, ventricle; vm, visceral mass. Scale bar: 10 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267343/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="150">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
A, hl) around circumference of shell nacreous border (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFF9FFF0FDABF9B745EF8C4B" box="[601,671,1589,1614]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="11.[151,249,752,774]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,730]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,193,731]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 8. Soft anatomy of Isognomon spathulatus (AMNH 319257; 39 mm). A—Right lateral view of intact soft anatomy with the right valve removed; B—Right lateral view of the soft anatomy with the valves and the mantle lobe removed; C—Diagrammatic view of the soft anatomy showing the internal features on the visceral mass. Abbreviations: ad, adhesive disk of byssus; af, anal funnel; am, accessory pedo-byssal muscle; amc, “ catch ” component of posterior adductor muscle; amq, “ quick ” component of posterior adductor muscle; au, auricle; by, byssus; byt, byssal thread; ct, ctenidium; e, esophagus; f, foot; farm, fused anterior pedo-byssal retractor muscles; h, heart; hl, hinge line; in, intestine; k, kidney (shaded gray); lp, labial palp; mi, mantle isthmus; mlc, contractile zone of mantle lobe; mlh, homogeneous central zone of mantle lobe; mm, mantle margin; mo, mouth; nb, border of nacreous layer; pam, posterior adductor muscle; pf, pallial fold; prm, posterior pedo-byssal retractor muscle; rprm, radial pallial retractor muscle; sm, suspensory membrane; st, gastric chamber (“ stomach ”); ss, supramyal septum; ur, ureter; v, ventricle; vm, visceral mass. Scale bar: 10 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267343/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="150">Figs 8</figureCitation>
|
||
A, C, nb), with four distinct regions: mantle isthmus, central, pallial, and marginal zones.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3D02AFFF9FFF0FF35F9FF43C48DB3" blockId="9.[151,1437,830,1974]" pageId="9" pageNumber="150">
|
||
Margins of mantle lobes fused dorsally forming translucent, colorless mantle isthmus (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFF9FFF0FB38F9FF42618C93" box="[1226,1297,1661,1686]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="11.[151,249,752,774]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,730]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,193,731]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 8. Soft anatomy of Isognomon spathulatus (AMNH 319257; 39 mm). A—Right lateral view of intact soft anatomy with the right valve removed; B—Right lateral view of the soft anatomy with the valves and the mantle lobe removed; C—Diagrammatic view of the soft anatomy showing the internal features on the visceral mass. Abbreviations: ad, adhesive disk of byssus; af, anal funnel; am, accessory pedo-byssal muscle; amc, “ catch ” component of posterior adductor muscle; amq, “ quick ” component of posterior adductor muscle; au, auricle; by, byssus; byt, byssal thread; ct, ctenidium; e, esophagus; f, foot; farm, fused anterior pedo-byssal retractor muscles; h, heart; hl, hinge line; in, intestine; k, kidney (shaded gray); lp, labial palp; mi, mantle isthmus; mlc, contractile zone of mantle lobe; mlh, homogeneous central zone of mantle lobe; mm, mantle margin; mo, mouth; nb, border of nacreous layer; pam, posterior adductor muscle; pf, pallial fold; prm, posterior pedo-byssal retractor muscle; rprm, radial pallial retractor muscle; sm, suspensory membrane; st, gastric chamber (“ stomach ”); ss, supramyal septum; ur, ureter; v, ventricle; vm, visceral mass. Scale bar: 10 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267343/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="150">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
B, mi) with irregularly crenulated outline. Mantle isthmus crenulations corresponding to ventrally protruding extremities of resilia. Area of mantle lobe fusion continuous with mantle isthmus, extending ventrally at approximately right angle relative to hinge axis for approximately
|
||
<quantity id="4C847DCFFFF9FFF0FD5CF96B447D8D04" box="[686,781,1769,1793]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="150" unit="mm" value="3.5" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="3.0">3–4 mm</quantity>
|
||
anteriorly and
|
||
<quantity id="4C847DCFFFF9FFF0FC4DF96B434A8D04" box="[959,1082,1769,1794]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="150" unit="mm" value="12.5" valueMax="15.0" valueMin="10.0">10–15 mm</quantity>
|
||
posteriorly. Remaining mantle margins free. Anterior part of mantle isthmus and anterodorsal margins of mantle lobes forming pallial hood concealing lips, mouth, dorsal part of labial palps, and foot. Inner surfaces of mantle lobes connected by short supramyal septum (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFF9FFF0FE84F8D746CF8D6B" box="[374,447,1877,1902]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="11.[151,249,752,774]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,730]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,193,731]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 8. Soft anatomy of Isognomon spathulatus (AMNH 319257; 39 mm). A—Right lateral view of intact soft anatomy with the right valve removed; B—Right lateral view of the soft anatomy with the valves and the mantle lobe removed; C—Diagrammatic view of the soft anatomy showing the internal features on the visceral mass. Abbreviations: ad, adhesive disk of byssus; af, anal funnel; am, accessory pedo-byssal muscle; amc, “ catch ” component of posterior adductor muscle; amq, “ quick ” component of posterior adductor muscle; au, auricle; by, byssus; byt, byssal thread; ct, ctenidium; e, esophagus; f, foot; farm, fused anterior pedo-byssal retractor muscles; h, heart; hl, hinge line; in, intestine; k, kidney (shaded gray); lp, labial palp; mi, mantle isthmus; mlc, contractile zone of mantle lobe; mlh, homogeneous central zone of mantle lobe; mm, mantle margin; mo, mouth; nb, border of nacreous layer; pam, posterior adductor muscle; pf, pallial fold; prm, posterior pedo-byssal retractor muscle; rprm, radial pallial retractor muscle; sm, suspensory membrane; st, gastric chamber (“ stomach ”); ss, supramyal septum; ur, ureter; v, ventricle; vm, visceral mass. Scale bar: 10 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267343/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="150">Figs 8</figureCitation>
|
||
B, C, ss), stretching from dorsalmost surface of posterior adductor muscle to posterior surface of visceral mass dorsal to intestine. Area between inner surfaces of mantle lobes circumscribed by supramyal septum and dorsal surface of visceral mass, and filled with loose connective tissue.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF0380A2FFFAFFF3FF65F8D742E68DAD" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267342/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="151" targetBox="[387,1199,193,1855]" targetPageId="10">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3D02AFFFAFFF3FF65F8D742E68DAD" blockId="10.[151,1436,1877,1960]" pageId="10" pageNumber="151">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFFAFFF3FF65F8D7467C8D6E" bold="true" box="[151,268,1877,1899]" pageId="10" pageNumber="151">FIGURE 7</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7CABA9FFFAFFF3FEEAF8D445748D6E" box="[280,516,1877,1899]" class="Bivalvia" family="Pteriidae" genus="Isognomon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="10" pageNumber="151" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="spathulatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFFAFFF3FEEAF8D445748D6E" box="[280,516,1877,1899]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="151">Isognomon spathulatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
shell microstructure (SEM; AMNH 319258; 55 mm). A—Oval tablets of the outer surface of the nacreous layer; B—Prismatic-nacreous layer boundary at the interior surface of ventral shell margin; C—Exterior surface of the outer shell layer showing polygonal cross-sectional shape of prisms. Scale bars: A: 15 Μm; B: 50 Μm; C: 25 Μm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF0380A2FFFBFFF2FF65FD72443E8E1F" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267343/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="152" targetBox="[151,1436,193,730]" targetPageId="11">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3D02AFFFBFFF2FF65FD72443E8E1F" blockId="11.[151,1436,752,1050]" pageId="11" pageNumber="152">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFFBFFF2FF65FD72467D8900" bold="true" box="[151,269,752,774]" pageId="11" pageNumber="152">FIGURE 8</emphasis>
|
||
. Soft anatomy of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7CABA9FFFBFFF2FE35FD7345C48903" box="[455,692,752,774]" class="Bivalvia" family="Pteriidae" genus="Isognomon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="11" pageNumber="152" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="spathulatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFFBFFF2FE35FD7345C48903" box="[455,692,752,774]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="152">Isognomon spathulatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(AMNH 319257; 39 mm). A—Right lateral view of intact soft anatomy with the right valve removed; B—Right lateral view of the soft anatomy with the valves and the mantle lobe removed; C—Diagrammatic view of the soft anatomy showing the internal features on the visceral mass. Abbreviations: ad, adhesive disk of byssus; af, anal funnel; am, accessory pedo-byssal muscle; amc, “catch” component of posterior adductor muscle; amq, “quick” component of posterior adductor muscle; au, auricle; by, byssus; byt, byssal thread; ct, ctenidium; e, esophagus; f, foot; farm, fused anterior pedo-byssal retractor muscles; h, heart; hl, hinge line; in, intestine; k, kidney (shaded gray); lp, labial palp; mi, mantle isthmus; mlc, contractile zone of mantle lobe; mlh, homogeneous central zone of mantle lobe; mm, mantle margin; mo, mouth; nb, border of nacreous layer; pam, posterior adductor muscle; pf, pallial fold; prm, posterior pedo-byssal retractor muscle; rprm, radial pallial retractor muscle; sm, suspensory membrane; st, gastric chamber (“stomach”); ss, supramyal septum; ur, ureter; v, ventricle; vm, visceral mass. Scale bar: 10 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3D02AFFFBFFF2FF35FBC445AD8F32" blockId="11.[151,1437,1094,2020]" pageId="11" pageNumber="152">
|
||
Central zone of mantle lobes (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFFBFFF2FDEBFBC4452E8E5A" box="[537,606,1094,1119]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="11.[151,249,752,774]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,730]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,193,731]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 8. Soft anatomy of Isognomon spathulatus (AMNH 319257; 39 mm). A—Right lateral view of intact soft anatomy with the right valve removed; B—Right lateral view of the soft anatomy with the valves and the mantle lobe removed; C—Diagrammatic view of the soft anatomy showing the internal features on the visceral mass. Abbreviations: ad, adhesive disk of byssus; af, anal funnel; am, accessory pedo-byssal muscle; amc, “ catch ” component of posterior adductor muscle; amq, “ quick ” component of posterior adductor muscle; au, auricle; by, byssus; byt, byssal thread; ct, ctenidium; e, esophagus; f, foot; farm, fused anterior pedo-byssal retractor muscles; h, heart; hl, hinge line; in, intestine; k, kidney (shaded gray); lp, labial palp; mi, mantle isthmus; mlc, contractile zone of mantle lobe; mlh, homogeneous central zone of mantle lobe; mm, mantle margin; mo, mouth; nb, border of nacreous layer; pam, posterior adductor muscle; pf, pallial fold; prm, posterior pedo-byssal retractor muscle; rprm, radial pallial retractor muscle; sm, suspensory membrane; st, gastric chamber (“ stomach ”); ss, supramyal septum; ur, ureter; v, ventricle; vm, visceral mass. Scale bar: 10 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267343/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="152">Figs 8</figureCitation>
|
||
A; 9C, mlh) homogeneous, colorless, semitranslucent, with inner surfaces fused to visceral mass, pericardium, and kidneys. Mantle-visceral mass fusion extending to proximal edges of outer labial palps anteriorly and ventral border of pericardial wall posteriorly. Mantle lobes perforated by pallial retractors, posterior adductor, pedobyssal retractor and accessory muscles. In larger individuals, mantle central zone ventral to visceral mass thicker, denser, and non-translucent, creamy pale yellow to light brown. Large eosinophilic secretory cells with distinct granules (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFFBFFF2FD28FB79446F8F16" box="[730,799,1275,1300]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="12.[151,249,1797,1819]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,373,1774]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1436,373,1775]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 9. Mantle morphology of Isognomon spathulatus (A, B: Histology, 5 - µm, PAS stain; AMNH 319258; 52 mm; D: SEM; AMNH 319258; 55 mm). A—Cross-section of the mantle margin; B—Cross-section of the mantle margin at the centralto-contractile zone transition region; C—Fragment from the ventral part of mantle showing the inner surface with distinct central, contractile, and marginal zones; D—Laterodorsal view of the mantle edge with a fragment of OF- 2 removed to reveal OF- 1 (SEM). Abbreviations: ce, columnar epithelium; cpa, circumpallial artery; cpn, circumpallial nerve; ec, eosinophilic cell; if- n, inner mantle fold; mfb, muscle fiber; mlc, contractile zone of mantle lobe; mlh, homogeneous central zone of mantle lobe; mm, mantle margin; of- n, outer mantle fold; p, periostracum; pgr, periostracal groove; pm, pallial muscle; t, tentacle. Scale bars: A, B: 200 Μm; C: 2 mm; D: 500 Μm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267344/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="152">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
B, ec) lining epithelium of outer surface of central zone and extending into connective tissue of pallial zone.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3D02AFFFBFFF2FF35FAC145C68FE9" blockId="11.[151,1437,1094,2020]" pageId="11" pageNumber="152">
|
||
Contractile zone of mantle lobes (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFFBFFF2FD91FAC145DF8F5E" box="[611,687,1347,1372]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="11.[151,249,752,774]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,730]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,193,731]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 8. Soft anatomy of Isognomon spathulatus (AMNH 319257; 39 mm). A—Right lateral view of intact soft anatomy with the right valve removed; B—Right lateral view of the soft anatomy with the valves and the mantle lobe removed; C—Diagrammatic view of the soft anatomy showing the internal features on the visceral mass. Abbreviations: ad, adhesive disk of byssus; af, anal funnel; am, accessory pedo-byssal muscle; amc, “ catch ” component of posterior adductor muscle; amq, “ quick ” component of posterior adductor muscle; au, auricle; by, byssus; byt, byssal thread; ct, ctenidium; e, esophagus; f, foot; farm, fused anterior pedo-byssal retractor muscles; h, heart; hl, hinge line; in, intestine; k, kidney (shaded gray); lp, labial palp; mi, mantle isthmus; mlc, contractile zone of mantle lobe; mlh, homogeneous central zone of mantle lobe; mm, mantle margin; mo, mouth; nb, border of nacreous layer; pam, posterior adductor muscle; pf, pallial fold; prm, posterior pedo-byssal retractor muscle; rprm, radial pallial retractor muscle; sm, suspensory membrane; st, gastric chamber (“ stomach ”); ss, supramyal septum; ur, ureter; v, ventricle; vm, visceral mass. Scale bar: 10 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267343/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="152">Figs 8</figureCitation>
|
||
A; 9C, mlc) colorless, translucent, free from fusion; widest at posteroventral part and narrowing towards mantle isthmus. Outer surface of contractile zone translucent-white, demarcated distally by light brown rim running proximal to mantle margin. Inner surfaces of contractile zone of mantle lobes light brown except for white, wide cilial trail, stretching medially from posterior mantle edge to area proximal and posterior to ventral edges of palps.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3D02AFFFBFFF2FF35FA7445248C9A" blockId="11.[151,1437,1094,2020]" pageId="11" pageNumber="152">
|
||
Marginal zone of mantle (mantle edge;
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFFBFFF2FD75FA7445BD8C0A" box="[647,717,1526,1551]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="11.[151,249,752,774]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,730]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,193,731]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 8. Soft anatomy of Isognomon spathulatus (AMNH 319257; 39 mm). A—Right lateral view of intact soft anatomy with the right valve removed; B—Right lateral view of the soft anatomy with the valves and the mantle lobe removed; C—Diagrammatic view of the soft anatomy showing the internal features on the visceral mass. Abbreviations: ad, adhesive disk of byssus; af, anal funnel; am, accessory pedo-byssal muscle; amc, “ catch ” component of posterior adductor muscle; amq, “ quick ” component of posterior adductor muscle; au, auricle; by, byssus; byt, byssal thread; ct, ctenidium; e, esophagus; f, foot; farm, fused anterior pedo-byssal retractor muscles; h, heart; hl, hinge line; in, intestine; k, kidney (shaded gray); lp, labial palp; mi, mantle isthmus; mlc, contractile zone of mantle lobe; mlh, homogeneous central zone of mantle lobe; mm, mantle margin; mo, mouth; nb, border of nacreous layer; pam, posterior adductor muscle; pf, pallial fold; prm, posterior pedo-byssal retractor muscle; rprm, radial pallial retractor muscle; sm, suspensory membrane; st, gastric chamber (“ stomach ”); ss, supramyal septum; ur, ureter; v, ventricle; vm, visceral mass. Scale bar: 10 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267343/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="152">Figs 8</figureCitation>
|
||
A; 9C, mm) surrounded by single layer of columnar epithelium (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFFBFFF2FF6DF99947918C36" box="[159,225,1563,1588]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="12.[151,249,1797,1819]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,373,1774]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1436,373,1775]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 9. Mantle morphology of Isognomon spathulatus (A, B: Histology, 5 - µm, PAS stain; AMNH 319258; 52 mm; D: SEM; AMNH 319258; 55 mm). A—Cross-section of the mantle margin; B—Cross-section of the mantle margin at the centralto-contractile zone transition region; C—Fragment from the ventral part of mantle showing the inner surface with distinct central, contractile, and marginal zones; D—Laterodorsal view of the mantle edge with a fragment of OF- 2 removed to reveal OF- 1 (SEM). Abbreviations: ce, columnar epithelium; cpa, circumpallial artery; cpn, circumpallial nerve; ec, eosinophilic cell; if- n, inner mantle fold; mfb, muscle fiber; mlc, contractile zone of mantle lobe; mlh, homogeneous central zone of mantle lobe; mm, mantle margin; of- n, outer mantle fold; p, periostracum; pgr, periostracal groove; pm, pallial muscle; t, tentacle. Scale bars: A, B: 200 Μm; C: 2 mm; D: 500 Μm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267344/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="152">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
A, ce) and subdivided into four folds with periostracal groove (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFFBFFF2FC6CF99944948C36" box="[926,996,1563,1588]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="12.[151,249,1797,1819]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,373,1774]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1436,373,1775]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 9. Mantle morphology of Isognomon spathulatus (A, B: Histology, 5 - µm, PAS stain; AMNH 319258; 52 mm; D: SEM; AMNH 319258; 55 mm). A—Cross-section of the mantle margin; B—Cross-section of the mantle margin at the centralto-contractile zone transition region; C—Fragment from the ventral part of mantle showing the inner surface with distinct central, contractile, and marginal zones; D—Laterodorsal view of the mantle edge with a fragment of OF- 2 removed to reveal OF- 1 (SEM). Abbreviations: ce, columnar epithelium; cpa, circumpallial artery; cpn, circumpallial nerve; ec, eosinophilic cell; if- n, inner mantle fold; mfb, muscle fiber; mlc, contractile zone of mantle lobe; mlh, homogeneous central zone of mantle lobe; mm, mantle margin; of- n, outer mantle fold; p, periostracum; pgr, periostracal groove; pm, pallial muscle; t, tentacle. Scale bars: A, B: 200 Μm; C: 2 mm; D: 500 Μm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267344/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="152">Figs 9</figureCitation>
|
||
A, D, pgr) separating pairs of inner (IF) and outer folds (OF). Periostracum (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFFBFFF2FDB3F9BC45FC8C52" box="[577,652,1598,1623]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="12.[151,249,1797,1819]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,373,1774]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1436,373,1775]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 9. Mantle morphology of Isognomon spathulatus (A, B: Histology, 5 - µm, PAS stain; AMNH 319258; 52 mm; D: SEM; AMNH 319258; 55 mm). A—Cross-section of the mantle margin; B—Cross-section of the mantle margin at the centralto-contractile zone transition region; C—Fragment from the ventral part of mantle showing the inner surface with distinct central, contractile, and marginal zones; D—Laterodorsal view of the mantle edge with a fragment of OF- 2 removed to reveal OF- 1 (SEM). Abbreviations: ce, columnar epithelium; cpa, circumpallial artery; cpn, circumpallial nerve; ec, eosinophilic cell; if- n, inner mantle fold; mfb, muscle fiber; mlc, contractile zone of mantle lobe; mlh, homogeneous central zone of mantle lobe; mm, mantle margin; of- n, outer mantle fold; p, periostracum; pgr, periostracal groove; pm, pallial muscle; t, tentacle. Scale bars: A, B: 200 Μm; C: 2 mm; D: 500 Μm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267344/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="152">Figs 9</figureCitation>
|
||
A, D, p) secreted from cleft between OF-1 and IF-1 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFFBFFF2FAF4F9BC42218C52" box="[1286,1361,1598,1623]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="12.[151,249,1797,1819]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,373,1774]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1436,373,1775]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 9. Mantle morphology of Isognomon spathulatus (A, B: Histology, 5 - µm, PAS stain; AMNH 319258; 52 mm; D: SEM; AMNH 319258; 55 mm). A—Cross-section of the mantle margin; B—Cross-section of the mantle margin at the centralto-contractile zone transition region; C—Fragment from the ventral part of mantle showing the inner surface with distinct central, contractile, and marginal zones; D—Laterodorsal view of the mantle edge with a fragment of OF- 2 removed to reveal OF- 1 (SEM). Abbreviations: ce, columnar epithelium; cpa, circumpallial artery; cpn, circumpallial nerve; ec, eosinophilic cell; if- n, inner mantle fold; mfb, muscle fiber; mlc, contractile zone of mantle lobe; mlh, homogeneous central zone of mantle lobe; mm, mantle margin; of- n, outer mantle fold; p, periostracum; pgr, periostracal groove; pm, pallial muscle; t, tentacle. Scale bars: A, B: 200 Μm; C: 2 mm; D: 500 Μm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267344/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="152">Figs 9</figureCitation>
|
||
A, D). Bundles of pallial muscles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFFBFFF2FE1BF9E145468C7E" box="[489,566,1635,1660]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="12.[151,249,1797,1819]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,373,1774]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1436,373,1775]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 9. Mantle morphology of Isognomon spathulatus (A, B: Histology, 5 - µm, PAS stain; AMNH 319258; 52 mm; D: SEM; AMNH 319258; 55 mm). A—Cross-section of the mantle margin; B—Cross-section of the mantle margin at the centralto-contractile zone transition region; C—Fragment from the ventral part of mantle showing the inner surface with distinct central, contractile, and marginal zones; D—Laterodorsal view of the mantle edge with a fragment of OF- 2 removed to reveal OF- 1 (SEM). Abbreviations: ce, columnar epithelium; cpa, circumpallial artery; cpn, circumpallial nerve; ec, eosinophilic cell; if- n, inner mantle fold; mfb, muscle fiber; mlc, contractile zone of mantle lobe; mlh, homogeneous central zone of mantle lobe; mm, mantle margin; of- n, outer mantle fold; p, periostracum; pgr, periostracal groove; pm, pallial muscle; t, tentacle. Scale bars: A, B: 200 Μm; C: 2 mm; D: 500 Μm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267344/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="152">Figs 9</figureCitation>
|
||
A, B, pm) penetrating into IF-2 and OF-2. Connective tissue containing numerous muscle fibers (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFFBFFF2FE40F90446848C9A" box="[434,500,1670,1695]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="12.[151,249,1797,1819]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,373,1774]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1436,373,1775]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 9. Mantle morphology of Isognomon spathulatus (A, B: Histology, 5 - µm, PAS stain; AMNH 319258; 52 mm; D: SEM; AMNH 319258; 55 mm). A—Cross-section of the mantle margin; B—Cross-section of the mantle margin at the centralto-contractile zone transition region; C—Fragment from the ventral part of mantle showing the inner surface with distinct central, contractile, and marginal zones; D—Laterodorsal view of the mantle edge with a fragment of OF- 2 removed to reveal OF- 1 (SEM). Abbreviations: ce, columnar epithelium; cpa, circumpallial artery; cpn, circumpallial nerve; ec, eosinophilic cell; if- n, inner mantle fold; mfb, muscle fiber; mlc, contractile zone of mantle lobe; mlh, homogeneous central zone of mantle lobe; mm, mantle margin; of- n, outer mantle fold; p, periostracum; pgr, periostracal groove; pm, pallial muscle; t, tentacle. Scale bars: A, B: 200 Μm; C: 2 mm; D: 500 Μm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267344/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="152">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
A, mfb).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3D02AFFFBFFF2FF35F92E42E28D99" blockId="11.[151,1437,1094,2020]" pageId="11" pageNumber="152">
|
||
Innermost fold (IF-2;
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFFBFFF2FE30F92945798CC6" box="[450,521,1707,1732]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="12.[151,249,1797,1819]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,373,1774]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1436,373,1775]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 9. Mantle morphology of Isognomon spathulatus (A, B: Histology, 5 - µm, PAS stain; AMNH 319258; 52 mm; D: SEM; AMNH 319258; 55 mm). A—Cross-section of the mantle margin; B—Cross-section of the mantle margin at the centralto-contractile zone transition region; C—Fragment from the ventral part of mantle showing the inner surface with distinct central, contractile, and marginal zones; D—Laterodorsal view of the mantle edge with a fragment of OF- 2 removed to reveal OF- 1 (SEM). Abbreviations: ce, columnar epithelium; cpa, circumpallial artery; cpn, circumpallial nerve; ec, eosinophilic cell; if- n, inner mantle fold; mfb, muscle fiber; mlc, contractile zone of mantle lobe; mlh, homogeneous central zone of mantle lobe; mm, mantle margin; of- n, outer mantle fold; p, periostracum; pgr, periostracal groove; pm, pallial muscle; t, tentacle. Scale bars: A, B: 200 Μm; C: 2 mm; D: 500 Μm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267344/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="152">Figs 9</figureCitation>
|
||
A, D, if-2) largest in height and width, longitudinally grooved, and with muscle bundles underlying epithelia of inner and outer surfaces. Margin of IF-2 with equally spaced small, digiform, conical, non-branched tentacles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFFBFFF2FDF8F97145218D0E" box="[522,593,1779,1804]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="12.[151,249,1797,1819]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,373,1774]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1436,373,1775]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 9. Mantle morphology of Isognomon spathulatus (A, B: Histology, 5 - µm, PAS stain; AMNH 319258; 52 mm; D: SEM; AMNH 319258; 55 mm). A—Cross-section of the mantle margin; B—Cross-section of the mantle margin at the centralto-contractile zone transition region; C—Fragment from the ventral part of mantle showing the inner surface with distinct central, contractile, and marginal zones; D—Laterodorsal view of the mantle edge with a fragment of OF- 2 removed to reveal OF- 1 (SEM). Abbreviations: ce, columnar epithelium; cpa, circumpallial artery; cpn, circumpallial nerve; ec, eosinophilic cell; if- n, inner mantle fold; mfb, muscle fiber; mlc, contractile zone of mantle lobe; mlh, homogeneous central zone of mantle lobe; mm, mantle margin; of- n, outer mantle fold; p, periostracum; pgr, periostracal groove; pm, pallial muscle; t, tentacle. Scale bars: A, B: 200 Μm; C: 2 mm; D: 500 Μm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267344/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="152">Figs 9</figureCitation>
|
||
A, D, t) of approximately equal size. Bases of IF-2 tentacles sunken below margin for approximately one fourth of fold height along its outer surface. Tentacles and both surfaces of IF-2 dark brown-black. Subtriangular infoldings of IF-2 of opposing mantle lobes forming pallial fold (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFFBFFF2FB1EF8B942428D56" box="[1260,1330,1851,1876]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="11.[151,249,752,774]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,730]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,193,731]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 8. Soft anatomy of Isognomon spathulatus (AMNH 319257; 39 mm). A—Right lateral view of intact soft anatomy with the right valve removed; B—Right lateral view of the soft anatomy with the valves and the mantle lobe removed; C—Diagrammatic view of the soft anatomy showing the internal features on the visceral mass. Abbreviations: ad, adhesive disk of byssus; af, anal funnel; am, accessory pedo-byssal muscle; amc, “ catch ” component of posterior adductor muscle; amq, “ quick ” component of posterior adductor muscle; au, auricle; by, byssus; byt, byssal thread; ct, ctenidium; e, esophagus; f, foot; farm, fused anterior pedo-byssal retractor muscles; h, heart; hl, hinge line; in, intestine; k, kidney (shaded gray); lp, labial palp; mi, mantle isthmus; mlc, contractile zone of mantle lobe; mlh, homogeneous central zone of mantle lobe; mm, mantle margin; mo, mouth; nb, border of nacreous layer; pam, posterior adductor muscle; pf, pallial fold; prm, posterior pedo-byssal retractor muscle; rprm, radial pallial retractor muscle; sm, suspensory membrane; st, gastric chamber (“ stomach ”); ss, supramyal septum; ur, ureter; v, ventricle; vm, visceral mass. Scale bar: 10 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267343/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="152">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
A, pf) at posteroventral part of mantle margin at points of contact with distal tips of ctenidia. Exterior surface of IF-2 and adjacent area of mantle margin dark brown-black, resulting in conspicuous dark color rim on periphery of mantle.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3D02AFFFBFFF5FF35F82443118B45" blockId="11.[151,1437,1094,2020]" lastBlockId="12.[151,1437,151,320]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="153" pageId="11" pageNumber="152">
|
||
Middle mantle fold (IF-1;
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFFBFFF2FE0CF82445378DBA" box="[510,583,1958,1983]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="12.[151,249,1797,1819]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,373,1774]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1436,373,1775]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 9. Mantle morphology of Isognomon spathulatus (A, B: Histology, 5 - µm, PAS stain; AMNH 319258; 52 mm; D: SEM; AMNH 319258; 55 mm). A—Cross-section of the mantle margin; B—Cross-section of the mantle margin at the centralto-contractile zone transition region; C—Fragment from the ventral part of mantle showing the inner surface with distinct central, contractile, and marginal zones; D—Laterodorsal view of the mantle edge with a fragment of OF- 2 removed to reveal OF- 1 (SEM). Abbreviations: ce, columnar epithelium; cpa, circumpallial artery; cpn, circumpallial nerve; ec, eosinophilic cell; if- n, inner mantle fold; mfb, muscle fiber; mlc, contractile zone of mantle lobe; mlh, homogeneous central zone of mantle lobe; mm, mantle margin; of- n, outer mantle fold; p, periostracum; pgr, periostracal groove; pm, pallial muscle; t, tentacle. Scale bars: A, B: 200 Μm; C: 2 mm; D: 500 Μm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267344/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="152">Figs 9</figureCitation>
|
||
A, D, if-1) slightly shorter and narrower than IF-2; with alternating nonbranched, digiform, conical tentacles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFFBFFF2FDBEF84945E58DE6" box="[588,661,1995,2020]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="12.[151,249,1797,1819]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,373,1774]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1436,373,1775]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 9. Mantle morphology of Isognomon spathulatus (A, B: Histology, 5 - µm, PAS stain; AMNH 319258; 52 mm; D: SEM; AMNH 319258; 55 mm). A—Cross-section of the mantle margin; B—Cross-section of the mantle margin at the centralto-contractile zone transition region; C—Fragment from the ventral part of mantle showing the inner surface with distinct central, contractile, and marginal zones; D—Laterodorsal view of the mantle edge with a fragment of OF- 2 removed to reveal OF- 1 (SEM). Abbreviations: ce, columnar epithelium; cpa, circumpallial artery; cpn, circumpallial nerve; ec, eosinophilic cell; if- n, inner mantle fold; mfb, muscle fiber; mlc, contractile zone of mantle lobe; mlh, homogeneous central zone of mantle lobe; mm, mantle margin; of- n, outer mantle fold; p, periostracum; pgr, periostracal groove; pm, pallial muscle; t, tentacle. Scale bars: A, B: 200 Μm; C: 2 mm; D: 500 Μm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267344/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="152">Figs 9</figureCitation>
|
||
A, D, t) and shorter, non-branched, wide, flat, lobate tentacles, with latter situated on outer and former on inner sides of fold margin. IF-1 conical tentacles approximately 2–3 times taller than IF-2 tentacles. IF-1 colorless except for faint, irregular, small dark-colored blotches on inner surface. Pallial muscles extending along outer surface to edge of IF-2. IF-1 outer surface with longitudinal folds and grooves. Subepithelial pigmented (eosinophylic) and secreting cells concentrated in proximal part of the IF-1 outer surface bordering periostracal groove. Both inner folds covered by ciliated epithelium.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF0380A2FFFCFFF5FF65F88745318DF4" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267344/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="153" targetBox="[151,1436,373,1774]" targetPageId="12">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3D02AFFFCFFF5FF65F88745318DF4" blockId="12.[151,1436,1796,2033]" pageId="12" pageNumber="153">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFFCFFF5FF65F887467E8D1F" bold="true" box="[151,270,1797,1819]" pageId="12" pageNumber="153">FIGURE 9</emphasis>
|
||
. Mantle morphology of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7CABA9FFFCFFF5FDFCF884458C8D1F" box="[526,764,1796,1819]" class="Bivalvia" family="Pteriidae" genus="Isognomon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="12" pageNumber="153" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="spathulatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFFCFFF5FDFCF884458C8D1F" box="[526,764,1796,1819]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="153">Isognomon spathulatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(A, B: Histology, 5-µm, PAS stain; AMNH 319258; 52 mm; D: SEM; AMNH 319258; 55 mm). A—Cross-section of the mantle margin; B—Cross-section of the mantle margin at the centralto-contractile zone transition region; C—Fragment from the ventral part of mantle showing the inner surface with distinct central, contractile, and marginal zones; D—Laterodorsal view of the mantle edge with a fragment of OF-2 removed to reveal OF-1 (SEM). Abbreviations: ce, columnar epithelium; cpa, circumpallial artery; cpn, circumpallial nerve; ec, eosinophilic cell; if-
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFFCFFF5FF5DF81D47CB8DB1" box="[175,187,1951,1972]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="153">n</emphasis>
|
||
, inner mantle fold; mfb, muscle fiber; mlc, contractile zone of mantle lobe; mlh, homogeneous central zone of mantle lobe; mm, mantle margin; of-
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFFCFFF5FE7DF83C46EB8DD6" box="[399,411,1982,2003]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="153">n</emphasis>
|
||
, outer mantle fold; p, periostracum; pgr, periostracal groove; pm, pallial muscle; t, tentacle. Scale bars: A, B: 200 Μm; C: 2 mm; D: 500 Μm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3D02AFFFDFFF4FF35FF1A46F28B45" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="13" pageNumber="154">
|
||
Outer fold proximal to periostracal groove (OF-1;
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFFDFFF4FCFEFF1544238AB5" box="[780,851,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="12.[151,249,1797,1819]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,373,1774]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1436,373,1775]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 9. Mantle morphology of Isognomon spathulatus (A, B: Histology, 5 - µm, PAS stain; AMNH 319258; 52 mm; D: SEM; AMNH 319258; 55 mm). A—Cross-section of the mantle margin; B—Cross-section of the mantle margin at the centralto-contractile zone transition region; C—Fragment from the ventral part of mantle showing the inner surface with distinct central, contractile, and marginal zones; D—Laterodorsal view of the mantle edge with a fragment of OF- 2 removed to reveal OF- 1 (SEM). Abbreviations: ce, columnar epithelium; cpa, circumpallial artery; cpn, circumpallial nerve; ec, eosinophilic cell; if- n, inner mantle fold; mfb, muscle fiber; mlc, contractile zone of mantle lobe; mlh, homogeneous central zone of mantle lobe; mm, mantle margin; of- n, outer mantle fold; p, periostracum; pgr, periostracal groove; pm, pallial muscle; t, tentacle. Scale bars: A, B: 200 Μm; C: 2 mm; D: 500 Μm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267344/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="154">Figs 9</figureCitation>
|
||
A, D, of-1) shorter and narrower than other mantle folds; covered by smooth, thin epithelium. Connective tissue with large secretory and eosinophilic cells, and diffuse muscle fibers. Marginal dark pigmented spots (possibly pallial ocelli) present on OF-1 margin, but not localized histologically. No distinct nerves innervating pigmented spots were detected. Inner and outer surfaces of OF-1 not pigmented.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3D02AFFFDFFF4FF35FECE44098BF0" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="13" pageNumber="154">
|
||
Outermost fold (OF-2;
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFFDFFF4FE3FFECE45638B61" box="[461,531,332,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="12.[151,249,1797,1819]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,373,1774]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1436,373,1775]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 9. Mantle morphology of Isognomon spathulatus (A, B: Histology, 5 - µm, PAS stain; AMNH 319258; 52 mm; D: SEM; AMNH 319258; 55 mm). A—Cross-section of the mantle margin; B—Cross-section of the mantle margin at the centralto-contractile zone transition region; C—Fragment from the ventral part of mantle showing the inner surface with distinct central, contractile, and marginal zones; D—Laterodorsal view of the mantle edge with a fragment of OF- 2 removed to reveal OF- 1 (SEM). Abbreviations: ce, columnar epithelium; cpa, circumpallial artery; cpn, circumpallial nerve; ec, eosinophilic cell; if- n, inner mantle fold; mfb, muscle fiber; mlc, contractile zone of mantle lobe; mlh, homogeneous central zone of mantle lobe; mm, mantle margin; of- n, outer mantle fold; p, periostracum; pgr, periostracal groove; pm, pallial muscle; t, tentacle. Scale bars: A, B: 200 Μm; C: 2 mm; D: 500 Μm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267344/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="154">Figs 9</figureCitation>
|
||
A, D, of-2) slightly exceeding OF-
|
||
<quantity id="4C847DCFFFFDFFF4FC52FECE44B78B60" box="[928,967,332,357]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="13" pageNumber="154" unit="in" value="1.0">1 in</quantity>
|
||
height and approximately of same height as IF-1. Subepithelial secretory and pigmented eosinophilic cells situated along outer surface of OF-2. Loose muscle fibers dispersed throughout connective tissue. Surfaces of OF-2 not pigmented; outer surface circumnavigated by distinct dark brown, narrow stripe. Both outer folds covered by non-ciliated epithelium, lacking tentacles, and not invested by branches of pallial muscles.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3D02AFFFDFFF4FF35FD8244ED8880" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="13" pageNumber="154">Inner and outer pairs of mantle folds diminishing in size and gradually fusing towards mantle isthmus, producing two folds in each lobe. More proximal to mantle isthmus, inner folds of opposing mantle margins fuse, forming medial ridge, bounded on either side by outer mantle folds of opposing mantle margins; subsequently, outer mantle folds fusing with medial ridge, forming mantle isthmus.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3D02AFFFDFFF4FF35FD0D461E88F5" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="13" pageNumber="154">Cilial trail stretching medially on inner surfaces of mantle lobes from pallial fold to area proximal to ventral edges of labial palps and providing cilial connection between inner surfaces of mantle lobes and dorsal edges of outer demibranchs.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3D02AFFFDFFF4FF35FD7E425B89A0" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="13" pageNumber="154">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFFDFFF4FF35FD7E46238910" box="[199,339,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="154">Musculature</emphasis>
|
||
: Adults monomyarian with posterior adductor muscle (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFFDFFF4FC3AFD7E437C8911" box="[968,1036,764,789]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="11.[151,249,752,774]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,730]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,193,731]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 8. Soft anatomy of Isognomon spathulatus (AMNH 319257; 39 mm). A—Right lateral view of intact soft anatomy with the right valve removed; B—Right lateral view of the soft anatomy with the valves and the mantle lobe removed; C—Diagrammatic view of the soft anatomy showing the internal features on the visceral mass. Abbreviations: ad, adhesive disk of byssus; af, anal funnel; am, accessory pedo-byssal muscle; amc, “ catch ” component of posterior adductor muscle; amq, “ quick ” component of posterior adductor muscle; au, auricle; by, byssus; byt, byssal thread; ct, ctenidium; e, esophagus; f, foot; farm, fused anterior pedo-byssal retractor muscles; h, heart; hl, hinge line; in, intestine; k, kidney (shaded gray); lp, labial palp; mi, mantle isthmus; mlc, contractile zone of mantle lobe; mlh, homogeneous central zone of mantle lobe; mm, mantle margin; mo, mouth; nb, border of nacreous layer; pam, posterior adductor muscle; pf, pallial fold; prm, posterior pedo-byssal retractor muscle; rprm, radial pallial retractor muscle; sm, suspensory membrane; st, gastric chamber (“ stomach ”); ss, supramyal septum; ur, ureter; v, ventricle; vm, visceral mass. Scale bar: 10 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267343/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="154">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
C, pam). Posterior adductor muscle large, elongated, narrow, and crescent-shaped in lateral view; placed posteroventrally within nacreous layer. Narrow dorsal extremity of posterior adductor parallel to posterior shell margin; wider ventral extremity curving anteriorly. Posterior adductor heterogeneous, comprised of subequal semitransclucent anterior (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFFDFFF4FB3FFCE542608985" box="[1229,1296,871,896]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="11.[151,249,752,774]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,730]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,193,731]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 8. Soft anatomy of Isognomon spathulatus (AMNH 319257; 39 mm). A—Right lateral view of intact soft anatomy with the right valve removed; B—Right lateral view of the soft anatomy with the valves and the mantle lobe removed; C—Diagrammatic view of the soft anatomy showing the internal features on the visceral mass. Abbreviations: ad, adhesive disk of byssus; af, anal funnel; am, accessory pedo-byssal muscle; amc, “ catch ” component of posterior adductor muscle; amq, “ quick ” component of posterior adductor muscle; au, auricle; by, byssus; byt, byssal thread; ct, ctenidium; e, esophagus; f, foot; farm, fused anterior pedo-byssal retractor muscles; h, heart; hl, hinge line; in, intestine; k, kidney (shaded gray); lp, labial palp; mi, mantle isthmus; mlc, contractile zone of mantle lobe; mlh, homogeneous central zone of mantle lobe; mm, mantle margin; mo, mouth; nb, border of nacreous layer; pam, posterior adductor muscle; pf, pallial fold; prm, posterior pedo-byssal retractor muscle; rprm, radial pallial retractor muscle; sm, suspensory membrane; st, gastric chamber (“ stomach ”); ss, supramyal septum; ur, ureter; v, ventricle; vm, visceral mass. Scale bar: 10 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267343/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="154">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
B, amq) and opaque posterior (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFFDFFF4FE90FC0E46D489A1" box="[354,420,908,933]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="11.[151,249,752,774]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,730]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,193,731]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 8. Soft anatomy of Isognomon spathulatus (AMNH 319257; 39 mm). A—Right lateral view of intact soft anatomy with the right valve removed; B—Right lateral view of the soft anatomy with the valves and the mantle lobe removed; C—Diagrammatic view of the soft anatomy showing the internal features on the visceral mass. Abbreviations: ad, adhesive disk of byssus; af, anal funnel; am, accessory pedo-byssal muscle; amc, “ catch ” component of posterior adductor muscle; amq, “ quick ” component of posterior adductor muscle; au, auricle; by, byssus; byt, byssal thread; ct, ctenidium; e, esophagus; f, foot; farm, fused anterior pedo-byssal retractor muscles; h, heart; hl, hinge line; in, intestine; k, kidney (shaded gray); lp, labial palp; mi, mantle isthmus; mlc, contractile zone of mantle lobe; mlh, homogeneous central zone of mantle lobe; mm, mantle margin; mo, mouth; nb, border of nacreous layer; pam, posterior adductor muscle; pf, pallial fold; prm, posterior pedo-byssal retractor muscle; rprm, radial pallial retractor muscle; sm, suspensory membrane; st, gastric chamber (“ stomach ”); ss, supramyal septum; ur, ureter; v, ventricle; vm, visceral mass. Scale bar: 10 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267343/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="154">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
B, amc) lobes, corresponding to “quick” and “catch” muscle fibers, respectively.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3D02AFFFDFFF4FF35FC3242EB89E8" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="13" pageNumber="154">
|
||
Two symmetrical posterior pedobyssal retractor muscles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFFDFFF4FC79FC2D44AC89CD" box="[907,988,943,968]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="11.[151,249,752,774]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,730]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,193,731]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 8. Soft anatomy of Isognomon spathulatus (AMNH 319257; 39 mm). A—Right lateral view of intact soft anatomy with the right valve removed; B—Right lateral view of the soft anatomy with the valves and the mantle lobe removed; C—Diagrammatic view of the soft anatomy showing the internal features on the visceral mass. Abbreviations: ad, adhesive disk of byssus; af, anal funnel; am, accessory pedo-byssal muscle; amc, “ catch ” component of posterior adductor muscle; amq, “ quick ” component of posterior adductor muscle; au, auricle; by, byssus; byt, byssal thread; ct, ctenidium; e, esophagus; f, foot; farm, fused anterior pedo-byssal retractor muscles; h, heart; hl, hinge line; in, intestine; k, kidney (shaded gray); lp, labial palp; mi, mantle isthmus; mlc, contractile zone of mantle lobe; mlh, homogeneous central zone of mantle lobe; mm, mantle margin; mo, mouth; nb, border of nacreous layer; pam, posterior adductor muscle; pf, pallial fold; prm, posterior pedo-byssal retractor muscle; rprm, radial pallial retractor muscle; sm, suspensory membrane; st, gastric chamber (“ stomach ”); ss, supramyal septum; ur, ureter; v, ventricle; vm, visceral mass. Scale bar: 10 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267343/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="154">Figs 8</figureCitation>
|
||
B, C, prm) extending and widening posteroventrally from lateral surfaces of byssal root to concave anteroventral surface of posterior adductor muscle.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3D02AFFFDFFF4FF35FC7544C88EA5" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="13" pageNumber="154">
|
||
Left and right pairs of symmetrical, fused anterior pedobyssal retractor muscles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFFDFFF4FBB8FC7543FC8E15" box="[1098,1164,1015,1040]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="11.[151,249,752,774]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,730]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,193,731]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 8. Soft anatomy of Isognomon spathulatus (AMNH 319257; 39 mm). A—Right lateral view of intact soft anatomy with the right valve removed; B—Right lateral view of the soft anatomy with the valves and the mantle lobe removed; C—Diagrammatic view of the soft anatomy showing the internal features on the visceral mass. Abbreviations: ad, adhesive disk of byssus; af, anal funnel; am, accessory pedo-byssal muscle; amc, “ catch ” component of posterior adductor muscle; amq, “ quick ” component of posterior adductor muscle; au, auricle; by, byssus; byt, byssal thread; ct, ctenidium; e, esophagus; f, foot; farm, fused anterior pedo-byssal retractor muscles; h, heart; hl, hinge line; in, intestine; k, kidney (shaded gray); lp, labial palp; mi, mantle isthmus; mlc, contractile zone of mantle lobe; mlh, homogeneous central zone of mantle lobe; mm, mantle margin; mo, mouth; nb, border of nacreous layer; pam, posterior adductor muscle; pf, pallial fold; prm, posterior pedo-byssal retractor muscle; rprm, radial pallial retractor muscle; sm, suspensory membrane; st, gastric chamber (“ stomach ”); ss, supramyal septum; ur, ureter; v, ventricle; vm, visceral mass. Scale bar: 10 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267343/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="154">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
B, farm) extending from dorsal side of byssal root to attachment points in subumbonal cavities in each valve, with anterior branches running parallel to and on inner side of posterior branches. Symmetrical accessory pedobyssal muscles branching off anterior pedobyssal retractors at approximately right angles in area proximal to esophagus and forming attachments slightly posteroventral to anterior pedobyssal retractor attachment sites.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3D02AFFFDFFF4FF35FB2E43ED8F35" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="13" pageNumber="154">
|
||
Web-like network of radial pallial retractor muscles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFFDFFF4FCE1FB2E44248EC1" box="[787,852,1196,1221]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="11.[151,249,752,774]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,730]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,193,731]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 8. Soft anatomy of Isognomon spathulatus (AMNH 319257; 39 mm). A—Right lateral view of intact soft anatomy with the right valve removed; B—Right lateral view of the soft anatomy with the valves and the mantle lobe removed; C—Diagrammatic view of the soft anatomy showing the internal features on the visceral mass. Abbreviations: ad, adhesive disk of byssus; af, anal funnel; am, accessory pedo-byssal muscle; amc, “ catch ” component of posterior adductor muscle; amq, “ quick ” component of posterior adductor muscle; au, auricle; by, byssus; byt, byssal thread; ct, ctenidium; e, esophagus; f, foot; farm, fused anterior pedo-byssal retractor muscles; h, heart; hl, hinge line; in, intestine; k, kidney (shaded gray); lp, labial palp; mi, mantle isthmus; mlc, contractile zone of mantle lobe; mlh, homogeneous central zone of mantle lobe; mm, mantle margin; mo, mouth; nb, border of nacreous layer; pam, posterior adductor muscle; pf, pallial fold; prm, posterior pedo-byssal retractor muscle; rprm, radial pallial retractor muscle; sm, suspensory membrane; st, gastric chamber (“ stomach ”); ss, supramyal septum; ur, ureter; v, ventricle; vm, visceral mass. Scale bar: 10 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267343/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="154">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
A, rprm) penetrating contractile and marginal zones. Pallial retractors fusing proximally forming sinuses attached to inner nacreous shell layer (pallial line). Fibers of pallial muscles underlying inner and outer surfaces of mantle tissue, penetrating into IF-2 and OF-2 mantle folds. Paired longitudinal ctenidial retractor muscles passing through ctenidial axes (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFFDFFF4FBF6FA9543258F35" box="[1028,1109,1303,1328]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="15.[151,249,1545,1567]" captionTargetBox="[415,1171,195,1523]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[415,1171,195,1523]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 11. Diagrammatic representation of generalized morphology of ctenidia of Isognomon spathulatus. Abbreviations: abv, afferent blood vessel; cdr, row of ciliated disks; crm, ctenidial longitudinal retractor muscle; cta, ctenidial axis; ds, dorsal septum; ebv, efferent blood vessel; fg, food groove; id, inner demibranch; idb, interdemibranchial buttress; od, outer demibranch; ogf, ordinary gill filament; sm, suspensory membrane; tf, tissue fusion." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267346/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="154">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
|
||
, crm).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3D02AFFFDFFF4FF35FABF457C8FE0" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="13" pageNumber="154">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFFDFFF4FF35FABF46F88F50" box="[199,392,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="154">Foot and byssus</emphasis>
|
||
: Foot (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFFDFFF4FE17FABE455D8F51" box="[485,557,1340,1365]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="11.[151,249,752,774]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,730]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,193,731]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 8. Soft anatomy of Isognomon spathulatus (AMNH 319257; 39 mm). A—Right lateral view of intact soft anatomy with the right valve removed; B—Right lateral view of the soft anatomy with the valves and the mantle lobe removed; C—Diagrammatic view of the soft anatomy showing the internal features on the visceral mass. Abbreviations: ad, adhesive disk of byssus; af, anal funnel; am, accessory pedo-byssal muscle; amc, “ catch ” component of posterior adductor muscle; amq, “ quick ” component of posterior adductor muscle; au, auricle; by, byssus; byt, byssal thread; ct, ctenidium; e, esophagus; f, foot; farm, fused anterior pedo-byssal retractor muscles; h, heart; hl, hinge line; in, intestine; k, kidney (shaded gray); lp, labial palp; mi, mantle isthmus; mlc, contractile zone of mantle lobe; mlh, homogeneous central zone of mantle lobe; mm, mantle margin; mo, mouth; nb, border of nacreous layer; pam, posterior adductor muscle; pf, pallial fold; prm, posterior pedo-byssal retractor muscle; rprm, radial pallial retractor muscle; sm, suspensory membrane; st, gastric chamber (“ stomach ”); ss, supramyal septum; ur, ureter; v, ventricle; vm, visceral mass. Scale bar: 10 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267343/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="154">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
C, f) short, muscular, tongue-shaped, somewhat flattened dorsally, slightly tapering distally, non-pigmented, excepting occasional, irregular, orange-brown spots on dorsal surface. Foot emerging from anterior surface of visceral mass with distal tip pointing dorsally. Byssal groove with regular transverse ridges on inner surface, extending medially on ventral surface of foot from wide byssal opening to distal tip; conspicuous distal pit absent.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3D02AFFFDFFF7FF35FA73441C8AFD" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="14.[151,1436,151,248]" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="155" pageId="13" pageNumber="154">
|
||
Byssus (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFFDFFF4FED7FA6D46178C0D" box="[293,359,1519,1544]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="11.[151,249,752,774]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,730]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,193,731]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 8. Soft anatomy of Isognomon spathulatus (AMNH 319257; 39 mm). A—Right lateral view of intact soft anatomy with the right valve removed; B—Right lateral view of the soft anatomy with the valves and the mantle lobe removed; C—Diagrammatic view of the soft anatomy showing the internal features on the visceral mass. Abbreviations: ad, adhesive disk of byssus; af, anal funnel; am, accessory pedo-byssal muscle; amc, “ catch ” component of posterior adductor muscle; amq, “ quick ” component of posterior adductor muscle; au, auricle; by, byssus; byt, byssal thread; ct, ctenidium; e, esophagus; f, foot; farm, fused anterior pedo-byssal retractor muscles; h, heart; hl, hinge line; in, intestine; k, kidney (shaded gray); lp, labial palp; mi, mantle isthmus; mlc, contractile zone of mantle lobe; mlh, homogeneous central zone of mantle lobe; mm, mantle margin; mo, mouth; nb, border of nacreous layer; pam, posterior adductor muscle; pf, pallial fold; prm, posterior pedo-byssal retractor muscle; rprm, radial pallial retractor muscle; sm, suspensory membrane; st, gastric chamber (“ stomach ”); ss, supramyal septum; ur, ureter; v, ventricle; vm, visceral mass. Scale bar: 10 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267343/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="154">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
B, by) consisting of non-mineralized, individual byssal threads (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFFDFFF4FBC6FA6D43068C0D" box="[1076,1142,1519,1544]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="11.[151,249,752,774]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,730]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,193,731]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 8. Soft anatomy of Isognomon spathulatus (AMNH 319257; 39 mm). A—Right lateral view of intact soft anatomy with the right valve removed; B—Right lateral view of the soft anatomy with the valves and the mantle lobe removed; C—Diagrammatic view of the soft anatomy showing the internal features on the visceral mass. Abbreviations: ad, adhesive disk of byssus; af, anal funnel; am, accessory pedo-byssal muscle; amc, “ catch ” component of posterior adductor muscle; amq, “ quick ” component of posterior adductor muscle; au, auricle; by, byssus; byt, byssal thread; ct, ctenidium; e, esophagus; f, foot; farm, fused anterior pedo-byssal retractor muscles; h, heart; hl, hinge line; in, intestine; k, kidney (shaded gray); lp, labial palp; mi, mantle isthmus; mlc, contractile zone of mantle lobe; mlh, homogeneous central zone of mantle lobe; mm, mantle margin; mo, mouth; nb, border of nacreous layer; pam, posterior adductor muscle; pf, pallial fold; prm, posterior pedo-byssal retractor muscle; rprm, radial pallial retractor muscle; sm, suspensory membrane; st, gastric chamber (“ stomach ”); ss, supramyal septum; ur, ureter; v, ventricle; vm, visceral mass. Scale bar: 10 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267343/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="154">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
C, byt), spreading fanwise in plane of shell commissure. Byssal threads dark bronze-green, laterally compressed, flat (ribbon-like), approximately uniform in width along entire length, except for slightly wider distal extremity proximal to adhesive disks. Byssal threads fused in byssal stem and root. Byssal threads terminating distally with translucent, yellowish or brown-green, flat adhesive disks (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFFDFFF4FDB3F9FD45F68C9D" box="[577,646,1663,1688]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="11.[151,249,752,774]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,730]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,193,731]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 8. Soft anatomy of Isognomon spathulatus (AMNH 319257; 39 mm). A—Right lateral view of intact soft anatomy with the right valve removed; B—Right lateral view of the soft anatomy with the valves and the mantle lobe removed; C—Diagrammatic view of the soft anatomy showing the internal features on the visceral mass. Abbreviations: ad, adhesive disk of byssus; af, anal funnel; am, accessory pedo-byssal muscle; amc, “ catch ” component of posterior adductor muscle; amq, “ quick ” component of posterior adductor muscle; au, auricle; by, byssus; byt, byssal thread; ct, ctenidium; e, esophagus; f, foot; farm, fused anterior pedo-byssal retractor muscles; h, heart; hl, hinge line; in, intestine; k, kidney (shaded gray); lp, labial palp; mi, mantle isthmus; mlc, contractile zone of mantle lobe; mlh, homogeneous central zone of mantle lobe; mm, mantle margin; mo, mouth; nb, border of nacreous layer; pam, posterior adductor muscle; pf, pallial fold; prm, posterior pedo-byssal retractor muscle; rprm, radial pallial retractor muscle; sm, suspensory membrane; st, gastric chamber (“ stomach ”); ss, supramyal septum; ur, ureter; v, ventricle; vm, visceral mass. Scale bar: 10 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267343/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="154">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
C, ad). Adhesive disks wide, roughly oval or leaf-shaped in outline, formed by expansion of byssal threads in direction of their long axis, with edges typically damaged around periphery. Dorsal surface of adhesive disks smooth, with faint radial striations and single conspicuous, frontal buttress ridge, continuous with margin of byssal thread, and not extending to disk’s periphery. Adhesive disks of individual byssal threads often fused, producing common, irregularly shaped attachment surfaces. Byssal thread rootlets plumate, with proximally tapering narrow axis (not extending beyond posteriormost pair of side branches). Byssal stem dark bronze, subcylindrical, slightly laterally compressed, composed of tightly consolidated byssal threads, and slightly extending from byssal opening. Posterior part of byssal stem continuous with short byssal root, but clearly demarcated from it by sharp change in color. Byssal root cream-yellow, translucent (opaque when dried), embedded in midventral part of visceral mass; composed by tightly packed, dorsoventral stack of byssal thread rootlets; bifurcated distally with side branches of rootlets divided into subequal left and right bundles. Side branches of rootlets fused, forming vertical lamellae of byssal root. Byssal root lamellae penetrating byssal gland and interdigitating with bundles of pedobyssal retractor muscles.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF0380A2FFFEFFF7FF65FA7847B08C73" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267345/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="155" targetBox="[340,1246,303,1508]" targetPageId="14">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3D02AFFFEFFF7FF65FA7847B08C73" blockId="14.[151,1436,1530,1654]" pageId="14" pageNumber="155">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFFEFFF7FF65FA78466A8C0A" bold="true" box="[151,282,1530,1552]" pageId="14" pageNumber="155">FIGURE 10</emphasis>
|
||
. Labial palps morphology of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7CABA9FFFEFFF7FDA0FA7944308C15" box="[594,832,1530,1552]" class="Bivalvia" family="Pteriidae" genus="Isognomon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="14" pageNumber="155" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="spathulatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFFEFFF7FDA0FA7944308C15" box="[594,832,1530,1552]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="155">Isognomon spathulatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(SEM; AMNH 319257; 39 mm). A—Inner surface of the right outer labial palp showing the parallel arrangement of ridges; B—Cross-section of the same palp showing the ridged inner surface (top), smooth outer surface (bottom), and its internal organization. Abbreviations: le, ledge; ri, ridge. Scale bars: 150 Μm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3D02AFFFEFFF7FF35F924465F8DBE" blockId="14.[151,1436,1702,1979]" pageId="14" pageNumber="155">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFFEFFF7FF35F92446248CBA" box="[199,340,1702,1727]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="155">Labial palps</emphasis>
|
||
: Paired symmetrical labial palps (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFFEFFF7FD27F924446C8CBA" box="[725,796,1702,1727]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="11.[151,249,752,774]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,730]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,193,731]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 8. Soft anatomy of Isognomon spathulatus (AMNH 319257; 39 mm). A—Right lateral view of intact soft anatomy with the right valve removed; B—Right lateral view of the soft anatomy with the valves and the mantle lobe removed; C—Diagrammatic view of the soft anatomy showing the internal features on the visceral mass. Abbreviations: ad, adhesive disk of byssus; af, anal funnel; am, accessory pedo-byssal muscle; amc, “ catch ” component of posterior adductor muscle; amq, “ quick ” component of posterior adductor muscle; au, auricle; by, byssus; byt, byssal thread; ct, ctenidium; e, esophagus; f, foot; farm, fused anterior pedo-byssal retractor muscles; h, heart; hl, hinge line; in, intestine; k, kidney (shaded gray); lp, labial palp; mi, mantle isthmus; mlc, contractile zone of mantle lobe; mlh, homogeneous central zone of mantle lobe; mm, mantle margin; mo, mouth; nb, border of nacreous layer; pam, posterior adductor muscle; pf, pallial fold; prm, posterior pedo-byssal retractor muscle; rprm, radial pallial retractor muscle; sm, suspensory membrane; st, gastric chamber (“ stomach ”); ss, supramyal septum; ur, ureter; v, ventricle; vm, visceral mass. Scale bar: 10 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267343/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="155">Figs 8</figureCitation>
|
||
B, C, lp) projecting dorsoventrally from their connection to lips to level of base of foot on left and right anterolateral surfaces of visceral mass. Each palp consisting of inner and outer elongated triangular folds, attached to visceral mass along longer side, wider at base and narrowing dorsally. Outer and inner folds continuous with upper and lower lips respectively; inner surfaces with 35–40 ciliated, parallel, transverse ridges (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFFEFFF7FDD6F8B445058D4A" box="[548,629,1846,1871]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="14.[151,249,1530,1552]" captionTargetBox="[340,1246,303,1508]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[340,1247,303,1508]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 10. Labial palps morphology of Isognomon spathulatus (SEM; AMNH 319257; 39 mm). A—Inner surface of the right outer labial palp showing the parallel arrangement of ridges; B—Cross-section of the same palp showing the ridged inner surface (top), smooth outer surface (bottom), and its internal organization. Abbreviations: le, ledge; ri, ridge. Scale bars: 150 Μm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267345/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="155">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
, ri); exterior surfaces smooth. Aboral side of pulp ridges with secondary parallel ledges (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFFEFFF7FEBCF8D846D38D76" box="[334,419,1882,1907]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="14.[151,249,1530,1552]" captionTargetBox="[340,1246,303,1508]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[340,1247,303,1508]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 10. Labial palps morphology of Isognomon spathulatus (SEM; AMNH 319257; 39 mm). A—Inner surface of the right outer labial palp showing the parallel arrangement of ridges; B—Cross-section of the same palp showing the ridged inner surface (top), smooth outer surface (bottom), and its internal organization. Abbreviations: le, ledge; ri, ridge. Scale bars: 150 Μm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267345/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="155">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
, le). Outer surfaces of outer folds light brown in living specimens. Anterior filament of inner demibranch not inserted into or fused with distal oral groove (labial palp-ctenidia association of Category III;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEDADDBFFFEFFF7FF65F82046528DBE" author="Stasek" box="[151,290,1954,1979]" pageId="14" pageNumber="155" refString="Stasek, C. R. (1963) Synopsis and discussion of the association of ctenidia and labial palps in the bivalved Mollusca. The Veliger, 6 (2), 91 - 97." type="journal article" year="1963">Stasek 1963</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF0380A2FFFFFFF6FF65F98B449C8C7E" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267346/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="156" targetBox="[415,1171,195,1523]" targetPageId="15">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3D02AFFFFFFF6FF65F98B449C8C7E" blockId="15.[151,1437,1545,1659]" pageId="15" pageNumber="156">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFFFFFF6FF65F98B46698C1B" bold="true" box="[151,281,1545,1567]" pageId="15" pageNumber="156">FIGURE 11</emphasis>
|
||
. Diagrammatic representation of generalized morphology of ctenidia of
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFFFFFF6FBFBF988438E8C1A" box="[1033,1278,1545,1567]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="156">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7CABA9FFFFFFF6FBFBF988438A8C1A" box="[1033,1274,1545,1567]" class="Bivalvia" family="Pteriidae" genus="Isognomon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="15" pageNumber="156" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="spathulatus">Isognomon spathulatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Abbreviations: abv, afferent blood vessel; cdr, row of ciliated disks; crm, ctenidial longitudinal retractor muscle; cta, ctenidial axis; ds, dorsal septum; ebv, efferent blood vessel; fg, food groove; id, inner demibranch; idb, interdemibranchial buttress; od, outer demibranch; ogf, ordinary gill filament; sm, suspensory membrane; tf, tissue fusion.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3D02AFFFFFFF6FF35F94E42378DE4" blockId="15.[151,1437,1740,2017]" pageId="15" pageNumber="156">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFFFFFF6FF35F94E46578CE0" box="[199,295,1740,1765]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="156">Ctenidia</emphasis>
|
||
: Paired ctenidia (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFFFFFF6FDFAF94E45278CE1" box="[520,599,1740,1765]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="11.[151,249,752,774]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,730]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,193,731]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 8. Soft anatomy of Isognomon spathulatus (AMNH 319257; 39 mm). A—Right lateral view of intact soft anatomy with the right valve removed; B—Right lateral view of the soft anatomy with the valves and the mantle lobe removed; C—Diagrammatic view of the soft anatomy showing the internal features on the visceral mass. Abbreviations: ad, adhesive disk of byssus; af, anal funnel; am, accessory pedo-byssal muscle; amc, “ catch ” component of posterior adductor muscle; amq, “ quick ” component of posterior adductor muscle; au, auricle; by, byssus; byt, byssal thread; ct, ctenidium; e, esophagus; f, foot; farm, fused anterior pedo-byssal retractor muscles; h, heart; hl, hinge line; in, intestine; k, kidney (shaded gray); lp, labial palp; mi, mantle isthmus; mlc, contractile zone of mantle lobe; mlh, homogeneous central zone of mantle lobe; mm, mantle margin; mo, mouth; nb, border of nacreous layer; pam, posterior adductor muscle; pf, pallial fold; prm, posterior pedo-byssal retractor muscle; rprm, radial pallial retractor muscle; sm, suspensory membrane; st, gastric chamber (“ stomach ”); ss, supramyal septum; ur, ureter; v, ventricle; vm, visceral mass. Scale bar: 10 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267343/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="156">Figs 8</figureCitation>
|
||
B, C, ct) large, translucent-white, non-plicate, broadly sickle-shaped, encircling visceral mass and posterior adductor muscle ventrally, roughly following outline of nacreous border. Distal tips of ctenidia frequently dark brown-black in living specimens. Inner demibranchs (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFFFFFF6FB5FF89642748D29" box="[1197,1284,1812,1837]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="15.[151,249,1545,1567]" captionTargetBox="[415,1171,195,1523]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[415,1171,195,1523]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 11. Diagrammatic representation of generalized morphology of ctenidia of Isognomon spathulatus. Abbreviations: abv, afferent blood vessel; cdr, row of ciliated disks; crm, ctenidial longitudinal retractor muscle; cta, ctenidial axis; ds, dorsal septum; ebv, efferent blood vessel; fg, food groove; id, inner demibranch; idb, interdemibranchial buttress; od, outer demibranch; ogf, ordinary gill filament; sm, suspensory membrane; tf, tissue fusion." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267346/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="156">Figs 11</figureCitation>
|
||
; 12; 13A, id) with marginal food grooves (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFFFFFF6FE2FF8B545438D55" box="[477,563,1847,1872]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="15.[151,249,1545,1567]" captionTargetBox="[415,1171,195,1523]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[415,1171,195,1523]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 11. Diagrammatic representation of generalized morphology of ctenidia of Isognomon spathulatus. Abbreviations: abv, afferent blood vessel; cdr, row of ciliated disks; crm, ctenidial longitudinal retractor muscle; cta, ctenidial axis; ds, dorsal septum; ebv, efferent blood vessel; fg, food groove; id, inner demibranch; idb, interdemibranchial buttress; od, outer demibranch; ogf, ordinary gill filament; sm, suspensory membrane; tf, tissue fusion." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267346/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="156">Figs 11</figureCitation>
|
||
; 12A; 13A, fg), very slightly taller (more dorsoventrally extended) than outer demibranchs (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFFFFFF6FECCF8DE46ED8D71" box="[318,413,1884,1909]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="15.[151,249,1545,1567]" captionTargetBox="[415,1171,195,1523]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[415,1171,195,1523]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 11. Diagrammatic representation of generalized morphology of ctenidia of Isognomon spathulatus. Abbreviations: abv, afferent blood vessel; cdr, row of ciliated disks; crm, ctenidial longitudinal retractor muscle; cta, ctenidial axis; ds, dorsal septum; ebv, efferent blood vessel; fg, food groove; id, inner demibranch; idb, interdemibranchial buttress; od, outer demibranch; ogf, ordinary gill filament; sm, suspensory membrane; tf, tissue fusion." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267346/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="156">Figs 11</figureCitation>
|
||
; 13A, od). Dorsal edges of descending lamellae within demibranch fused forming membranous ctenidial axis. Ctenidial axis (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFFFFFF6FD8AF8FD45B98D9D" box="[632,713,1919,1944]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="15.[151,249,1545,1567]" captionTargetBox="[415,1171,195,1523]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[415,1171,195,1523]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 11. Diagrammatic representation of generalized morphology of ctenidia of Isognomon spathulatus. Abbreviations: abv, afferent blood vessel; cdr, row of ciliated disks; crm, ctenidial longitudinal retractor muscle; cta, ctenidial axis; ds, dorsal septum; ebv, efferent blood vessel; fg, food groove; id, inner demibranch; idb, interdemibranchial buttress; od, outer demibranch; ogf, ordinary gill filament; sm, suspensory membrane; tf, tissue fusion." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267346/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="156">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
|
||
, cta) fused to visceral mass and connected to adductor muscle by suspensory membrane (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFFFFFF6FE5EF826468A8DB9" box="[428,506,1956,1981]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="11.[151,249,752,774]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,730]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,193,731]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 8. Soft anatomy of Isognomon spathulatus (AMNH 319257; 39 mm). A—Right lateral view of intact soft anatomy with the right valve removed; B—Right lateral view of the soft anatomy with the valves and the mantle lobe removed; C—Diagrammatic view of the soft anatomy showing the internal features on the visceral mass. Abbreviations: ad, adhesive disk of byssus; af, anal funnel; am, accessory pedo-byssal muscle; amc, “ catch ” component of posterior adductor muscle; amq, “ quick ” component of posterior adductor muscle; au, auricle; by, byssus; byt, byssal thread; ct, ctenidium; e, esophagus; f, foot; farm, fused anterior pedo-byssal retractor muscles; h, heart; hl, hinge line; in, intestine; k, kidney (shaded gray); lp, labial palp; mi, mantle isthmus; mlc, contractile zone of mantle lobe; mlh, homogeneous central zone of mantle lobe; mm, mantle margin; mo, mouth; nb, border of nacreous layer; pam, posterior adductor muscle; pf, pallial fold; prm, posterior pedo-byssal retractor muscle; rprm, radial pallial retractor muscle; sm, suspensory membrane; st, gastric chamber (“ stomach ”); ss, supramyal septum; ur, ureter; v, ventricle; vm, visceral mass. Scale bar: 10 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267343/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="156">Figs 8</figureCitation>
|
||
B, C; 11, sm). Suspensory membrane translucent to faint brown in preserved specimens, stretching from area proximal to labial palps to anteroventral side of posterior adductor muscle.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF0380A2FFE0FFE9FF65FC4445398EA0" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267347/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="157" targetBox="[153,1434,195,944]" targetPageId="16">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3D02AFFE0FFE9FF65FC4445398EA0" blockId="16.[151,1436,966,1190]" pageId="16" pageNumber="157">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFE0FFE9FF65FC44466B89DE" bold="true" box="[151,283,966,988]" pageId="16" pageNumber="157">FIGURE 12</emphasis>
|
||
. Morphology of ctenidia of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7CABA9FFE0FFE9FDB5FC45444689D9" box="[583,822,966,988]" class="Bivalvia" family="Pteriidae" genus="Isognomon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="16" pageNumber="157" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="spathulatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFE0FFE9FDB5FC45444689D9" box="[583,822,966,988]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="157">Isognomon spathulatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(transverse histological section, 5-µm, PAS stain of single inner demibranch; AMNH 319258; 52 mm). A—Section at distal-most edge of demibranch margin showing absence of serial interfilamentar tissue fusion; B—Section slightly proximal to that of A showing limited extent of interfilamental serial fusion restricted to narrow, median bridge; C—Section at mid-height of demibranch; D—Closeup of single lamella showing ciliation of ordinary filaments; E—Section though row of ciliated disks showing interfilamental junctions. Abbreviations: ac, apical cilia; cd, ciliated disk; fg, food groove; lc, lateral cilia; lfc, laterofrontal cilia; ogf, ordinary gill filament; tf, tissue fusion. Scale bars: A −C: 150 Μm; D: 50 µm; E: 100 µm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3D02AFFE0FFE9FF35FB5446F98CC6" blockId="16.[151,1437,1238,2019]" pageId="16" pageNumber="157">
|
||
Filamental organization homorhabdic (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFE0FFE9FD7CFB54459B8EEA" box="[654,747,1238,1263]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="15.[151,249,1545,1567]" captionTargetBox="[415,1171,195,1523]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[415,1171,195,1523]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 11. Diagrammatic representation of generalized morphology of ctenidia of Isognomon spathulatus. Abbreviations: abv, afferent blood vessel; cdr, row of ciliated disks; crm, ctenidial longitudinal retractor muscle; cta, ctenidial axis; ds, dorsal septum; ebv, efferent blood vessel; fg, food groove; id, inner demibranch; idb, interdemibranchial buttress; od, outer demibranch; ogf, ordinary gill filament; sm, suspensory membrane; tf, tissue fusion." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267346/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="157">Figs 11</figureCitation>
|
||
; 12C; 13B, ogf) and eleutherorhabdic (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFE0FFE9FB3AFB54423F8EEA" box="[1224,1359,1238,1263]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 11" captionStart-1="FIGURE 12" captionStart-2="FIGURE 13" captionStartId-0="15.[151,249,1545,1567]" captionStartId-1="16.[151,249,966,988]" captionStartId-2="17.[151,249,1268,1290]" captionTargetBox-0="[415,1171,195,1523]" captionTargetBox-1="[153,1434,195,944]" captionTargetBox-2="[151,1424,345,1246]" captionTargetId-0="figure@15.[415,1171,195,1523]" captionTargetId-1="figure@16.[153,1434,195,944]" captionTargetId-2="figure@17.[151,1436,339,1246]" captionTargetPageId-0="15" captionTargetPageId-1="16" captionTargetPageId-2="17" captionText-0="FIGURE 11. Diagrammatic representation of generalized morphology of ctenidia of Isognomon spathulatus. Abbreviations: abv, afferent blood vessel; cdr, row of ciliated disks; crm, ctenidial longitudinal retractor muscle; cta, ctenidial axis; ds, dorsal septum; ebv, efferent blood vessel; fg, food groove; id, inner demibranch; idb, interdemibranchial buttress; od, outer demibranch; ogf, ordinary gill filament; sm, suspensory membrane; tf, tissue fusion." captionText-1="FIGURE 12. Morphology of ctenidia of Isognomon spathulatus (transverse histological section, 5 - µm, PAS stain of single inner demibranch; AMNH 319258; 52 mm). A—Section at distal-most edge of demibranch margin showing absence of serial interfilamentar tissue fusion; B—Section slightly proximal to that of A showing limited extent of interfilamental serial fusion restricted to narrow, median bridge; C—Section at mid-height of demibranch; D—Closeup of single lamella showing ciliation of ordinary filaments; E—Section though row of ciliated disks showing interfilamental junctions. Abbreviations: ac, apical cilia; cd, ciliated disk; fg, food groove; lc, lateral cilia; lfc, laterofrontal cilia; ogf, ordinary gill filament; tf, tissue fusion. Scale bars: A − C: 150 Μm; D: 50 µm; E: 100 µm." captionText-2="FIGURE 13. Morphology of ctenidia of Isognomon spathulatus (SEM; AMNH 319257; 63 mm). A—Right lateroventral view of ventral part of right ctenidium; B—Abfrontal surface of descending lamella of right demibranch in region of its fusion to ctenidial axis; close-up view of ciliated disks (inset); C—Right lateral view of middle part of right ctenidium; D—Abfrontal surface of lamella showing interfilamentar connections mediated by rows of ciliated disks. Abbreviations: cdr, row of ciliated disks; fg, food groove; id, inner demibranch; od, outer demibranch; ogf, ordinary gill filament; tf, tissue fusion. Scale bars: A: 200 Μm; B, C: 100 Μm; D: 500 Μm." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/267346/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/267347/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/267348/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="157">Figs 11–13</figureCitation>
|
||
), with adjacent filaments connected by ciliated disks (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFE0FFE9FD42FB7844778F17" box="[688,775,1274,1299]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="16.[151,249,966,988]" captionTargetBox="[153,1434,195,944]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[153,1434,195,944]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 12. Morphology of ctenidia of Isognomon spathulatus (transverse histological section, 5 - µm, PAS stain of single inner demibranch; AMNH 319258; 52 mm). A—Section at distal-most edge of demibranch margin showing absence of serial interfilamentar tissue fusion; B—Section slightly proximal to that of A showing limited extent of interfilamental serial fusion restricted to narrow, median bridge; C—Section at mid-height of demibranch; D—Closeup of single lamella showing ciliation of ordinary filaments; E—Section though row of ciliated disks showing interfilamental junctions. Abbreviations: ac, apical cilia; cd, ciliated disk; fg, food groove; lc, lateral cilia; lfc, laterofrontal cilia; ogf, ordinary gill filament; tf, tissue fusion. Scale bars: A − C: 150 Μm; D: 50 µm; E: 100 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267347/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="157">Figs 12</figureCitation>
|
||
E; 13B, cd), produced from lateral thickening of filaments and distributed in rows (>
|
||
<quantity id="4C847DCFFFE0FFE9FE38FA9D45758F32" box="[458,517,1310,1335]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="16" pageNumber="157" unit="in" value="10.0">10 in</quantity>
|
||
adults;
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFE0FFE9FD90FA9C45C98F32" box="[610,697,1310,1335]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="15.[151,249,1545,1567]" captionTargetBox="[415,1171,195,1523]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[415,1171,195,1523]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 11. Diagrammatic representation of generalized morphology of ctenidia of Isognomon spathulatus. Abbreviations: abv, afferent blood vessel; cdr, row of ciliated disks; crm, ctenidial longitudinal retractor muscle; cta, ctenidial axis; ds, dorsal septum; ebv, efferent blood vessel; fg, food groove; id, inner demibranch; idb, interdemibranchial buttress; od, outer demibranch; ogf, ordinary gill filament; sm, suspensory membrane; tf, tissue fusion." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267346/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="157">Figs 11</figureCitation>
|
||
; 13D, cdr). Serial tissue fusion of filaments restricted to regions proximal to ctenidial axes (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFE0FFE9FE22FAC045538F5F" box="[464,547,1346,1371]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="17.[151,249,1268,1290]" captionTargetBox="[151,1424,345,1246]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[151,1436,339,1246]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 13. Morphology of ctenidia of Isognomon spathulatus (SEM; AMNH 319257; 63 mm). A—Right lateroventral view of ventral part of right ctenidium; B—Abfrontal surface of descending lamella of right demibranch in region of its fusion to ctenidial axis; close-up view of ciliated disks (inset); C—Right lateral view of middle part of right ctenidium; D—Abfrontal surface of lamella showing interfilamentar connections mediated by rows of ciliated disks. Abbreviations: cdr, row of ciliated disks; fg, food groove; id, inner demibranch; od, outer demibranch; ogf, ordinary gill filament; tf, tissue fusion. Scale bars: A: 200 Μm; B, C: 100 Μm; D: 500 Μm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267348/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="157">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
|
||
B, tf), dorsal edges of ascending lamellae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFE0FFE9FBFDFAC043128F5F" box="[1039,1122,1346,1371]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="15.[151,249,1545,1567]" captionTargetBox="[415,1171,195,1523]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[415,1171,195,1523]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 11. Diagrammatic representation of generalized morphology of ctenidia of Isognomon spathulatus. Abbreviations: abv, afferent blood vessel; cdr, row of ciliated disks; crm, ctenidial longitudinal retractor muscle; cta, ctenidial axis; ds, dorsal septum; ebv, efferent blood vessel; fg, food groove; id, inner demibranch; idb, interdemibranchial buttress; od, outer demibranch; ogf, ordinary gill filament; sm, suspensory membrane; tf, tissue fusion." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267346/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="157">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
|
||
, tf), and ventral margins of demibranchs at point of junction of ascending and descending lamellae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFE0FFE9FC29FAE4435F8F7A" box="[987,1071,1382,1407]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="16.[151,249,966,988]" captionTargetBox="[153,1434,195,944]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[153,1434,195,944]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 12. Morphology of ctenidia of Isognomon spathulatus (transverse histological section, 5 - µm, PAS stain of single inner demibranch; AMNH 319258; 52 mm). A—Section at distal-most edge of demibranch margin showing absence of serial interfilamentar tissue fusion; B—Section slightly proximal to that of A showing limited extent of interfilamental serial fusion restricted to narrow, median bridge; C—Section at mid-height of demibranch; D—Closeup of single lamella showing ciliation of ordinary filaments; E—Section though row of ciliated disks showing interfilamental junctions. Abbreviations: ac, apical cilia; cd, ciliated disk; fg, food groove; lc, lateral cilia; lfc, laterofrontal cilia; ogf, ordinary gill filament; tf, tissue fusion. Scale bars: A − C: 150 Μm; D: 50 µm; E: 100 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267347/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="157">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
|
||
B, tf). Distalmost extremities of filaments unfused. Dorsal edges of ascending lamellae of inner demibranchs united medially via ciliated junctions from posteriormost extremities to area ventral to foot; dorsal edges of ascending lamellae of outer demibranchs attached laterally to mantle by ciliated junctions along transversely ridged cilial trail on inner surfaces of contractile zone of mantle lobes. Abfrontal surfaces of dorsal margins of ascending and descending lamellae within demibranchs united by interlamellar dorsal septa (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFE0FFE9FD38F998446C8C37" box="[714,796,1562,1587]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="15.[151,249,1545,1567]" captionTargetBox="[415,1171,195,1523]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[415,1171,195,1523]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 11. Diagrammatic representation of generalized morphology of ctenidia of Isognomon spathulatus. Abbreviations: abv, afferent blood vessel; cdr, row of ciliated disks; crm, ctenidial longitudinal retractor muscle; cta, ctenidial axis; ds, dorsal septum; ebv, efferent blood vessel; fg, food groove; id, inner demibranch; idb, interdemibranchial buttress; od, outer demibranch; ogf, ordinary gill filament; sm, suspensory membrane; tf, tissue fusion." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267346/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="157">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
|
||
, ds), occurring at intervals of 12–15 filaments. At varied intervals (1–4 septa), dorsal septa expanding into narrow interdemibranchial buttresses (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFE0FFE9FB7FF9BC43918C52" box="[1165,1249,1598,1623]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="15.[151,249,1545,1567]" captionTargetBox="[415,1171,195,1523]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[415,1171,195,1523]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 11. Diagrammatic representation of generalized morphology of ctenidia of Isognomon spathulatus. Abbreviations: abv, afferent blood vessel; cdr, row of ciliated disks; crm, ctenidial longitudinal retractor muscle; cta, ctenidial axis; ds, dorsal septum; ebv, efferent blood vessel; fg, food groove; id, inner demibranch; idb, interdemibranchial buttress; od, outer demibranch; ogf, ordinary gill filament; sm, suspensory membrane; tf, tissue fusion." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267346/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="157">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
|
||
, idb), stretching dorsoventrally to varying extent along lateral surfaces of gill axes, frequently reaching their dorsalmost extremities. Filaments possessing frontal (apical;
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFE0FFE9FDB1F90445E58C9A" box="[579,661,1670,1695]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="16.[151,249,966,988]" captionTargetBox="[153,1434,195,944]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[153,1434,195,944]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 12. Morphology of ctenidia of Isognomon spathulatus (transverse histological section, 5 - µm, PAS stain of single inner demibranch; AMNH 319258; 52 mm). A—Section at distal-most edge of demibranch margin showing absence of serial interfilamentar tissue fusion; B—Section slightly proximal to that of A showing limited extent of interfilamental serial fusion restricted to narrow, median bridge; C—Section at mid-height of demibranch; D—Closeup of single lamella showing ciliation of ordinary filaments; E—Section though row of ciliated disks showing interfilamental junctions. Abbreviations: ac, apical cilia; cd, ciliated disk; fg, food groove; lc, lateral cilia; lfc, laterofrontal cilia; ogf, ordinary gill filament; tf, tissue fusion. Scale bars: A − C: 150 Μm; D: 50 µm; E: 100 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267347/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="157">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
|
||
D, ac), laterofrontal (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFE0FFE9FC78F90444AE8C9A" box="[906,990,1670,1695]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="16.[151,249,966,988]" captionTargetBox="[153,1434,195,944]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[153,1434,195,944]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 12. Morphology of ctenidia of Isognomon spathulatus (transverse histological section, 5 - µm, PAS stain of single inner demibranch; AMNH 319258; 52 mm). A—Section at distal-most edge of demibranch margin showing absence of serial interfilamentar tissue fusion; B—Section slightly proximal to that of A showing limited extent of interfilamental serial fusion restricted to narrow, median bridge; C—Section at mid-height of demibranch; D—Closeup of single lamella showing ciliation of ordinary filaments; E—Section though row of ciliated disks showing interfilamental junctions. Abbreviations: ac, apical cilia; cd, ciliated disk; fg, food groove; lc, lateral cilia; lfc, laterofrontal cilia; ogf, ordinary gill filament; tf, tissue fusion. Scale bars: A − C: 150 Μm; D: 50 µm; E: 100 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267347/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="157">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
|
||
D, lfc), and lateral (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFE0FFE9FB36F90442688C9A" box="[1220,1304,1670,1695]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="16.[151,249,966,988]" captionTargetBox="[153,1434,195,944]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[153,1434,195,944]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 12. Morphology of ctenidia of Isognomon spathulatus (transverse histological section, 5 - µm, PAS stain of single inner demibranch; AMNH 319258; 52 mm). A—Section at distal-most edge of demibranch margin showing absence of serial interfilamentar tissue fusion; B—Section slightly proximal to that of A showing limited extent of interfilamental serial fusion restricted to narrow, median bridge; C—Section at mid-height of demibranch; D—Closeup of single lamella showing ciliation of ordinary filaments; E—Section though row of ciliated disks showing interfilamental junctions. Abbreviations: ac, apical cilia; cd, ciliated disk; fg, food groove; lc, lateral cilia; lfc, laterofrontal cilia; ogf, ordinary gill filament; tf, tissue fusion. Scale bars: A − C: 150 Μm; D: 50 µm; E: 100 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267347/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="157">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
|
||
D, lc) cilia; abfrontal cilia absent.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3D02AFFE0FFE9FF35F94C47CC8D9E" blockId="16.[151,1437,1238,2019]" pageId="16" pageNumber="157">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFE0FFE9FF35F94C46E88CE3" box="[199,408,1742,1767]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="157">Alimentary system</emphasis>
|
||
: Mouth (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFE0FFE9FDF4F94C453B8CE2" box="[518,587,1742,1767]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="11.[151,249,752,774]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,730]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,193,731]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 8. Soft anatomy of Isognomon spathulatus (AMNH 319257; 39 mm). A—Right lateral view of intact soft anatomy with the right valve removed; B—Right lateral view of the soft anatomy with the valves and the mantle lobe removed; C—Diagrammatic view of the soft anatomy showing the internal features on the visceral mass. Abbreviations: ad, adhesive disk of byssus; af, anal funnel; am, accessory pedo-byssal muscle; amc, “ catch ” component of posterior adductor muscle; amq, “ quick ” component of posterior adductor muscle; au, auricle; by, byssus; byt, byssal thread; ct, ctenidium; e, esophagus; f, foot; farm, fused anterior pedo-byssal retractor muscles; h, heart; hl, hinge line; in, intestine; k, kidney (shaded gray); lp, labial palp; mi, mantle isthmus; mlc, contractile zone of mantle lobe; mlh, homogeneous central zone of mantle lobe; mm, mantle margin; mo, mouth; nb, border of nacreous layer; pam, posterior adductor muscle; pf, pallial fold; prm, posterior pedo-byssal retractor muscle; rprm, radial pallial retractor muscle; sm, suspensory membrane; st, gastric chamber (“ stomach ”); ss, supramyal septum; ur, ureter; v, ventricle; vm, visceral mass. Scale bar: 10 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267343/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="157">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
C, mo) dorsoventrally compressed, concealed by anteriorly extending lips with ventral lip slightly more extensive and curling dorsally towards smaller dorsal lip. Inner lip surfaces smooth and non-pigmented; outer lip surfaces light brown in living specimens. Mouth opening into dorsoventrally flattened esophagus (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFE0FFE9FE70F8B846B98D57" box="[386,457,1850,1875]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="11.[151,249,752,774]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,730]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,193,731]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 8. Soft anatomy of Isognomon spathulatus (AMNH 319257; 39 mm). A—Right lateral view of intact soft anatomy with the right valve removed; B—Right lateral view of the soft anatomy with the valves and the mantle lobe removed; C—Diagrammatic view of the soft anatomy showing the internal features on the visceral mass. Abbreviations: ad, adhesive disk of byssus; af, anal funnel; am, accessory pedo-byssal muscle; amc, “ catch ” component of posterior adductor muscle; amq, “ quick ” component of posterior adductor muscle; au, auricle; by, byssus; byt, byssal thread; ct, ctenidium; e, esophagus; f, foot; farm, fused anterior pedo-byssal retractor muscles; h, heart; hl, hinge line; in, intestine; k, kidney (shaded gray); lp, labial palp; mi, mantle isthmus; mlc, contractile zone of mantle lobe; mlh, homogeneous central zone of mantle lobe; mm, mantle margin; mo, mouth; nb, border of nacreous layer; pam, posterior adductor muscle; pf, pallial fold; prm, posterior pedo-byssal retractor muscle; rprm, radial pallial retractor muscle; sm, suspensory membrane; st, gastric chamber (“ stomach ”); ss, supramyal septum; ur, ureter; v, ventricle; vm, visceral mass. Scale bar: 10 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267343/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="157">Figs 8</figureCitation>
|
||
C; 14; 18A, e) with parallel longitudinal grooves and ridges. Esophagus entering gastric chamber (“stomach”;
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFE0FFE9FE62F8DC46A88D72" box="[400,472,1886,1911]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="11.[151,249,752,774]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,730]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,193,731]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 8. Soft anatomy of Isognomon spathulatus (AMNH 319257; 39 mm). A—Right lateral view of intact soft anatomy with the right valve removed; B—Right lateral view of the soft anatomy with the valves and the mantle lobe removed; C—Diagrammatic view of the soft anatomy showing the internal features on the visceral mass. Abbreviations: ad, adhesive disk of byssus; af, anal funnel; am, accessory pedo-byssal muscle; amc, “ catch ” component of posterior adductor muscle; amq, “ quick ” component of posterior adductor muscle; au, auricle; by, byssus; byt, byssal thread; ct, ctenidium; e, esophagus; f, foot; farm, fused anterior pedo-byssal retractor muscles; h, heart; hl, hinge line; in, intestine; k, kidney (shaded gray); lp, labial palp; mi, mantle isthmus; mlc, contractile zone of mantle lobe; mlh, homogeneous central zone of mantle lobe; mm, mantle margin; mo, mouth; nb, border of nacreous layer; pam, posterior adductor muscle; pf, pallial fold; prm, posterior pedo-byssal retractor muscle; rprm, radial pallial retractor muscle; sm, suspensory membrane; st, gastric chamber (“ stomach ”); ss, supramyal septum; ur, ureter; v, ventricle; vm, visceral mass. Scale bar: 10 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267343/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="157">Figs 8</figureCitation>
|
||
C; 14; 18A, B, st) anterodorsally though slit-like opening demarcated by esophageal lip.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3D02AFFE0FFE8FF35F82442208B18" blockId="16.[151,1437,1238,2019]" lastBlockId="17.[151,1436,151,285]" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="158" pageId="16" pageNumber="157">
|
||
Gastric chamber (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFE0FFE9FE56F82445708DBA" box="[420,512,1958,1983]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="18.[151,249,968,990]" captionTargetBox="[163,1420,337,940]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[163,1423,337,947]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 14. Diagrammatic views of the gastric chamber of Isognomon spathulatus. A—Left interior view; B—Right interior view. Dotted area indicates extent of the cuticle. Abbreviations: ant, antechamber; cr, cuticular ridge; ddd, duct of digestive diverticula; df, dorsal fold; dgr, dorsal groove; dh, dorsal hood; e, esophagus; ff, fleshy fold; fsc, food-sorting caecum; gs, gastric shield; ig, intestinal groove; lpo, left pouch; mst, main stomach chamber; sh, stirring hollow; sta, striated area; stys / in, merged intestine and style sac; tgr, typhlosolar guard ridge; trf, transverse folds; ty, major typhlosole; tym, minor typhlosole; vd, ventral diverticulum; vf, ventral fold. Scale bar: 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267349/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="157">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
) globular, length slightly exceeding height, enveloped by digestive gland. Antechamber (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFE0FFE9FEB2F84846E48DE7" box="[320,404,1994,2019]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="18.[151,249,968,990]" captionTargetBox="[163,1420,337,940]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[163,1423,337,947]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 14. Diagrammatic views of the gastric chamber of Isognomon spathulatus. A—Left interior view; B—Right interior view. Dotted area indicates extent of the cuticle. Abbreviations: ant, antechamber; cr, cuticular ridge; ddd, duct of digestive diverticula; df, dorsal fold; dgr, dorsal groove; dh, dorsal hood; e, esophagus; ff, fleshy fold; fsc, food-sorting caecum; gs, gastric shield; ig, intestinal groove; lpo, left pouch; mst, main stomach chamber; sh, stirring hollow; sta, striated area; stys / in, merged intestine and style sac; tgr, typhlosolar guard ridge; trf, transverse folds; ty, major typhlosole; tym, minor typhlosole; vd, ventral diverticulum; vf, ventral fold. Scale bar: 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267349/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="157">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
B, ant) small, compressed, placed anteriorly relative to capacious main chamber (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFE0FFE9FAB0F84842E78DE7" box="[1346,1431,1994,2019]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="18.[151,249,968,990]" captionTargetBox="[163,1420,337,940]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[163,1423,337,947]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 14. Diagrammatic views of the gastric chamber of Isognomon spathulatus. A—Left interior view; B—Right interior view. Dotted area indicates extent of the cuticle. Abbreviations: ant, antechamber; cr, cuticular ridge; ddd, duct of digestive diverticula; df, dorsal fold; dgr, dorsal groove; dh, dorsal hood; e, esophagus; ff, fleshy fold; fsc, food-sorting caecum; gs, gastric shield; ig, intestinal groove; lpo, left pouch; mst, main stomach chamber; sh, stirring hollow; sta, striated area; stys / in, merged intestine and style sac; tgr, typhlosolar guard ridge; trf, transverse folds; ty, major typhlosole; tym, minor typhlosole; vd, ventral diverticulum; vf, ventral fold. Scale bar: 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267349/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="157">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
, mst), markedly demarcated from main stomach chamber by fleshy fold on left wall (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFE1FFE8FBABFF1543DB8AB5" box="[1113,1195,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="18.[151,249,968,990]" captionTargetBox="[163,1420,337,940]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[163,1423,337,947]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 14. Diagrammatic views of the gastric chamber of Isognomon spathulatus. A—Left interior view; B—Right interior view. Dotted area indicates extent of the cuticle. Abbreviations: ant, antechamber; cr, cuticular ridge; ddd, duct of digestive diverticula; df, dorsal fold; dgr, dorsal groove; dh, dorsal hood; e, esophagus; ff, fleshy fold; fsc, food-sorting caecum; gs, gastric shield; ig, intestinal groove; lpo, left pouch; mst, main stomach chamber; sh, stirring hollow; sta, striated area; stys / in, merged intestine and style sac; tgr, typhlosolar guard ridge; trf, transverse folds; ty, major typhlosole; tym, minor typhlosole; vd, ventral diverticulum; vf, ventral fold. Scale bar: 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267349/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="158">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
A, ff). Base of fleshy fold fusing with floor of main chamber, devoid of folds and finger-like processes. Posterior wall of main stomach chamber with short, irregular, transverse folds and grooves (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFE1FFE8FCC9FF5D44FB8AFD" box="[827,907,223,248]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="18.[151,249,968,990]" captionTargetBox="[163,1420,337,940]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[163,1423,337,947]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 14. Diagrammatic views of the gastric chamber of Isognomon spathulatus. A—Left interior view; B—Right interior view. Dotted area indicates extent of the cuticle. Abbreviations: ant, antechamber; cr, cuticular ridge; ddd, duct of digestive diverticula; df, dorsal fold; dgr, dorsal groove; dh, dorsal hood; e, esophagus; ff, fleshy fold; fsc, food-sorting caecum; gs, gastric shield; ig, intestinal groove; lpo, left pouch; mst, main stomach chamber; sh, stirring hollow; sta, striated area; stys / in, merged intestine and style sac; tgr, typhlosolar guard ridge; trf, transverse folds; ty, major typhlosole; tym, minor typhlosole; vd, ventral diverticulum; vf, ventral fold. Scale bar: 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267349/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="158">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
A, trf). Conspicuous ventral diverticulum (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFE1FFE8FA98FF5D47C58B19" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="18.[151,249,968,990]" captionTargetBox="[163,1420,337,940]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[163,1423,337,947]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 14. Diagrammatic views of the gastric chamber of Isognomon spathulatus. A—Left interior view; B—Right interior view. Dotted area indicates extent of the cuticle. Abbreviations: ant, antechamber; cr, cuticular ridge; ddd, duct of digestive diverticula; df, dorsal fold; dgr, dorsal groove; dh, dorsal hood; e, esophagus; ff, fleshy fold; fsc, food-sorting caecum; gs, gastric shield; ig, intestinal groove; lpo, left pouch; mst, main stomach chamber; sh, stirring hollow; sta, striated area; stys / in, merged intestine and style sac; tgr, typhlosolar guard ridge; trf, transverse folds; ty, major typhlosole; tym, minor typhlosole; vd, ventral diverticulum; vf, ventral fold. Scale bar: 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267349/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="158">Figs 14</figureCitation>
|
||
B; 18A, B, vd) extending from midventral surface of main chamber posteriorly, nearly reaching intestine.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF0380A2FFE1FFE8FF65FB76468D8FA6" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267348/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="158" targetBox="[151,1424,345,1246]" targetPageId="17">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3D02AFFE1FFE8FF65FB76468D8FA6" blockId="17.[151,1436,1268,1443]" pageId="17" pageNumber="158">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFE1FFE8FF65FB7646688F0C" bold="true" box="[151,280,1268,1290]" pageId="17" pageNumber="158">FIGURE 13</emphasis>
|
||
. Morphology of ctenidia of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7CABA9FFE1FFE8FDC4FB7744528F0F" box="[566,802,1268,1290]" class="Bivalvia" family="Pteriidae" genus="Isognomon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="17" pageNumber="158" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="spathulatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFE1FFE8FDC4FB7744528F0F" box="[566,802,1268,1290]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="158">Isognomon spathulatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(SEM; AMNH 319257; 63 mm). A—Right lateroventral view of ventral part of right ctenidium; B—Abfrontal surface of descending lamella of right demibranch in region of its fusion to ctenidial axis; close-up view of ciliated disks (inset); C—Right lateral view of middle part of right ctenidium; D—Abfrontal surface of lamella showing interfilamentar connections mediated by rows of ciliated disks. Abbreviations: cdr, row of ciliated disks; fg, food groove; id, inner demibranch; od, outer demibranch; ogf, ordinary gill filament; tf, tissue fusion. Scale bars: A: 200 Μm; B, C: 100 Μm; D: 500 Μm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3D02AFFE1FFE8FF35FA5244E98C7C" blockId="17.[151,1437,1488,2017]" pageId="17" pageNumber="158">
|
||
Wide anterior and posterior transverse dorsal folds (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFE1FFE8FCC6FA5244FB8FED" box="[820,907,1488,1513]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="18.[151,249,968,990]" captionTargetBox="[163,1420,337,940]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[163,1423,337,947]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 14. Diagrammatic views of the gastric chamber of Isognomon spathulatus. A—Left interior view; B—Right interior view. Dotted area indicates extent of the cuticle. Abbreviations: ant, antechamber; cr, cuticular ridge; ddd, duct of digestive diverticula; df, dorsal fold; dgr, dorsal groove; dh, dorsal hood; e, esophagus; ff, fleshy fold; fsc, food-sorting caecum; gs, gastric shield; ig, intestinal groove; lpo, left pouch; mst, main stomach chamber; sh, stirring hollow; sta, striated area; stys / in, merged intestine and style sac; tgr, typhlosolar guard ridge; trf, transverse folds; ty, major typhlosole; tym, minor typhlosole; vd, ventral diverticulum; vf, ventral fold. Scale bar: 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267349/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="158">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
B, df) on surface of anterior region of main chamber demarcating shallow dorsal hood (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFE1FFE8FD78FA7645AC8C08" box="[650,732,1524,1549]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="18.[151,249,968,990]" captionTargetBox="[163,1420,337,940]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[163,1423,337,947]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 14. Diagrammatic views of the gastric chamber of Isognomon spathulatus. A—Left interior view; B—Right interior view. Dotted area indicates extent of the cuticle. Abbreviations: ant, antechamber; cr, cuticular ridge; ddd, duct of digestive diverticula; df, dorsal fold; dgr, dorsal groove; dh, dorsal hood; e, esophagus; ff, fleshy fold; fsc, food-sorting caecum; gs, gastric shield; ig, intestinal groove; lpo, left pouch; mst, main stomach chamber; sh, stirring hollow; sta, striated area; stys / in, merged intestine and style sac; tgr, typhlosolar guard ridge; trf, transverse folds; ty, major typhlosole; tym, minor typhlosole; vd, ventral diverticulum; vf, ventral fold. Scale bar: 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267349/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="158">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
A, dh). Left pouch (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFE1FFE8FC30FA7643658C08" box="[962,1045,1524,1549]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="18.[151,249,968,990]" captionTargetBox="[163,1420,337,940]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[163,1423,337,947]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 14. Diagrammatic views of the gastric chamber of Isognomon spathulatus. A—Left interior view; B—Right interior view. Dotted area indicates extent of the cuticle. Abbreviations: ant, antechamber; cr, cuticular ridge; ddd, duct of digestive diverticula; df, dorsal fold; dgr, dorsal groove; dh, dorsal hood; e, esophagus; ff, fleshy fold; fsc, food-sorting caecum; gs, gastric shield; ig, intestinal groove; lpo, left pouch; mst, main stomach chamber; sh, stirring hollow; sta, striated area; stys / in, merged intestine and style sac; tgr, typhlosolar guard ridge; trf, transverse folds; ty, major typhlosole; tym, minor typhlosole; vd, ventral diverticulum; vf, ventral fold. Scale bar: 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267349/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="158">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
A, lpo) small, shallow, situated on anterolateral surface of main chamber proximal to fleshy fold, concealed by gastric shield. Region of left pouch ventral to gastric shield diagonally grooved. Anterior dorsal fold investing left pouch, gradually narrowing ventrally, separating dorsal hood from dorsal groove (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFE1FFE8FD03F9E244318C7D" box="[753,833,1632,1657]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="18.[151,249,968,990]" captionTargetBox="[163,1420,337,940]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[163,1423,337,947]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 14. Diagrammatic views of the gastric chamber of Isognomon spathulatus. A—Left interior view; B—Right interior view. Dotted area indicates extent of the cuticle. Abbreviations: ant, antechamber; cr, cuticular ridge; ddd, duct of digestive diverticula; df, dorsal fold; dgr, dorsal groove; dh, dorsal hood; e, esophagus; ff, fleshy fold; fsc, food-sorting caecum; gs, gastric shield; ig, intestinal groove; lpo, left pouch; mst, main stomach chamber; sh, stirring hollow; sta, striated area; stys / in, merged intestine and style sac; tgr, typhlosolar guard ridge; trf, transverse folds; ty, major typhlosole; tym, minor typhlosole; vd, ventral diverticulum; vf, ventral fold. Scale bar: 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267349/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="158">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
A, dgr).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3D02AFFE1FFE8FF35F90647BB8D0C" blockId="17.[151,1437,1488,2017]" pageId="17" pageNumber="158">
|
||
Crystalline style projecting from opening of co-joined style sac and midgut (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFE1FFE8FBCAF90643FA8C98" box="[1080,1162,1668,1693]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="18.[151,249,968,990]" captionTargetBox="[163,1420,337,940]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[163,1423,337,947]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 14. Diagrammatic views of the gastric chamber of Isognomon spathulatus. A—Left interior view; B—Right interior view. Dotted area indicates extent of the cuticle. Abbreviations: ant, antechamber; cr, cuticular ridge; ddd, duct of digestive diverticula; df, dorsal fold; dgr, dorsal groove; dh, dorsal hood; e, esophagus; ff, fleshy fold; fsc, food-sorting caecum; gs, gastric shield; ig, intestinal groove; lpo, left pouch; mst, main stomach chamber; sh, stirring hollow; sta, striated area; stys / in, merged intestine and style sac; tgr, typhlosolar guard ridge; trf, transverse folds; ty, major typhlosole; tym, minor typhlosole; vd, ventral diverticulum; vf, ventral fold. Scale bar: 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267349/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="158">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
A, stys/in) into stomach lumen, located medially in posteroventral side of main chamber. Food-sorting caecum (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFE1FFE8FB6AF92A439C8CC5" box="[1176,1260,1704,1729]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="18.[151,249,968,990]" captionTargetBox="[163,1420,337,940]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[163,1423,337,947]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 14. Diagrammatic views of the gastric chamber of Isognomon spathulatus. A—Left interior view; B—Right interior view. Dotted area indicates extent of the cuticle. Abbreviations: ant, antechamber; cr, cuticular ridge; ddd, duct of digestive diverticula; df, dorsal fold; dgr, dorsal groove; dh, dorsal hood; e, esophagus; ff, fleshy fold; fsc, food-sorting caecum; gs, gastric shield; ig, intestinal groove; lpo, left pouch; mst, main stomach chamber; sh, stirring hollow; sta, striated area; stys / in, merged intestine and style sac; tgr, typhlosolar guard ridge; trf, transverse folds; ty, major typhlosole; tym, minor typhlosole; vd, ventral diverticulum; vf, ventral fold. Scale bar: 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267349/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="158">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
A, fsc) narrow, extending dorsoventrally from stomach floor to level of esophageal opening, with posterior wall formed by fleshy fold.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3D02AFFE1FFE8FF35F89642698D9C" blockId="17.[151,1437,1488,2017]" pageId="17" pageNumber="158">
|
||
Cuticle (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFE1FFE8FEDAF89646088D28" box="[296,376,1812,1837]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="17.[151,249,1268,1290]" captionTargetBox="[151,1424,345,1246]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[151,1436,339,1246]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 13. Morphology of ctenidia of Isognomon spathulatus (SEM; AMNH 319257; 63 mm). A—Right lateroventral view of ventral part of right ctenidium; B—Abfrontal surface of descending lamella of right demibranch in region of its fusion to ctenidial axis; close-up view of ciliated disks (inset); C—Right lateral view of middle part of right ctenidium; D—Abfrontal surface of lamella showing interfilamentar connections mediated by rows of ciliated disks. Abbreviations: cdr, row of ciliated disks; fg, food groove; id, inner demibranch; od, outer demibranch; ogf, ordinary gill filament; tf, tissue fusion. Scale bars: A: 200 Μm; B, C: 100 Μm; D: 500 Μm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267348/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="158">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
|
||
A) occupying most of left surface of main chamber, slightly extending anteriorly onto ventral surface of dorsal hood. Gastric shield (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFE1FFE8FDAEF8BA45DF8D55" box="[604,687,1848,1873]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="18.[151,249,968,990]" captionTargetBox="[163,1420,337,940]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[163,1423,337,947]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 14. Diagrammatic views of the gastric chamber of Isognomon spathulatus. A—Left interior view; B—Right interior view. Dotted area indicates extent of the cuticle. Abbreviations: ant, antechamber; cr, cuticular ridge; ddd, duct of digestive diverticula; df, dorsal fold; dgr, dorsal groove; dh, dorsal hood; e, esophagus; ff, fleshy fold; fsc, food-sorting caecum; gs, gastric shield; ig, intestinal groove; lpo, left pouch; mst, main stomach chamber; sh, stirring hollow; sta, striated area; stys / in, merged intestine and style sac; tgr, typhlosolar guard ridge; trf, transverse folds; ty, major typhlosole; tym, minor typhlosole; vd, ventral diverticulum; vf, ventral fold. Scale bar: 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267349/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="158">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
A, gs) occupying surface of conspicuous, semispherical, bulbous extension on anterolateral surface of main chamber proximal to fleshy fold; distinct teeth of gastric shield absent. Cuticular ridge (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFE1FFE8FEBDF80246EF8D9D" box="[335,415,1920,1945]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="18.[151,249,968,990]" captionTargetBox="[163,1420,337,940]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[163,1423,337,947]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 14. Diagrammatic views of the gastric chamber of Isognomon spathulatus. A—Left interior view; B—Right interior view. Dotted area indicates extent of the cuticle. Abbreviations: ant, antechamber; cr, cuticular ridge; ddd, duct of digestive diverticula; df, dorsal fold; dgr, dorsal groove; dh, dorsal hood; e, esophagus; ff, fleshy fold; fsc, food-sorting caecum; gs, gastric shield; ig, intestinal groove; lpo, left pouch; mst, main stomach chamber; sh, stirring hollow; sta, striated area; stys / in, merged intestine and style sac; tgr, typhlosolar guard ridge; trf, transverse folds; ty, major typhlosole; tym, minor typhlosole; vd, ventral diverticulum; vf, ventral fold. Scale bar: 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267349/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="158">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
A, cr) extending from left wall, separated by cleft from opposing gastric shield.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3D02AFFE1FFEBFF35F82644818B18" blockId="17.[151,1437,1488,2017]" lastBlockId="18.[151,1436,151,285]" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="159" pageId="17" pageNumber="158">
|
||
Minor typhlosole (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFE1FFE8FE6DF82646848DB8" box="[415,500,1956,1981]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="18.[151,249,968,990]" captionTargetBox="[163,1420,337,940]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[163,1423,337,947]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 14. Diagrammatic views of the gastric chamber of Isognomon spathulatus. A—Left interior view; B—Right interior view. Dotted area indicates extent of the cuticle. Abbreviations: ant, antechamber; cr, cuticular ridge; ddd, duct of digestive diverticula; df, dorsal fold; dgr, dorsal groove; dh, dorsal hood; e, esophagus; ff, fleshy fold; fsc, food-sorting caecum; gs, gastric shield; ig, intestinal groove; lpo, left pouch; mst, main stomach chamber; sh, stirring hollow; sta, striated area; stys / in, merged intestine and style sac; tgr, typhlosolar guard ridge; trf, transverse folds; ty, major typhlosole; tym, minor typhlosole; vd, ventral diverticulum; vf, ventral fold. Scale bar: 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267349/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="158">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
B, tym) merging with right wall upon entry into lumen of main chamber. Major typhlosole (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFE1FFE8FEEEF84A46008DE5" box="[284,368,1992,2017]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="18.[151,249,968,990]" captionTargetBox="[163,1420,337,940]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[163,1423,337,947]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 14. Diagrammatic views of the gastric chamber of Isognomon spathulatus. A—Left interior view; B—Right interior view. Dotted area indicates extent of the cuticle. Abbreviations: ant, antechamber; cr, cuticular ridge; ddd, duct of digestive diverticula; df, dorsal fold; dgr, dorsal groove; dh, dorsal hood; e, esophagus; ff, fleshy fold; fsc, food-sorting caecum; gs, gastric shield; ig, intestinal groove; lpo, left pouch; mst, main stomach chamber; sh, stirring hollow; sta, striated area; stys / in, merged intestine and style sac; tgr, typhlosolar guard ridge; trf, transverse folds; ty, major typhlosole; tym, minor typhlosole; vd, ventral diverticulum; vf, ventral fold. Scale bar: 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267349/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="158">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
, ty) forming broad, low ridge, passing along right ventral side of main chamber. In its course, major typhlosole extending into ventral diverticulum along its posterior wall to apex, emerging along anterior wall of diverticulum onto right ventral side of main chamber, skirting around base of fleshy fold, passing proximal duct of digestive diverticula in right anterior part of gastric chamber, crossing floor of main chamber, extending dorsally into food sorting caecum, and terminating at its apex proximal to esophagus.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF0380A2FFE2FFEBFF65FC4A45988E7D" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267349/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="159" targetBox="[163,1420,337,940]" targetPageId="18">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3D02AFFE2FFEBFF65FC4A45988E7D" blockId="18.[151,1436,968,1144]" pageId="18" pageNumber="159">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFE2FFEBFF65FC4A466889D8" bold="true" box="[151,280,968,990]" pageId="18" pageNumber="159">FIGURE 14</emphasis>
|
||
. Diagrammatic views of the gastric chamber of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7CABA9FFE2FFEBFCF1FC48449F89DB" box="[771,1007,968,991]" class="Bivalvia" family="Pteriidae" genus="Isognomon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="18" pageNumber="159" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="spathulatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFE2FFEBFCF1FC48449F89DB" box="[771,1007,968,991]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="159">Isognomon spathulatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. A—Left interior view; B—Right interior view. Dotted area indicates extent of the cuticle. Abbreviations: ant, antechamber; cr, cuticular ridge; ddd, duct of digestive diverticula; df, dorsal fold; dgr, dorsal groove; dh, dorsal hood; e, esophagus; ff, fleshy fold; fsc, food-sorting caecum; gs, gastric shield; ig, intestinal groove; lpo, left pouch; mst, main stomach chamber; sh, stirring hollow; sta, striated area; stys/in, merged intestine and style sac; tgr, typhlosolar guard ridge; trf, transverse folds; ty, major typhlosole; tym, minor typhlosole; vd, ventral diverticulum; vf, ventral fold. Scale bar: 1 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3D02AFFE2FFEBFF35FB2644028F00" blockId="18.[151,1437,1188,2005]" pageId="18" pageNumber="159">
|
||
Typhlosolar guard ridge (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFE2FFEBFE17FB2645488EB8" box="[485,568,1188,1213]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="18.[151,249,968,990]" captionTargetBox="[163,1420,337,940]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[163,1423,337,947]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 14. Diagrammatic views of the gastric chamber of Isognomon spathulatus. A—Left interior view; B—Right interior view. Dotted area indicates extent of the cuticle. Abbreviations: ant, antechamber; cr, cuticular ridge; ddd, duct of digestive diverticula; df, dorsal fold; dgr, dorsal groove; dh, dorsal hood; e, esophagus; ff, fleshy fold; fsc, food-sorting caecum; gs, gastric shield; ig, intestinal groove; lpo, left pouch; mst, main stomach chamber; sh, stirring hollow; sta, striated area; stys / in, merged intestine and style sac; tgr, typhlosolar guard ridge; trf, transverse folds; ty, major typhlosole; tym, minor typhlosole; vd, ventral diverticulum; vf, ventral fold. Scale bar: 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267349/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="159">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
, tgr) originating from inconspicuous thickening in area between typhlosoles, where they emerge from intestinal opening, circumnavigating major typhlosole along its entire length, and terminating inside ventral diverticulum on left side of typhlosole.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3D02AFFE2FFEBFF35FA9245C38C20" blockId="18.[151,1437,1188,2005]" pageId="18" pageNumber="159">
|
||
Intestinal groove (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFE2FFEBFE68FA92469F8F2C" box="[410,495,1296,1321]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="18.[151,249,968,990]" captionTargetBox="[163,1420,337,940]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[163,1423,337,947]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 14. Diagrammatic views of the gastric chamber of Isognomon spathulatus. A—Left interior view; B—Right interior view. Dotted area indicates extent of the cuticle. Abbreviations: ant, antechamber; cr, cuticular ridge; ddd, duct of digestive diverticula; df, dorsal fold; dgr, dorsal groove; dh, dorsal hood; e, esophagus; ff, fleshy fold; fsc, food-sorting caecum; gs, gastric shield; ig, intestinal groove; lpo, left pouch; mst, main stomach chamber; sh, stirring hollow; sta, striated area; stys / in, merged intestine and style sac; tgr, typhlosolar guard ridge; trf, transverse folds; ty, major typhlosole; tym, minor typhlosole; vd, ventral diverticulum; vf, ventral fold. Scale bar: 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267349/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="159">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
B, ig) splitting into two tracks on ventral floor in posteroventral surface on main chamber: left track following course of major typhlosole, forming narrow groove between major typhlosole and typhlosolar guard ridge ridge; right track diverging to right stomach wall, diving into ventral diverticulum, then ascending in S-shaped curve along right wall of antechamber, passing ventral to base of anterior dorsal fold, crossing roof of gastric chamber to left side, and descending along left wall into funnel-like stirring hollow (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFE2FFEBFA9DFA2247C38FD8" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="18.[151,249,968,990]" captionTargetBox="[163,1420,337,940]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[163,1423,337,947]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 14. Diagrammatic views of the gastric chamber of Isognomon spathulatus. A—Left interior view; B—Right interior view. Dotted area indicates extent of the cuticle. Abbreviations: ant, antechamber; cr, cuticular ridge; ddd, duct of digestive diverticula; df, dorsal fold; dgr, dorsal groove; dh, dorsal hood; e, esophagus; ff, fleshy fold; fsc, food-sorting caecum; gs, gastric shield; ig, intestinal groove; lpo, left pouch; mst, main stomach chamber; sh, stirring hollow; sta, striated area; stys / in, merged intestine and style sac; tgr, typhlosolar guard ridge; trf, transverse folds; ty, major typhlosole; tym, minor typhlosole; vd, ventral diverticulum; vf, ventral fold. Scale bar: 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267349/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="159">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
A, sh). Two conspicuous, parallel, adjacent, transverse ventral folds (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFE2FFEBFC2EFA4643408FD8" box="[988,1072,1476,1501]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="18.[151,249,968,990]" captionTargetBox="[163,1420,337,940]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[163,1423,337,947]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 14. Diagrammatic views of the gastric chamber of Isognomon spathulatus. A—Left interior view; B—Right interior view. Dotted area indicates extent of the cuticle. Abbreviations: ant, antechamber; cr, cuticular ridge; ddd, duct of digestive diverticula; df, dorsal fold; dgr, dorsal groove; dh, dorsal hood; e, esophagus; ff, fleshy fold; fsc, food-sorting caecum; gs, gastric shield; ig, intestinal groove; lpo, left pouch; mst, main stomach chamber; sh, stirring hollow; sta, striated area; stys / in, merged intestine and style sac; tgr, typhlosolar guard ridge; trf, transverse folds; ty, major typhlosole; tym, minor typhlosole; vd, ventral diverticulum; vf, ventral fold. Scale bar: 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267349/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="159">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
A, vf) extending left from area proximal to emergence on major typhlosole on posteroventral floor of stomach with anteriormost ridge, extending slightly dorsally onto left wall of main chamber.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3D02AFFE2FFEBFF35F9B245AC8C68" blockId="18.[151,1437,1188,2005]" pageId="18" pageNumber="159">
|
||
Patch of very fine diagonal striated area (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFE2FFEBFD67F9B245968C4C" box="[661,742,1584,1609]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="18.[151,249,968,990]" captionTargetBox="[163,1420,337,940]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[163,1423,337,947]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 14. Diagrammatic views of the gastric chamber of Isognomon spathulatus. A—Left interior view; B—Right interior view. Dotted area indicates extent of the cuticle. Abbreviations: ant, antechamber; cr, cuticular ridge; ddd, duct of digestive diverticula; df, dorsal fold; dgr, dorsal groove; dh, dorsal hood; e, esophagus; ff, fleshy fold; fsc, food-sorting caecum; gs, gastric shield; ig, intestinal groove; lpo, left pouch; mst, main stomach chamber; sh, stirring hollow; sta, striated area; stys / in, merged intestine and style sac; tgr, typhlosolar guard ridge; trf, transverse folds; ty, major typhlosole; tym, minor typhlosole; vd, ventral diverticulum; vf, ventral fold. Scale bar: 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267349/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="159">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
B, sta) situated in slightly recessed area in anterodorsal region of right wall of main chamber between dorsal folds.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3D02AFFE2FFEBFF35F9FB465E8D40" blockId="18.[151,1437,1188,2005]" pageId="18" pageNumber="159">
|
||
Exact number of ducts of digestive diverticula (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFE2FFEBFD1AF9FA444C8C94" box="[744,828,1656,1681]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="18.[151,249,968,990]" captionTargetBox="[163,1420,337,940]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[163,1423,337,947]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 14. Diagrammatic views of the gastric chamber of Isognomon spathulatus. A—Left interior view; B—Right interior view. Dotted area indicates extent of the cuticle. Abbreviations: ant, antechamber; cr, cuticular ridge; ddd, duct of digestive diverticula; df, dorsal fold; dgr, dorsal groove; dh, dorsal hood; e, esophagus; ff, fleshy fold; fsc, food-sorting caecum; gs, gastric shield; ig, intestinal groove; lpo, left pouch; mst, main stomach chamber; sh, stirring hollow; sta, striated area; stys / in, merged intestine and style sac; tgr, typhlosolar guard ridge; trf, transverse folds; ty, major typhlosole; tym, minor typhlosole; vd, ventral diverticulum; vf, ventral fold. Scale bar: 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267349/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="159">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
, ddd) could not be determined. Anterior duct field in antichamber consisting of individual ducts opening into food-sorting caecum and into small embayment on right ventral surface of antechamber. Posterior duct fields consisting of embayment with two ducts connected by several fine parallel grooves and situated on left midventral side of main chamber between posteroventral extremity of fleshy fold and anterior ventral ridge. Single ducts located inside stirring hollow and distalmost extremity of ventral diverticulum.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3D02AFFE2FFEAFF35F8D2439A8AFD" blockId="18.[151,1437,1188,2005]" lastBlockId="19.[151,1436,151,429]" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="160" pageId="18" pageNumber="159">
|
||
Style sac and midgut merged, forming single tube (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFE2FFEBFCFEF8D2442E8D6C" box="[780,862,1872,1897]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="18.[151,249,968,990]" captionTargetBox="[163,1420,337,940]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[163,1423,337,947]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 14. Diagrammatic views of the gastric chamber of Isognomon spathulatus. A—Left interior view; B—Right interior view. Dotted area indicates extent of the cuticle. Abbreviations: ant, antechamber; cr, cuticular ridge; ddd, duct of digestive diverticula; df, dorsal fold; dgr, dorsal groove; dh, dorsal hood; e, esophagus; ff, fleshy fold; fsc, food-sorting caecum; gs, gastric shield; ig, intestinal groove; lpo, left pouch; mst, main stomach chamber; sh, stirring hollow; sta, striated area; stys / in, merged intestine and style sac; tgr, typhlosolar guard ridge; trf, transverse folds; ty, major typhlosole; tym, minor typhlosole; vd, ventral diverticulum; vf, ventral fold. Scale bar: 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267349/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="159">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
A, stys/in). Intestine (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFE2FFEBFBA1F8D243E78D6C" box="[1107,1175,1872,1897]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="11.[151,249,752,774]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,730]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,193,731]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 8. Soft anatomy of Isognomon spathulatus (AMNH 319257; 39 mm). A—Right lateral view of intact soft anatomy with the right valve removed; B—Right lateral view of the soft anatomy with the valves and the mantle lobe removed; C—Diagrammatic view of the soft anatomy showing the internal features on the visceral mass. Abbreviations: ad, adhesive disk of byssus; af, anal funnel; am, accessory pedo-byssal muscle; amc, “ catch ” component of posterior adductor muscle; amq, “ quick ” component of posterior adductor muscle; au, auricle; by, byssus; byt, byssal thread; ct, ctenidium; e, esophagus; f, foot; farm, fused anterior pedo-byssal retractor muscles; h, heart; hl, hinge line; in, intestine; k, kidney (shaded gray); lp, labial palp; mi, mantle isthmus; mlc, contractile zone of mantle lobe; mlh, homogeneous central zone of mantle lobe; mm, mantle margin; mo, mouth; nb, border of nacreous layer; pam, posterior adductor muscle; pf, pallial fold; prm, posterior pedo-byssal retractor muscle; rprm, radial pallial retractor muscle; sm, suspensory membrane; st, gastric chamber (“ stomach ”); ss, supramyal septum; ur, ureter; v, ventricle; vm, visceral mass. Scale bar: 10 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267343/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="159">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
C, in) descending from gastric chamber straight to posteroventral extremity of visceral mass, making short loop anteriorly, and ascending parallel to descending arm on left side, crossing over descending arm to right, and proceeding along curve to posterodorsal side of visceral mass; upon exiting visceral mass, intestine perforating ventricle and supramyal septum, passing medially and terminating on posteroventral surface of posterior adductor muscle. Intestinal sheath light brown. Anus (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFE3FFEAFE81FF3E46CB8AD1" box="[371,443,188,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="11.[151,249,752,774]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,730]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,193,731]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 8. Soft anatomy of Isognomon spathulatus (AMNH 319257; 39 mm). A—Right lateral view of intact soft anatomy with the right valve removed; B—Right lateral view of the soft anatomy with the valves and the mantle lobe removed; C—Diagrammatic view of the soft anatomy showing the internal features on the visceral mass. Abbreviations: ad, adhesive disk of byssus; af, anal funnel; am, accessory pedo-byssal muscle; amc, “ catch ” component of posterior adductor muscle; amq, “ quick ” component of posterior adductor muscle; au, auricle; by, byssus; byt, byssal thread; ct, ctenidium; e, esophagus; f, foot; farm, fused anterior pedo-byssal retractor muscles; h, heart; hl, hinge line; in, intestine; k, kidney (shaded gray); lp, labial palp; mi, mantle isthmus; mlc, contractile zone of mantle lobe; mlh, homogeneous central zone of mantle lobe; mm, mantle margin; mo, mouth; nb, border of nacreous layer; pam, posterior adductor muscle; pf, pallial fold; prm, posterior pedo-byssal retractor muscle; rprm, radial pallial retractor muscle; sm, suspensory membrane; st, gastric chamber (“ stomach ”); ss, supramyal septum; ur, ureter; v, ventricle; vm, visceral mass. Scale bar: 10 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267343/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="160">Figs 8</figureCitation>
|
||
C; 15, an) with short, colorless, semitranslucent, subtriangular anal funnel (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFE3FFEAFAFDFF3E42278AD1" box="[1295,1367,188,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="11.[151,249,752,774]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,730]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,193,731]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 8. Soft anatomy of Isognomon spathulatus (AMNH 319257; 39 mm). A—Right lateral view of intact soft anatomy with the right valve removed; B—Right lateral view of the soft anatomy with the valves and the mantle lobe removed; C—Diagrammatic view of the soft anatomy showing the internal features on the visceral mass. Abbreviations: ad, adhesive disk of byssus; af, anal funnel; am, accessory pedo-byssal muscle; amc, “ catch ” component of posterior adductor muscle; amq, “ quick ” component of posterior adductor muscle; au, auricle; by, byssus; byt, byssal thread; ct, ctenidium; e, esophagus; f, foot; farm, fused anterior pedo-byssal retractor muscles; h, heart; hl, hinge line; in, intestine; k, kidney (shaded gray); lp, labial palp; mi, mantle isthmus; mlc, contractile zone of mantle lobe; mlh, homogeneous central zone of mantle lobe; mm, mantle margin; mo, mouth; nb, border of nacreous layer; pam, posterior adductor muscle; pf, pallial fold; prm, posterior pedo-byssal retractor muscle; rprm, radial pallial retractor muscle; sm, suspensory membrane; st, gastric chamber (“ stomach ”); ss, supramyal septum; ur, ureter; v, ventricle; vm, visceral mass. Scale bar: 10 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267343/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="160">Figs 8</figureCitation>
|
||
C; 15, af). In some specimens anal funnel bifurcated, possibly due to damage by predators (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFE3FFEAFBBFFF5D43ED8AFD" box="[1101,1181,223,248]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="19.[151,249,1841,1863]" captionTargetBox="[301,1285,483,1820]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[301,1285,483,1820]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 15. Diagrammatic representation of the excretory system and its relation to the pericardium of Isognomon spathulatus in posterior view; dorsal part of adductor muscle and intestine removed (above dotted line). Inset: abnormal bifurcated anal funnel (AMNH 319257; 62 mm). Abbreviations: af, anal funnel; an, anus; aso, abdominal sense organ; au, auricle; in, intestine; k, kidney; pam, posterior adductor muscle; pc, pericardial cavity; ty / tym, fused major and minor typhlosoles; v, ventricle. Scale bar: 150 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267350/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="160">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
|
||
inset).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3D02AFFE3FFEAFF35FE8642368BA8" blockId="19.[151,1436,151,429]" pageId="19" pageNumber="160">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFE3FFEAFF35FE8645438B19" box="[199,563,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="160">Vascular and excretory systems</emphasis>
|
||
: Heart (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFE3FFEAFD6AFE8645AE8B19" box="[664,734,260,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="11.[151,249,752,774]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,730]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,193,731]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 8. Soft anatomy of Isognomon spathulatus (AMNH 319257; 39 mm). A—Right lateral view of intact soft anatomy with the right valve removed; B—Right lateral view of the soft anatomy with the valves and the mantle lobe removed; C—Diagrammatic view of the soft anatomy showing the internal features on the visceral mass. Abbreviations: ad, adhesive disk of byssus; af, anal funnel; am, accessory pedo-byssal muscle; amc, “ catch ” component of posterior adductor muscle; amq, “ quick ” component of posterior adductor muscle; au, auricle; by, byssus; byt, byssal thread; ct, ctenidium; e, esophagus; f, foot; farm, fused anterior pedo-byssal retractor muscles; h, heart; hl, hinge line; in, intestine; k, kidney (shaded gray); lp, labial palp; mi, mantle isthmus; mlc, contractile zone of mantle lobe; mlh, homogeneous central zone of mantle lobe; mm, mantle margin; mo, mouth; nb, border of nacreous layer; pam, posterior adductor muscle; pf, pallial fold; prm, posterior pedo-byssal retractor muscle; rprm, radial pallial retractor muscle; sm, suspensory membrane; st, gastric chamber (“ stomach ”); ss, supramyal septum; ur, ureter; v, ventricle; vm, visceral mass. Scale bar: 10 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267343/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="160">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
C, h) enclosed within pericardium (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFE3FFEAFB73FE8643A78B18" box="[1153,1239,260,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="19.[151,249,1841,1863]" captionTargetBox="[301,1285,483,1820]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[301,1285,483,1820]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 15. Diagrammatic representation of the excretory system and its relation to the pericardium of Isognomon spathulatus in posterior view; dorsal part of adductor muscle and intestine removed (above dotted line). Inset: abnormal bifurcated anal funnel (AMNH 319257; 62 mm). Abbreviations: af, anal funnel; an, anus; aso, abdominal sense organ; au, auricle; in, intestine; k, kidney; pam, posterior adductor muscle; pc, pericardial cavity; ty / tym, fused major and minor typhlosoles; v, ventricle. Scale bar: 150 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267350/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="160">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
|
||
, pc), adjacent to posterodorsal surface of visceral mass; consisting of white, large, dorsal ventricle (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFE3FFEAFBBEFEA543E58B45" box="[1100,1173,295,320]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="11.[151,249,752,774]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,730]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,193,731]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 8. Soft anatomy of Isognomon spathulatus (AMNH 319257; 39 mm). A—Right lateral view of intact soft anatomy with the right valve removed; B—Right lateral view of the soft anatomy with the valves and the mantle lobe removed; C—Diagrammatic view of the soft anatomy showing the internal features on the visceral mass. Abbreviations: ad, adhesive disk of byssus; af, anal funnel; am, accessory pedo-byssal muscle; amc, “ catch ” component of posterior adductor muscle; amq, “ quick ” component of posterior adductor muscle; au, auricle; by, byssus; byt, byssal thread; ct, ctenidium; e, esophagus; f, foot; farm, fused anterior pedo-byssal retractor muscles; h, heart; hl, hinge line; in, intestine; k, kidney (shaded gray); lp, labial palp; mi, mantle isthmus; mlc, contractile zone of mantle lobe; mlh, homogeneous central zone of mantle lobe; mm, mantle margin; mo, mouth; nb, border of nacreous layer; pam, posterior adductor muscle; pf, pallial fold; prm, posterior pedo-byssal retractor muscle; rprm, radial pallial retractor muscle; sm, suspensory membrane; st, gastric chamber (“ stomach ”); ss, supramyal septum; ur, ureter; v, ventricle; vm, visceral mass. Scale bar: 10 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267343/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="160">Figs 8</figureCitation>
|
||
B; 15, v) and two dark gray, symmetrical, ventral auricles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFE3FFEAFDC0FECE450B8B61" box="[562,635,332,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="11.[151,249,752,774]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,730]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,193,731]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 8. Soft anatomy of Isognomon spathulatus (AMNH 319257; 39 mm). A—Right lateral view of intact soft anatomy with the right valve removed; B—Right lateral view of the soft anatomy with the valves and the mantle lobe removed; C—Diagrammatic view of the soft anatomy showing the internal features on the visceral mass. Abbreviations: ad, adhesive disk of byssus; af, anal funnel; am, accessory pedo-byssal muscle; amc, “ catch ” component of posterior adductor muscle; amq, “ quick ” component of posterior adductor muscle; au, auricle; by, byssus; byt, byssal thread; ct, ctenidium; e, esophagus; f, foot; farm, fused anterior pedo-byssal retractor muscles; h, heart; hl, hinge line; in, intestine; k, kidney (shaded gray); lp, labial palp; mi, mantle isthmus; mlc, contractile zone of mantle lobe; mlh, homogeneous central zone of mantle lobe; mm, mantle margin; mo, mouth; nb, border of nacreous layer; pam, posterior adductor muscle; pf, pallial fold; prm, posterior pedo-byssal retractor muscle; rprm, radial pallial retractor muscle; sm, suspensory membrane; st, gastric chamber (“ stomach ”); ss, supramyal septum; ur, ureter; v, ventricle; vm, visceral mass. Scale bar: 10 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267343/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="160">Figs 8</figureCitation>
|
||
B; 15, au). Chambers of ventricle and auricles traversed by numerous crisscrossing muscle fibers. Ventricle with smooth surface, penetrated by intestine in dorsal extremity. Walls of auricles papillose, fused lateroventrally and connecting to ventral pericardium via membranous extensions.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF0380A2FFE3FFEAFF65F8B3452A8DC7" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267350/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="160" targetBox="[301,1285,483,1820]" targetPageId="19">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3D02AFFE3FFEAFF65F8B3452A8DC7" blockId="19.[151,1436,1841,1986]" pageId="19" pageNumber="160">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFE3FFEAFF65F8B3466F8D43" bold="true" box="[151,287,1841,1863]" pageId="19" pageNumber="160">FIGURE 15</emphasis>
|
||
. Diagrammatic representation of the excretory system and its relation to the pericardium of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7CABA9FFE3FFEAFAD9F8B0467C8D63" class="Bivalvia" family="Pteriidae" genus="Isognomon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="19" pageNumber="160" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="spathulatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFE3FFEAFAD9F8B0467C8D63" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="160">Isognomon spathulatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in posterior view; dorsal part of adductor muscle and intestine removed (above dotted line). Inset: abnormal bifurcated anal funnel (AMNH 319257; 62 mm). Abbreviations: af, anal funnel; an, anus; aso, abdominal sense organ; au, auricle; in, intestine; k, kidney; pam, posterior adductor muscle; pc, pericardial cavity; ty/tym, fused major and minor typhlosoles; v, ventricle. Scale bar: 150 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3D02AFFE4FFEDFF35FF1543848B19" blockId="20.[151,1437,151,1005]" pageId="20" pageNumber="161">
|
||
Paired branchial afferent (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFE4FFEDFE18FF15454B8AB5" box="[490,571,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="15.[151,249,1545,1567]" captionTargetBox="[415,1171,195,1523]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[415,1171,195,1523]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 11. Diagrammatic representation of generalized morphology of ctenidia of Isognomon spathulatus. Abbreviations: abv, afferent blood vessel; cdr, row of ciliated disks; crm, ctenidial longitudinal retractor muscle; cta, ctenidial axis; ds, dorsal septum; ebv, efferent blood vessel; fg, food groove; id, inner demibranch; idb, interdemibranchial buttress; od, outer demibranch; ogf, ordinary gill filament; sm, suspensory membrane; tf, tissue fusion." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267346/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="161">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
|
||
, abv) and efferent (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFE4FFEDFCE6FF1544158AB5" box="[788,869,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="15.[151,249,1545,1567]" captionTargetBox="[415,1171,195,1523]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[415,1171,195,1523]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 11. Diagrammatic representation of generalized morphology of ctenidia of Isognomon spathulatus. Abbreviations: abv, afferent blood vessel; cdr, row of ciliated disks; crm, ctenidial longitudinal retractor muscle; cta, ctenidial axis; ds, dorsal septum; ebv, efferent blood vessel; fg, food groove; id, inner demibranch; idb, interdemibranchial buttress; od, outer demibranch; ogf, ordinary gill filament; sm, suspensory membrane; tf, tissue fusion." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267346/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="161">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
|
||
, ebv) blood vessels passing longitudinally through ctenidial axes. Anterior aorta running mid-dorsally through mantle isthmus from ventricle to anteriormost extremity of pallial hood, and subdividing into left and right circumpallial arteries (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFE4FFEDFBBDFF5D43E38AFD" box="[1103,1171,223,248]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="12.[151,249,1797,1819]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,373,1774]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1436,373,1775]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 9. Mantle morphology of Isognomon spathulatus (A, B: Histology, 5 - µm, PAS stain; AMNH 319258; 52 mm; D: SEM; AMNH 319258; 55 mm). A—Cross-section of the mantle margin; B—Cross-section of the mantle margin at the centralto-contractile zone transition region; C—Fragment from the ventral part of mantle showing the inner surface with distinct central, contractile, and marginal zones; D—Laterodorsal view of the mantle edge with a fragment of OF- 2 removed to reveal OF- 1 (SEM). Abbreviations: ce, columnar epithelium; cpa, circumpallial artery; cpn, circumpallial nerve; ec, eosinophilic cell; if- n, inner mantle fold; mfb, muscle fiber; mlc, contractile zone of mantle lobe; mlh, homogeneous central zone of mantle lobe; mm, mantle margin; of- n, outer mantle fold; p, periostracum; pgr, periostracal groove; pm, pallial muscle; t, tentacle. Scale bars: A, B: 200 Μm; C: 2 mm; D: 500 Μm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267344/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="161">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
A, cpa). Posterior aorta following course of intestine posteriorly and branching into interior of adductor muscle above anus.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3D02AFFE4FFEDFF35FEA545618BCA" blockId="20.[151,1437,151,1005]" pageId="20" pageNumber="161">
|
||
Paired nephridia (kidneys;
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFE4FFEDFE0AFEA5454E8B45" box="[504,574,295,320]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="11.[151,249,752,774]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,730]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,193,731]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 8. Soft anatomy of Isognomon spathulatus (AMNH 319257; 39 mm). A—Right lateral view of intact soft anatomy with the right valve removed; B—Right lateral view of the soft anatomy with the valves and the mantle lobe removed; C—Diagrammatic view of the soft anatomy showing the internal features on the visceral mass. Abbreviations: ad, adhesive disk of byssus; af, anal funnel; am, accessory pedo-byssal muscle; amc, “ catch ” component of posterior adductor muscle; amq, “ quick ” component of posterior adductor muscle; au, auricle; by, byssus; byt, byssal thread; ct, ctenidium; e, esophagus; f, foot; farm, fused anterior pedo-byssal retractor muscles; h, heart; hl, hinge line; in, intestine; k, kidney (shaded gray); lp, labial palp; mi, mantle isthmus; mlc, contractile zone of mantle lobe; mlh, homogeneous central zone of mantle lobe; mm, mantle margin; mo, mouth; nb, border of nacreous layer; pam, posterior adductor muscle; pf, pallial fold; prm, posterior pedo-byssal retractor muscle; rprm, radial pallial retractor muscle; sm, suspensory membrane; st, gastric chamber (“ stomach ”); ss, supramyal septum; ur, ureter; v, ventricle; vm, visceral mass. Scale bar: 10 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267343/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="161">Figs 8</figureCitation>
|
||
C; 15, k) laterally compressed, inconspicuous, symmetrical, transparent sacs with small brown speckles, connected to ventral extremities of auricles via reno-pericardial canals, expanding anteroventrally into suspensory membranes and fused to posterolateral surfaces of visceral mass. Ureter (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFE4FFEDFACBFEED42F08B8D" box="[1337,1408,367,392]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="11.[151,249,752,774]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,730]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,193,731]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 8. Soft anatomy of Isognomon spathulatus (AMNH 319257; 39 mm). A—Right lateral view of intact soft anatomy with the right valve removed; B—Right lateral view of the soft anatomy with the valves and the mantle lobe removed; C—Diagrammatic view of the soft anatomy showing the internal features on the visceral mass. Abbreviations: ad, adhesive disk of byssus; af, anal funnel; am, accessory pedo-byssal muscle; amc, “ catch ” component of posterior adductor muscle; amq, “ quick ” component of posterior adductor muscle; au, auricle; by, byssus; byt, byssal thread; ct, ctenidium; e, esophagus; f, foot; farm, fused anterior pedo-byssal retractor muscles; h, heart; hl, hinge line; in, intestine; k, kidney (shaded gray); lp, labial palp; mi, mantle isthmus; mlc, contractile zone of mantle lobe; mlh, homogeneous central zone of mantle lobe; mm, mantle margin; mo, mouth; nb, border of nacreous layer; pam, posterior adductor muscle; pf, pallial fold; prm, posterior pedo-byssal retractor muscle; rprm, radial pallial retractor muscle; sm, suspensory membrane; st, gastric chamber (“ stomach ”); ss, supramyal septum; ur, ureter; v, ventricle; vm, visceral mass. Scale bar: 10 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267343/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="161">Figs 8</figureCitation>
|
||
A, C, ur) elongated, passing along gentle curve anterior to ventral lobe of posterior adductor muscle and opening into excurrent chamber via renal pore.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3D02AFFE4FFEDFF35FE5E434189E8" blockId="20.[151,1437,151,1005]" pageId="20" pageNumber="161">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFE4FFEDFF35FE5E45D98BF1" box="[199,681,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="161">Central nervous system and sense organs</emphasis>
|
||
: Central nervous system conforming to general bivalve bauplan. Paired cerebropleural ganglia located on inner surfaces of fused anterior pedobyssal retractor muscles, where pedobyssal accessory muscles branching off and joined by circumesophageal intercerebral commissure, arching over esophagus slightly posterior to upper lip. Paired cerebropedal, cerebrovisceral, and anterior pallial nerves branching off cerebropleural ganglia. Anterior pallial nerves projecting into mantle in area dorsal to dorsal lip, passing between fused anterior pedobyssal retractor muscles. Adjacent pedal ganglia located in visceral mass proximal to foot. Pedal ganglia connected to cerebropleural ganglia by cerebropedal nerves and giving rise to pedal nerves penetrating foot. Visceral ganglia joined by intervisceral transverse commissure, located on ventral surface of posterior adductor muscle. Circumpallial nerve (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFE4FFEDFD2AFD7E446B8911" box="[728,795,764,789]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="12.[151,249,1797,1819]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,373,1774]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1436,373,1775]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 9. Mantle morphology of Isognomon spathulatus (A, B: Histology, 5 - µm, PAS stain; AMNH 319258; 52 mm; D: SEM; AMNH 319258; 55 mm). A—Cross-section of the mantle margin; B—Cross-section of the mantle margin at the centralto-contractile zone transition region; C—Fragment from the ventral part of mantle showing the inner surface with distinct central, contractile, and marginal zones; D—Laterodorsal view of the mantle edge with a fragment of OF- 2 removed to reveal OF- 1 (SEM). Abbreviations: ce, columnar epithelium; cpa, circumpallial artery; cpn, circumpallial nerve; ec, eosinophilic cell; if- n, inner mantle fold; mfb, muscle fiber; mlc, contractile zone of mantle lobe; mlh, homogeneous central zone of mantle lobe; mm, mantle margin; of- n, outer mantle fold; p, periostracum; pgr, periostracal groove; pm, pallial muscle; t, tentacle. Scale bars: A, B: 200 Μm; C: 2 mm; D: 500 Μm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267344/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="161">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
A, cpn) passing through mantle margin slightly proximal to circumpallial artery. Paired abdominal sense organs (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFE4FFEDFCD2FC9D4406893D" box="[800,886,799,824]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="19.[151,249,1841,1863]" captionTargetBox="[301,1285,483,1820]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[301,1285,483,1820]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 15. Diagrammatic representation of the excretory system and its relation to the pericardium of Isognomon spathulatus in posterior view; dorsal part of adductor muscle and intestine removed (above dotted line). Inset: abnormal bifurcated anal funnel (AMNH 319257; 62 mm). Abbreviations: af, anal funnel; an, anus; aso, abdominal sense organ; au, auricle; in, intestine; k, kidney; pam, posterior adductor muscle; pc, pericardial cavity; ty / tym, fused major and minor typhlosoles; v, ventricle. Scale bar: 150 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267350/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="161">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
|
||
, aso) forming narrow ridges, partly colored by small, light gray speckles in preserved specimens, symmetrically placed proximal to anus on posteroventral surface of posterior adductor and stretching along gentle arc ventrally and toward lateral edges of adductor muscle. Right abdominal sense organ slightly larger than left. Small dark pigmented spots, possibly pallial ocelli capable of photoreception, distributed along mantle OF-1 margin. Paired symmetrical ctenidial ocelli (small dark pigmented spots) localized proximal to bases of anteriormost filaments of inner demibranchs.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF0380A2FFE4FFEDFF65F92345418CF1" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267351/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="161" targetBox="[151,1436,1057,1675]" targetPageId="20">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3D02AFFE4FFEDFF65F92345418CF1" blockId="20.[151,1436,1697,1780]" pageId="20" pageNumber="161">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFE4FFEDFF65F923466C8CB3" bold="true" box="[151,284,1697,1719]" pageId="20" pageNumber="161">FIGURE 16</emphasis>
|
||
. Habitat of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7CABA9FFE4FFEDFE52F92045E08CB2" box="[416,656,1697,1719]" class="Bivalvia" family="Pteriidae" genus="Isognomon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="20" pageNumber="161" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="spathulatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFE4FFEDFE52F92045E08CB2" box="[416,656,1697,1719]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="161">Isognomon spathulatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
at Kungkrabaen Bay, Gulf of Thailand, at low tide. A—Mangrove forest dominated by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7CABA9FFE4FFEDFEDEF93D46A38CD0" box="[300,467,1727,1749]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rhizophoraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="20" pageNumber="161" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Rhizophoraceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
; B—Individuals of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7CABA9FFE4FFEDFD53F94344E08CD0" box="[673,912,1727,1750]" class="Bivalvia" family="Pteriidae" genus="Isognomon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="20" pageNumber="161" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="spathulatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFE4FFEDFD53F94344E08CD0" box="[673,912,1727,1750]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="161">Isognomon spathulatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
byssally attached to and wedged into the crevices formed by prop roots of mangrove trees.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C36683A1FFE4FFEFFF35F8A245E88DE3" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="163" pageId="20" pageNumber="161" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3D02AFFE4FFECFF35F8A247A68AFD" blockId="20.[151,1437,1824,2030]" lastBlockId="21.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="162" pageId="20" pageNumber="161">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFE4FFEDFF35F8A246108D3C" bold="true" box="[199,352,1824,1849]" pageId="20" pageNumber="161">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFE4FFEDFE9AF8A245478D3C" box="[360,567,1824,1849]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="161">Geographic range</emphasis>
|
||
—Coastal regions of Gulf of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36B90BAFFE4FFEDFC76F8A244988D3C" box="[900,1000,1824,1849]" name="Thailand" pageId="20" pageNumber="161">Thailand</collectingCountry>
|
||
and South
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36B90BAFFE4FFEDFB98F8A243DD8D3C" box="[1130,1197,1824,1849]" name="China" pageId="20" pageNumber="161">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
Sea, Southeast Asia.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFE4FFEDFF65F8C4465A8D58" box="[151,298,1860,1885]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="161">
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C76E88FFE4FFEDFF65F8C447BB8D58" box="[151,203,1862,1885]" pageId="20" pageNumber="161">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
—Negros Island,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36B90BAFFE4FFEDFE05F8C645058D58" box="[503,629,1860,1885]" name="Philippines" pageId="20" pageNumber="161">Philippines</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEDADDBFFE4FFEDFD75F8C744668D58" author="Reeve" box="[647,790,1860,1885]" pageId="20" pageNumber="161" refString="Reeve, L. A. (1858) [November, March]. Monograph of the genus Perna. In: Reeve, L. A., Conchologia Iconica, or illustrations of the shells of molluscous animals. Vol. 11. Lovell Reeve, London, pp. 1 - 8." type="book" year="1858">Reeve 1858</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFE4FFEDFCDEF8C644888D58" box="[812,1016,1860,1885]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="161">Other localities—</emphasis>
|
||
Malabon, Morong, Bataan Province, Luzon Island; Manapla, Negros Island; Saguisi, Mindanao Island;
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36B90BAFFE4FFEDFC76F8EA43728D84" box="[900,1026,1896,1921]" name="Philippines" pageId="20" pageNumber="161">Philippines</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEDADDBFFE4FFEDFBE3F8EA43CE8D84" author="Hidalgo" box="[1041,1214,1896,1921]" pageId="20" pageNumber="161" refString="Hidalgo, J. G. (1905 a) Catalogo de los moluscos testaceos de las islas Filipinas, Jolo y Marianas (1). Revista de la Real Academia de Ciencias, 3, 9 - 64." type="journal article" year="1905" yearSuffix="a">Hidalgo 1905a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEDADDBFFE4FFEDFB31F8EA43A28D84" author="Hidalgo" box="[1219,1234,1896,1921]" pageId="20" pageNumber="161" refString="Hidalgo, J. G. (1905 b) Catalogo de los moluscos testaceos de las islas Filipinas, Jolo y Marianas. Impr. de la ' Gaceta de Madrid', Madrid, 408 pp." type="book" year="1905" yearSuffix="b">b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); Côn Sơn
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36B90BAFFE4FFEDFAA3F8EA42E88D84" box="[1361,1432,1896,1921]" name="Iceland" pageId="20" pageNumber="161">Island</collectingCountry>
|
||
, southeastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36B90BAFFE4FFEDFEDFF80F46FC8DA3" box="[301,396,1933,1958]" name="Vietnam" pageId="20" pageNumber="161">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
|
||
(“Poulo-Condor”;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEDADDBFFE4FFEDFD95F80F44448DA0" author="Rochebrune" box="[615,820,1933,1958]" pageId="20" pageNumber="161" refString="Rochebrune, A. - T. de (1881) Supplement aux documents sur la faune malacologique de la Cochinchine et du Cambodge. Bulletin de la Societe philomathique de Paris, 7 eme Serie, 5 (1), 99 - 118." type="journal article" year="1881">Rochebrune 1881</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); Hồng Gai City, Vân Đồn
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36B90BAFFE4FFEDFB84F80F43CD8DA3" box="[1142,1213,1933,1958]" name="Iceland" pageId="20" pageNumber="161">Island</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Vĩnh Thực
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36B90BAFFE4FFEDFAA3F80F42E88DA3" box="[1361,1432,1933,1958]" name="Iceland" pageId="20" pageNumber="161">Island</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Quảng Ninh Province; Cát Bà Island, Hải Phòng province; Cồn Lò
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36B90BAFFE4FFEDFC36F832437B8DCC" box="[964,1035,1968,1993]" name="Iceland" pageId="20" pageNumber="161">Island</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Gulf of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36B90BAFFE4FFEDFB8CF83243A08DCC" box="[1150,1232,1968,1993]" name="Vietnam" pageId="20" pageNumber="161">Tonkin</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36B90BAFFE4FFEDFB12F83242338DCC" box="[1248,1347,1968,1993]" name="Vietnam" pageId="20" pageNumber="161">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
|
||
; Kadan (“King”) and Thayawthadangyi (“Elphinstone”) Islands, Mergui Archipelago,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36B90BAFFE4FFEDFB87F85443B18DE8" box="[1141,1217,2006,2029]" name="Myanmar" pageId="20" pageNumber="161">Burma</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEDADDBFFE4FFEDFB2DF85742FF8DE8" author="Martens" box="[1247,1423,2005,2029]" pageId="20" pageNumber="161" refString="Martens, E. von (1887) List of the shells of Mergui and its archipelago, collected for the trustees of the Indian Museum, Calcutta, by Dr. John Anderson, F. R. S., superintendent of the Museum. The Journal of the Linnean Society of London. Zoology, 21, 155 - 219." type="journal article" year="1887">Martens 1887</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); Kungkrabaen Bay, Thamai District, Chantaburi Province, Gulf of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36B90BAFFE5FFECFC6FFF1543718AB5" box="[925,1025,151,176]" name="Thailand" pageId="21" pageNumber="162">Thailand</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEDADDBFFE5FFECFBE1FF1547A88AD0" author="Printrakoon" pageId="21" pageNumber="162" refString="Printrakoon, C. & Temkin, I. (2008) Comparative ecology of two parapatric species of Isognomon (Bivalvia: Iognomonidae) of Kungkrabaen, Thailand. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 18 (Supplement), 75 - 94." type="journal article" year="2008">Printrakoon & Tëmkin 2008; this study</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); Salak Kok Bay, Chang Island, Trat Province, Gulf of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36B90BAFFE5FFECFC9BFF3E44BD8AD0" box="[873,973,188,213]" name="Thailand" pageId="21" pageNumber="162">Thailand</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Printrakoon & Valentich-Scott unpubl. data).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3D02AFFE5FFECFF35FE8645518B61" blockId="21.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="21" pageNumber="162">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFE5FFECFF35FE8646CB8B18" bold="true" box="[199,443,260,285]" pageId="21" pageNumber="162">Habitat and ecology</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFE5FFECFE3EFE8645508B18" box="[460,544,260,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="20.[151,249,1697,1719]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,1057,1675]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[151,1436,1057,1675]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 16. Habitat of Isognomon spathulatus at Kungkrabaen Bay, Gulf of Thailand, at low tide. A—Mangrove forest dominated by Rhizophoraceae; B—Individuals of Isognomon spathulatus byssally attached to and wedged into the crevices formed by prop roots of mangrove trees." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267351/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="162">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
|
||
). Individuals pleurothetic on right valve, byssally attached (singly or in small clusters) to prop roots of mangrove trees or wedged into crevices formed by upside-down forks of prop roots (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEDADDBFFE5FFECFF6CFECE45648B61" author="Printrakoon" box="[158,532,332,357]" pageId="21" pageNumber="162" refString="Printrakoon, C. & Temkin, I. (2008) Comparative ecology of two parapatric species of Isognomon (Bivalvia: Iognomonidae) of Kungkrabaen, Thailand. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 18 (Supplement), 75 - 94." type="journal article" year="2008">Printrakoon & Tëmkin, 2008: 82</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3D02AFFE5FFECFF35FEED47908BD5" blockId="21.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="21" pageNumber="162">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFE5FFECFF35FEED46AA8B8D" bold="true" box="[199,474,367,392]" pageId="21" pageNumber="162">Comparative remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
Among living species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7CABA9FFE5FFECFCFDFEED44CF8B8D" box="[783,959,367,392]" class="Bivalvia" family="Pteriidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="21" pageNumber="162" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Isognomonidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7CABA9FFE5FFECFC3FFEF3431A8B8D" box="[973,1130,367,392]" class="Bivalvia" family="Pteriidae" genus="Isognomon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="21" pageNumber="162" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="spathulatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFE5FFECFC3FFEF3431A8B8D" box="[973,1130,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="162">I. spathulatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
most closely resembles
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7CABA9FFE5FFECFA7EFEF3467D8BA8" class="Bivalvia" family="Pteriidae" genus="Isognomon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="21" pageNumber="162" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="ephippium">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFE5FFECFA7EFEF3467D8BA8" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="162">I. ephippium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFE5FFECFEEFFE1646008BA9" box="[285,368,404,429]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="22.[151,249,1500,1522]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1478]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[151,1436,193,1478]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 17. Major features of the shell of Isognomon ephippium (ZMKU Bil 800082; 65 mm). A, C—Exterior of the right valve; B, D—Interior of the left valve. Abbreviations: aa, anterior auricle; ams, accessory (pedo-byssal) muscle scar; anm, anterior margin; bg, byssal gape; ccs, commarginal calcitic scale; dom, dorsal margin; farms, fused anterior (pedo-byssal) retractor muscle scar; hl, hinge line; lga, ligamental area; mlg, multivincular ligament; nb, border of nacreous layer; pa, posterior auricle; pal, pallial line; pams, posterior adductor muscle scar; pas, posterior auricle sinus; pmg, prismatic margin; pms, pallial muscle scar; pom, posterior margin; prms, posterior (pedo-byssal) retractor muscle scar; rs, radial ray (stripe); u, umbo; vem, ventral margin. Scale bar: 10 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267352/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="162">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
|
||
), a common Indo-Pacific species, with which the former is typically synonymized (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFE5FFECFAEDFE1742378BA9" box="[1311,1351,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="162">e.g.</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEDADDBFFE5FFECFAA4FE1647A48BD5" author="Huber" pageId="21" pageNumber="162" refString="Huber, M. (2015) Perna spathulata Reeve, 1858. World Register of Marine Species. Available from: http: // www. marinespecies. org / aphia. php? p = taxdetails & id = 542575 (accessed 18 March 2015)" type="journal article" year="2015">Huber 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3D02AFFE5FFECFF35FE5E438588F5" blockId="21.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="21" pageNumber="162">
|
||
Previous morphometric analysis of linear shell measurements of the shell revealed statistically significant differences between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7CABA9FFE5FFECFE7EFD834551881D" box="[396,545,511,536]" class="Bivalvia" family="Pteriidae" genus="Isognomon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="21" pageNumber="162" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="ephippium">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFE5FFECFE7EFD834551881D" box="[396,545,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="162">I. ephippium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7CABA9FFE5FFECFD97FD834475881D" box="[613,773,511,536]" class="Bivalvia" family="Pteriidae" genus="Isognomon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="21" pageNumber="162" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="spathulatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFE5FFECFD97FD834475881D" box="[613,773,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="162">I. spathulatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(referred to as “mudflat” and “mangrove”
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFE5FFECFAEAFD8342EC881D" box="[1304,1436,513,536]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="162">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7CABA9FFE5FFECFAEAFD8342E7881D" box="[1304,1431,513,536]" class="Bivalvia" family="Pteriidae" genus="Isognomon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="21" pageNumber="162" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Isognomon</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
respectively): the individuals of the former are significantly larger (by about 1.5 times), but nearly twice as thin as the latter (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEDADDBFFE5FFECFEFBFDC5453E8865" author="Printrakoon" box="[265,590,583,608]" pageId="21" pageNumber="162" refString="Printrakoon, C. & Temkin, I. (2008) Comparative ecology of two parapatric species of Isognomon (Bivalvia: Iognomonidae) of Kungkrabaen, Thailand. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 18 (Supplement), 75 - 94." type="journal article" year="2008">Printrakoon & Tëmkin 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), have more rounded outlines, and frequently possess a distinct radial color pattern (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFE5FFECFF01FDEE46338881" box="[243,323,620,645]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="22.[151,249,1500,1522]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1478]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[151,1436,193,1478]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 17. Major features of the shell of Isognomon ephippium (ZMKU Bil 800082; 65 mm). A, C—Exterior of the right valve; B, D—Interior of the left valve. Abbreviations: aa, anterior auricle; ams, accessory (pedo-byssal) muscle scar; anm, anterior margin; bg, byssal gape; ccs, commarginal calcitic scale; dom, dorsal margin; farms, fused anterior (pedo-byssal) retractor muscle scar; hl, hinge line; lga, ligamental area; mlg, multivincular ligament; nb, border of nacreous layer; pa, posterior auricle; pal, pallial line; pams, posterior adductor muscle scar; pas, posterior auricle sinus; pmg, prismatic margin; pms, pallial muscle scar; pom, posterior margin; prms, posterior (pedo-byssal) retractor muscle scar; rs, radial ray (stripe); u, umbo; vem, ventral margin. Scale bar: 10 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267352/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="162">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
|
||
A, rs). There are also pronounced differences in color: in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7CABA9FFE5FFECFC32FDEF43288880" box="[960,1112,620,645]" class="Bivalvia" family="Pteriidae" genus="Isognomon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="21" pageNumber="162" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="spathulatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFE5FFECFC32FDEF43288880" box="[960,1112,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="162">I. spathulatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the nacre is silvery blue and the inner prismatic margin is brownish; in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7CABA9FFE5FFECFD86FD13447288AD" box="[628,770,655,680]" class="Bivalvia" family="Pteriidae" genus="Isognomon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="21" pageNumber="162" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="ephippium">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFE5FFECFD86FD13447288AD" box="[628,770,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="162">I. ephippium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, nacre has a purple tint and the margin has a color gradient from black distally to ochre brown proximally (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFE5FFECFD4FFD36446688C9" box="[701,790,692,717]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="22.[151,249,1500,1522]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1478]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[151,1436,193,1478]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 17. Major features of the shell of Isognomon ephippium (ZMKU Bil 800082; 65 mm). A, C—Exterior of the right valve; B, D—Interior of the left valve. Abbreviations: aa, anterior auricle; ams, accessory (pedo-byssal) muscle scar; anm, anterior margin; bg, byssal gape; ccs, commarginal calcitic scale; dom, dorsal margin; farms, fused anterior (pedo-byssal) retractor muscle scar; hl, hinge line; lga, ligamental area; mlg, multivincular ligament; nb, border of nacreous layer; pa, posterior auricle; pal, pallial line; pams, posterior adductor muscle scar; pas, posterior auricle sinus; pmg, prismatic margin; pms, pallial muscle scar; pom, posterior margin; prms, posterior (pedo-byssal) retractor muscle scar; rs, radial ray (stripe); u, umbo; vem, ventral margin. Scale bar: 10 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267352/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="162">Figs 17</figureCitation>
|
||
B, D, pmg). Occasional pearls in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7CABA9FFE5FFECFB68FD37425A88C8" box="[1178,1322,692,717]" class="Bivalvia" family="Pteriidae" genus="Isognomon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="21" pageNumber="162" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="ephippium">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFE5FFECFB68FD37425A88C8" box="[1178,1322,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="162">I. ephippium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are small (diameter 0.4 and
|
||
<quantity id="4C847DCFFFE5FFECFE91FD5A46CC88EA" box="[355,444,728,752]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="21" pageNumber="162" unit="mm" value="0.9">0.9 mm</quantity>
|
||
; n = 2), weakly iridescent, creamy white with yellowish tint (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFE5FFECFB98FD5543C388F5" box="[1130,1203,727,752]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,249,559,581]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,537]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,193,538]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Isognomon pearls. A—Free pearl from I. spathulatus, diameter 0.4 mm; B— Pair of free pears from I. ephippium, diameters 0.4 and 0.9 mm; C—The same pearls (indicated by arrows) as in B embedded in soft tissue proximal to hinge." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267339/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="162">Figs 4</figureCitation>
|
||
B, C).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3D02AFFE5FFECFF35FD7E437B8958" blockId="21.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="21" pageNumber="162">
|
||
Anterior auricles are absent or greatly reduced in adults of both species (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFE5FFECFC03FD7E43498911" box="[1009,1081,764,789]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,249,1115,1137]" captionTargetBox="[150,1436,591,1093]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[150,1436,591,1093]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Diagrammatic representation of major features of the shell of Isognomon spathulatus, showing methods of shell measurements and extent of shape variation. A— Exterior of the right valve; B—Interior of the left valve; C—Consensus of shell and nacre margin outlines (dotted lines) with superimposed profiles of individual specimens based on the analysis of 50 individuals from the same population (see text for details). Abbreviations: aa, anterior auricle; ams, accessory (pedo-byssal) muscle scar; anm, anterior margin; bg, byssal gape; cl, calcitic lamella; dom, dorsal margin; farms, fused anterior (pedo-byssal) retractor muscle scar; hl, hinge line; HS, shell height; lga, ligamental area; LS, shell length; mlg, multivincular ligament; nb, border of nacreous layer; pal, pallial line; pams, posterior adductor muscle scar; pmg, prismatic margin; pms, pallial muscle scar; pom, posterior margin; prms, posterior (pedo-byssal) retractor muscle scar; u, umbo; vem, ventral margin." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267337/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="162">Figs 2</figureCitation>
|
||
A; 17A, C, aa). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7CABA9FFE5FFECFAF5FD7F42E58910" box="[1287,1429,764,789]" class="Bivalvia" family="Pteriidae" genus="Isognomon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="21" pageNumber="162" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="ephippium">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFE5FFECFAF5FD7F42E58910" box="[1287,1429,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="162">I. ephippium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, posterior auricles flattened and vary in extent from being weakly sinuated (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFE5FFECFC29FC9D435F893D" box="[987,1071,799,824]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="22.[151,249,1500,1522]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1478]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[151,1436,193,1478]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 17. Major features of the shell of Isognomon ephippium (ZMKU Bil 800082; 65 mm). A, C—Exterior of the right valve; B, D—Interior of the left valve. Abbreviations: aa, anterior auricle; ams, accessory (pedo-byssal) muscle scar; anm, anterior margin; bg, byssal gape; ccs, commarginal calcitic scale; dom, dorsal margin; farms, fused anterior (pedo-byssal) retractor muscle scar; hl, hinge line; lga, ligamental area; mlg, multivincular ligament; nb, border of nacreous layer; pa, posterior auricle; pal, pallial line; pams, posterior adductor muscle scar; pas, posterior auricle sinus; pmg, prismatic margin; pms, pallial muscle scar; pom, posterior margin; prms, posterior (pedo-byssal) retractor muscle scar; rs, radial ray (stripe); u, umbo; vem, ventral margin. Scale bar: 10 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267352/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="162">Figs 17</figureCitation>
|
||
C, pas;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEDADDBFFE5FFECFB71FC9D426F893D" author="Jackson" box="[1155,1311,799,824]" pageId="21" pageNumber="162" refString="Jackson, R. T. (1890) Phylogeny of the Pelecypoda: the Aviculidae and their allies. Memoirs of Boston Society of Natural History, 4 (8), 277 - 400. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 10955" type="journal article" year="1890">Jackson 1890</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: pl. 26, fig. 16) to entirely absent (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFE5FFECFE61FCC646988959" box="[403,488,836,861]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="22.[151,249,1500,1522]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1478]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[151,1436,193,1478]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 17. Major features of the shell of Isognomon ephippium (ZMKU Bil 800082; 65 mm). A, C—Exterior of the right valve; B, D—Interior of the left valve. Abbreviations: aa, anterior auricle; ams, accessory (pedo-byssal) muscle scar; anm, anterior margin; bg, byssal gape; ccs, commarginal calcitic scale; dom, dorsal margin; farms, fused anterior (pedo-byssal) retractor muscle scar; hl, hinge line; lga, ligamental area; mlg, multivincular ligament; nb, border of nacreous layer; pa, posterior auricle; pal, pallial line; pams, posterior adductor muscle scar; pas, posterior auricle sinus; pmg, prismatic margin; pms, pallial muscle scar; pom, posterior margin; prms, posterior (pedo-byssal) retractor muscle scar; rs, radial ray (stripe); u, umbo; vem, ventral margin. Scale bar: 10 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267352/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="162">Figs 17</figureCitation>
|
||
A, pa); in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7CABA9FFE5FFECFDABFCC745818958" box="[601,753,836,861]" class="Bivalvia" family="Pteriidae" genus="Isognomon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="21" pageNumber="162" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="spathulatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFE5FFECFDABFCC745818958" box="[601,753,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="162">I. spathulatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, they are entirely absent.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3D02AFFE5FFECFF35FCEA461D89E8" blockId="21.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="21" pageNumber="162">
|
||
In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7CABA9FFE5FFECFF18FCEB46F78985" box="[234,391,871,896]" class="Bivalvia" family="Pteriidae" genus="Isognomon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="21" pageNumber="162" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="spathulatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFE5FFECFF18FCEB46F78985" box="[234,391,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="162">I. spathulatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, shell sculpture consists of irregular lamellae projecting from the lirae; in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7CABA9FFE5FFECFAF0FCEB42E58985" box="[1282,1429,871,896]" class="Bivalvia" family="Pteriidae" genus="Isognomon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="21" pageNumber="162" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="ephippium">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFE5FFECFAF0FCEB42E58985" box="[1282,1429,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="162">I. ephippium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, lamellae develop into extremely fragile, short, flat, broad, overlapping calcitic scales with rounded tips, typically abraded in adults (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFE5FFECFE96FC2D46C989CD" box="[356,441,943,968]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="22.[151,249,1500,1522]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1478]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[151,1436,193,1478]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 17. Major features of the shell of Isognomon ephippium (ZMKU Bil 800082; 65 mm). A, C—Exterior of the right valve; B, D—Interior of the left valve. Abbreviations: aa, anterior auricle; ams, accessory (pedo-byssal) muscle scar; anm, anterior margin; bg, byssal gape; ccs, commarginal calcitic scale; dom, dorsal margin; farms, fused anterior (pedo-byssal) retractor muscle scar; hl, hinge line; lga, ligamental area; mlg, multivincular ligament; nb, border of nacreous layer; pa, posterior auricle; pal, pallial line; pams, posterior adductor muscle scar; pas, posterior auricle sinus; pmg, prismatic margin; pms, pallial muscle scar; pom, posterior margin; prms, posterior (pedo-byssal) retractor muscle scar; rs, radial ray (stripe); u, umbo; vem, ventral margin. Scale bar: 10 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267352/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="162">Figs 17</figureCitation>
|
||
A, C, ccs). In some specimens, the overlapping scales form low-relief radial costae along distal shell margin.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3D02AFFE5FFECFF35FC7A43D88EC0" blockId="21.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="21" pageNumber="162">
|
||
In both species the confluent attachments of the posterior adductor muscle and the posterior pedo-byssal retractor muscles form a trilobed muscle scar. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7CABA9FFE5FFECFD4FFB9F443A8E30" box="[701,842,1052,1077]" class="Bivalvia" family="Pteriidae" genus="Isognomon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="21" pageNumber="162" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="ephippium">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFE5FFECFD4FFB9F443A8E30" box="[701,842,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="162">I. ephippium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the middle lobe of the scar is larger than the ventral lobe and, occasionally, is coincident with it (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFE5FFECFD65FBBD45998E5D" box="[663,745,1087,1112]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="22.[151,249,1500,1522]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1478]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[151,1436,193,1478]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 17. Major features of the shell of Isognomon ephippium (ZMKU Bil 800082; 65 mm). A, C—Exterior of the right valve; B, D—Interior of the left valve. Abbreviations: aa, anterior auricle; ams, accessory (pedo-byssal) muscle scar; anm, anterior margin; bg, byssal gape; ccs, commarginal calcitic scale; dom, dorsal margin; farms, fused anterior (pedo-byssal) retractor muscle scar; hl, hinge line; lga, ligamental area; mlg, multivincular ligament; nb, border of nacreous layer; pa, posterior auricle; pal, pallial line; pams, posterior adductor muscle scar; pas, posterior auricle sinus; pmg, prismatic margin; pms, pallial muscle scar; pom, posterior margin; prms, posterior (pedo-byssal) retractor muscle scar; rs, radial ray (stripe); u, umbo; vem, ventral margin. Scale bar: 10 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267352/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="162">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
|
||
D, pams, prms); the dorsal extremity is much shorter, wider, and with a rounded tip. The PAM/PRM scar in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7CABA9FFE5FFECFD5CFBE7444C8E78" box="[686,828,1124,1149]" class="Bivalvia" family="Pteriidae" genus="Isognomon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="21" pageNumber="162" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="ephippium">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFE5FFECFD5CFBE7444C8E78" box="[686,828,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="162">I. ephippium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is placed more centrally within the nacreous layer, so that the posterior pallial line (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFE5FFECFE04FB05453B8EA5" box="[502,587,1159,1184]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="22.[151,249,1500,1522]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1478]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[151,1436,193,1478]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 17. Major features of the shell of Isognomon ephippium (ZMKU Bil 800082; 65 mm). A, C—Exterior of the right valve; B, D—Interior of the left valve. Abbreviations: aa, anterior auricle; ams, accessory (pedo-byssal) muscle scar; anm, anterior margin; bg, byssal gape; ccs, commarginal calcitic scale; dom, dorsal margin; farms, fused anterior (pedo-byssal) retractor muscle scar; hl, hinge line; lga, ligamental area; mlg, multivincular ligament; nb, border of nacreous layer; pa, posterior auricle; pal, pallial line; pams, posterior adductor muscle scar; pas, posterior auricle sinus; pmg, prismatic margin; pms, pallial muscle scar; pom, posterior margin; prms, posterior (pedo-byssal) retractor muscle scar; rs, radial ray (stripe); u, umbo; vem, ventral margin. Scale bar: 10 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267352/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="162">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
|
||
D, pms) is placed more anteriorly, forming an arc that stretches dorsally towards the middle of the hinge line, then turns posteriorly, and proceeds to its posterior end.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3D02AFFE5FFECFF35FB4D45D98F98" blockId="21.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="21" pageNumber="162">
|
||
The number of the resilifers, counted in adult individuals of the same population, was on average larger in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7CABA9FFE5FFECFA7EFB53467D8F08" class="Bivalvia" family="Pteriidae" genus="Isognomon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="21" pageNumber="162" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="ephippium">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFE5FFECFA7EFB53467D8F08" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="162">I. ephippium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7CABA9FFE5FFECFE9DFB7745798F08" box="[367,521,1268,1293]" class="Bivalvia" family="Pteriidae" genus="Isognomon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="21" pageNumber="162" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="spathulatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFE5FFECFE9DFB7745798F08" box="[367,521,1268,1293]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="162">I. spathulatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: 9–16 (mean 11.66 ±
|
||
<quantity id="4C847DCFFFE5FFECFCF9FB7644018F09" box="[779,881,1268,1292]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.92" pageId="21" pageNumber="162" unit="mm" value="1.92">1.92 mm</quantity>
|
||
SD, n = 50; ZMKU Bil 800051–800100) in the former compared to 6–10 (mean 7.62 ±
|
||
<quantity id="4C847DCFFFE5FFECFDA4FA9A45CA8F35" box="[598,698,1304,1328]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.03" pageId="21" pageNumber="162" unit="mm" value="1.03">1.03 mm</quantity>
|
||
SD, n = 50; ZMKU Bil 800001–800050) in the latter. Whereas in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7CABA9FFE5FFECFF65FABF465F8F50" box="[151,303,1340,1365]" class="Bivalvia" family="Pteriidae" genus="Isognomon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="21" pageNumber="162" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="spathulatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFE5FFECFF65FABF465F8F50" box="[151,303,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="162">I. spathulatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
resilifers are typically uniform in width and deposited at relatively equal intervals along hinge axis in same individual, in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7CABA9FFE5FFECFE8EFAE3457C8F7D" box="[380,524,1375,1400]" class="Bivalvia" family="Pteriidae" genus="Isognomon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="21" pageNumber="162" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="ephippium">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFE5FFECFE8EFAE3457C8F7D" box="[380,524,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="162">I. ephippium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
they gradually diminish in height and become more widely spaced toward the posterior end of the hinge axis (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFE5FFECFE08FA06453A8F99" box="[506,586,1412,1437]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="22.[151,249,1500,1522]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1478]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[151,1436,193,1478]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 17. Major features of the shell of Isognomon ephippium (ZMKU Bil 800082; 65 mm). A, C—Exterior of the right valve; B, D—Interior of the left valve. Abbreviations: aa, anterior auricle; ams, accessory (pedo-byssal) muscle scar; anm, anterior margin; bg, byssal gape; ccs, commarginal calcitic scale; dom, dorsal margin; farms, fused anterior (pedo-byssal) retractor muscle scar; hl, hinge line; lga, ligamental area; mlg, multivincular ligament; nb, border of nacreous layer; pa, posterior auricle; pal, pallial line; pams, posterior adductor muscle scar; pas, posterior auricle sinus; pmg, prismatic margin; pms, pallial muscle scar; pom, posterior margin; prms, posterior (pedo-byssal) retractor muscle scar; rs, radial ray (stripe); u, umbo; vem, ventral margin. Scale bar: 10 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267352/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="162">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
|
||
D, mlg).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3D02AFFE5FFECFF35FA2546478C29" blockId="21.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="21" pageNumber="162">
|
||
The morphology of the prodissoconch is very similar between the two species, but there is a notable size difference: in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7CABA9FFE5FFECFECFFA4F46A08FE0" box="[317,464,1484,1509]" class="Bivalvia" family="Pteriidae" genus="Isognomon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="21" pageNumber="162" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="ephippium">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFE5FFECFECFFA4F46A08FE0" box="[317,464,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="162">I. ephippium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the lengths of P1 and P2 are 67 Μm (n = 1) and 303.5 ± 2.12 Μm SD (n = 2), respectively, exceeding corresponding dimensions for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7CABA9FFE5FFECFD08FA7344E38C0D" box="[762,915,1519,1544]" class="Bivalvia" family="Pteriidae" genus="Isognomon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="21" pageNumber="162" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="spathulatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFE5FFECFD08FA7344E38C0D" box="[762,915,1519,1544]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="162">I. spathulatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: 58 Μm (n = 1) for P1 and 266.5 ± 0.5 Μm SD (n = 2) for P2.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3D02AFFE5FFECFF35F9BA46E78D48" blockId="21.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="21" pageNumber="162">
|
||
A number of differences between the two species were also observed in various aspects of soft anatomy. Individuals of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7CABA9FFE5FFECFECEF9DF46A68C70" box="[316,470,1628,1653]" class="Bivalvia" family="Pteriidae" genus="Isognomon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="21" pageNumber="162" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="spathulatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFE5FFECFECEF9DF46A68C70" box="[316,470,1628,1653]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="162">I. spathulatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have largely non-pigmented (white) foot and gills, in individuals of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7CABA9FFE5FFECFB11F9DF42018C70" box="[1251,1393,1628,1653]" class="Bivalvia" family="Pteriidae" genus="Isognomon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="21" pageNumber="162" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="ephippium">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFE5FFECFB11F9DF42018C70" box="[1251,1393,1628,1653]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="162">I. ephippium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the dorsal surface of the foot is largely brown, whereas the lateral surfaces of the gills are gray, typically with white ventral margins. In
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFE5FFECFE83F927457F8CB8" box="[369,527,1700,1725]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="162">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7CABA9FFE5FFECFE83F927457C8CB8" box="[369,524,1700,1725]" class="Bivalvia" family="Pteriidae" genus="Isognomon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="21" pageNumber="162" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="spathulatus">I. spathulatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
the tentacles and the exterior surface of the IF-2 fold, as well as the adjacent area of the mantle margin, are dark brown-black, resulting in conspicuous dark color rim on the periphery of the inner surface of the mantle. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7CABA9FFE5FFECFE44F96F45358D00" box="[438,581,1772,1797]" class="Bivalvia" family="Pteriidae" genus="Isognomon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="21" pageNumber="162" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="ephippium">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFE5FFECFE44F96F45358D00" box="[438,581,1772,1797]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="162">I. ephippium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the exterior surface of the IF-2 fold has a yellow-light brown narrow rim. The edges of the exterior surfaces of the mantle margins are light yellow-brown in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7CABA9FFE5FFECFBBBF89343A88D2D" box="[1097,1240,1807,1832]" class="Bivalvia" family="Pteriidae" genus="Isognomon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="21" pageNumber="162" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="ephippium">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFE5FFECFBBBF89343A88D2D" box="[1097,1240,1807,1832]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="162">I. ephippium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and dark brownblack in
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFE5FFECFF05F8B746E78D48" box="[247,407,1844,1869]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="162">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7CABA9FFE5FFECFF05F8B746E38D48" box="[247,403,1844,1869]" class="Bivalvia" family="Pteriidae" genus="Isognomon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="21" pageNumber="162" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="spathulatus">I. spathulatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3D02AFFE5FFECFF35F8D545C68DD8" blockId="21.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="21" pageNumber="162">
|
||
The morphology of the byssus is very similar between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7CABA9FFE5FFECFCB5F8DB44A78D75" box="[839,983,1879,1904]" class="Bivalvia" family="Pteriidae" genus="Isognomon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="21" pageNumber="162" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="ephippium">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFE5FFECFCB5F8DB44A78D75" box="[839,983,1879,1904]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="162">I. ephippium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7CABA9FFE5FFECFBE1F8DB43DE8D75" box="[1043,1198,1879,1904]" class="Bivalvia" family="Pteriidae" genus="Isognomon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="21" pageNumber="162" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="spathulatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFE5FFECFBE1F8DB43DE8D75" box="[1043,1198,1879,1904]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="162">I. spathulatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, although the fan of byssal threads appears to be wider and more laterally compressed in the former. Prior quantitative comparison of the byssus between the two species showed statistically significant differences in meristic characteristics (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEDADDBFFE5FFECFF6CF84645D88DD8" author="Printrakoon" box="[158,680,1988,2013]" pageId="21" pageNumber="162" refString="Printrakoon, C. & Temkin, I. (2008) Comparative ecology of two parapatric species of Isognomon (Bivalvia: Iognomonidae) of Kungkrabaen, Thailand. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 18 (Supplement), 75 - 94." type="journal article" year="2008">Printrakoon & Tëmkin 2008: 78, 81, 82, fig. 5</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF0380A2FFE6FFEFFF65FA5E451F8CAF" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267352/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="163" targetBox="[151,1436,193,1478]" targetPageId="22">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3D02AFFE6FFEFFF65FA5E451F8CAF" blockId="22.[151,1436,1500,1706]" pageId="22" pageNumber="163">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFE6FFEFFF65FA5E466A8FF4" bold="true" box="[151,282,1500,1522]" pageId="22" pageNumber="163">FIGURE 17</emphasis>
|
||
. Major features of the shell of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7CABA9FFE6FFEFFDAFFA5F44308FF7" box="[605,832,1500,1522]" class="Bivalvia" family="Pteriidae" genus="Isognomon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="22" pageNumber="163" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="ephippium">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFE6FFEFFDAFFA5F44308FF7" box="[605,832,1500,1522]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="163">Isognomon ephippium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ZMKU Bil 800082; 65 mm). A, C—Exterior of the right valve; B, D—Interior of the left valve. Abbreviations: aa, anterior auricle; ams, accessory (pedo-byssal) muscle scar; anm, anterior margin; bg, byssal gape; ccs, commarginal calcitic scale; dom, dorsal margin; farms, fused anterior (pedo-byssal) retractor muscle scar; hl, hinge line; lga, ligamental area; mlg, multivincular ligament; nb, border of nacreous layer; pa, posterior auricle; pal, pallial line; pams, posterior adductor muscle scar; pas, posterior auricle sinus; pmg, prismatic margin; pms, pallial muscle scar; pom, posterior margin; prms, posterior (pedo-byssal) retractor muscle scar; rs, radial ray (stripe); u, umbo; vem, ventral margin. Scale bar: 10 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3D02AFFE6FFEFFF35F95346AE8D34" blockId="22.[151,1436,1745,2022]" pageId="22" pageNumber="163">
|
||
The left and right abdominal sense organs are approximately equidistant from the anus in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7CABA9FFE6FFEFFB47F950423D8CEF" box="[1205,1357,1745,1770]" class="Bivalvia" family="Pteriidae" genus="Isognomon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="22" pageNumber="163" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="spathulatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFE6FFEFFB47F950423D8CEF" box="[1205,1357,1745,1770]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="163">I. spathulatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but in
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFE6FFEFFF65F974465B8D08" box="[151,299,1780,1805]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="163">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7CABA9FFE6FFEFFF65F97446578D08" box="[151,295,1780,1805]" class="Bivalvia" family="Pteriidae" genus="Isognomon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="22" pageNumber="163" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="ephippium">I. ephippium</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
the position of the organs as asymmetric, with the left ASO placed noticeably more ventrally than the right one relative to the anus.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC3D02AFFE6FFEFFF35F8BE45E88DE3" blockId="22.[151,1436,1745,2022]" pageId="22" pageNumber="163">
|
||
The most striking feature of internal anatomy that distinguishes
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7CABA9FFE6FFEFFC39F8BC43198D50" box="[971,1129,1852,1877]" class="Bivalvia" family="Pteriidae" genus="Isognomon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="22" pageNumber="163" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="spathulatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFE6FFEFFC39F8BC43198D50" box="[971,1129,1852,1877]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="163">I. spathulatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7CABA9FFE6FFEFFB4BF8BC423C8D50" box="[1209,1356,1852,1877]" class="Bivalvia" family="Pteriidae" genus="Isognomon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="22" pageNumber="163" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="ephippium">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFE6FFEFFB4BF8BC423C8D50" box="[1209,1356,1852,1877]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="163">I. ephippium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the morphology of the ventral diverticulum of the gastric chamber. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7CABA9FFE6FFEFFC79F8E043558D7F" box="[907,1061,1889,1914]" class="Bivalvia" family="Pteriidae" genus="Isognomon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="22" pageNumber="163" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="spathulatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFE6FFEFFC79F8E043558D7F" box="[907,1061,1889,1914]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="163">I. spathulatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, it comprises a short, posteriorly directed blind appendix, extending from the ventral surface of the main gastric chamber (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFE6FFEFFB8FF80743A38D98" box="[1149,1235,1925,1950]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="18.[151,249,968,990]" captionTargetBox="[163,1420,337,940]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[163,1423,337,947]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 14. Diagrammatic views of the gastric chamber of Isognomon spathulatus. A—Left interior view; B—Right interior view. Dotted area indicates extent of the cuticle. Abbreviations: ant, antechamber; cr, cuticular ridge; ddd, duct of digestive diverticula; df, dorsal fold; dgr, dorsal groove; dh, dorsal hood; e, esophagus; ff, fleshy fold; fsc, food-sorting caecum; gs, gastric shield; ig, intestinal groove; lpo, left pouch; mst, main stomach chamber; sh, stirring hollow; sta, striated area; stys / in, merged intestine and style sac; tgr, typhlosolar guard ridge; trf, transverse folds; ty, major typhlosole; tym, minor typhlosole; vd, ventral diverticulum; vf, ventral fold. Scale bar: 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267349/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="163">Figs 14</figureCitation>
|
||
B; 18A, B, vd). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7CABA9FFE6FFEFFF65F82846548DC7" box="[151,292,1961,1986]" class="Bivalvia" family="Pteriidae" genus="Isognomon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="22" pageNumber="163" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="ephippium">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9080C38FFE6FFEFFF65F82846548DC7" box="[151,292,1961,1986]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="163">I. ephippium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the diverticulum is considerably longer and peculiarly spirally coiled in the sagittal plane on the right side of the gastric chamber (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1347CCAFFFE6FFEFFE21F84F45588DE3" box="[467,552,1997,2022]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="23.[151,249,1124,1146]" captionTargetBox="[390,1197,195,1102]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[390,1197,195,1102]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 18. Diagrammatic exterior views of the stomach of Isognomon spathulatus (A, B) and Isognomon ephippium (C, D). A, C—Right lateral view; B, D—Anterior (frontal) view. Abbreviations: e, esophagus; st, gastric chamber (“ stomach ”); vd, ventral diverticulum." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/267353/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="163">Figs 18</figureCitation>
|
||
C, D, vd).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |