261 lines
32 KiB
XML
261 lines
32 KiB
XML
<document id="10F7509C992778DC2643DF3095A98AC9" ID-DOI="10.1016/j.ijppaw.2012.11.003" ID-ISSN="2213-2244" ID-PMC="PMC3862492" ID-PubMed="24533312" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10933713" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="julia" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="julia" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_approvedBy="julia" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="julia" IM.treatments_approvedBy="julia" checkinTime="1712341386001" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Yabsley, Michael J. & Shock, Barbara C." docDate="2013" docId="03A4885AEB44FFEBFC84FD336C0F996E" docLanguage="en" docName="IntJParasitolParasitesWildlife.2.18-31.pdf" docOrigin="International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife 2" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijppaw.2012.11.003" docStyle="DocumentStyle:77CC2CF2FBA7BCD129DD16D0D4F96931.2:IntJParasitolParasitesWildlife.2012-.journal_article" docStyleId="77CC2CF2FBA7BCD129DD16D0D4F96931" docStyleName="IntJParasitolParasitesWildlife.2012-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="2" docTitle="Babesia divergens" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" lastPageNumber="23" masterDocId="FF9DF022EB41FFEEFFBBFFC869799E05" masterDocTitle="Natural history of Zoonotic Babesia: Role of wildlife reservoirs" masterLastPageNumber="31" masterPageNumber="18" pageNumber="23" updateTime="1712930538702" updateUser="julia" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-NC-ND-4.0">
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<mods:title id="8DBC21DAE76C033BBE513C9574239B59">Natural history of Zoonotic Babesia: Role of wildlife reservoirs</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="138316CFD3AE01E2B0BC92B07D6FF8E8">Yabsley, Michael J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="2CC5A903DB31EBDECAB2AE87EFC4A0FB">Shock, Barbara C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="8B22FAA988246BAD53B4A36419C5BFCE">International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="E2217638A7D308B462D132E820ECB7D8">2013</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="B056B3F1730782BE2E39FED9DE62064E">2013-12-31</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="E31FC7E74A3C9E94BAC9A51929F09F55">2</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="A4F435FF3DB888D8EC404FF955DB1027">journal article</mods:classification>
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<treatment id="03A4885AEB44FFEBFC84FD336C0F996E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A4885AEB44FFEBFC84FD336C0F996E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A4885AEB44FFEBFC84FD336C0F996E" lastPageNumber="23" pageId="5" pageNumber="23">
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<subSubSection id="C3176AC7EB44FFEBFC84FD336D5C9D0A" box="[831,1061,763,783]" pageId="5" pageNumber="23" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BB2394CEB44FFEBFC84FD336D5C9D0A" blockId="5.[831,1501,763,1899]" box="[831,1061,763,783]" pageId="5" pageNumber="23">
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<emphasis id="B979E55EEB44FFEBFC84FD336D5C9D0A" box="[831,1061,763,783]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="23">
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2.2.1.
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<taxonomicName id="4C0D42CFEB44FFEBFCC2FD336D5C9D0A" box="[889,1061,763,783]" family="Babesiidae" genus="Babesia" kingdom="Chromista" order="Piroplasmida" pageId="5" pageNumber="23" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="divergens">Babesia divergens</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3176AC7EB44FFEBFCE5FCD06C0F996E" pageId="5" pageNumber="23" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BB2394CEB44FFEBFCE5FCD06A909A23" blockId="5.[831,1501,763,1899]" pageId="5" pageNumber="23">
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The first human babesiosis case was caused by
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<taxonomicName id="4C0D42CFEB44FFEBFA86FCDF6CC89D2E" box="[1341,1457,791,811]" family="Babesiidae" genus="Babesia" kingdom="Chromista" order="Piroplasmida" pageId="5" pageNumber="23" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="divergens">
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<emphasis id="B979E55EEB44FFEBFA86FCDF6CC89D2E" box="[1341,1457,791,811]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="23">B. divergens</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and it occurred in
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<collectingCountry id="F31A79DCEB44FFEBFC77FCFC6D6D9D42" box="[972,1044,820,839]" name="Croatia" pageId="5" pageNumber="23">Croatia</collectingCountry>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9C44BDEB44FFEBFB99FCFC6C3D9D42" author="Skrabalo, Z. & Deanovic, Z." box="[1058,1348,820,839]" pageId="5" pageNumber="23" pagination="11 - 16" refId="ref24451" refString="Skrabalo, Z., Deanovic, Z., 1957. Piroplasmosis in man; report of a case. Doc. Med. Geogr. Trop. 9, 11 - 16." type="journal article" year="1957">Skrabalo and Deanovic, 1957</bibRefCitation>
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). Human cases are typically severe, especially in splenectomized individuals. To date, approximately 40 cases have been reported, primarily from
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<collectingCountry id="F31A79DCEB44FFEBFC84FC406AFA9D9E" box="[831,899,904,923]" name="France" pageId="5" pageNumber="23">France</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F31A79DCEB44FFEBFC35FC406AAF9D9E" box="[910,982,904,923]" name="Ireland" pageId="5" pageNumber="23">Ireland</collectingCountry>
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, and
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<collectingCountry id="F31A79DCEB44FFEBFBB4FC406DEB9D9E" box="[1039,1170,904,923]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="5" pageNumber="23">Great Britain</collectingCountry>
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with fewer cases reported from
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<collectingCountry id="F31A79DCEB44FFEBFC84FC6C6AF69DB2" box="[831,911,932,951]" name="Sweden" pageId="5" pageNumber="23">Sweden</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F31A79DCEB44FFEBFC20FC6C6D6D9DB2" box="[923,1044,932,951]" name="Switzerland" pageId="5" pageNumber="23">Switzerland</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F31A79DCEB44FFEBFB9AFC6C6D239DB2" box="[1057,1114,932,951]" name="Spain" pageId="5" pageNumber="23">Spain</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F31A79DCEB44FFEBFBDDFC6C6DC59DB2" box="[1126,1212,932,951]" name="Portugal" pageId="5" pageNumber="23">Portugal</collectingCountry>
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, and
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<collectingCountry id="F31A79DCEB44FFEBFB4CFC6C6C469DB2" box="[1271,1343,932,951]" name="Croatia" pageId="5" pageNumber="23">Croatia</collectingCountry>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9C44BDEB44FFEBFAEBFC6C6ACC9DD6" author="Centeno-Lima, S. & do Rosario, V. & Parreira, R. & Maia, A. J. & Freudenthal, A. M. & Nijhof, A. M. & Jongejan, F." pageId="5" pageNumber="23" pagination="760 - 764" refId="ref16354" refString="Centeno-Lima, S., do Rosario, V., Parreira, R., Maia, A. J., Freudenthal, A. M., Nijhof, A. M., Jongejan, F., 2003. A fatal case of human babesiosis in Portugal: molecular and phylogenetic analysis. Trop. Med. Int. Health 8, 760 - 764." type="journal article" year="2003">Centeno-Lima et al., 2003</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9C44BDEB44FFEBFC7AFC086D969DD7" author="Moreno Gimenez, J. C. & Jimenez Puya, R. & Galan Gutierrez, M. & Ortega Salas, R. & Duenas Jurado, J. M." box="[961,1263,959,979]" pageId="5" pageNumber="23" pagination="726 - 728" refId="ref21304" refString="Moreno Gimenez, J. C., Jimenez Puya, R., Galan Gutierrez, M., Ortega Salas, R., Duenas Jurado, J. M., 2006. Erythema figuratum in septic babesiosis. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. 20, 726 - 728." type="journal article" year="2006">Moreno Giménez et al., 2006</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9C44BDEB44FFEBFB40FC776CB69DD6" author="Martinot, M. & Zadeh, M. M. & Hansmann, Y. & Grawey, I. & Christmann, D. & Aguillon, S. & Jouglin, M. & Chauvin, A. & De Briel, D." box="[1275,1487,959,979]" pageId="5" pageNumber="23" pagination="114 - 116" refId="ref20986" refString="Martinot, M., Zadeh, M. M., Hansmann, Y., Grawey, I., Christmann, D., Aguillon, S., Jouglin, M., Chauvin, A., De Briel, D., 2011. Babesiosis in immunocompetent patients. Europe. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 17, 114 - 116." type="journal article" year="2011">Martinot et al., 2011</bibRefCitation>
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). However, undiagnosed exposures do occur, as a seroprevalence of 13% was detected among Lyme disease patients in
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<collectingCountry id="F31A79DCEB44FFEBFAE2FC3F6CD19A0F" box="[1369,1448,1015,1034]" name="Sweden" pageId="5" pageNumber="23">Sweden</collectingCountry>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9C44BDEB44FFEBFA0CFC3F6AA59A23" author="Uhnoo, I. & Cars, O. & Christensson, D. & Nystrom-Rosander, C." pageId="5" pageNumber="23" pagination="541 - 547" refId="ref25560" refString="Uhnoo, I., Cars, O., Christensson, D., Nystrom-Rosander, C., 1992. First documented case of human babesiosis in Sweden. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 24, 541 - 547." type="journal article" year="1992">Uhnoo et al., 1992</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB2394CEB44FFEBFCE5FBE76CAC9BA8" blockId="5.[831,1501,763,1899]" pageId="5" pageNumber="23">
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Cattle are the natural host for
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<taxonomicName id="4C0D42CFEB44FFEBFB18FBE66C619A47" box="[1187,1304,1070,1090]" family="Babesiidae" genus="Babesia" kingdom="Chromista" order="Piroplasmida" pageId="5" pageNumber="23" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="divergens">
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<emphasis id="B979E55EEB44FFEBFB18FBE66C619A47" box="[1187,1304,1070,1090]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="23">B. divergens</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and infections are noted throughout Europe and possibly into North Africa (
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<collectingCountry id="F31A79DCEB44FFEBFA3DFB836CAB9A5B" box="[1414,1490,1099,1118]" name="Tunisia" pageId="5" pageNumber="23">Tunisia</collectingCountry>
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), which corresponds with the distribution of the only known vector,
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<taxonomicName id="4C0D42CFEB44FFEBFC84FB4A6DFD9A93" authority="(Zintl et al., 2003)" baseAuthorityName="Zintl" baseAuthorityYear="2003" box="[831,1156,1154,1174]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="5" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ricinus">
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<emphasis id="B979E55EEB44FFEBFC84FB4A6AB89A93" box="[831,961,1154,1174]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="23">Ixodes ricinus</emphasis>
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||
(
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9C44BDEB44FFEBFC69FB4B6D029A93" author="Zintl, A. & Mulcahy, G. & Skerrett, H. E. & Taylor, S. M. & Gray, J. S." box="[978,1147,1155,1174]" pageId="5" pageNumber="23" pagination="622 - 636" refId="ref27060" refString="Zintl, A., Mulcahy, G., Skerrett, H. E., Taylor, S. M., Gray, J. S., 2003. Babesia divergens, a bovine blood parasite of veterinary and zoonotic importance. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 16, 622 - 636." type="journal article" year="2003">Zintl et al., 2003</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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. Although cattle are the principal host, infections may have been detected in farmed reindeer (
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<taxonomicName id="4C0D42CFEB44FFEBFA1FFB566AC49ACB" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Rangifer" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="5" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tarandus">
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<emphasis id="B979E55EEB44FFEBFA1FFB566AC49ACB" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="23">Rangifer tarandus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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) in the
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<collectingCountry id="F31A79DCEB44FFEBFBA1FB736DBF9ACB" box="[1050,1222,1211,1230]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="5" pageNumber="23">United Kingdom</collectingCountry>
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; however, these infections may have been caused by
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<taxonomicName id="4C0D42CFEB44FFEBFBF2FB1D6CA19AEF" authority="(Malandrin et al., 2010)" baseAuthorityName="Malandrin" baseAuthorityYear="2010" box="[1097,1496,1237,1258]" family="Babesiidae" genus="Babesia" kingdom="Chromista" order="Piroplasmida" pageId="5" pageNumber="23" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="capreoli">
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<emphasis id="B979E55EEB44FFEBFBF2FB1D6D9A9AEC" box="[1097,1251,1237,1257]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="23">Babesia capreoli</emphasis>
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||
(
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9C44BDEB44FFEBFB49FB1E6CB69AEF" author="Malandrin, L. & Jouglin, M. & Sun, Y. & Brisseau, N. & Chauvin, A." box="[1266,1487,1238,1258]" pageId="5" pageNumber="23" pagination="277 - 284" refId="ref20871" refString="Malandrin, L., Jouglin, M., Sun, Y., Brisseau, N., Chauvin, A., 2010. Redescription of Babesia capreoli (Enigk and Friedhoff, 1962) from roe deer (Capreolus capreolus): isolation, cultivation, host specificity, molecular characterisation and differentiation from Babesia divergens. Int. J. Parasitol. 40, 277 - 284." type="journal article" year="2010">Malandrin et al., 2010</bibRefCitation>
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||
)
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
. Extensive molecular or biological characterizations of ‘‘
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<taxonomicName id="4C0D42CFEB44FFEBFADAFB396CAA9B00" box="[1377,1491,1265,1285]" family="Babesiidae" genus="Babesia" kingdom="Chromista" order="Piroplasmida" pageId="5" pageNumber="23" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="divergens">
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||
<emphasis id="B979E55EEB44FFEBFADAFB396CAA9B00" box="[1377,1491,1265,1285]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="23">B. divergens</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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’’ samples from cervids have revealed that they are distinct and likely are
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<taxonomicName id="4C0D42CFEB44FFEBFCDFFAE16ABF9B38" box="[868,966,1321,1341]" family="Babesiidae" genus="Babesia" kingdom="Chromista" order="Piroplasmida" pageId="5" pageNumber="23" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="capreoli">
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||
<emphasis id="B979E55EEB44FFEBFCDFFAE16ABF9B38" box="[868,966,1321,1341]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="23">B. capreoli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C44BDEB44FFEBFC6FFAE26DFC9B38" author="Adam, K. M. & Blewett, D. A. & Brocklesby, D. W. & Sharman, G. A." box="[980,1157,1322,1342]" pageId="5" pageNumber="23" pagination="1 - 11" refId="ref14246" refString="Adam, K. M., Blewett, D. A., Brocklesby, D. W., Sharman, G. A., 1976. The isolation and characterization of a Babesia from red deer (Cervus elaphus). Parasitology 73, 1 - 11." type="journal article" year="1976">Adam et al., 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C44BDEB44FFEBFB34FAE26C369B38" author="Schmid, N. & Deplazes, P. & Hoby, S. & Ryser-Degiorgis, M. - P. & Edelhofer, R. & Mathis, A." box="[1167,1359,1322,1342]" pageId="5" pageNumber="23" pagination="14 - 20" refId="ref23478" refString="Schmid, N., Deplazes, P., Hoby, S., Ryser-Degiorgis, M. - P., Edelhofer, R., Mathis, A., 2008. Babesia divergens - like organisms from free-ranging chamois (Rupicapra r. rupicapra) and roe deer (Capreolus c. capreolus) are distinct from B. divergens of cattle origin - an epidemiological and molecular genetic investigation. Vet. Parasitol. 154, 14 - 20." type="journal article" year="2008">Schmid et al., 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C44BDEB44FFEBFAE2FAE26A089B5C" author="Bastian, S. & Jouglin, M. & Brisseau, N. & Malandrin, L. & Klegou, G. & L'Hostis, M. & Chauvin, A." pageId="5" pageNumber="23" pagination="416 - 424" refId="ref14960" refString="Bastian, S., Jouglin, M., Brisseau, N., Malandrin, L., Klegou, G., L'Hostis, M., Chauvin, A., 2012. Antibody prevalence and molecular identification of Babesia spp. In roe deer in France. J. Wildl. Dis. 48, 416 - 424." type="journal article" year="2012">Bastian et al., 2012</bibRefCitation>
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||
). In addition,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D42CFEB44FFEBFC43FA8D6D209B5C" box="[1016,1113,1349,1369]" family="Babesiidae" genus="Babesia" kingdom="Chromista" order="Piroplasmida" pageId="5" pageNumber="23" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="capreoli">
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||
<emphasis id="B979E55EEB44FFEBFC43FA8D6D209B5C" box="[1016,1113,1349,1369]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="23">B. capreoli</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, unlike
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<taxonomicName id="4C0D42CFEB44FFEBFB1DFA8D6C6F9B5C" box="[1190,1302,1349,1369]" family="Babesiidae" genus="Babesia" kingdom="Chromista" order="Piroplasmida" pageId="5" pageNumber="23" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="divergens">
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||
<emphasis id="B979E55EEB44FFEBFB1DFA8D6C6F9B5C" box="[1190,1302,1349,1369]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="23">B. divergens</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, lacks infectivity for gerbils and splenectomized cattle (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C44BDEB44FFEBFB12FAAA6CF69B70" author="Malandrin, L. & Jouglin, M. & Sun, Y. & Brisseau, N. & Chauvin, A." box="[1193,1423,1378,1397]" pageId="5" pageNumber="23" pagination="277 - 284" refId="ref20871" refString="Malandrin, L., Jouglin, M., Sun, Y., Brisseau, N., Chauvin, A., 2010. Redescription of Babesia capreoli (Enigk and Friedhoff, 1962) from roe deer (Capreolus capreolus): isolation, cultivation, host specificity, molecular characterisation and differentiation from Babesia divergens. Int. J. Parasitol. 40, 277 - 284." type="journal article" year="2010">Malandrin et al., 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Additional studies are needed to confirm the ability of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D42CFEB44FFEBFA92FAB56CE09B94" box="[1321,1433,1405,1425]" family="Babesiidae" genus="Babesia" kingdom="Chromista" order="Piroplasmida" pageId="5" pageNumber="23" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="divergens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979E55EEB44FFEBFA92FAB56CE09B94" box="[1321,1433,1405,1425]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="23">B. divergens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to utilize cervids (non-splenectomized) as reservoirs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C44BDEB44FFEBFA9FFA526CB19BA8" author="Zintl, A. & Finnerty, E. J. & Murphy, T. M. & de Waal, T. & Gray, J. S." box="[1316,1480,1434,1453]" pageId="5" pageNumber="23" pagination="7" refId="ref27118" refString="Zintl, A., Finnerty, E. J., Murphy, T. M., de Waal, T., Gray, J. S., 2011. Babesia s of red deer (Cervus elaphus) in Ireland. Vet. Res. 42, 7." type="journal article" year="2011">Zintl et al., 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB2394CEB44FFEBFCE5FA7E6D0C9851" blockId="5.[831,1501,763,1899]" pageId="5" pageNumber="23">
|
||
Experimental
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D42CFEB44FFEBFC50FA7C6D199BCD" box="[1003,1120,1460,1480]" family="Babesiidae" genus="Babesia" kingdom="Chromista" order="Piroplasmida" pageId="5" pageNumber="23" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="divergens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979E55EEB44FFEBFC50FA7C6D199BCD" box="[1003,1120,1460,1480]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="23">B. divergens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
infections have been established in a variety of splenectomized animals including chimpanzees (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D42CFEB44FFEBFA03FA186AD39805" baseAuthorityName="Blumenbach" baseAuthorityYear="1775" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Pan" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="5" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="troglodytes">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979E55EEB44FFEBFA03FA186AD39805" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="23">Pan troglodytes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), rhesus macaque (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D42CFEB44FFEBFB3AFA246C5A9805" baseAuthorityName="Zimmermann" baseAuthorityYear="1780" box="[1153,1315,1516,1536]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Macaca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="5" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mulatta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979E55EEB44FFEBFB3AFA246C5A9805" box="[1153,1315,1516,1536]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="23">Macaca mulatta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), laboratory rats, roe deer (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D42CFEB44FFEBFC1CF9C06D139819" box="[935,1130,1544,1564]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Capreolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="5" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="capreolus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979E55EEB44FFEBFC1CF9C06D139819" box="[935,1130,1544,1564]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="23">Capreolus capreolus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), fallow deer, red deer (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D42CFEB44FFEBFAD6F9C06A14983D" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Cervus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="5" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elaphus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979E55EEB44FFEBFAD6F9C06A14983D" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="23">Cervus elaphus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), European mouflon (
|
||
<emphasis id="B979E55EEB44FFEBFBF4F9EC6C45983D" box="[1103,1340,1572,1592]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D42CFEB44FFEBFBF4F9EC6DA3983D" authorityName="Gmelin" authorityYear="1774" box="[1103,1242,1572,1592]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ovis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="5" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orientalis">Ovis orientalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
musimon
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
), and domestic sheep (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C44BDEB44FFEBFC32F9896D119851" author="Malandrin, L. & Jouglin, M. & Sun, Y. & Brisseau, N. & Chauvin, A." box="[905,1128,1601,1621]" pageId="5" pageNumber="23" pagination="277 - 284" refId="ref20871" refString="Malandrin, L., Jouglin, M., Sun, Y., Brisseau, N., Chauvin, A., 2010. Redescription of Babesia capreoli (Enigk and Friedhoff, 1962) from roe deer (Capreolus capreolus): isolation, cultivation, host specificity, molecular characterisation and differentiation from Babesia divergens. Int. J. Parasitol. 40, 277 - 284." type="journal article" year="2010">Malandrin et al., 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB2394CEB44FFEBFCE5F9946C0F996E" blockId="5.[831,1501,763,1899]" pageId="5" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D42CFEB44FFEBFCE5F9946D7E9875" box="[862,1031,1628,1648]" family="Babesiidae" genus="Babesia" kingdom="Chromista" order="Piroplasmida" pageId="5" pageNumber="23" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="divergens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979E55EEB44FFEBFCE5F9946D7E9875" box="[862,1031,1628,1648]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="23">Babesia divergens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
shares the same vector as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D42CFEB44FFEBFAA6F9946CF89875" box="[1309,1409,1628,1648]" family="Babesiidae" genus="Babesia" kingdom="Chromista" order="Piroplasmida" pageId="5" pageNumber="23" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="capreoli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979E55EEB44FFEBFAA6F9946CF89875" box="[1309,1409,1628,1648]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="23">B. capreoli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and two other zoonotic
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D42CFEB44FFEBFC63F9B06D599889" ID-CoL="36ZJ" box="[984,1056,1656,1676]" family="Babesiidae" genus="Babesia" kingdom="Chromista" order="Piroplasmida" pageId="5" pageNumber="23" phylum="Miozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979E55EEB44FFEBFC63F9B06D599889" box="[984,1056,1656,1676]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="23">Babesia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Europe (
|
||
<emphasis id="B979E55EEB44FFEBFB22F9B06DD29889" box="[1177,1195,1656,1676]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED1CA189EB44FFEBFB22F9B06DD19889" box="[1177,1192,1656,1676]" country="Germany" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15534" name="Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin-Dahlem, Zentraleinrichtung der Freien Universitaet" pageId="5" pageNumber="23" type="Herbarium">B</collectionCode>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED1CA189EB44FFEBFB6EF9B16D8F9889" box="[1237,1270,1657,1676]" country="China" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13252" name="Hubei University" pageId="5" pageNumber="23" type="Herbarium">EU</collectionCode>
|
||
1 and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D42CFEB44FFEBFA89F9B06CF69889" box="[1330,1423,1656,1676]" family="Babesiidae" genus="Babesia" kingdom="Chromista" order="Piroplasmida" pageId="5" pageNumber="23" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="microti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979E55EEB44FFEBFA89F9B06CF69889" box="[1330,1423,1656,1676]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="23">B. microti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Infections have been reported in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D42CFEB44FFEBFBDDF95C6DC398AD" ID-CoL="3QGLK" box="[1126,1210,1684,1704]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="5" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ricinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979E55EEB44FFEBFBDDF95C6DC398AD" box="[1126,1210,1684,1704]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="23">I. ricinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31A79DCEB44FFEBFB47F95D6C2A98AD" box="[1276,1363,1685,1704]" name="Hungary" pageId="5" pageNumber="23">Hungary</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31A79DCEB44FFEBFADBF95D6CD098AD" box="[1376,1449,1685,1704]" name="Austria" pageId="5" pageNumber="23">Austria</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31A79DCEB44FFEBFA0EF95D6A0A98C1" name="Belgium" pageId="5" pageNumber="23">Belgium</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31A79DCEB44FFEBFC38F9796A8498C1" box="[899,1021,1713,1732]" name="Netherlands" pageId="5" pageNumber="23">Netherlands</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31A79DCEB44FFEBFBB5F9796DFF98C1" box="[1038,1158,1713,1732]" name="Switzerland" pageId="5" pageNumber="23">Switzerland</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31A79DCEB44FFEBFB2EF9796D8B98C1" box="[1173,1266,1713,1732]" name="Germany" pageId="5" pageNumber="23">Germany</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31A79DCEB44FFEBFAB9F9796C2B98C1" box="[1282,1362,1713,1732]" name="Norway" pageId="5" pageNumber="23">Norway</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31A79DCEB44FFEBFA2FF9796CA498C1" box="[1428,1501,1713,1732]" name="Estonia" pageId="5" pageNumber="23">Estonia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C44BDEB44FFEBFCFCF9056D5998E5" author="Blaschitz, M. & Narodoslavsky-Gfoller, M. & Kanzler, M. & Stanek, G. & Walochnik, J." box="[839,1056,1741,1760]" pageId="5" pageNumber="23" pagination="4841 - 4846" refId="ref15185" refString="Blaschitz, M., Narodoslavsky-Gfoller, M., Kanzler, M., Stanek, G., Walochnik, J., 2008. Babesia species occurring in Austrian Ixodes ricinus ticks. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 74, 4841 - 4846." type="journal article" year="2008">Blaschitz et al., 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C44BDEB44FFEBFB96F9056C7E98E5" author="Wielinga, P. R. & Fonville, M. & Sprong, H. & Gaasenbeek, C. & Borgsteede, F. & van der Giessen, J. W. B." box="[1069,1287,1741,1760]" pageId="5" pageNumber="23" pagination="119 - 122" refId="ref26022" refString="Wielinga, P. R., Fonville, M., Sprong, H., Gaasenbeek, C., Borgsteede, F., van der Giessen, J. W. B., 2009. Persistent detection of Babesia EU 1 and Babesia microti in Ixodes ricinus in the Netherlands during a 5 - year surveillance: 2003 - 2007. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 9, 119 - 122." type="journal article" year="2009">Wielinga et al., 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C44BDEB44FFEBFAA8F9056CA098E5" author="Schorn, S. & Pfister, K. & Reulen, H. & Mahling, M. & Silaghi, C." box="[1299,1497,1741,1760]" pageId="5" pageNumber="23" pagination="135" refId="ref23662" refString="Schorn, S., Pfister, K., Reulen, H., Mahling, M., Silaghi, C., 2011. Occurrence of Babesia spp., Rickettsia spp. and Bartonella spp. in Ixodes ricinus in Bavarian public parks, Germany. Parasit. Vectors 4, 135." type="journal article" year="2011">Schorn et al., 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C44BDEB44FFEBFC84F9206A9598F9" author="Egyed, L. & Sreter-Lancz, Z. & Szell, Z. & Balogh, Z. & Sreter, T." box="[831,1004,1768,1788]" pageId="5" pageNumber="23" pagination="90 - 94" refId="ref17063" refString="Egyed, L., El " o, P., Sreter-Lancz, Z., Szell, Z., Balogh, Z., Sreter, T., 2012. Seasonal activity and tick-borne pathogen infection rates of Ixodes ricinus ticks in Hungary. Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 3, 90 - 94." type="journal article" year="2012">Egyed et al., 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C44BDEB44FFEBFC4AF9216DAB98F9" author="Lempereur, L. & Wirtgen, M. & Nahayo, A. & Caron, Y. & Shiels, B. & Saegerman, C. & Losson, B. & Linden, A." box="[1009,1234,1768,1788]" pageId="5" pageNumber="23" pagination="275 - 280" refId="ref20531" refString="Lempereur, L., Wirtgen, M., Nahayo, A., Caron, Y., Shiels, B., Saegerman, C., Losson, B., Linden, A., 2012. Wild cervids are host for tick vectors of Babesia species with zoonotic capability in Belgium. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 12, 275 - 280." type="journal article" year="2012">Lempereur et al., 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C44BDEB44FFEBFB60F9206CFC98F9" author="Oines, O. & Radzijevskaja, J. & Paulauskas, A. & Rosef, O." box="[1243,1413,1768,1788]" pageId="5" pageNumber="23" pagination="156" refId="ref21674" refString="Oines, O., Radzijevskaja, J., Paulauskas, A., Rosef, O., 2012. Prevalence and diversity of Babesia spp. in questing Ixodes ricinus ticks from Norway. Parasit. Vectors 5, 156." type="journal article" year="2012">Oines et al., 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Importantly, surveys of ticks utilizing highly conserved or short regions of the 18
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED1CA189EB44FFEBFCC5F8E86AF29936" box="[894,907,1824,1843]" country="Sweden" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15668" name="Department of Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History" pageId="5" pageNumber="23" type="Herbarium">S</collectionCode>
|
||
rRNA gene may lead to misidentification of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D42CFEB44FFEBFAF6F8D76CC99936" box="[1357,1456,1823,1843]" family="Babesiidae" genus="Babesia" kingdom="Chromista" order="Piroplasmida" pageId="5" pageNumber="23" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="capreoli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979E55EEB44FFEBFAF6F8D76CC99936" box="[1357,1456,1823,1843]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="23">B. capreoli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D42CFEB44FFEBFCC1F8F36A95994A" box="[890,1004,1851,1871]" family="Babesiidae" genus="Babesia" kingdom="Chromista" order="Piroplasmida" pageId="5" pageNumber="23" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="divergens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979E55EEB44FFEBFCC1F8F36A95994A" box="[890,1004,1851,1871]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="23">B. divergens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-like sp. as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D42CFEB44FFEBFBE5F8F36DA9994A" box="[1118,1232,1851,1871]" family="Babesiidae" genus="Babesia" kingdom="Chromista" order="Piroplasmida" pageId="5" pageNumber="23" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="divergens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979E55EEB44FFEBFBE5F8F36DA9994A" box="[1118,1232,1851,1871]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="23">B. divergens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Transovarial transmission by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D42CFEB44FFEBFCE5F89F6AD6996E" ID-CoL="3QGLK" box="[862,943,1879,1899]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="5" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ricinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979E55EEB44FFEBFCE5F89F6AD6996E" box="[862,943,1879,1899]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="23">I. ricinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been documented (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C44BDEB44FFEBFB19F8906C10996E" author="Bonnet, S. & Jouglin, M. & Malandrin, L. & Becker, C. & Agoulon, A. & Chauvin, A." box="[1186,1385,1880,1899]" pageId="5" pageNumber="23" pagination="197 - 207" refId="ref15346" refString="Bonnet, S., Jouglin, M., Malandrin, L., Becker, C., Agoulon, A., L'hostis, M., Chauvin, A., 2007 a. Transstadial and transovarial persistence of Babesia divergens DNA in Ixodes ricinus ticks fed on infected blood in a new skin-feeding technique. Parasitology 134, 197 - 207." type="journal article" year="2007">Bonnet et al., 2007a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |